1. Environment - it is a place where different things are such as a wet or hot environment.

1.1. It can be living (biotic) or non-living (abiotic) community, which includes three essential forces: physical, chemical,
and natural.
2. Science defines the systematized body of knowledge that builds and organizes a lot of information in a different form
of testable experiments and predictions about everything in the universe.
3. Environmental Science is an interdisciplinary academic field in science that integrates all the physical, biological, and
information to the study of the environment, and the solution to environmental problems.
4. Ecology is a branch of biology concerning interactions among organisms, and their biophysical environment includes
both biotic and abiotic components.
5. Chemistry. The study of matter, its properties, how and why substances combine or separate to form other elements,
and how elements interact with energy.
6. Biodiversity is a group of different individual life that inhibit the planet Earth. That varies on their genetic component
and adaptation to the environment.
6.1. In the terrestrial biodiversity is composed of animals on land usually greater near the equator, which is an indicator
of the warming of the climate.
7. Habitat is considered an environment is naturally occurring for a specific organism to survive.
7.1. A species’ habitat is those places where the species can find food, shelter, protection, and mates for reproduction.
7.2. Both physical and biological features characterize it.
8. Sustainability. The ability of a system to exist continually at a cost, in a universe that evolves in the state of entropy
toward the thermodynamic equilibrium of the planet.
8.1. In the 21st century, it generally refers to the capacity for the biosphere and human civilization to coexist.
9. Ethics is a branch of philosophy that could somehow be systematized, defend, recommend, and identify what right
and wrong behavior is.
10.For environmental Ethics is a discipline in philosophy that studies or focus on the moral relationship among human
beings to the value and moral status of the environment, which includes plants and animals.
11.The ecosystem is a community comprised of living organisms in conjunction or in relationship with the nonliving
components of their specific environment that interact with each other.
12. Photosynthesis. It is the process of all plants that transform into the release of energy ATP. During this process, the
light energy of the sun is captured. There is a conversion of water, some mineral and carbon dioxide, and a certain
amount of oxygen needed by animals to survive.
13. A species is a basic unit of classifying and identifying the taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of
biodiversity.
14.Food Chain. A linear network of links in a food web starting from producer organisms and ending at apex predator
species, detritivores, or decomposer species.
15.Food Web. The natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation of what-eats-what in an
ecological community.
15.1. Another name for the food web is the consumer-resource system.
The word “science” is simply an anglicized version of the Latin “Scientia," which means knowledge
Environment. It is defined as the circumstances surrounding an organism or group of organisms or the complex social or
cultural conditions affecting each organism in the given biotic and abiotic community.
Environmental Science it is the systematic study of our environment and our proper place in it.
-It is the foundation is ecology and is more concerned on human impact on the environment.
Clean Energy Future
1.How foes energy production affects populations? ecology
2. How can we make better batteries? chemistry
3. What urban designs can reduce energy use? Urban planning
4. How do people adopt new ideas? sociology
5. Which policies lead to sustainable solutions? Political science
6. Can we design better vehicles? engineering
7. What are the benefits and costs of energy sources? Economics
Matter. It is anything that can occupy space and has a mass. Solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and Bosh Einstein Condensate are
the phases of matter that constitute the arrangement of the structures and properties of atoms.
thermodynamics deals with how energy is transferred in natural processes. It deals specifically with the relationships of
heat, work, and energy.
Homeostasis which means “to stand equally” refers to the dynamic balance in a living ecosystem.
Laws of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a complex, quantitative discipline regarding the relationship between heat, work, and energy.
-Heat is the transfer or flow of energy because of temperature difference.
first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved; that is, it is neither created nor destroyed under normal
conditions.
second law of thermodynamics states that, with each successive energy transfer or transformation in a system, less
energy is available. That is, energy is degraded to lower-quality forms, or it dissipates and is lost, as it is used.
While cellular and molecular biologists study life processes at the microscopic level, ecologists study interactions at the
species, population, biotic community, or ecosystem level.
population consists of all the members of a species living in each area at the same time.
An ecological system, or ecosystem, is composed of a biological community and its physical environment.
Food Chains and Food Web
-Matter and energy are processed through the trophic levels of an ecosystem via food chains and food web. At each
energy transfer point, less energy is available to do work.
1. Ecosystem – a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
2. Biome – a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, e.g. forest or tundra.
3. Flora – the plants of a particular region, habitat, or geological period.
4. Fauna – the animals of a particular region, habitat, or geological period.
5. Region - an area or division, especially part of a country or the world having definable characteristics but not always
fixed boundaries
Biomes are diverse biological communities where various plants and animal species share common characteristics for
the environment, they are thriving in.
The tropical moist forest supports the world's one of the most complex and biologically rich biome. These forests do
share standard features such as rainfall and unchanging temperatures
One type of moist forest is the cool cloud forests found in high mountains where fog and mist provide sufficient
moisture for the vegetation.
TROPICAL SEASON
Tropical Savannas and Grasslands Both grasslands and savannahs are areas with too little rainfall to support forests.
However, unlike grasslands, the savannahs have thin tree cover.
Deserts occur when rainfall is rare and unpredictable (less than 30 cm) and hot or cold yet always dry.
The vegetation in deserts is remarkably diverse, although sparse. Well- adapted plants have water-storing
leaves and stems, thick epidermal layers to prevent excessive water loss and salt tolerance.
Temperate Grasslands As in tropical latitudes, temperate (mid-latitude) grasslands occur where there is enough rain to
support abundant grass but not enough for forests.
Temperate Shrublands Dry environments can be biologically rich, where they can support droughtadapted trees, shrubs,
and grasses. In Mediterranean areas, hot season coincides with dry season creating warm, dry summers and cold, moist
winters.
Temperate forests can be evergreen or deciduous.
Deciduous Forests. Broadleaf forests occur throughout the world, where rainfall is plentiful, in mid-latitudes, deciduous
forests located in the forest lose their leaves during winter.
Coniferous Forests. These forests grow in a wide range of temperatures and moisture conditions. They occur in a limited
moisture area that may experience cold climates such as winter wherein moisture is unavailable (frozen), and hot
climates might have a seasonal drought.
most humid coastal forests are known as temperate rainforest.
Boreal Forests Since conifers can survive winter cold, they tend to limit the existence of boreal forest or northern forest
between about 50° and 60° north.
taiga (snow forest), known by its Russian name, describe as extreme, and ragged edge where forest
progressively gives way to open tundra.
Tundra. It is a treeless landscape located in the mountaintops or high latitudes, and the growing season of this biome is
only two to three months.
Arctic Tundra. It is an extended biome that has a short growing season. Hence, it has low productivity. During
midsummer, however, 24-hour sunshine supports the booming of plant growth and plenty of insect’s life.
Arctic tundra is essential for birds as well as to global biodiversity
Alpine Tundra. It has a similar environmental condition and vegetation to the arctic tundra. It occurs on near
mountaintops, and these zones have a short and extraordinary growing season.
MARINE ECOSYSTEMS The diversity of organism in oceans and seas are no seen effectively. However, they are also as
diverse and complex as terrestrial biomes. The oceans cover threefourths of the Earth’s surface, and it has an essential
role but often unrecognized compared to terrestrial ecosystems.
Phytoplankton, free-floating photosynthetic plants, microscopic algae are essential to support the marine food web.
Coastal Zones Shoreline communities vary in terms of depth, light, nutrient concentrations, and temperature.
excessive loads of nutrients may stimulate bacterial growth that consumes oxygen in the water, which is more than 200
"dead zones” occur in coastal zones.
Corals reefs are known in marine ecosystems because of their exceptional biological productivity and their diverse,
beautiful organisms—reefs form clusters as colonial animals (coral polyps) that live symbiotically with photosynthetic
algae.
Elevated water temperatures cause coral bleaching, in which corals expel their algal partner and then die.
Mangroves are trees that grow in saltwater. They take place along calm, shallow, tropical coastlines around the world.
Swamps help stabilize shorelines, and they are also significant nurseries for fish, shrimp, and other commercial species.
Estuaries are bays where river water meets the sea; hence, there is a mixing of saltwater and freshwater.
Salt marshes are shallow wetlands flooded regularly or occasionally and drained by seawater, usually on shallow
coastlines, including estuaries
tide pools may experience violent, wave-blasted shorelines that support enchanting life-forms
-are depressions in a rocky shoreline that are flooded at high tide but retain some water at low tide
Barrier islands are low, narrow, sandy islands that form parallel to a coastline. They occur where the continental shelf is
shallow, and rivers or coastal currents provide a steady source of sediments.
FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS
Freshwater environments are not that wide as the marine ecosystem, but they are abundant and center of biodiversity.
Most of the terrestrial communities rely relatively on freshwater habitats.
Lakes Like marine environments, freshwater lakes have distinct vertical zones.
-single-celled organisms such as amoebae float freely in the water column.
Anaerobic bacteria (not using oxygen) may exist in low-oxygen sediments. In the littoral zone, arising of plants such as
cattails and rushes grow in the bottom sediment.
epilimnion is the hypolimnion (hypo = below), a colder, deeper layer that is not combined.
Wetlands are shallow biological systems where the land surface is saturated or lowered in the late part of the year.
Swamps are wetlands with trees.
Marshes are wetlands without trees.
Bogs are areas of concentrated land, and usually, the ground is comprised of deep layers of accumulated, undecayed
vegetation known as peat.
Fens are like bogs except that they are mainly fed by groundwater, so they have mineral-rich water and exceptionally
adapted plant species. Bogs are primarily fed by precipitation
Swamps and marches provide a significant degree of ecological sustainability. Bogs and fens, mostly nutrient-poor and
have limited environmental efficiency.
Environmental Variables Affecting the Biomes
1. SUNLIGHT. Sunlight powers the photosynthesis that supplies energy to nearly all life on earth. It is also essential for
vision, which many animals rely on for catching foods, spotting predators, etc.
2. TEMPERATURE. Organisms can survive within a specific, limited range of temperature. If the body temperature either
rises above or falls below that range, the critical chemical reactions in the tissues get “out of synch” with one another,
resulting in metabolic chaos.
3. WATER AND DISSOLVED SALTS. Precise balance of water, dissolved salts, and organic molecules in the body fluids of
organisms must be maintained to keep the cells alive. Many plants and animals cannot survive in dry conditions, such as
deserts, because they cannot acquire and store water that are needed by their body cells. But some organisms cannot
equally live in swamps or marshes because of too much water in the soil. Hence, salinity which is the concentration of
dissolved organic salts, affects the ability of the organisms to control their water balance.
4. OXYGEN. The concentration of available oxygen can be important limiting factor in a variety of environments. Bacteria
can either be aerobic or anaerobic. Too much oxygen for anaerobic organisms can be fatal as lack of oxygen is for
aerobic. Air-breathing animals need more oxygen to sustain life.
5. METABOLIC WASTE. All organisms produce metabolic waste products. Plants release oxygen by day, give off carbon
dioxide by night, and discard leaves and stems on a seasonal basis. Waste products must enter the biogeochemical cycle
wherein they are broken down and carried away.
6. NUTRIENTS. Distribution of nutrients is important in determining where organisms can grow and where they cannot.
The more nutrients available in each area, the more living things can successfully survive.