ho
gSAS.pstas
see
nding
fom of enegy is given by oaical tiedsc
pats
separsie
toumoY
s given by cryaka
coniirie
(nn+ n) t
ot
cefafa
detomeinelecing
oraakorctu
t o
ut
Sma
where ntw n +n +n iciaionget.93,9s
kna
a
(3
sensios.
e
we have three
quantun uniberS n, ny and n, which can take tnly
the lowest energy 01 an
electron contned to move in
a three dimcnsional potential
length 0.5 A
Mo
Gven: a m 0.5A = 0.5 x 10 m,E (lowest)
inside a three nssble energies Ot a p u e l e in a c u b i e a l box o f sicde a a r e given b y
h
E, = Sma (n+nn;)
f west energy = , n , = 1. Therefore
3 3x
(6.626 10)
Eu
8ma x 10x(03 10 0
8x9.1
= 7.24x 10-17 J 7.24 x 10 1 452ev 19
1.6 x 10
electron in the energy state immediately above the lowest
EepleCalculate the energy of an
1A. Also find the temperature at which the average energy
tential box oery Tevel in cubic box of side
a
would be equal to the energy of the electron in the upper level
of the molecules ofa perfect gas
Solation: Given: a = 1 A= 1x 10 , E (next to the lowest) 27?
the lowest) 3/2 (kT).
(10 E (next to
and the next o the lowest level is Ea Theretore
7e lowest energy level is E
6x (6.626x 1 0 4 )
6h
E: 8 ma 8x9.1 x 10 x (1.0x 10 )
muned b
ponding form of enegy is given by
E (n+n+n)
Sma
123
hn
E where
nn+n
8ma
+n
dimensions,
threc-dimensions, we have three quantum numbers
03)
n,. n, and , which
e integer
valttes, can take onty
AN
ng dand the
Find the lowest energy ot an electron contined to move in
Zength 0.5 A
a three dimensiotal potential
dai: Given: a = A0.5x 10 m, E (lowest)=?
S hle energies of a particle in a cubical box of side a are given by
E,Smna(n+n +n;)
Farlowest energy =y 1 , =
1, Therefore
3h 3x (6.626 x 10)
11s
ia? 89.1x 10-3x (0.5 x 10
7.24 x 10-17 J= 7.24 x 10 17 = 452eV
L.6x 10-19
above the lowest
Eaple Calculate the energy of an electron in the energy state immediately
the temperature at which the average energy
OerEy level in a cubic box of side 1A. Also find
be equal to the energy of the electron in the upper level.
of the molecules of a perfect gas would
1A = Ix 10 m, E (next to the lowest)= T=?
Selation: Given: a =
E (next to the lowest) 3/2 (KT).
next to the lowest
level is E12 Therefore
e lowest energy level is E1 and the
6x (6.626 x 10)
6h
Eu2 8ma 8x9.1 x 103 x(1.0x 101)
eE ne es
e f
ste F
th aed
we cse ere Ther st
Aoueg se the beree e
330 Seid State Phesis
3.62 x 10-1 J-62 x 10-17
1.6x 10-19 226 ev
Purther, according to the question
T 226 eV 3.62 x 10-17 J
or T-23.62x 10-17
3 x 1.38x 10-23
:1.75 x 10° K
10.4 QUANTUM STATE AND DEGENERACY
The most
important consequence of the three quantum numbers appearing in eo th
several combinations can yield the samevalue of energy. Each combination of th
numbers is called a quantum state and several states having the same energy are suil
degenerate. To make this more clear, let us take an example and suppose that one of the ce
numbers is equal to 2 and the others as unity. This gives three possible combinations of qaca three
energ
numbers which are as follows:
0) n=1.1, =1,, 2
(11) = 1, n, = 2, n, = 1
(111) 1, 2.n, = 1,n, =1
Substituting these values in eq. 11, the corresponding wave functions beo
Vi sin1EXinsin 27
(2 TX27Ty
The calcul tian of the density ol
ssity of states, and (c) N) occupied electron states
FE xgE) NGE (a)
Fermi-Dirae function, (b)
3n 123
EEy= 2 3.65x 1012 ev
=
(25)
urther. at hsolute zero, the average energy of an electron is given by
Er 4tV
EN (E) dE
E- =
Nh3 2m))2
(2m /2
EdE=2x
x(2m E (26
Cuhstituting the vialue of N Irom eq. 23, we obtain
E-Ep (27
le:The density of Zn is 7.13 x 10 kg/m' and its atomic weight is 65.4. Calcuiate the
Ferti energy in zinc. Also calculate the mean energy at OK. The effective mass of the electron
n zinc is 0.85 me.
olution: Given: p = 7.13 x 10 kg/m', M =65.4, mett= 0.85 mg, Ep =? Eo =2
Since zinc is a divalent metal, the number of electrons per unit volume will be
2pN 7.13x10x 6.023 1026
2x x
= 13.13x 10
M 65.4
