AIR REGULATIONS

1. Define aircraft?
Any machine which can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of air other
than reactions of the air against the earth’s surface and includes balloons whether fixed or free,
aeroplanes, airships, gliders, kites and flying machines.

2. Define aeroplane?
It is a power-driven heavier-than air aircraft which derives its lift in flight chiefly from
aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight.

3. Define airship?
Airship means a power-driven lighter-than air aircraft.

4. Define glider?
It is a nonpower-driven heavier-than air aircraft which derives its lift in flight chiefly from
aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight.

5. Define balloon?
Means a non-power-driven lighter-than air aircraft.

6. Define aerodrome?
An area of defined dimensions on land or water (including any buildings, installations and
equipments) intended to be used either wholly or partly for the arrival, departure and surface
movement of aircraft.

7. Define aerodrome traffic?

All traffic on the maneuvering area of an aerodrome, and all aircrafts flying in the vicinity of
an aerodrome.

8. Define aerodrome control tower?

It is a unit established to provide air traffic control service to aerodrome traffic.

9. Define air traffic control unit?

A generic term variously means
✔ Area control centre
✔ Approach control unit
✔ Aerodrome control tower

10. Define air traffic control clearance?

It is authorization for an aircraft to proceed under conditions specified by an air traffic
control unit.

11. Define controlled airspace?

An airspace of defined dimension within which air traffic control service is provided in
accordance with airspace classification (class A,B,C,D,E)

12. Define advisory airspace?

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 An airspace of defined dimensions, or designated route, within which air traffic advisory
service is provided.

13. Define Area control centre?

A unit established to provide air traffic control service to controlled flights in control
area under its jurisdiction.

14. Define approach control service?

Air traffic control service for arriving and departing controlled flights.

15. Define control area (CTA)?

A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth.

16. Define control zone (CTR)?

A controlled airspace extending upwards from the surface of the earth to a specified upper
limit.

17. Define danger area?

An airspace of defined dimensions within which activates dangerous to the flight of an
aircraft may exist at specified times.

18. Define prohibited area?

An airspace of defined dimensions above land areas or territorial waters of state, within
which the flight of an aircraft is prohibited.

19. Define restricted area?

An airspace of defined dimensions above land areas or territorial waters of state, within
which the flight of an aircraft is restricted in accordance with certain specified conditions.

20. Define maneuvering area?

That part of an aerodrome to be used for landing, take-off and taxiing of aircraft excluding
aprons.

21. Define movement area?

That part of an aerodrome to be used for landing, take-off and taxiing of aircraft, consisting
of maneuvering area and the aprons.

22. Define ceiling?

The height above the ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of the cloud below
6000m or 20000ft covering more than half the sky.

23. Define ground visibility?

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 The visibility of an aerodrome as reported by the accredited observer or by automatic
system.

24. Define flight visibility?

The visibility forward from the cockpit of the aircraft in flight.

25. Define reporting point?

The specified geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft can be
reported.

26. Define solo flight time?

Means a flight time during which a pilot is the sole occupant of an aircraft.

27. Define Dual flight time?

Means a flight time during which a person is receiving flight instructions from a pilot on
board the aircraft.

28. Define Accident?

It is an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft, which takes place between
the time any person boards the aircraft with the intension of flight until such time as all such persons
have disembarked, in which
⮚ A person is seriously or fatally injured.
⮚ The aircraft sustains damage or structural failures.
⮚ The aircraft is missing or completely inaccessible.

29. Define incident?

An occurrence other than accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft which
affects or could affect the safety of operation.

30. Define pilot in command?

With respect to a pilot:

⮚ Engaged in commercial operation means the pilot designated by the operator as

being in command and charged with the safe conduct of a flight.
⮚ Engaged in general aviation or helicopter means the pilot designated by the operator
or owner as being in command and charged with the safe conduct of a flight.

31. Aircraft rules 1937

Rule 6 deals with Licensing of personnel

Rule 21 deals with Dangerous flying

Rule 25 deals with Smoking in aircraft

Rule 68 deals with Notification of accidents

32. What is the maximum all up weight of an aircraft that can be flown by a trainee pilot?

1500kgs

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33. Define substantial damage?

The term substantial damage shall include any damage which necessitates the replacement
or extensive repair of any major components.

34. Define altitude?

The vertical distance of a level, point or an object considered as a point measured from mean
sea level.

35. Define Height?

The vertical distance of a level, point or an object considered as a point measured from a
specified datum.

36. Minimum height for aerobatic and acrobatic aircrafts?

600m or 2000ft

37. Minimum visibility of VFR flights? What should be the distance from clouds?

The Minimum visibility of VFR flights is 5 km. 2000ft horizontally and 500ft
vertically
38. What is special VFR FLIGHT AND WHAT is the minimum visibility of special VFR flights? What
should be the distance from clouds?

A VFR flight cleared by the air traffic control to operate within a control zone in
meteorological conditions below VMC .The Minimum visibility of special VFR flights is 1.5 km. The
aircraft should stay clear of clouds.
39. What has to be done if communication failure during VMC occurs?

Continue flying in VMC (visual meteorological conditions)and land in a suitable

aerodrome.

40. Define distress?

A situation wherein there is reasonable certainty than an aircraft and its occupants
are threatened to grave and imminent danger or require immediate assistance.

41. Signals for distress?

The following signals used together or separately means, grave and imminent danger
threatens and it requires immediate assistance.

✔ A signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signalling method

consisting of the group SOS.
✔ A radio telephony signal consisting of the spoken MAYDAY MAYDAY.

✔ A distress message sent via data link transmits the intent of the word
MAYDAY.

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 ✔ Rocket or shells throwing red lights, fired one at a time at short intervals.

✔ A parachute flares showing a red light.

42. Define urgency?

Urgency presumes a condition concerning the safety of an aircraft or other vehicles or of

some person on board or within sight which does not requires immediate assistance.

43. Signals for urgency?

The following signals, used together or separately means, that an aircraft wishes to give
notice of difficulties which compel it to land without requiring immediate assistance.

✔ Repeated switching on and off of landing lights

✔ Repeated switching on and off of navigation lights in such a manner distinct

from flashing navigation lights.

The following signals, used together or separately means, that an aircraft has a very urgent
message concerning the safety of an aircraft or other vehicles or of some person on board or within
sight.

✔ A signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signaling method

consisting of the group XXX.
✔ A radio telephony signal consisting of the spoken PAN PAN.

✔ An urgency message sent via data link transmits the intent of the word PAN.

44. What are the different types of airport?

i. Controlled airport
a. Civilian land airport
b. Civilian water airport
c. Military airport
d. Heliports
ii. Uncontrolled airport

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45. Define controlled aerodrome?
An aerodrome at which air traffic control service is provided to aerodrome traffic.

46. What is the colour of taxiway centre line stripes?

Its colour is yellow.

47. What is the colour of taxiway edge light?

It is blue in colour.

48. What is the colour of taxiway centre line light?

It is green in colour

49. What is the colour of runway centre line light?

It is white in colour.

50. What is the colour of runway edge light?

It is white in colour.

Runway edge light - It is used to outline the edges of the runway during night and low visibility
conditions. These lights are classified into 3 according to their intensity they are as follows
i. High intensity runway light
ii. Medium intensity runway light
iii. Low intensity runway light
51. Abbreviations
PAPI- Precision Approach Path Indicator
VASI- Visual Approach Slope Indicator
REIL-Runway End Identifier Light
RETIL- Rapid Exit Taxiway Indicator Light

52. In a two bar VASI red over red indicates?

It indicates low on approach.

53. In a two bar VASI white over white indicates?

It indicates too high on approach.

55. In a two bar VASI red over white indicates?

It indicates correct approach over glide path.

55. What is the purpose of airport beacon? List out some most common beacons?
An airport beacon is used to identify the airport at night or at no visibility conditions.
Some common beacons are as follows,

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 ⮚ Flashing white & green - civilian land airport

⮚ Flashing white and yellow - civilian water airport

⮚ Flashing white, green and yellow - Heliports

⮚ Flashing two quick white followed by a green flash - Military airports

56. Alternating red & green lights for the aircraft in ground indicates?
It indicates Exercise extreme caution.

57. Name the various airspaces in India?

Class D, Class E, Class F & Class G.
Class F(A)-ADVISORY AIRSPACE
CLASS F(R)-RESTRICTED AIRSPACE
CLASS G - UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE

58. Name the various controlled airspace?

Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D & ClassE

59. Explain briefly about obstruction lights?

It is marked or lighted to warn the pilot of their presence during daytime or night time.
Obstruction lights can be found both on an airport and off an airport to identify obstructions. This
may be marked or lighted in any of the conditions,
✔ Red obstruction lights
✔ High intensity obstruction lights
✔ Dual lighting

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 ✔

59. Explain about class A airspace?

IFR flights are only permitted; all flights are provided with air traffic control service and are
separated from each other.

60. What is the colour of taxiway turn off light?

It is steady green in colour.

61. Mention some of the wind direction indicators?

1. Wind sock
2. Wind T
3. Tetrahedron

62. What is the validity of SPL, PPL, and CPL license?

Validity of SPL is 5 years.
Validity of PPL is 10 years.
Validity of CPL is 5 years.

63. What is the medical validity for SPL, PPL and CPL?
Medical Validity of SPL is 1 year.
Medical Validity of PPL is 2 years.
Medical Validity of CPL is 1 year.

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64. What is the validity of FRTOL?
Its validity is 5 years

65. Instructions from Aerodrome Control Tower to Aircraft

LIGHT AIRCRAFT IN FLIGHT AIRCRAFT IN GROUND

Steady Green Cleared to land Cleared for take-off

Steady red Give way to other Stop
aircraft and continue
circling
Series of green Return for landing Cleared for taxi                
flashes    
Series of red Aerodrome unsafe do Taxi clear of landing are                
flashes not land in use    
Series of white Land at this aerodrome Return to starting point
flashes and proceed to aprons on the aerodrome
Red pyrotechnic Notwithstanding
previous instructions, do
not land for time being

66. What is the maximum flying hour for consecutive 30 days in India?
125 hours

67. What is the maximum flying hour for 24 consecutive hours in India?
6 hours

68. Name the various circulars issued by DGCA?

1. General circular
2. Airworthiness advisory circular
3. Air safety circular
4. Air transport circular
5. Aerodrome advisory circular
6. Aeronautical information circular
7. Flight crew licensing circular
8. Flight crew training circular
9. Flight training institute circular
10. Flight training circular
11. Cabin safety circular
12. Enforcement circular
13. Operation circular

69. Define NOTAM?

Notice To Airmen contains information concerning the establishments, conditions and
changes in aeronautical services, procedures, facilities or hazards, the timely knowledge of which is
essential for a personnel concerned with flight operations.
It is distributed in 5 series
CLASS A, CLASS B, CLASS C, CLASS D and CLASS G.

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70. Define threshold?
The beginning of that portion of the runway used for landing.

71. What is the colour of the runway threshold light?

It is green in colour at the beginning, and at the end it is red in colour.

72. An aircraft accident has to be reported with in how many hours?

As soon as possible but not later than 24 hours

73. An aircraft incident has to be reported with in how many hours?

Not later than 48 hours

74. The red flag in ATC indicates?

It indicates Flying is in progress.

75. Runway direction is measured with respect to what?

It is measured with respect to magnetic north.

76. Two red balls suspended from a mast one above the other indicates what?
It indicates Gliders activity is in progress.

77. Define hypoxia?

Lack of oxygen to the cerebral hemispheres (outer portion of the brain) however it is more
typically used to refer lack of oxygen to entire brain. It is caused because of breathing air at the low
pressure at higher altitude. Symptoms of hypoxia are Euphoria - a sense of well being.

78. Blinking of runway light indicates?

Vehicles and pedestrians must vacate the runway immediately.

79. What are the requirements of PIC hours to issue CPL?

Not less than 100 hours of flight time as pilot in command of which 15 hours should be
completed within a period of six months before the date of application.

80.What are the requirements of night flying?

Not less than 5 hours of night flying with minimum of ten take offs and landing as pilot in command
and should be carried out within six months before the date of application

81. What are the requirements of CPL?

AGE- not less than 18 years of age

Educational qualification-passes 10+2(with physics and maths) from s recognized board

Medical fitness-he shall have passed class 2 and class 1 medical exams under a qualified
Doctor approved by DGCA.

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 Knowledge- he shall pass written examinations in air regulation air navigation meteorology
and aircraft engines and signals , practical examination of aural and visual signals as per the syllabus
given by DGCA.

Experience- he shall produce evidence of having satisfactorily completed as a pilot in

command of an aeroplane within a period of 5 years preceding the date of application for l license
not less than 200 hours of flight time and shall include

1. Not less than 100 hours as PIC which not less than 15 hours shall have been completed
within six months before the application for the license.

2. Not less than 20 hours of flight time as PIC including a cross country flight not less than 300
nautical miles in the course of which full stop landings at two different aerodromes shall be made

3. not less than 10 hours of instrument of which not more than 5 hours may be on an
approved simulator

4. Not less than 5 hours of night flying with minimum of ten take offs and landing as pilot in
command and should be carried out within six months before the date of application

82.What are the requirements and privileges if SPL?

SPL Issue fee: 1000 Rupees

1. Requirements:

age-16 & above

Educational qualification: minimum 10th pass

Medical fitness-minimum class 2 medical passes

Knowledge-pass oral exams in air navigation air regulations meteorology aircraft and engines as
per the DGCA syllabus

2. Privileges:

Shall fly only with instructor

Shall fly only VFR

Shall not fly for hire or carry goods

Shall not take cross country flights unless he has

10 hours of solo flight

83. What are the requirements to get CPL with IR ?

AGE- not less than 18 years of age

Educational qualification-passes 10+2(with physics and maths) from a recognized board

Medical fitness-he shall have passed class 2 and class 1 medical exams under a qualified
Doctor approved by DGCA.

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 Knowledge- he shall pass written examinations in air regulation air navigation meteorology
and aircraft engines and signals , practical examination of aural and visual signals as per the syllabus
given by DGCA.

Experience- he shall produce evidence of having satisfactorily completed as a pilot in

command of an aeroplane within a period of 5 years preceding the date of application for l license
not less than 200 hours of flight time and shall include

1.not less than 100 hours of flight time as PIC out of which not less than 30 hours flight
time as student pilot in command which shall include not more than 20 hours of cross country flight
time and not more than 10 hours of circuit landings with 10 minimum landings.

2.not less than 15 hours of flight time as PIC within a period of six months immediately
preceding the date of application.

3.not less than 50 hours cross country flight time as PIC including a cross country of not
less than 300 nautical miles in course of which full stop landings at two different aerodromes shall be
made.

4.not less than 50 hours of instrument time of which not more than 20 hours may be on
an approved simulator out of which minimum of 5 hours of instrument time shall have been
completed within a period of six months preceding the date of application for the instrument rating.

5.not less than 5 hours of flight time by night including a minimum of ten take offs and
ten landings as pilot in command carried out within a period of six months immediately preceding
the date of application of license.

84. Define right of way?

The aircraft that has the right-of-way shall maintain its heading and speed. An aircraft that is
obliged by the following rules to keep out of the way of another shall avoid passing over, under or in
front of the other, unless it passes well clear and takes into account the effect of aircraft wake
turbulence.

110° 110°

140°
85. Define converging principle in right of way?

When two aircraft are converging at approximately the same level, the aircraft that has the
other on its right shall give way, except as follows:

✔ Power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft shall give way to airships, gliders and balloons;

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 ✔ Airships shall give way to gliders and balloons;

✔ Gliders shall give way to balloons ;

✔ Power-driven aircraft shall give way to aircraft which are seen to be towing other aircraft or
objects;

86. Define approaching head on principle in right of way?

When two aircrafts are approaching head-on or approximately so and there is a danger of
collision, each shall alter its heading to the right.

87. Define overtaking principle in right of way?

An overtaking aircraft is an aircraft that approaches another from the rear on a line forming
an angle of less than 70 degrees with the plane of symmetry of the latter, i.e. is in such a position
with reference to the other aircraft that at night it should be unable to see either of the aircraft
left(port) or right(starboard) navigation lights. An aircraft that is being overtaken has the right-of way
and the overtaken aircraft, whether climbing, descending or in horizontal flight, shall keep out of the
way of the other aircraft by altering its heading to the right, and no subsequent change in the relative
positions of the two aircraft shall absolve the overtaking aircraft from this obligation until it is
entirely past and clear.

88. Define landing principle in right of way?

When two or more heavier than-air aircraft are approaching an aerodrome for the purpose
of landing, aircraft at the higher level shall give away to aircraft at the lower level, but the latter shall
not take advantage of this rule to cut in front of another which is in the final stages of approach to
land, or to overtake that aircraft. Nevertheless, power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft shall give way
to gliders.

89. Define emergency landing principle in right of way?

An aircraft that is aware that another is compelled to land shall give way to that aircraft.

90.Define taking-off principle in right of way?

An aircraft taxiing on the maneuvering area of an aerodrome shall give way to aircraft
taking off or about to take off

91.Direction for landing and take-off?

A horizontal white or orange landing ‘’T’’ indicates the direction to be used by the aircraft
for landing and takeoff which shall be is a direction parallel to the shaft of the “T” towards the cross
arm. During night or low visibility conditions the T is illuminated with white lights.

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92.Prohibition of landing ?

A horizontal red square panel with yellow diagonals when displayed in a signal area
indicates that landings are prohibited and the prohibition is liable to be prolonged.

93. What is acrobatic flight?

Maneuvers intentionally performed by an aircraft involving an abrupt change in its

attitude, an abnormal attitude, or an abnormal variation in speed.

94. What is Approach control unit?

A unit established to provide air traffic control service to controlled flights arriving at
or departing from one or more aerodromes.

95. AERODROME GROUND SIGNALS

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96.MARSHALLING SIGNALS :

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97. Aeronautical Information Publication(AIP)-

It is issued by the Airports Authority of India. It is prepared in accordance

with standard and recommended practices according to annex 15 of ICAO and aeronautical
information service manual. It is issued in the 3 types:

1.General

2.Enroute

3.Aerodrome

98. ICAO Standards :

Annex 1 : personnel licensing

Annex 2 : rules of the air

Annex 3 : meteorlogical service for international air navigation

Annex 4 : aeronautical charts

Annex 5 :units of measurements to be used in air transport

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Annex 6 :operations of aircraft:

Part 1. : International commercial air transport

Part 2. : inernational general aviation

Part 3 : international operations - helicopters

Annex 7: Aircraft nationality and registration marks

Annex 8: Airworthiness of aircraft

Annex 9:Facilitation

Annex 10: Aeronautical telecommunication

Vol.1 : radio navigation aids

Vol.2 : communication procedures

Vol.3 : communication systems

Vol.4 : surveillance radar and collision avoidance systems

Vol.5 : aeronautical radio frequency spectrum utilisation

Annex 11 : air traffic services

Annex 12 :search and rescue

Annex 13: aircraft accident investigation

Annex 14 : aerodromes :

Vol.1 :aerodrome design and operations

Vol.2 : heliports

Annex 15 : aeronautical information service

Annex 16 :environmental protection :

Vol.1 : aircraft noise

Vol.2 : aircraft engine emissions

Annex 17 :safeguarding international civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference

Annex 18: safe transport of goods by air .

99. What is hyperventilation ?

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 Excessive breathing creates low levels of carbon dioxide in your blood. This causes
many of the symptoms of hyperventilation.

Feeling very anxious or having a panic attack is the usual reason that you may hyperventilate.
However, rapid breathing may be a symptom of a disease, such as:

● Bleeding
● Heart or lung disorder
● Infection

100. What is carbon monoxide poisoning?

Carbon Monoxide is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas that is known as the “Silent
Killer”. It is easily absorbed in the blood stream and has a direct affect on the performance of
oxygen dependent physiology in our system. It can cause damage to the brain, heart and
nervous system.

Symptoms: Euphoria, a sense of well being.

101. Semi-Circular Cruising level system:

000° - 179° -

IFR ODD Thousands

VFR ODD Thousands + 500

180° - 359° -

IFR EVEN Thousands

VFR EVEN Thousands + 500

102. What is Aerodrome reference point?

A designated geographical location of an aerodrome.

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