Abstract

Station is a big issue in thickly populated areas and in large cites due to heavy traffic. The
Project Automatic bus station system using 89C51 Microcontroller is an interesting project
which uses 89C51 microcontroller as its brain. The aim of this project is to atomize the bus
station for allowing the bus into the station and any bus can be parked in a given parking slots at
any given time based on the parking space availability LCD is provided to display the
information about the availability of free and occupied space. Two IR Tx – Rx pairs are used in
this project to identify the entry or exit of the bus into/out of station. These two IR Tx – Rx pairs
are arranged either side of the gate in each available spaces. And also indicates the current status
of the parking slots, be it full, half -filled or vacant . Whenever a bus comes in front of the gate,
the AMR sensor gets disturbed before the bus has 100m left to reach on it and sends the true
signals to the micro controller. Then after the micro controller accepts the true signals from
AMR sensor and IR sensor correspondingly, it will allow opening the gate by rotating the stepper
motor. The gate will be closed only after the bus leaves the second IR pair since the micro
controller should know whether the bus left the gate or not. If the station is completely filled, the
microcontroller will display “no space for parking” on LCD. And now if any vehicle tries to
enter the station, the gate will not be opened since there is no space. If any vehicle leaves the
station, the microcontroller allows the other vehicles for parking.
 CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
Automobiles are synonyms for mobility and freedom. An amazing increase in the growth of
population in this world leads to the rapid increase in the number of vehicle being used. With the
growing number of vehicles and the consequent shortage of parking space, there is haphazard
and totally unregulated parking of vehicles all over. In densely populated areas they are real
challenge for city planners, architects and developers. The need to offer sufficient parking spaces
is a task for specialists. This situation calls for the need for an automated parking system that not
only regulates parking in a given area but also keeps the manual control to a minimum.
Automatic bus station system is the sole solution to park as many buses as possible in as little
space as possible. Our demonstration facility presents a miniature model of an automated bus
station system that regulates the number of buses that can be parked in a given space at any given
time based on the parking space availability. The entry and exit of vehicles are facilitated using
a totally automated gate. After the initial installation, the system requires no manual control. It
requires no attendants, is more cost-effective than conventional garages, and allows more buses
to be parked in less space. The automation technology is used to typically double to triple the
capacity of conventional parking garages.
1.1 Problem of statement
The main problem that attempts to solve the problem of locating empty parking bays. This
problem arises from the fact that sometimes empty parking bays are not readily visible. Even
worse, sometimes filled bays may come across as empty to drivers. There must be an efficient
system to indicate to the driver of the vehicle that is available spaces in that parking lot. If this
indicator is positioned at the entry of the bay, then the driver can drive straight to a vacant lot,
without having to drive in first and then find out that the lot is full. Our suggested indicator is an
LCD screen one which will show the specified parking slot of the parking lot. A driver can then
head for the nearest lane with empty bays, this simplifies the task of going around in circles
looking for an empty parking bay. This signboard will be the interface between the driver and the
system, giving the driver indications that will make parking a simple task. Congestion in bus
station most bus stations are designed without aids to help drivers locate empty bays. This can
lead to congestion and confusion. Driving in circles at a slow speed trying to locate a bay makes
for a long line of dissatisfied drivers. Congestion is caused by the lack of a system. If buses are
allowed to enter and exit the parking lot from a variety of direction, this lead to head to head
congestion, where two buses are trying to move in opposite directions in a lane built for one bus.
In extreme cases this may cause an accident. Automatic bus station system proposes systematic
entry and exit paths that are regulated bay automatic barriers. Only when parking bays are
available will buses be allowed in. There will be points of entry and points of exit, and a defined
path of motion for buses entering and exiting. It is our deduction that this method will be
successful as it is implemented in most advanced bus station systems.
1.2 Objectives
1.2.1 General objective
The main objective of this system is to optimize the space availability of station in places
where many buses need to be parked. And also to develop a user friendly microcontroller
based bus station control system such as when the parking slot is full the word „no parking‟
is displayed.
1.2.2 Specific objectives
 To develop the automated bus station system which the system reduces the man power.
 To practice electronic circuit design with the circuit design simulation software.
 Study and learn the functionality of microcontrollers that can be used in electronic control
system.
 To make organizations economically as well as technologically beneficial.
1.3 Scope
The scope will cover sensing the status of each slot that are available for parking and display on
LCD. The advantage of this project is driver can get known either there is available parking or
already full by displaying on LCD. It is located in front of the bus station. Scopes of this project
includes;
 Close and open the entrance and exit gates. When the vehicle approaches the gate for
entering or leaving the bus station, the sensor sends a signal to the microcontroller to initiate
the stepper motor to open the gate and then after some delay the motor will automatically
close the gate.
 Notify the status of each bus station slot. Whenever the bus perform a certain action on a
specific slot the sensors sends a signal to the microcontroller to display information of filled
or vacant on the LCD.
 Informing actions performed around the bus station area through status led (added for the one
who cannot read).
Green: vacant slots available
Yellow: buses are entering into or leaving out the bus station
Red: no parking.
 CHAPTER II
2. Literature Review
Our first literature review for this project is the manual bus station system. There are a lot of bus
station areas around a building, on sides of a road/street which provides parking service. It is
most of the time used by many hotels and big company apartments. These types of bus station
normally possess a parking guidance system that primarily bases the use of man power to give
information to the drivers. The availability of parking lot inside bus station normally is checked
by observing each lot. The other option may be by preparing a small piece of papers containing
slot number and when the driver enters to the parking garage, the attendant who stands at the
entrance get will give one piece of paper containing slot number. The other attendant who stands
at the exit gate will receive the paper when the user leaves the parking area. Then the man who
receives the paper containing the slot number must come and give to the man at the entrance
gate. Such bus park guidance system is facilitated by man power. When parking is takes place at
the sides of main roads, the user pays per duration. During sport events, festivals, cultural
activities meetings and music parking vehicles in such a manner is very risky.
Stands from this, our demonstration facility presents a miniature model of an automated bus
station system that regulates the number of buses that can be parked in a given space at any given
time based on the parking space availability. Automated parking is a method of parking and
exiting buses using sensing devices. The entry and exit of vehicles are facilitated using a totally
automated gate. In our project, we resolve all the above limitation (gate at the entrance, indicate
each slots and show the total buses parked) and give better facilities. During the project activities
and reviewing literatures we familiarized ourselves with different project types and how they
work.
2.1 Significance of the project
This is one of the least expensive options as it basically involves mounting sensors at the front of
each slot and the gate and connecting them to main circuitry board. Since the cost of the sensor
as compared to human employment is very least.
This system basically involves sensors connected to the microcontroller; the amount of
components is minimized.
Implementing the system will involve efficient and uncomplicated wiring methods. It can be
implemented in any bus station system.
Generally, Parking for a driver becomes extremely important under circumstances of reducing
maximum stress of traffic and free spaces in the parking area. Automatic bus station control
systems are likely to be more cost effective when compared to traditional parking garages. It
save time, money, space and simplify the often tedious task of parking.
2.2 System development tools
Kiel: as c programming language compiler
Proteus: for simulation purpose.
2.3 Methodology
A development method may be regarded as a path or a procedure by which the developer
proceeds from a problem of a certain class to a solution of a certain class. A method, to be
worthy of the name, must at least decompose the development task into a number of reasonably
well-defined steps which the developer can take with some confidence that they are leading to a
satisfactory.
Methodology of automatic bus station control system involves the following steps:
 Initial investigation (observation)
 Identifying component used
 System design
 Coding, testing
 Implementation through simulation
 CHAPTER III
3. System Description
Parking now days in many multiplex systems there is a severe problem for bus systems. There
are many lanes for bus stations, so to park a bus one has to look for the all lanes. Moreover there
is a lot of men labor involved for this process for which there is lot of investment. So the need is
to develop a system which indicates directly which slot is vacant and which one is occupied. The
systems also perform open and close the entrance and exit gates according to the status of each
lane.
The project involves a system including infrared transmitter and receiver at gate sides and led
display, a gate with AMR sensor has been provided at the entry of the parking space, which
opens on the arrival or departure of a bus, a display section has been provided, which consists of
a display showing the free and occupied slots. If all slots are occupied, the gate is automatically
disabled for vehicles seeking entry into the parking lot. AMR Sensor at the gate distinguishes
between the buses and persons or two wheelers, so that persons and two wheelers are not
included in the count for buses.
Conventionally, bus station system does not have any intelligent monitoring system. Parking lots
are monitored by human beings. All vehicles enter into the parking and waste time for searching
for parking slot. Sometimes it creates blockage. Condition become worse when there are
multiple parking lanes and each lane have multiple parking slots. Use of automated system for
bus station monitoring will reduce the human efforts. Display unit is installed on entrance of
parking area which will show the status for all Parking slot and for all parking lanes. Empty slot
is indicated by the respective red led.
3.1 System Block Diagram with Brief Description

Fig 3.1 block diagram of the system

3.2 Microcontroller - AT89C51
The microcontroller is embedded with a C program. It is designed in such a way that whenever it
receives the signal from ADC circuit. It displays the filled and vacant slots in the LCD and LED
panels.
AT89C51 is an 8-bit microcontroller and belongs to Atmel's 8051 family. AT89C51 has 4KB of
flash programmable and erasable read only memory and 128 bytes of RAM. It can be erased and
program to a maximum of 1000 times. In 40 pin AT89C51, there are four ports designated as P1,
P2, P3 and P0. All these ports are 8-bit bi-directional ports, i.e., they can be used as both input
and output ports. Except P0 which needs external pull-ups, rest of the ports have internal pull-
ups. When 1s are written to these port pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can
be used as inputs. These ports are also bit addressable and so their bits can also be accessed
individually. Port P0 and P2 are also used to provide low byte and high byte addresses,
respectively, when connected to an external memory. Port 3 has multiplexed pins for special
functions like serial communication, hardware interrupts, timer inputs and read/write operation
from external memory. AT89C51 has an inbuilt UART for serial communication. It can be
programmed to operate at different baud rates. Including two timers& hardware interrupts, it has
a total of six interrupts.
3.2.1 Pin Configuration

Fig 3.2 Pin description of ATC8951

RST (Reset) input: A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device.
ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input during flash programming.
In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be
used for external timing or clocking purposes.
PSEN: Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the
AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each
machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data
memory.
EA/VPP: EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external
program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is
programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal
program executions.
XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
XTAL2: It is an Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
3.3 16 x 2 LCD
LCD devices designed for interfacing with embedded systems. These screens come in a variety
of configurations including 8x1, 16x2, 20x4, 40x4, and 32x2 etc.
In this project LCD is used to display some messages which is useful to car owners. Here 16 x 2
LCD (two rows of sixteen characters) is used. This is used to display messages like no parking,
occupied etc.

Fig3.3 LCD panel

3.3.1 LCD pin Descriptions
RS (register select)
There are two important registers inside the LCD. When RS is low, the data is to be treated as a
command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is high, the
data is sent a text which should be displayed on the screen. For example, to display the letter "T"
on the screen you would set RS high.
RW (read/write)
RW is a control line. When RW is low, the information on the data bus is being written to the
LCD. When RW is high, the program is effectively querying or reading on the LCD. Only one
instruction "Get LCD status" is a read command. All others are write commands, so RW will
almost be low.
EN (enable)
This control line is used to tell the LCD send data on it. To send data to the LCD, your program
should first set this line high and then set the other two control lines and/or put data on the data
bus. When the other lines are completely ready, bring EN low again. The 1-0 transition tells the
data take currently found on the other control lines and on the data bus and to treat it as a
command.
D0-D7 (data lines)
The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7 are used to send information to the LCD or read the content of the
LCD‟s internal registers. To display letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for the letters A-
Z, a-z and numbers 0-9 to these pins while making RS=1. There are also instruction command
codes that can be sent to the LCD to clear the display or force the cursor to the home position or
blink the cursor. We also use RS=0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to
receive the information. The busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W = 1 and RS=0, as
follows: if R/W = 1, RS = 0. When D7=1 (busy flag = 1), the LCD is busy taking care of internal
operations and will not accept any new information. When D7 = 0, the LCD is ready to receive
information.
3.4 LED
Characteristics of led
 Forward Voltage (VF) drop across led diodes are current driven.
 Wavelength variations crystal and junction growth defects.
 Brightness variations crystal defects resulting formation of phonons and non-radiation
energy transfer.
 Temperature junction of the device affects each of the parameters.

3.5 POWER SUPPLY

Power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains to a suitable low voltage supply
for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can be broken down into a series of
blocks, each of which performs a particular function.
For example a 5V regulated supply:

230V Smoothing Regulator

Transformer Rectifier
AC Regulated
5V DC
Fig 3.4 Block Diagram of Regulated Power Supply System

Each of the blocks has its own function as described below.

Transformer – steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.

Rectifier – converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.

Smoothing – smoothes the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple.

Regulator – eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.

3.6 IR Sensor
A photoelectric sensor is a device used to detect the distance, absence, or presence of an object
by using a light transmitter and receiver. It is in the form of diodes with 2 terminals. We can buy
a pair of such diode (one transmitter and one receiver) at a very low cost. IR led emitters that
can be used for discrete infrared transceiver circuit design. It should be mentioned here that there
are also a number of integrated transceivers that the designer can choose as well. In general,
there are four characteristics of IR emitters that designers have to be wary of:
 Rise and Fall Time
 Emitter Wavelength
 Emitter Power
 Emitter Half-angle

3.6.1 IR Light Detector

The common device used for detecting light energy in the standard data stream is a photodiode.
A photodiode is packaged in such a way as to allow light to strike the PN junction. Upon careful
observation, you will notice that amongst the two „legs‟, one has a much wider base within the
diode. That is normally the cathode whereas the leg having a smaller base would be the anode.
When the Tx is forward biased, it begins emitting infrared. Since it is not visible spectrum, you
will not be able to see it through naked eyes but you will be able to view it through an ordinary
cell phone camera. You can also modulate the IR to achieve better distance and immunity. The
receiver diode has a very high resistance, typically of the order of mega Ohms when IR is not
incident upon it. However, when IR is incident upon it, the resistance decreases sharply to the
order of a few kilo Ohms or even lesser. This feature forms the basis of using IR as a sensor. You
will need to connect a resistance of the order of a few mega Ohm in series with the Rx. Then tap
to the output voltage at the point of connectivity of these two resistors.

Fig 3.5 Tx-Rx pair circuitry

3.7 AMR (anisotropic magneto-resistive) sensor

AMR sensors provide an excellent means of measuring both linear and angular position and
displacement in the Earth‟s magnetic field. Perm alloy thin films deposited on a silicon substrate
in various resistor bridge configurations provide highly predictable outputs when subjected to
magnetic fields.

3.7.1 AMR Sensor Characteristics

 Vehicle Detection
 to detect approaching buses to control the crossing gates
 vehicle direction and presence
 Low cost
 high sensitivity, small size
 Noise immunity and reliability are advantages over mechanical or other electrical
alternatives.
3.8 Oscillator
The internal oscillator circuit is used to generate the device clock. The device clock is required
for the device to execute instructions and for the peripherals to function. Four device clock
periods generate one internal instruction clock cycle.
3.8.1 Oscillator Characteristics
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output respectively of an inverting amplifier which can be
configured for use as an on-chip oscillator as shown in Fig. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic
resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left
unconnected while XTAL1 is driven. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external
clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop,
but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.
Oscillator Connections
It must be noted that there are various speeds of the 8051 family. Speed refers to the maximum
oscillator frequency connected to the XTAL. For example, a 12 MHz chip must be connected to
a crystal with 12 MHz frequency or less. Likewise, a 20MHz microcontroller requires a crystal
frequency of no more than 20 MHz When the 8051 is connected to a crystal oscillator and is
powered up, we can observe the frequency on the XTAL2 pin using oscilloscope. The crystal is
connected to pins 18 and 19 wit stabilizing capacitors. 12MHZ (11.059MHZ crystal is often used
and the capacitance ranges from 20pF to 40pF. The oscillator can also be a TTL clock source
connected with a NOT gate as shown.

Fig 3.6 Crystal oscillator

3.9 Stepper Motor
A stepper motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical pulses into discrete
mechanical movements. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discrete step
increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in the proper sequence. The motors
rotation has several direct relationships to these applied input pulses. The sequence of the applied
pulses is directly related to the direction of motor shafts rotation. The speed of the motor shafts
rotation is directly related to the frequency of the input pulses and the length of rotation is
directly related to the number of input pluses applied.

Fig3.7 Stepper Motor Control Circuits

3.9.1 The Specification of the Stepper Motor

Stepper motors are electromechanical devices that convert a pattern of inputs and the rate-of-
change of those inputs into precise rotational motion. The rotational angle and direction for each
change (step) is determined by the construction of the motor as well as the step pattern input. The
M42SP-4NP is a standard, four-phase unipolar stepper motor that is easily controlled when
buffered with an appropriate high-current driver (ULN2003 or similar suggested). This type of
stepper motor is commonly referred to as a four-phase stepper motor. The center tap allows a
change of current direction in each of two coils when a winding is grounded, thereby resulting in
a polarity change of the stator. The stepper used here has a total of 6 leads, 4 leads representing
the four stator windings, 2 commons for the center tapped leads. As the sequence of power is
applied to each stator winding, the rotor will rotate.
Technical specifications of stepper motor:
 Rated Voltage 12V dc
 Rated Current/Phase 259 mA
 No. of Phase 4
 DC Coil Resistance 77 ohms / phase ±7%
 Step Angle 7.5° / phase
 Excitation Method 2-2 phase (unipolar)

3.10 Description of ULN2003

The ULN2003 is a high voltage, high current Darlington array containing seven open collector
Darlington pairs with common emitters. Each channel is rated at 500mA and can withstand peak
currents of 600mA. Suppression diodes are included for inductive load driving and the inputs are
pinned opposite to the outputs to simplify board layout. This versatile device is useful for driving
a wide range of loads including solenoids, relays motors, LED displays filament lamps, thermal
print heads band high power buffer.
3.11 74LS244
The 74LS244 is used to work between print ports to the chips AT89C51. It hid in the joint
between PC and 6 transmission lines.
3.12 LM741 O P-Amp
It is used as an interface between the sensors set and the microcontroller circuit. It amplifies the
signal received from the sensor set and gives the amplified output to the microcontroller.
The LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifiers which feature improved
performance over industry standards like the LM709. They are direct, plug-in replacements for
the 709C, LM201, MC1439and 748 in most applications. The amplifiers offer many features
which make their application is overload protection on the input and output, no latch-up when
the common mode range is exceeded.
3.13 ADC0804
Analog to digital converters find huge application as an intermediate device to convert the
signals from analog to digital form. These digital signals are used for further processing by the
digital processors. Various sensors like temperature, pressure, force etc. convert the physical
characteristics into electrical signals that are analog in nature. ADC0804 is a very commonly
used 8-bit analog to digital convertor. It is a single channel IC, i.e., it can take only one analog
signal as input. The digital outputs vary from 0 to a maximum of 255. The step size can be
adjusted by setting the reference voltage at pin9. When this pin is not connected, the default
reference voltage is the operating voltage, i.e., VCC. The step size at 5V is 19.53mV (5V/255),
i.e., for every 19.53mV rise in the analog input, the output varies by 1unit. To set a particular
voltage level as the reference value, this pin is connected to half the voltage. For example, to set
a reference of 4V (Vref), pin9 is connected to 2V (Vref/2), thereby reducing the step size to
15.62mV (4V/255). ADC0804 needs a clock to operate. The time taken to convert the analog
value to digital value is dependent on this clock source. An external clock can be given at the
Clock IN pin. ADC 0804 also has an inbuilt clock which can be used in absence of external
clock. A suitable RC circuit is connected between the Clock IN and Clock R pins to use the
internal clock.

Fig 3.8 ADC0804 Pin Diagram

3.14 SYSFTEM OVER VIEW
3.14.1 Flow chart
Table 1. Cost analysis of the components
No_ Materials Cost/birr
1 AT89C51
1 LCD
1 Stepper motor
7 LED
2 IR Sensor
1 AMR Sensor
2 ADC0804
3 Resistor
1 74LS244
2 LM741 OPAMP
20 Total

3.14.2 Schematic circuit diagram design

Our demonstration facility presents a miniature model of an automated bus station control
system that regulates the number of buses that can be parked in a given space at any given time
based on the parking space availability. Automated parking is a method of parking and exiting
buses using sensing devices. The entry and exit of vehicles are facilitated using automated gate.
After the initial installation, the system requires no manual control. It requires no attendants, is
more cost-effective than conventional garages, and allows more buses to be parked in less space.
The automation technology is used to typically double to triple the capacity of conventional
parking garages.
The project involves a system including infrared transmitter and receiver (in our case switches)
in the gate side and led display, a gate with AMR sensor has been provided at the entry of the
parking space, which opens on the arrival or departure of a bus, a display section has been
provided, which consists of a display showing the free and occupied slots. If all slots are
occupied, the gate is automatically disabled for vehicles seeking entry into the parking lot. AMR
Sensor (switch) at the gate distinguishes between the buses and persons or two wheelers, so that
persons and two wheelers are not included in the count for buses.
Rules that are considered when we constructing system circuit diagram:
 Type of the program
 Simulate the program and debug it
 Wire up the circuit.
 Load the binary program into the AT89C51 memory
 Switch on and test.
 LCD1
LM016L

VDD
VSS

VEE

RW
RS
R1

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
10k C1

1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
R2 33PF

1
10k X1
CRYSTAL

2
R3 C2

10k
33PF

U1
19 39
XTAL1 P0.0/AD0
38
P0.1/AD1
37
P0.2/AD2
18 36
XTAL2 P0.3/AD3
35
P0.4/AD4
34
P0.5/AD5
33
P0.6/AD6
9 32
RST P0.7/AD7
21
P2.0/A8
22
P2.1/A9
23
P2.2/A10
29 24
PSEN P2.3/A11
30 25
ALE P2.4/A12
31 26
EA P2.5/A13
P2.6/A14
27 SW
28
P2.7/A15
1 10
P1.0 P3.0/RXD
2 11
P1.1 P3.1/TXD
3 12
P1.2 P3.2/INT0
4 13
P1.3 P3.3/INT1
5 14
P1.4 P3.4/T0
6 15
P1.5 P3.5/T1
7 16
P1.6 P3.6/WR
8 17
P1.7 P3.7/RD
AT89C51

SLOT 1 SLOT 2 SLOT 3 SLOT4

GREEN YLLOW RED

LED-GREEN LED-YELLOW LED-RED

U2
U3:A 9 M1
COM
2 18 1 16
A0 Y0 1B 1C
LED1 LED2 LED3 LED4 4
A1 Y1
16 2
2B 2C
15
LED-RED LED-RED LED-RED LED-RED 6 14 3 14
A2 Y2 3B 3C
8 12 4 13
A3 Y3 4B 4C
5 12 +88.8
5B 5C
1 6 11 MOTOR-BLDCM
OE 6B 6C
7 10
7B 7C
74LS244
ULN2003A

Fig 3.9 System circuit design

 CHAPTER IV
4. SIMULATION RESULT
At the gate side the AMR sensor identifies whether the detected object is a vehicle or not.
If the detected object is a four wheeled vehicle, the sensor will send the signal to the
microcontroller. Then the microcontroller checks the status of each and every slot and if
there are freely available slots, the microcontroller in turn send signal to activate the
stepper motor so that the gate becomes open. Else the gate is still at the closed state even
if the AMR sensor identifies the detected object is a four wheeled vehicle.
LCD1
LM016L

VDD
VSS

VEE

RW
RS
R1

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
10k C1

1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
R2 33PF
1

10k X1
CRYSTAL
2

R3 C2

10k
33PF

U1
19 39
XTAL1 P0.0/AD0
38
P0.1/AD1
37
P0.2/AD2
18 36
XTAL2 P0.3/AD3
35
P0.4/AD4
34
P0.5/AD5
33
P0.6/AD6
9 32
RST P0.7/AD7
21
P2.0/A8
22
P2.1/A9
23
P2.2/A10
29 24
PSEN P2.3/A11
30 25
ALE P2.4/A12
31 26
EA P2.5/A13
P2.6/A14
27 SW
28
P2.7/A15
1 10
P1.0 P3.0/RXD
2 11
P1.1 P3.1/TXD
3 12
P1.2 P3.2/INT0
4 13
P1.3 P3.3/INT1
5 14
P1.4 P3.4/T0
6 15
P1.5 P3.5/T1
7 16
P1.6 P3.6/WR
8 17
P1.7 P3.7/RD
AT89C51

SLOT 1 SLOT 2 SLOT 3 SLOT4

GREEN YLLOW RED

LED-GREEN LED-YELLOW LED-RED

U2
U3:A 9 M1
COM
2 18 1 16
A0 Y0 1B 1C
LED1 LED2 LED3 LED4 4
A1 Y1
16 2
2B 2C
15
LED-RED LED-RED LED-RED LED-RED 6 14 3 14
A2 Y2 3B 3C
8 12 4 13
A3 Y3 4B 4C
5 12 +8.34
5B 5C
1 6 11 MOTOR-BLDCM
OE 6B 6C
7 10
7B 7C
74LS244
ULN2003A

Fig 5.1-simulation results

Operation of the System
 Detecting the vehicle: at the gate section the magnetic sensor (AMR or in our case switch)
identifies weather the detected vehicle is four wheeled or not. If the sensor assures that the
interrupted object is a four wheeled vehicle, AMR sends high signal to the microcontroller.

 Activating the stepper motor: while the sensor sends a true signal to the micro controller, the
microcontroller in turn sends a signal that activates the stepper motor so that the detected
object is allowed to enter to the parking garage by opening the entrance gate.

 Controlling the slot: now the vehicle is inside the parking area and on the process of
reserving a specified slot. Once the vehicle occupies the slot the sensor called IR which is
installed on entry and exit side of the gates will be interrupted from sending signal from IR
transmitter to IR receiver. Then IR sensor (the switch) sends high signal state to the
microcontroller. But if IR receiver is not getting information from IR transmitter, the IR is
not interrupted by a vehicle and the slot is on the state of available.

 Displaying slot state: once the microcontroller knows that the slot is occupied by a certain
vehicle, it sends signal to the LCD to display the current state of the slot.
 CHAPTER V
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
In densely populated areas they are real challenge for city planners, architects and
developers. The need to offer sufficient parking spaces is a task for specialists. This
situation calls for the need for an automated parking system that not only regulates
parking in a given area but also keeps the manual control to a minimum. Automatic bus station
control system is the sole solution to park as many buses as possible in a little space. Automatic
bus station control systems are based on the most modern technology of storage systems.
Designing and implementing the project “Automatic bus station control system” helped in
gaining a substantial amount of knowledge. This project was chosen because such an automated
bus station is not popular in the country and implementing this project here in Ethiopia will help
in saving space. If this prototype is implemented on a large scale, it will provide a hassle-free
parking experience and will save costs in the long run. The application of our prototype is for
residential buildings, organizations or hotels where each flat or apartment has a designated bus
station spot. We feel the project met most of our expectations, as we were able to build an
automated bus station system which could detect a parking space, and park in it. When we
started out, we intended the bus to be able to locate a parking spot, and park irrespective of its
distance from the parking space and its orientation.
5.2 Recommendation
Lastly we want to recommend the system that we developed. We used the 8051 microcontroller
family called AT89C51 for the overall controlling of the system but if someone want to develop
microcontroller based system , we recommend to use other types of microcontroller families like
PIC or AVR studio for central controlling of the system because 8051 families need external
hardware like ADC for signal conversion process. Magnetic sensors are more efficient but have
less cost than other types of sensors. We used a type of magnetic sensor called AMR for vehicle
detection. The selection of magnetic sensors depends on their application. But if someone‟s work
is related detection of ferrous objects, use of magnetic sensor is recommended. If the system
going to be implemented contains sensors, there should be signal conditioning and processing
element. Most of the time instrumentation amplifier is best for this purpose.
Generally, we recommend using of devices that cannot be affected by noise and interference,
easy to program, lower power consumption, higher efficiency, low cost, do not need external
hardware .i.e. built in and robust.
References
[1]. The 8051 microcontroller and embedded systems by MAZIDI
[2]. www.wikipedia.com/8051
[3]. www.wikipedia.com/photo_electric_sensors
[4]. www.isis.com/proteus

[5]. Microprocessors and Microcontrollers by A K Ray

[6]. J.E. Lenz, “A Review of Magnetic Sensors”, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 78, no.6, (June
1990) 973-989.

[7] .www.robosense.in
Appendix A
Abbreviations
LCD………liquid crystal device
LED………light emitting diode
AMR……...Anisotropic magneto resistive
IR………...Infra radiation
TX………...Transmitter
Rx………..Receiver
AC……….Alternate Current
DC……….Direct Current
IC………..Integrated Circuit
Op-Amp…Operational Amplifier
GND……..Ground
ADC……..Analog Digital Convertor
Appendix B
Source Code
SOFTWARE used
PROTEUS:
Proteus is the embedded system simulation and developing platform developed by Britain Lab
center Company, this software has the following characteristics:
 Can carry on the intellectual principle Butut; The ones that paid software debugging
and one-chip computer and peripheral circuit of the one-chip computer, in coordination
with emulation; Meet the standard of the one-chip computer software simulation system.
 Support common one-chip computer type and PHILIPS Co. ARM7 (series LPC) Processor
and common peripheral device, like 8255, ADC0809.
 Can with 4 Keil Version, ADSl two integrated development environment combine,
until and after the program compiling that language C write with collect, carry on the
system simulation that the software and hardware combines.
KEIL uVISION
Many companies provide the 8051 assembler, some of them provide shareware version
of their product on the Web, Kiel is one of them. We can download them from their
Websites. However, the size of code for these shareware versions is limited and we have
to consider which assembler is suitable for our application.
Kiel Uvision4:
This is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write,
Compile, and debug embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components:
 A project manager
 A make facility
 Tool configuration
 Editor
 A powerful debugger