Ch-E203L Particle Technology Lab report 1

Ball mill

Submitted by:
Muhammad Tahir
Registration number:
2021-CH-16
Section:
B
Submitted to:
Dr Muhammad Shahzad
Department:

Department of chemical engineering UET, Lahore

Table of contents
Objective
Ball mill 2021-CH-16

Abstract:
Theory
Introduction:
Types of Ball mill
Turniuon overflow:
Grate Discharge:
Compartment type:
Construction of Ball mill:
Working Principal
Performance indicators:
Parameters affecting performance
Feed Characteristics:
Design Parameters:
Operating Parameters
Applications
Limitations:
Apparatus:
Procedure:
Observations and calculations
Sieve Analysis:
Discussion:
Conclusion:………………………………………………………………………………………

List of tables:
S.NO Table name Page no
1 Specifications of common industrial model 13
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Ball mill 2021-CH-16

2 Specifications of laboratory model 14

3 mill types and value of k 15

4 Observations from sieve analysis 16

5 Log of Aperture Size Passing and Cumulative Mass %age passing 18

6 Guardian-Schuman Plot 19

7 Rosin Rammler Plot 20

List of figures:
S.No Figure name Page no

1 Trunnion Overflow Ball mill 5

2 Grate discharge mill 6

3 Compartment type ball mill 7

4 Types on basis of discharge 8

5 construction of ball mills 8

6 Effect of speed 9

1) Objective
“To study the different parts of Laboratory Ball mill with highlighting on their functions,
perform a grinding test, analyze the product by sieve analysis and find its reduction ratio”
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Ball mill 2021-CH-16

2) Abstract:
Ball mills are commonly used as grinders in industry to grind the materials. It is used in
pharmaceutical, paints, ceramics, mineral dressing processes, laser sintering, and pyrotechnics.
We will study the construction and working of ball mill and its operation, as well as the
performance of a grinding test and the calculation from the observation. Ball mill work on the
principal of impact. In this the grinding media are the balls made up of steel or rubber. Ball mill
is an apparatus widely used for grinding materials (crushed first in the crusher) for the
production powders such as cement, rebellious material, silicates, Ceramics and for ore dressing
of both non-ferrous and black metals. In ball mill the feed are entered in the chamber which
rotates with a definite speed. Grinding takes place due to impact force between balls and
materials. Balls present in the chamber strike with the material, and material get grinded due to
force of impact and spiraling effect. Its Maintenance cost is high because of High wear and tear.
With the passage of time size of ball reduce due to impact and the rate of grinding decrees. Ball
mill gives a finely grind product. Due to high impact force and high reduction ratio it is used for
grinding of hard materials. It cannot be used for the cohesive solids. Capacity of ball mill is low
because 40% of the volume is consumed by the balls so feed is less and thus its capacity is low.
The speed of ball mill is kept at 60-75% of critical speed. As the number of ball or size of
cylinder increase then requirement of energy also increases.

3) Theory
We will discuss the ball mill, its functions, types, and other parameters.
Ball Mills are widely used in the industry to grind particles after the passing of material from
primary and secondary crusher. It contain the balls in the cylinder which are used for the
grinding purpose. Cylinder is rotated along one axis and grinding media balls are present inside
the cylinder. The cylinder rotate with certain rpm and balls also rotate and after reaching the
critical speed fall and create an impact force due to which the material is grinded. Because of
particle nature and reduction size the speed of the ball and size of ball may vary. The very
important term is that what should be nature of balls? It may be of ceramic balls, flint pebbles or
stainless steel balls depends upon the nature of particle. They produce very little filth, and
distribution of product is very fine. Presently, ball mills are mostly used in pharmaceuticals.

3.1) Introduction:
Ball mills is used for the size reduction of materials by fine grinding. Grinding means sub
dividing the solids to a finer product than crushing. A ball mill is a type of grinder used to
grind crushed solids for use in mineral covering processes, dyes, pyrotechnics, ceramics
and laser sintering. Basic principle is impact and abrasion: size reduction is done by impact
as the balls drop from near the top of the shell . A ball mill consists of a hollow cylindrical
shell rotating about its axis. It may be horizontal or at a small angle to the horizontal. It is
partially filled with balls. The balls, are made of steel, stainless steel, ceramic, or rubber.
The inner surface of the cylindrical shell is lined with an abrasion-resistant material to
decrease the wear and tear in the machine. The length of the mill is approximately equal to
its diameter.

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Ball mill 2021-CH-16

The common idea behind the ball mill is an antique one, but it was not until the industrial
revolution that an effective ball milling machine could be built. It is reported to have been
used for grinding flint for pottery in 1870.

Types of Ball Mill

There are certain different types of Ball Mills
 Trunnion Overflow Mill
 Grate Discharge Mill
 Compartment type
There are also some types of ball mills that are not used widely
 Planetary ball mill
 Wet and Dry ball mill
 Water jacket ball mill
 Tube mill
Trunnion Overflow Mill:
Trunnion ball mill is the basic component to support and connect the cylinder, and it is the
passage of material to feed in and discharge out. In this type of mill the feed is enter from one
side and discharge from other end at the same height as shown in figure. Trunnion neck is
connected with the round bush of the ball mill and the arc neck is connected with the cylinder
must not have molding defects of holes. Part which is in contact with the spherical bush needs to
be ground to enhance accuracy and smoothness it is made up of high-strength steel and unique
heat treatment technology, so that the ball mill trunnion has great hardness and strong impact
resistance, which can greatly ensure the long-term stable operation of the trunnion flow mills.

Fig 1: Trunnion Overflow Ball mill

Grate Discharge Mill

Grate discharge mills are used when the feed enter from one side is discharge from other side at
different height at a steep angle. Grinding energy shall be concerted to the coarse particles
without production of gunges. The grate-discharge type of Ball Mill has a grate at the outlet of
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Ball mill 2021-CH-16

the shell and causes less extreme grinding, compared to the overflow type. Therefore it is best
suitable to grind materials up to 60 to 100 mesh.

Fig 2: Grate discharge mill

Compartment type
The compartment type of Ball Mill consist of a longer shell, which is comparted into 2 to 3
chambers with grates. It is suitable for 25 mm to fine particles of some 200 mesh.

Fig 3: Compartment type ball mill

In general there are some industries which are using different types on the basis of discharge as
given in figure
1) Overflow discharge
2) Grate discharge
3) End peripheral Discharge
4) Centre peripheral discharge

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Ball mill 2021-CH-16

Fig 4: Types on basis of discharge

Construction of Ball mill.

1) Cylinder
Ball mill consists of a cylindrical (hallow) shell which is made up from specific meat spinning
about horizontal axis. Cylinder can be made of ceramic, metal, porcelain or rubber. Length of
the shell slightly larger than the diameter of cylinder. Inner surface of shell is lined with
abrasion resistant.
1.1) Mill Ends:
The mill ends may be of nodular or grey cast iron for diameter less than about 1m,
larger heads are constructed from cast steel which is relatively light and can be welded.

1.2) Trunnions & Bearings

Trunnions are of same type as that of rod mills. They are highly polished to
reduce bearing frictions. Similarly, oil lubricant bearings is favored in large mils, via
motor driven oil pumps.

1.3) Drum Feeders:

The entire mill feed enters the drum via a chute a spout and an internal spiral
carries it into the trunnion liner. The drum also provides a convenient methods of
adding grinding balls to mill

2) Balls
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Ball mill 2021-CH-16

These balls are made up of stainless steel or rubber which are used as grinding media.
The size of ball depends upon nature of feed and size of cylinder. It cover 30 to 50 percent of
cylinder area. The diameter of ball vary up to 15cm from 2cm.
3) Shaft
The shaft is used to rotate the cylinder in which we place the grinding media and feed.
The shaft is rotated with the help of motor.

Figure 5: construction of ball mills

Working Principal

Ball mill principle work on the force of Impact and Attrition. Both are liable for size reduction,
moving balls are used for size reduction of hard materials.

Impact: Impact is the pressure exerted by two heavy objects.

Attrition:  Reduced the size of the materials when they colloid by ball.

Critical Speed: the minimum speed required by ball to attain maximum height to fall for
impact.

Ball mill can be operated in batch or continuous manner. Ball mills rotate around a horizontal
axis, partially filled with the grinding media (balls) and other with feed. Feed is enter from one
side at 60 degree con and discharge from other end at 30 degree cone. Grinding works on the
principle of critical speed. Critical speed is the speed after which the steel balls start rotating
along the direction of the shell. Ball mills are used extensively in the mechanical
alloying process in which they are not only used for grinding but for cold welding as well. At
high speed, balls are thrown to walls by centrifugal force and hence grinding will not occur. And
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Ball mill 2021-CH-16

in this case, only compression by the balls against the wall will takes place which is not
sufficient for size reduction. To overcome this problem we use optimum critical speed as given
in figure.

Fig 6: Ball mill

Fig6.1: Effect of speed:

Releted terms:

Density: The media should be denser than the material being ground. It becomes a problem if
the grinding media floats on top of the material to be ground.
Hardness: The grinding media needs to be durable enough to grind the material, but where
possible should not be so tough that it also wears down the tumbler at a fast pace.
Composition: Various grinding applications have special requirements. Some of these
requirements are based on the fact that some of the grinding media will be in the finished
product. Others are based in how the media will react with the material being ground. Where the
color of the finished product is important, the color and material of the grinding media must be
considered.

Critical Velocity: The "Critical Speed" for a grinding mill is defined as the rotational speed
where centrifugal forces equal gravitational forces at the mill shells inside surface.
Cascading: It is the rolling down the surface of the load.
Cata-racting: It is the parabolic free fall above the mass.
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Ball mill 2021-CH-16

Height attained: maximum height up to which the particles go along the mill shell and then get
thrown off and follow a parabolic path.
Feed Material: Such a material which is introduced in the crusher for crushing purpose is called
the feed material.

Performance Indicator

There are three basic performance indicator for the ball mill

 Capacity
 Energy requirements
 Reduction ratio
Capacity
Capacity is a measure of the mass or volume of crushed material produced per
unit time operation.
Capacity of roll crusher depend on following factors
 Feed size
 Product size
 Speed of cylindrical shell
 Material of feed

Energy requirements
Energy consumption mean that how much energy is required to grind the specific
material. We have to select that grinder which has less energy requirements.

Reduction ratio
It is the ratio of 80% Passing Feed size to 80% Passing Product size.
Reduction ratio= 80% Passing Feed size / 80% Passing Product size

Parameters affecting performance

There are some of design parameters of ball mill as given below
 Feed Characteristics
 Design Parameters
 Operating Parameters
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Operating Parameters
It basically contain
Pulp Density:
The pulp density of the feed should be as high as possible. It is essential that the balls are coated
with layer force; to thin a pulp increase metal-to-metal contact, giving increase steel
consumption and reduced efficiency. Ball mill should operate b/w 65-80% solids by weight,
depending on the ore.
Charge volume:
The charge volume is about 40-50% of the internal volume of mill about 40% of this being void
space. The energy input to the mil increases with the ball charge and reaches a maximum at a
charge volume of approx.50%, but for a number of reasons, 40-50% is rarely exceeded. The
efficiency curve is in any case quite flat about maximum.
Surface Area of Medium:
Balls should be as small as possible and the largest and hardest particle in feed. The correct ratio
of ball size to ore size is often determined by trial and error, primary grinding usually requiring a
grade charge of 10-15 cm diameter balls, while secondary grinding requires 52cm.
Speed:
The optimum mill speed increases with the charge volume, as increased weight of charge
reduces the amount of cataracting taking place. Ball mills are often operated at higher speed than
rod mills, so that the larger balls cataract and impact on the ore particles. The work input to a
mill increases in proportion to the speed and the ball mills are run at as high a speed as is
possible.

Design Parameters:
There are certain parameters that affect the performance of the roll crusher
 Mill size
 Ball size and its surface area
 Type of liners

Mill size:
As the size of the mill increase so it require large rpm motor to rotate. Due to its large size of
mill capacity can be increased also size reduction can be increased but energy consumption also
increases.
Ball size and its surface area
As the size of the ball increase then it require large amount of energy to rotate at critical speed. It
can increase reduction ratio but energy consumption is high. Smaller balls will produce a
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Ball mill 2021-CH-16

reduced energy of collision to balls prevailing already in the pulp medium, which will positively
shrinkage efficiency. The reduced kinetic energy of the smaller balls is a negative impact of the
smaller balls on efficiency.

Applications
Mostly used for hard and brittle substances.
 Coal, pigments and feldspar for poultry.
 Mechanical alloying process
 Cement, silicate, new type building material, refractory material etc
 Fertilizer
 Black and non-ferrous ores
 Pharmaceuticals
 Glass ceramics
 Iron ore, slag, copper ore, silver ore, galena and other materials.

Limitations:
 Relatively long milling time.
 The ball mill is a very noisy machine
 Contamination of the product
 Low working efficiency
 Large wear and tear
 Hard to clean machine after use.
 Not useful for cohesive materials

Specifications:
Table 1: Specifications of common industrial model

Model BST/BM-1 BST/BM-2 BST/BM-5 BST/BM-10

Capacity 1 KG 2 KG 5 KG 10 KG
Housing Stainless Steel / MS Powder Coated
Jar Construction Aluminum / Stainless Steel
Speed 80 rpm
Motor FHP Geared Motor
Material feed size < 10 mm
Final fineness < 10 µm, for colloidal grinding < 1 µm
Grinding stations 1
Power Supply 220 / 230 Volts, 50Hz

Table 2: Specifications of laboratory model

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Apparatus:
 Ball mill
 Material to grind
 Sieving apparatus
 Shaker
 bowl
 Weight balance
 Electric supply

Procedure:
 Ball mill uses impact force rather than pressure to crush the material.
 The material is contained within a cage, with openings on side of the cage of the desired
size to allow pulverized material to escape.
 The balls are then thrown in the cage along with the feed.
 When the device is working, driven by electric motors, high speed rotation of the rotor.
 The cylinder is then rotated at about 60-75% of the critical speed.
 The balls apply impact force on the material to be grind.
 Study each part of the machine and know the function of every component .Switch on the
machine and study the movement of the moving balls.
 Examine the feed, measure the feed size by using a set of sieve and determine 80%
passing feed size by plotting graph between cumulative passing and geometric mean of
passing and retaining size.
 Feed the machine and grind the entire sample. Perform sieve analysis on the product by
using sieve set.
 Calculate the reduction ratio of the machine for the test performed.
 Tabulate the sieve results and plot graph on a suitable graph paper.

Observations and Calculations

As we know that
Reduction ratio = 80% passing Feed size / 80% passing Product size

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80% passing Feed size = 0.7 x 10mm = 7mm

80% passing Product size = 10.5mm
Length: Diameter 1.4 - 1.8
Size of Feed Up to 2.5 cm
Reduction Ratio of mill 15:1 - 20:1
Ball Size as initial Charge:
Ball sizes 10 – 150 mm
 For the initial chagrin of ball mill, the ball size is defined as a function of the top size of
the feed, i.e.,
d↓V = 0.40 K√F
dB is the size of ball in cm
F is size of feed in cm
K = constant of proportionality (grind ability factor)
 For Hard ores = K = 37.4;
 For Soft ores = K = 29.8
Table3: mill types and value of k
Mill type wet/Dry grinding Circuit Value of k
Overflow Wet Open 350
Overflow Wet Close 350
Diaphragm Wet Open 330
Diaphragm Wet Close 330
Diaphragm Dry Open 335
Diaphragm Dry Close 335

𝑷𝒄𝒂𝒍 = 𝒎 ∗ 𝑲𝒃 ∗ [ 𝟏 √𝑫𝑷𝒃 − 𝟏 √𝑫𝑷𝒂 ] (𝒌𝑾)

ƞ = 𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝑷𝒄𝒂𝒍 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

𝒏𝒄 = 𝟏 𝟐𝝅 ∗ √ 𝒈 𝑹 − 𝒓 ∗ 𝟔𝟎 (𝑹𝑷𝑴)

Ball Radius = r = 0.011m

Radius Ball mill =R = 0.1375m
Acceleration due to gravity= g = 9.81m/sec2
Power consumption = P = VI = V (14.2+0.0822K+0.00305K2)
V = voltage = 415V
I = current
K = size parameter = 0.512
P = 415(14.2+0.0822(0.512) + 0.00305(0.512)2) =5910 W = 5.91 kw
Sieve Analysis:
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Table 4: Observations from sieve analysis

By use of Bonds Law

𝑃/ 𝑚 = 𝐾𝑏 /√𝐷
𝐾𝑏 = 0.3162 ∗ 𝑊
P = m ∗ 0.3162 ∗ 𝑊𝑖 (1 /√𝐷𝑃𝑏 − 1 /√𝐷𝑃𝑎)
Sr Sieve Aperture Size Individual Mass Cumulative Mass
. Percentage
N
o
Passing Retained G.M. Measured %age Passing Retaining
1 6.73 4.76 5.659929328 130 13.13131313 86.86868687 13.13131313
2 4.76 2.38 3.365828278 68 6.868686869 80 20
3 2.38 0.71 1.299923075 106 10.70707071 69.29292929 30.70707071
4 0.71 0.25 0.421307489 212 21.41414141 47.87878788 52.12121212
5 0.25 0.147 0.191702895 85 8.585858586 39.29292929 60.70707071
6 0.147 0.088 0.113736538 202 20.4040404 18.88888889 81.11111111
7 0.088 0.01 0.029664794 187 18.88888889 0 100
Calculations and Graphs:-
 Graph of Reduction Ratio
Reduction ratio is the ratio of maximum feed size to the maximum product size or
the sizes can be 80% sizes.
Reduction Ratio = 80 % passing feed size / 80 % passing product size
X-axis: Geometric Mean Size
Y-axis: Cumulative Mass % Retained

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Average aperture size vs cumulative mass

percentage passing, retaining
120

100

80
cummlative mass% pasing
Cumlative mas% retaing

passing
60 retaining

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Apprture size

Graph 1: Average aperture size vs cumulative mass percentage passing, retaining

Calculations for Reduction Ratio:-

Reduction Ration = 80 % passing feed size / 80 % passing product size
Reduction Ratio = 15:1
Y = 12.225 x + 29.535
80% Passing Product size = d80 = 4.128
d10 = 4.946 , d20 = 4.128 ,
d50 = 1.674 , d75 = 3.719

Log-Normal Plot
X-axis: log passing aperture size
Y-axis: Cumulative mass % passing on probability scale
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Graph between Log of Aperture Size Passing and Cumulative Mass %age passing
Table 5: Log of Aperture Size Passing and Cumulative Mass %age passing
Sr. No Arran. Rank Position Expected Arranged Log
Cumulative M (Rank- Normal Normal Aperture
% Passing 0.5)/9 Values Values Size
1 0 1 0.05555555 -0.226435218 88.98
6
2 18.889 2 0.16666666 21.57499244 75.81 0.82801506
7 4
3 39.293 3 0.27777777 -34.74250529 65.11 0.67760695
8 3
4 47.879 4 0.38888888 45.44607261 55.28 0.37657695
9 7
5 69.293 5 0.5 55.277875 45.45 -
0.14874165
6 80 6 0.61111111 65.10967739 21.57 -
1 0.60205999
7 86.869 7 0.72222222 75.81324471 -0.23 -
2 0.83268265
8 100 8 0.83333333 88.98075756 -34.74 -
3 1.05551732

Log-Normal Plot
80
70x + 44.9067922849413
f(x) = 34.2112120404083
Arranged Normal Values

R² = 0.964523344495206
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Log Aperture Passing Size

Series2 Linear (Series2)

Y = 34.211 x – 44.907
From that we get,
d84 = 3.786
d80 = 3.651
Then;
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Standard deviation = d84 - d80 = 0.11692

Gaudin Schuhmann Plot

Guardian-Schuman plot
Distribution of sizes of different ranges, existing in a sample;
Y = 100 ( x/k )a
Simplified form;
Y = a Log (x) + k
Where, “a” is Distribution Parameter & “k” is Constant.
Table 6. Guardian-Schuman Plot
Sr. Sieve Aperture Size Log (Sieve Aperture Size Cumulative Mass %
No. Passing Passing) (passing)
1 6.73 0.828015064 86.86868687
2 4.76 0.677606953 80
3 2.38 0.376576957 69.29292929
4 0.71 -0.148741651 47.87878788
5 0.25 -0.602059991 39.29292929
6 0.147 -0.832682665 18.88888889
7 0.088 -1.055517328 0

Guardian-Schuman Plot
90
80
f(x) = 32.8186189871817 x + 56.6270148577472
70
R² = 0.979023361567515
Cumulative Mass % P

60
50
Series2
40 Linear (Series2)
30
20
10
0
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Log Sieve Size P

Y = 32.819 x + 56.672
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We compare the equation and get

a = 32.819 (Distribution Parameter) K = 56.672 (Constant)
Rosin Rammler Plot
Table7: Rosin Rammler Plot
Sr. No. Cumulative Mass % R Log ( Log Sieve Aperture Size (Retaining)
100/R)
1 13.13131313 -0.054683177 4.76
2 20 -0.155541461 2.38
3 30.70707071 -0.290084497 0.71
4 52.12121212 -0.548235828 0.25
5 60.70707071 -0.66401941 0.147
6 81.11111111 -1.041342248 0.088
7 100 -16.01577546 0.01

Log (Log 100/R) = b Log (x) + Constant

R = 100 exp [ - (x/x1))b ]
X1: size parameter
b: distribution parameter
X-axis: log of retained aperture size
Y-axis: log (log (100/R) )

Rosin-Rammler Distribution
0
0 f(x) =10.0920867202926657
0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 x − 0.448611849337384
4 4.5 5
-0.1 R² = 0.772671167024978
Log( Log(100/R))

-0.2
Series2
-0.3 Linear (Series2)

-0.4

-0.5

-0.6
Sieve Aperture Size Retaining

Y = 0.0921 x - 0.4486
b = 0.0921

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Constant = -0.4486

Discussion:
 Discussion on EC, RR, C
 Discussion on graphs
 Discussion on Experiment
REDUCTION RATIO:
It tells us by how many times our product is reduced. Ball mill has a high reduction ratio. In
this experiment we require d10, d25, d50, d75. From chemical engineering perspective d50, d80
are used.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION:
It is measured in kwh/hr. ball mill take a lot of power because it is a very time consuming
process.
Capacity*reduction ratio*work index
Capacity: It gives us the information about how much product we can get in a specific time.
The capacity of our machine is several kg/hr.
Discussion on graph 1:
The first graph is plotted between cumulative mass percentage and geometric mean of
aperture size. Geometric mean is taken for the accurate results. We calculated different
values for passing and retaining in our lab of the product and reduction ratio is calculated.
The indication that the graph is right is that passing and retaining curves must cut at d 50. It
tells us the corresponding particle size when the CMP reaches 50 percent.
Discussion on graph 2:
The second graph is plotted b/w log-normal of aperture size and cumulative passing mass
percentage. In this graph, an estimate of the mean of distribution is obtained from the d50.
We have calculated the standard deviation which gave us the information about how much
particles have masses close to the average value.
Discussion on graph 3:
In this graph we have to calculate the Gaudin-schumann distribution and all the other
parameters involved in it. Cumulative passing mass percentage and sieve aperture size is
taken; both on a logarithmic scale. It will tell us the distribution of size of particles in a
sample.
Discussion on graph 4:

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In graph 4 the plot is between log [log 100/R] and the log of sieve size. It is known as the
Rosen Rambler distribution curve. This curve gives the size distribution within measured
particle size range. This is suitable for finely grounded particles..

Discussion on experiment:
Sieve analysis of the feed material obtained a uniform size particle distribution. Ball mill acts as
a grinder for the feed to be passed from the primary and secondary crusher to further grind to
fine and ultrafine powder the product obtained from the different crusher.
It uses two forces to grind the martial

Impact: Impact is the pressure exerted by two heavy objects.

Attrition:  Reduced the size of the materials when they colloid by ball.

Critical Speed: the minimum speed required by ball to attain maximum height to fall for
impact.

Sieve shakers are used to separate the product obtained from the discharge. Sieve analysis is
done and the observations are obtained. Calculate energy consumption, reduction ratio and
capacity of the machine. From this experiment, a lot of information is obtained about a sample
product. Industrially sieve analysis is performed so that a lot of information can be collected
about the sample. On the basis of it, it is decided that which machine should be used for a
particular function.

Conclusion:
 Ball mill is used for grinding purpose. A ball mill is has high reduction size but low
capacity due presence of balls inside the cylinder.
 Energy consumption increases with the increase in number of balls thus grinding is done
more properly.
 Ball mills are the grinding devices used for hard materials.
 There are mainly two types of ball trunnion overflow and Discharge.
 Ball mill maybe operated in Batch and continuous manner.
 Feed is entered from 60 degree cone and grinding took place.
 Sieve analysis is done on the product to get uniform size particle
 From the observations, 4 graphs are made.
 Calculate stranded deviation and compare it with data.
 Energy consumption, capacity reduction ratio is calculated.
Reference:
1) Ashok Gupta, D. S. (2016). Mineral Processing Designs and operation. Perth:
Elsevier.
2) Wills, B. A. (2016). Wills’ Mineral Processing. MEI, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann
publications.

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3) SME Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Handbook

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