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REVIEW OR RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This study states many negative factors thus of its advantages of ICT towards
Generation Z individuals, such as optical problems which is the cause of abusive usage
of modern technology, in which there are existing factors that enables this problem to
occur. According to Indirwan Hasanuddin, Zainab, and Dewi Aulia Harianto (2022) on
the study of The Impact of Gadget Use on Eye Health Disorders in Elementary School
Students When conducting an eye examination using a Snellen chart with a distance of
6 meters between the Snellen chart and the respondent, the results showed that there
were respondents who experienced eye health problems such as blurred vision
respondents could not clearly see the letters indicated by the researcher. And the
results of filling out the questionnaire were also found that there were some
respondents who used gadgets with an intensity of time that exceeded the normal limit.
This happens because the eyes leak gadget screens too often and often use gadgets in
dark places with abnormal gadget light coupled with poor body position when using
gadgets causing the eyes to become tense and tired this causes interference. eye
health one of which is blurred vision. Statistical test results also show children who use
gadgets poorly have a 2.571 times greater chance of experiencing poor eye health
problems. Based on research that has been conducted at the SDN 20 Pangsid school,
the results of the impact of using gadgets on eye health problems in students at SDN 20
Pangsid, Sidenreng Rappang Regency. there are 11 respondents (36.7%) who use
gadgets with high intensity. there were 12 respondents (40.0%) who experienced eye
health problems.

According to NewVision Clinics and Optometrists Association Australia is that

despite their diminutive size, these little screens can actually cause significant stress to
your sight. Research has revealed that one in four people suffer from eye strain due
trying to read small text on digital devices. As a result, our rate of blinking drops to half
the original rate, and eyes become fatigued from the concentration required to focus.
(2003, December 10). The Sydney Morning Herald. Psychiatrists say mobile phone

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addiction is an obsessive-compulsive disorder which looks set to become one of the
biggest non-drug addictions in the 21st century. The majority of the addicts are
teenagers, whose shyness and low self-esteem make them succumb to aggressive
publicity marketing a means to get in touch with people without having to meet them.
Young addicts may spend so much time making calls, receiving messages and logging
into the internet that they fail at school and drop out. Mobile phone addiction is not that
different from any other type of addiction, ranging from drugs to compulsive shopping,
according to El Pais. Addiction should be suspected if a person feels an irresistible need
to use the cell phone for more than half an hour daily.

ICT can also affect the performance of individuals judging on their intensity or
screentime on these specific technologies. According to Sara Thomée, Annika
Härenstam, Mats Hagberg (2021). Time spent on general computer use was
prospectively associated with sleep disturbances and reduced performance for the men.
For the women, using the computer without breaks was a risk factor for several mental
health outcomes. Some associations were enhanced in interaction with mobile phone
use. Using the computer at night and consequently losing sleep was associated with
most mental health outcomes for both men and women.

Social Media existing in ICT can also affect individuals, especially Gen Z wherein
they are born in the era of modern technology. HOMENEWS LocalNews The Impact of
social media on Gen Z 06/16/2022. Half of Gen Z says that social media is the only
place they can be there selves and make their lives appear more exciting than it really
is. According to a study done by Adobe, 1,000 people between the ages of 18 and 25
discovered more than one–fifth did not like to show their true personality. “Especially
now perception is truth and people seek their own truth not only their politics or the way
they live their lives, but about themselves, and sometimes that truth isn’t really authentic
and we see the toll it takes on younger students, especially here at ACC,” said Mary
Eagan, director of alumni relations at ACC. Pressure from society, judgment from peers,
and a lack of confidence contributed to young people struggling with themselves. “Now

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there are Instagram influencers where people actually make their living posting on
Instagram and being a certain image on Instagram which a lot of people younger and
younger are seeing nowadays and then feel the need to match up to that kind of
lifestyle,” said Ashley Nowicki, a student at ACC. The rise of editing apps and
photo–editing applications have negative effects on mental health. “I think it’s okay if
you just remove a blemish or something like that”, said Mya Bellanger, another student
at ACC. “But then when you’re changing your entire face or entire body to look a certain
way that you want to, I don’t think that’s not necessarily healthy, because that’s you
basically saying you’re not enough for this post.” Unlike millennials and baby boomers,
Gen Z has been surrounded by the internet for their entire lives.

ICT may be constituted with good feedbacks from users, however, behind good
feedbacks are negative feedbacks from other groups which took involvement with ICT.
ICT influences the Generation Z according to what the multimedia has perceived for
them to do, think, act and apply to themselves. Nonetheless, the Generation Z are quite
aware of the sensitivity, ICT has helped raised the people from this generation by
promoting social empowerment through virtual connections and media associations.

According to Thomas & Srivinasan (2016), each generation has its own pattern
of criteria. Generation Z to pose a higher level of curiosity and promptness compared to
the previous generation, especially Generation Y. Generation Z who’s relevant to the
names, “The Internet Generation” or “Digital Native”, are more passionate and
independent. This is the result from the generation being prone to challenges, wanting
to initiate changes, wanting to solve problems, loving uniqueness and loving to work
alone. In addition, this generation also has the edge in empowering informational
technology and communication. Therefore, there is a need to study the impact of
communication methods towards empowerment of knowledge and skills to Generation
Z. Due to Generation Z's different environment from the previous generation (born and
raised in the era of peaking ICT), the way Generation Z thinks is different from the
previous generation. Generation Z appreciates more on things that they can see. Thus,

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the presence of Generation Z in nowadays learning environments should be
comprehended to evaluate the effectiveness of the communication used against
Generation Z. Thus, educators are to take initiative in creating the new teaching and
learning environment that suits Generation Z.

According to Ludmila Mládková (2017), Generation Z is the first generation that

grew up in the world of developed ICT technologies and in the digitalized world. It is
perceived that modern ICT means are natural tools for this group of young people and
shape the way they understand world around them, how they learn, communicate and
also influence their values and priorities. Due to their relationship with modern
technologies, generation Z is perceived to be different from previous generations. These
days, older representatives of generation Z attend universities and start their
professional life. As academicians, we are in daily contact with students of generation Z
and this everyday work with them indicates that their learning habits change. In other
literature, representatives of generation Z are characterized as confident, of high self-
esteem, aware of the latest trends, are tech savvy, early adaptors of technology, bright,
and globally connected. They like to interact through media and the virtual world is a
natural environment for them. They are used to short well-structured text and videos. At
school, we see that some students of generation Z have problems with reading longer
and more complex text, their span of attention is short. They can collect information but
often miss the context in which the information should be interpreted.

Using ICT in the learning environment can revolutionize the traditional way of
teaching, and give advantages to individuals on lower and higher education. According
to UNESCO (2002), ICT now permeates the education environments and underpins the
very success of 21st century education. ICT also adds value to the process of learning
and to the organization and management of learning institutions. Technologies are a
driving force behind much of the development and innovation in both developed and
developing

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countries. ICT is considered as a mainstream in higher education. ICTs are being used
in many areas such as: developing course materials; delivering content and sharing
content; communication between learners, teachers and the outside world; creation and
delivery of presentation and lectures; academic research; administrative support and
student enrolment (Mandal & Mete, 2012). When applying ICT in higher education,
learning is no longer confined within schedules and timetables (Hattangdi & Ghosh,
2008). In this context, e-learning using ICT facilities are put into existence. E-learning
has increased not only the speed of transferring knowledge, but also the method of
transferring from one person to another. E-learning is about learning and teaching
philosophies and methodologies within the context of outcome-based education, using
ICT in the learning environment (Chief Minister Department. Asmal, 2003). E-learning in
Iran is still in its infancy and there are only a few online programs. The history of e-
learning in Iran at present time has not exceeded more than 13 years. E-Learning is
delivered by both the private sector and government organization.

Compared with traditional methods, face-to-face and lively communication does

not exist in e-learning. This can cause negative effects on academic progression and
characteristic development of students. However, with continuous and rapid
technological advances, this problem is becoming less frequent. Nowadays learners
can interact and cooperate well together using information and communication
technologies (Behnam, 2012; Yadegarzadeh & Rahimi, 2002). Nonetheless because of
the nature of agricultural education, there seems necessary for someone who can
master practical courses and supervise students and their operation. In this type of
training, learner sometimes access to erroneous information on the Internet which is not
scientifically confirmed and therefore unsupportive to refer to. Using this type
information may cause confusion and making it difficult for individual learning
(Hodavand, 2008).

Gen Z students can take the advantage of the influence of ICT, wherein ICT is
used or referred as a tool to most users for academics specially in the field of learning

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and teaching. According A Balanskat, R Blamire, S Kefala - European Schoolnet,
2006.The Eurobarometer Benchmarking survey states important areas of current ICT
use by teachers across Europe. Teachers teaching science, mathematics and computer
science (22%) and active in vocational education 23% are the most intensive users of
the computer in class (in more than 50% of the lessons). This compares to only 5% of
the literature and language teachers and with those in primary education (17%),
humanities and social science (13%) and physical and artist/crafts education (16%) in
the mid field. Many teachers in the Impact 2 study refer to ICT as a tool. This suggests,
as the author state, that ICT is an add on element to existing practice, e.g., using a word
processor for copying out a hand written text or using the Internet when a textbook or
CD-ROM might have been a perfectly adequate source of information. However, this is
arguable as for example the use of the Internet as a tool distinguishes itself from a
textbook and is as such not comparable. Values of both tools depend on the teachers’
ability to use them in a pedagogical meaningful way.

According to Don Tapscott (2009) in his book Grown Up Digital, Generation Z is

seen as the tech-savvy generation of which was earlier exposed to the internet and
web, since they are toddlers. In other words, Generation Z grew within the world that is
connected through the ever-expanding technology. The development of the technology
that imitates reality is giving Generation Ꮓ an advantage. They can communicate across
the globe for vast arrays of information with no limits. They communicate among
themselves through the internet and social media and thereby they are called I
Generation, internet generation or net generation. These mentioned related literatures,
articles, or books can help determine how ICT’s advantages and disadvantages greatly
Influence Generation Z and also the mentioned significance of ICT through many aspect
and ways of using ICT.

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