PERISTALTIC PUMP 2011

1. INTRODUCTION

A lot of equipment around us uses the mechanisms of pump, from the smallest
pump used in the house to the biggest scales and specification pump used in industries. A
peristaltic pump is a type of positive displacement pump used for pumping a variety of
fluids. The fluid is contained within a flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing
(though linear peristaltic pumps have been made). A rotor with a number of 'rollers',
'shoes' or 'wipers' attached to the external circumference compresses the flexible tube. As
the rotor turns, the part of tube under compression closes thus forcing the fluid to be
pumped to move through the tube. Additionally, as the tube opens to its natural state after
the passing of the cam ('restitution') vacuum is created which draws more fluid into the
tube, creating a gentle pumping action with minimal damage to the media inside the tube,
particularly when compared to other methods of mechanical transfer.

The basic principle of a peristaltic pump is a mechanical application of

"peristalsis," a physiological term referring to the alternating contraction and relaxation of
muscles around a tube (throat and intestines for example) to force the tube's contents
through it. The main advantage of the peristaltic pump is that no seals, valves or other
internal parts ever touch the fluid. Due to their cleanliness, peristaltic pumps have found
many applications in the pharmaceutical, chemical, and food industries because the pump
cannot contaminate the fluid, or to pump aggressive fluids because the fluid cannot
contaminate the pump. Some common applications include pumping aggressive
chemicals, high solids slurries and other materials where isolation of the product from the
environment, and the environment from the product, are critical. Besides this, the action
of a peristaltic pump is very gentle, which is important if the fluid is easily damaged.
Peristaltic pumps are therefore used in medical applications, one of which is moving the
blood through the body during open heart surgery. Other pumps would risk destroying the
blood cells. Suitable with the wide usage of pump application, this study is currently
focusing on understanding the concept of peristaltic pump and its function.

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2. LITERATURE SURVEY

A famous Greek Mathematician and Inventor, Archimedes (287 BC – c. 212 BC)

invented the Archimedean screw pump constructed out of wood and bronze. The
Archimedean screw pump is technically a progressing cavity pump. The positive
displacement pump has a history that is as old as the history of pumping itself. The oldest
positive displacement pump is probably the hand cranked water wheel with a number of
scoops around its circumference which scoops up water from a water channel at low level
and discharges it at high level via a chute into the head of another channel. Such “pumps”
were used for irrigation by early farmers in the Middle East as long ago as 5,000 years
ago.

A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action. Pumps fall into

three major groups: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps. The Positive
Displacement Pumps come in many other forms such as Cavity, Piston, Diaphragm,
Hydraulic, Vane, Regenerative (Peripheral) and Peristaltic pumps.  They all have one
thing in common; they all are constant flow pumps and therefore, they have great
application in processes as metering known quantities of fluids and even granular solids.
Some positive displacement pumps work using an expanding cavity on the suction side
and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side [6]. Liquid flows into the pump as the
cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity
collapses. The volume is constant for each cycle of operation. Positive displacement
pumps, unlike centrifugal or roto-dynamic pumps, will produce the same flow at a given
speed (RPM) no matter what the discharge pressure. Thus, positive displacement pumps
are "constant flow machines".

A peristaltic pump is a type of positive displacement pump used for pumping a

variety of fluids. It was invented by heart surgeon Dr. Michael DeBakey in 1932 and
Jerome L Murray. The earliest peristaltic pumps have been in existence since the 1930s.
The application of this basic peristaltic principle as a method of mechanical fluid transfer was
developed in medical and biotechnology applications. Historically, the fundamental challenge

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in applying peristaltic technology to industrial applications was the development of a hose

element, which could accommodate the high pressures and flow rates demanded by many
industries, along with the capacity to handle highly viscous, abrasive and chemically
aggressive fluids. The designs have been continuously refined to improve performance
and enhance lifetime over the years. Throughout the early developmental years of the
peristaltic pump, the greatest improvements have been advancements in rubber
technology. The latest hose design is triple-layered with an extruded inner layer
surrounded by a reinforcement cord matrix, and a durable, machined outer layer [5].

Over the years, applications for the peristaltic pump have continued to grow
because of its resistance to abrasion and corrosion. Peristaltic pumps are now used
worldwide in chemical and food processing, waste and water treatment, and paper
manufacturing and mining industries.

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3. THEORY

3.1 THE PUMP UNIVERSE

To understand the peristaltic pump we must first investigate its position within the
pump universe. The pump universe can be organized in a variety of ways such as by their
design, their material of construction, or the liquids they pump. We will organize the
pump universe by classifying the pumps based on the method by which the pump imparts
energy to the liquid being pumped. This results in two basic classes of pump: dynamic
and displacement. The chart 3.1 shows the basic classification of the pumps.

3.2 BASIC CONSTRUCTION OF PERISTALTIC PUMP

The peristaltic pump is a special type of leak-free rotary displacement pump. Its
construction and operating principle are completely different from the other pumps. Basic
structure of peristaltic pump is composed of a composite tube or hose element enclosed in
a casing and is shown in figure 3.1. The tube or hose has flanges at both ends for
connection to the discharge and the suction lines of the system. Fluid flows through the
flexible tube or hose fitted inside a circular casing. The casing also contains a rotor that is
mounted on a central drive shaft that is supported on its own bearings. The casing also
serves as the lubrication chamber and is filled with lubricating oil. Two or more regularly
pressing shoes or rollers are fixed to the rotor. There are no check valves, seals, seats and
glands. The only moving part in the pump is the rotor with the shoes or rollers. Many
pumps are often fitted with hose failure sensing switches, leak detection devices and low
lubricant sensing switches. They generally reside at the bottom of the pump housing
where they detect aqueous liquids by a float or electrical conductivity. Peristaltic pumps
are available in a wide range of capacities, providing adjustable flow range from fractions
of a milliliter per minute to hundreds of liters per minute. Most of the peristaltic pumps
available are reversible and work as efficiently in either direction of rotation.

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3.3 WORKING OF A PERISTALTIC PUMP

Peristaltic pumps work by compressing and relaxing a hose that’s positioned

between a rotating device and a circular pump housing. The actual pumping principle,
called “peristalsis”, is based on alternating compression and relaxation of the hose or
tube, drawing content in and propelling product away from the pump. A rotating shoe or
roller passes along the length of the hose or tube creating a total seal between the suction
and discharge sides of the pump. As the pump’s rotor turns this sealing pressure moves
along the tube or hose forcing product to move away from the pump and into the
discharge line. Where the pressure has been released the hose or tube recovers creating a
vacuum, which draws the product into the suction side of the pump, the priming
mechanism. Combining these suction and discharge actions results in a self priming
positive displacement peristaltic pump.

Figure 3.2 shows the basic operation for rotary peristaltic pump. Principle of
operating is very simple. Figure 3.2 (a) shows that when rotor is rotated, fluid enters the
hose because of attraction force from vacuum produced after the hose is compressed by
the rotor. Figure 3.2 (b) shows that hose is fully pressed by rotor at the two ends and the
fluid is captured between the pinched areas of the hose and move the fluid towards the
discharge. Figure 3.2 (c) shows that fluid is pushed towards the output of the hose. The
front roller leaves the hose, opening the captured area while the back roller pushes the
liquid out the discharge. The rate of fluid flow depends upon the roller rotary speed. In
some pumps, the hose casing can be held in a vacuum to assist the hose to spring back
under high inlet vacuum conditions. The pulsating nature of the pumped flow can be
minimized by the use of a discharge pulsation dampener and an inlet pulse dampener. The
fluid is transported in a tube so that no other part of the pump comes in contact with the
product and there is complete separation of the working chamber from the drive part. The
peristaltic pump has excellent suction lift capabilities upto 20 ft. The flow rates of a
peristaltic pump range from 0.0006 lit/min to 1325 lit/min and discharge pressures upto
15 bar.

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Graph 3.1 shows the characteristic curve for a peristaltic pump with 50 mm hose
inner diameter, 2.9 liters/revolution capacity and 15 bar maximum discharge pressure.

3.4 VARIATIONS OF PERISTALTIC PUMP

There are major three variation in peristaltic pump according to size, output
pressure and construction which are as follows:

3.4.1 Tube Pumps

The tube pump is the smaller version of the peristaltic pump. The flexible plastic
tube is available in diameters ranging from 0.5 to 25 mm and in a variety of elastomeric
and synthetic materials including butyl, neoprene, marprene and hypalon. Tube pumps,
typically have dry casings and use rollers to squeeze the tube, use non-reinforced and
extruded tubing. These pumps have a minimum of 2 rollers 180 degrees apart, and may
have as many as 8, or even 12 rollers. Increasing the number of rollers increase the
frequency of the pumped fluid at the outlet, thereby decreasing the amplitude of pulsing.
The downside to increasing number of rollers it that it proportionately increases number
of squeezes, or occlusions, on the tubing for a given cumulative flow through that tube,
thereby reducing the tubing life.

3.4.2 Hose Pumps

The hose pump is a larger version of the peristaltic pump. It is equipped with a
multilayered rubber hose and can operate at much higher discharge pressures than the
tube pump. The hoses are available in diameters ranging from 10 to 100 mm The hose is
rated for the burst pressures in the 600 psi range. Hose pumps which can typically operate
against up to 16 bars in continue service, use shoes (rollers only used on low pressure
types) and have casings filled with lubricant to prevent abrasion of the exterior of the
pump tube and to aid in the dissipation of heat. The hoses in a hose pump are typically
reinforced, resulting in a very thick wall. This thicker wall combined with a stiffer
material make the forces necessary to occlude the hose much greater than for the tubing.
This results in a bigger and slower pump (up to 50/60 RPM) and motor for a given flow

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rate with the hose pump than the roller pump, consuming more energy to run. The biggest
advantage with the hose pumps over the roller pumps is the high operating pressure of up
to 16 bars.

3.4.3 360 Degree Eccentric Pumps

A unique approach to peristaltic hose pump design employs a single oversize

roller on an eccentric shaft that compresses an engineered, low friction hose through 360
degrees of rotation. The benefits of this design include more flow per revolution and only
one compression and expansion per cycle. At equal performance points this pump runs
more slowly, with consequent longer hose lifetime, than pumps with multiple shoes or
rollers. Many older hose pumps use shoes to compress the hose. When the shoe slides
over the outside of the hose, it creates friction and heat, which shortens hose life. A single
roller pump uses a large diameter lubricated roller on an eccentric shaft that rolls over the
hose. This means that it produces less friction, and therefore less heat, than a pump with
shoes. Since the hose is the heart of a peristaltic hose pump, and hose life is inversely
proportional to the number of squeezes, this design will have more life. The hose in this
type of pump takes up the full 360 degrees of the pump housing. This is important,
because at an equal size, this design can produce 55% more flow at the same speed. This
means that one can get more flow at the same pump speed, or run the pump more slowly

to generate the same flow. The major benefits of the 360 degree design are that they run
more slowly at similar performance points, thus longer tube life can be achieved, than
pumps with multiple shoes or rollers and only one compression and expansion per cycle
so increased tube life.

3.5 PERISTALTIC PUMP TUBING

The tube or hose is the heart of any Peristaltic Pump. A common misconception
regarding peristaltic pumps is that the tubing is a major failure point, a maintenance
headache for users, and must be replaced every couple of weeks or even days. Another
common misconception is that achieving practical tubing life severely limits pumping

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speed and flow rates because the pump must operate at relatively slow speeds in order to
realize adequate tubing longevity. Conventional tubing materials cannot hold up to the
harsh demands of certain applications, and the lack of reliable tubing limited peristaltic
pump capacities. But all that has changed with the development of today’s high-tech
tubing materials and new, advanced peristaltic pump head technologies. The fastest
wearing component of the peristaltic pump is the tube or the hose which can be worn out
to the point of failure causing the pumped fluid to begin to leak. Peristaltic pumps confine
the media to the tubing providing you with a pump that cannot contaminate the fluid and
the fluid cannot contaminate the pump. In addition to this, as the media is confined to the
tubing a peristaltic pump offers easy and reduced maintenance time and reduced down
time as the hose or tube is the only wearing part. The tubing material must be compatible
with the pumped fluid to provide good pumping performance, as well as safety. The
tubing need to be elastomeric to maintain the circular cross section after millions of
cycles of squeezing in the pump. This requirement eliminates a variety of non-elastomeric
polymers that have compatibility with a wide range of chemicals, such as PTFE,
polyolefin, PVDF etc. from consideration as material for pump tubing. The elastomers
used for pump tubing are Natural Rubber, Nitrile NBR, Hypalon, EPDM, Silicone, PVC,
EPDM+polypropylene, Polyurethane, Marprene, Pumpsil Silicone, Fluoropolymer and
Neoprene. With the lined tubing, the thin inside liner is made of a chemically resistant
material such as polyolefin and PTFE that form a barrier for the rest of the tubing wall
from coming in contact with the pumped fluid.

The life expectancy of the tube and hose is directly related to the number of
occlusions. The number of occlusions depends on many factors such as the rotor rpm,
hose or tube diameter for a given flow rate, and the number of shoes or rollers. Additional
factors include temperature, back pressure, and chemical compatibility of the tube with
pumped medium, fluid abrasiveness and corrosiveness, as well as the operational
environment.

3.5.1 Occlusion

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Occlusion is the squeezing of peristaltic pump tubing between the pump head
rollers and the tubing bed. The minimum gap between the roller and the housing
determines the maximum squeeze applied on the tubing. The amount of squeeze applied
to the tubing affects pumping performance and the tube life - more squeezing decreases
the tubing life dramatically, while less squeezing decreases the pumping efficiency,
especially in high pressure pumping. Therefore, this amount of squeeze becomes an
important design parameter. The term "occlusion" is used to measure the amount of
squeeze. It is either expressed as a percentage of twice the wall thickness, or as an
absolute amount of the wall that is squeezed.

Let,

y = occlusion
g = minimum gap between the roller and the housing
t = wall thickness of the tubing
Then,
y=2×t−g (expressed as the absolute amount of squeeze)
y = (2 × t − g) / (2 × t) x 100 (expressed as a percentage of twice the wall thickness)

The occlusion is typically 10 to 20%, with a higher occlusion for a softer tube
material and a lower occlusion for a harder tube material. Thus for a given pump, the
most critical tubing dimension becomes the wall thickness. An interesting point here is
that the inside diameter of the tubing is not an important design parameter for the
suitability of the tubing for the pump. Therefore, it is common for more than one ID be
used with a pump, as long as the wall thickness remains the same.

3.5.2 Tubing Materials

A wide variety of tubing materials are available in the market depending of the
application. The materials used are Natural rubber, Nitrite rubber, Ethylene propylene
rubber, Chlorosulphonated polyethylene, Thermoplastic elastomer TPE, Platinum-cured
silicone, Chloroprene CR, Fluorocarbon FKM, Polyvinyl chloride, Hybrid composites,
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Polyvinylidene fluoride (Keener) and Polypropylene.

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The working temperature of the tubes ranges from -20⁰ C to 80⁰ C. They come in a
variety of colours, transparency and permeability.

3.5.3 Tube Selection

The most important decision when using peristaltic pumps is the selection of suitable
tubing material. One should always use tubing particularly intended for use with
peristaltic pumps. The suitability of the tube can be tested by placing a short piece of the
tubing for 48 hours in an enclosed container that has been filled with the liquid that is to
be conveyed and then inspecting the piece of tubing for signs of swelling, brittleness or
other limitations. An incorrectly selected tubing material can endanger both users and
instruments. Also the following points should be considered while selecting the pump
tubing.

3.5.3.1 Chemical resistance

Pump performance is often critically affected if the tubing is incompatible with

the chemical being handled. Chemical attack can manifest itself in different ways - certain
fluids (in particular concentrated acids or solvents) can leach material components of the
tube out of the walls, causing shrinkage and dramatically altering performance. Other
types of chemical attack can lead to absorption and swelling or brittleness which will
shorten tube life.

3.5.3.2 Pressure build-up in the pump tubing

Every pumping system always has some degree of back pressure either as a result
of pumping fluid through a spray nozzle or other restriction, or simply due to friction
within the transport line. Pressure in the pump will generally increase as the fluid is
directed to an elevated outlet or as the length of the transport line increases. All tubing
materials have a recommended pressure limit, and as a rule the pressure resistance of a
tube decreases as the diameter increases. Exceeding the pressure limits of the tubing will
decrease its life and lead to tubing rupture.

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3.5.3.3 Temperature of the pump medium and the environment

Since tubing is produced from a variety of polymers, elastomers and rubbers,

temperature should be considered in the selection of a tubing formulation for an end-use
application. As a rule, tubing will stiffen as ambient temperature is reduced from standard
room temperature (73°F/23°C). At higher temperatures, the tubing will become more
flexible and physical properties such as tensile strength will become lower. Before
selecting a material, both the minimum and maximum temperatures possible in the
system should be identified, and then ensured that the tubing can operate safely within
that range.

3.5.3.4 Viscosity of the liquid

When highly viscous liquids are to be pumped, a tubing product with high
working pressure or vacuum rating should be selected. These ratings are obtained by use
of a heavy wall thickness or a material with a higher durometer hardness value.
Durometer hardness is the material's resistance to permanent indentation. Low Torque
Pumps require the use of soft low durometer hardness products (or low tensile modulus)
to prevent damage to the motor.

3.5.3.5 Permeability of the pump tubing

For gas-sensitive fluids, particularly solutions that need to be protected from

oxidation, or for anaerobic cell cultures, the tubing's permeability should be considered. A
less permeable material will help prevent problems associated with exposing the fluid to
air. Silicone generally is the most gas-permeable material, and thermoplastic materials
tend to be relatively impermeable.

3.5.3.6 Tubing dimensions and demanded delivery rate

The inside diameter determines the amount of fluid delivered with each turn of the
rotor. The wall thickness affects the tubing's ability to spring back to its original shape
after each compression, which has a great influence on the overall life of the tubing. As

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the peristaltic pumps deliver fixed amounts of fluid with each pass of a roller over the
tube, the size of the tube has a direct effect on the amount of fluid delivered. Thus, tubing
dimensions have a great impact on operation of the fluid handling system.

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3.6 APPLICATIONS

 Laboratory research
 Pharmaceutical industry
 Food industry
 Chemical industry - Viscous and/or abrasive sludges, corrosive chemical dosing
or transfer, Sheer sensitive chemicals
 Cosmetics industry
 Paint industry
 Mining
 Paper industry
 Acid/base dispensing
 Ceramic industry
 Beverage industry
 Detergent industry
 Textile industry
 Manufacturing of glues & emulsions
 Blood transfusions & dialysis machines
 Open-heart bypass pump machines
 Waste water & sewage treatment, desludging
 Nuclear power plants
 Manufacturing of bio-diesel
 Pumping concrete in large construction works
 Under ground water sampling
 Aquariums & sea water pumping
 Construction - pumping cement

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3.7 ADVANTAGES

 No contamination. Because the only part of the pump in contact with the fluid
being pumped is the interior of the tube.
 Low maintenance needs. Their lack of valves, seals and glands makes them
comparatively inexpensive to maintain.
 They are able to handle slurries, viscous, shear-sensitive and aggressive fluids.
 Peristaltic pump is non-siphoning which means that they prevent back flow into
the system.
 No cavitation
 Dry running / self-priming / seal less
 Creates high vacuum for suction lift applications
 Pumps in both directions.
 Smooth passage through the pump – no checks or obstructions.
 Accurate flow for metering applications.
 It is easy to sterilize and clean the inside surfaces of the pump.
 Since there are no moving parts in contact with the fluid, peristaltic pumps are
inexpensive to manufacture.
 Peristaltic pumps are also reversible and can be flushed to clean out the tubing or
hose.
 Same pump could be used to pump other fluids (just change the tube to suitable
one)
 The peristaltic pump has a completely disposable fluid path and is self-priming.
 Low Vacuum Force – Peristaltic pumps typically work with soft-walled
elastomeric tubing. This tubing is easily compressed but also returns to its initial
shape quickly.
 Peristaltic pumps have a gentle, low shear pumping action, ideal for shear
sensitive products including flocculants and broths.

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 The powerful suction provided by the recovery of a re-enforced hose gives hose
pumps suction lift capabilities up to 9.5m of water.
 Peristaltic hose pumps can pump slurries containing up to 80% inorganic solids or
15% organic sludge.
 The pumps have no internal backflow giving accurate dosing without slip.
 The pumps are accurate in dosing, they have a repeatability of ±1% and metering
capabilities of ±5%.
 Hose design allows applications to pump aggressive and contaminated fluids.

3.8 DISADVANTAGES

 Tube life is limited.

 Selection of tubes for the required purposes can be sometimes difficult.
 The principal limitation of the peristaltic pump is that its fluid delivery is not
absolutely uniform.
 The peristaltic pump can lose its feed rate as it ages, even though the peristaltic
has an excellent feed rate earlier on in its operation due to less gassing, which can
lead to a feed loss.
 Pumps require frequent calibration to correlate flow rate and pump speed.
 Flow can vary as much as 10-30 percent due to variations in operating pressures.
 Process optimization is difficult since flow for each process step is uncontrolled.
 Uneconomical for long distance pumping.
 Operator needs good knowledge.
 Cannot pump above 10 meters.

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4. FUTURE SCOPE

With the continuous development of high-tech tubing materials and new,

advanced peristaltic pump head technologies, peristaltic pumps will be able to withstand
extremely harsh demands of certain applications. New tubing have been tested to last
upwards of 10,000 to 15,000 hours, providing for extremely versatile liquid transfer,
dispensing, and fluid handling with high reliability and long-term operation.

The next level of process-duty pumping is developing what is thought to be the

first peristaltic pump with integrated PROFIBUS capabilities. The pump will bring the
advantages of PROFIBUS networking to the benefits of peristaltic pumping, making it
easy and efficient for customers to integrate this seal-less, valve less pump technology
into their PROFIBUS control system. With two-way real-time communications, the range
offers increased diagnostic capability and faster responsiveness, helping optimize process
controllability while minimizing plant downtime and maintenance.

Recently there has been enormous interest in the research and development of
microfluidics because of increasing demands from biological applications such as
genomics, proteomics, and drug discovery. The micro pump is one of the most important
microfluidic devices. Micro pumps, an important actuating device in microfluidics, play a
key role in lab-on-a-chip and μTAS. Unfortunately, most of them have inherent
technological limitations that prevent their use in large-scale integration. The advent of
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) microfluidics has enabled multi-step and high-
throughput applications with massively parallel operations to be performed on a single
chip. Key to the development of VLSI microfluidics is the capability to integrate a large
number of microfluidic components like valves, pumps, chemical reactors and analytical
chambers, on a single chip with high density. This can be achieved by the use of micro
peristaltic pumps.

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5. CONCLUSION

Despite all of the advantages of using peristaltic pumps for corrosive chemicals,
they represent only a modest, but ever growing, percentage of the positive displacement
pump market. This is primarily because peristaltic technology is relatively new in the
market, whereas diaphragm and progressive cavity pumps have a lengthy history.
However, to reduce life cycle costs of pumps, the functionality and benefits of peristaltic
hose pumps are becoming more widely known, and new peristaltic technology is fast
becoming the positive displacement pump of choice for tough chemically aggressive and
abrasive applications.
Peristaltic pumps have become a critical and reliable part of processes ranging
from chemical transfer to pharmaceutical processing to wastewater treatment. Their
versatility and ease of use has helped them meet a multitude of fluid-handling challenges.
The pump is self-priming, tolerant of bubbles and particles, can pump liquids, foams, and
gases, and can be manufactured using conventional materials and methods. Manufacturers
are increasingly looking for reliable, low cost of ownership engineered solutions over
cheaper but high maintenance alternatives and recent studies indicate that more and more
customers will be using peristaltic technology in the future.

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