"/

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THE FU NDAMENTALS O F :MICMAC

WORD FORMATION

by

Step hanie Heather Inglis,'B :A.(Hons.),

.f. .:

",',' r~ 'A t hesis submitted to,t he School of Gra duate

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&tudles in pllrtia l fulfillmen t of t hE»
"

requirements for the degree of

Master of Arts. _

__ _ _ __ __=__ ------D,epartmen t o f Linguist ics

Memorial Unive rsity of Newfoundland

September Ul86 »,

Newfcundlend
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,",Pe r mi s s i on' has been gra.nted L'autorisaUon ' a 6te aceordl!Je

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to . the National Library of . A .la ~iblioth~que. nat Lcne Ie:
Canada .t o micr ofilm this ,/ du . c e ne de de _microfilJlsr
. thesis and to l e n d or s ell cette th~8e et de preter. ou
copies of the fibi.. de vendre des exelllplaires du
fillll . .

The 'a ut h o r (copyright oWner) ' L' a u t e u r ·(ti t.u l ai r e/ du ,d r o it

h as ' . e e e e e v e e c e fl e e d'·'auteur'l se resen"s .u e e
pu,bllcatio n r i gh t s , an'd autres droits de )1ublication l .
:::e~~i~e' ~~~ra~~:-8 ,~;om nl~
n l ..le. these ' nl de longs
:~~::~tt8'etdree cielll~~~~~~\~~'"
~:~r~uJ'lr~eidth~~t~·l:~i~j~: autrellent. -r e p r od lJi t e . saris son
wriU;en p'ermi'88io~• autor,1ll11tion ecrlte • .

. I SBN 0- 31 5-4 3327 - 2 "

r
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Leon4~ Bloomfield ', 19-16 sketc h - A1gonqub n e h id .t h-e ground wor~ Icr
I . .
current 'discussio ns iu ."A1gonki:m word ~orm:l.t ion . ThO u gh' r tse~r<:h has been done

on wor d rOfliat foD in CUltal Algonki:lD laDgU:lg~ (BI~mfield l OSS, lOB:!). littl~ .

h:LS been done e n.word rorm:l.tio~ "in Micmac, 1l.D.Eastern Algonkian 13niu 3ge.

T his th esis presents an. overview of th e fundamental, of Miemee word

Ic rmati ou. T he gtammali ea.lization of i n~e pe D ~e D l a.nd dependent lexemes ',M

preverb, root, medial a~d Iinal rcr metlves is discussed. "T he ab ility fot the Stlffi'(1

lex.e~e' to be gra~m~~icnIlY ~ecll.tegoriied I;' n~":lI.ddress~d:- The 'role or th~.

, ' ., ' . , ",' . . " .,'" (".:-:"
formeti ves > preverb, t@ot, 'medialanl1 finll.l :. is fixamined :l.D.d n sel'or:r-,.Iicmne' ·:--. · . -. '.
. . ' . ' . " ~
word !ormation patte rns o r str a tegies out lined. :-. :_;". <;
A r~ll ' Sd Or app·e~dice.s· is i~~luded in the tbeala. T he""a.ppendices give! . ' "... .

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""round.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
.~

. I would like to thank my lup ervisor Dr . John !;t~W50D wi~hout whose support

'- ~a(iu&te work woqd not have been' possible.I am greatly ind~bted '(or' his patience, 'good

. humour and guidance dumr the supervis ion .of this thesis.

~o tb"e.L~guilti~ Deput~e~t 01 MemO~UniversitY I ~we much, esP~ially·Ms.

BeUy KnOI: and IJ:r. S~dr&:Clarke. .

A research
_ . -~aAt r~r this'study
.. - , . at'. Social-. 'and
waS provided by - the Institute .

Economic Resea.rch of Memorial ' University .of N~~dland, _Grad.uate 'Studies of

,, " .... ' .. -' .' . " . ' . ---- '
' .. .' . ~ ... ...
~~mori&1 University or Newfoundla.nd provided a grAd~ate CeUow~_bip whieh 1 gratefully

.- ack'Do~~~'e. } -, ' .

MU.~~ 5anu"is ci,u~",_the s~;~;asai~ve ~cmac speak~n 'who helped with th!s
. rwould~eciallY like'to thank Mr.-Howard Jeddare for. his pati ent ex lana tions
language: I &!so owe much to Mr; Bemie Francis, Mrs._Barbal'A .MaeDooald.rMrs~-- ,
- - - - NancySYIll·bOY'!toocf Mr. Pe~~r'Marshall who gave t~e~ time 'fu help with t.his project.
T~ .pe)'ton Chisho~ ~~ my ramily I.owe a.spe~Ja1 tribut e; ·.~heir e~nt.inued support ·
and encouragemeot ean~ot b't adequately "aekoowledged here.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITL,E PAGE
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ABS1;'RA'?T .
!
ACK!'iOWLEDGEMENTS ';

TABLE OF OONTENTS .

LIST OF TABLES : •. . .. . . . ' .' .

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS • . . .. . . . . .-r .•• • • •-. • • • . •' . '. ' •

i
CHAPTER ONE, • c}N T RODUOTIO N .
" - , : .
1,0 'ln tro'duction' ." , . .• . .. , . '. " ,,., ,. .

"1.1 Algonkian word typ; . . ., . . . ' , .. , . . ,. , . . . , . , . . . . ,. ~ . . . .

. 1:1.1 Nf~n: J' h~r~~~; it.~d 'ob~ia't io~' :::: :: :::: : :; ~
1.1.1.2 Possessed CorIIlS , ,.. ,, ,, ,,,. . ,.
1.1.1.2,1 Depend ent nouns . " .
1.1,1,3 A1is entative Corms ., , .. , ;,,', , ,,, .
1.l.2Verb• . .: , \ : .
1.1.3Particles .. , ",. "., , " " " '" .. , ,.

1.2 Algonkian word Cormative categories , . , , , , , .. . . . '. . , .

'1.3:~,?Dlci8Jl·word' ror~atioD '(deriva~iODai) " ,.: • . " ',, ,~. . '• • • .•

'. , . \ . ' .
1.4 Objectives , 'o . , • • , •• • • • , . ' ." • • • , • • , '• •• •• • • • • ,
\ .\ .
~:: :::o~~~~\:: : : : ::::: :~ : :'~ :
, 1.6.1 Micmac'sound system . , , . ,
1.6.2 Francis/Smith Orthography
::: ::: ::: :'~~~ , ,
\
,.,
.

, ~ " .. ,'.''.
 ' .'; .

. CHAP'1'ER'TWO; Micmac ROOTS . .

/rl"I~troduction .. ;, ; ;.,>'.4"• . • . . • . .• . . • . • . , • ..•..• 28 '

2.1 Roots ', -.. . • . . . • . ... . . 28

2.1.1 ~unseu d particl e roots . . . .• . .. . .... •. • •.... 30
2.1.2 b roots ...... . . . . . . . . . . .. . , . . ' . 31

2.2 Derivative sur ~. . . . ~. .

2.3 De~endent nouns . . . .. . ~ "
2.4 Allomorphlcverteticn 'oCroo~ . '. . . . .. . 35
2.4.1 Extended roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.4.2 Lengthening of rcot-Iln l uI . ." . 31
~:::~r~~~i~baa~::~ ~~~~~~ . : : : . : : : : : : .: : : : : : : : : : : : : :
38
30

' 2.5 SUnim~ ~'~:~~ffo~.ri~~: ~~t:~~ ~: ~~i:i~. :~~n.g~. : :::::::::::.: 45

46
'"
' . " :' CaXP'tER THRE~; 'Micm ac PREVERBS -', 48

;.Oin~r~~uc~lon . . .. ,. .. : .. . . c··.., · •.•.. '\.. • . • . . ~., • . • • 49

3.1 Co~.resp~·nd ~nce oC'p reveJbs and roots 40

3.2 P~eve~b position and sha pe • . '~ ' " . .. • • ~ .. . • . .. • . . 50

3.:t! Preverb sutrix:l ' '. 51
3.2.,2 Compl ex preverbs . ~5

. 3. 3 Functi~n or P rev;rbs . . • . .• . . '• . • .. . . •..

. 3.3.1 More thag ODepreverb • .. '. • . . • . . • .' . .
\ , . ... . ... . 56
51
3.3.2Preverborder . . '• • . •• ~ ; .•..•. .. .: . • .. , . .,'. . , . ', . . 60

. 3~4. Pr:ve~ exhibit}~g initi~1 chao'l.e '. -: . • , ':" . . '.' ...• •.• .. 62

3,5 M~rpholo@;iciJistatus or prever be ~ . . • .. • , . • l • 62

3.6SU~~i .. ,., '. . . . : :,' . . : : . . , . '.' .>...•. . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
 -: »
, C!lAPTER ,F OUR.
"

-: : : :::d~O~,: : : : : j~: :':::~ : : : :: : : :: : :: :: : : : : : : ..

4.1.1 Funetion oCMedials in verbs .. .. . .. • • . . . . .. .. . ••.•
4.1..1.1 Verbs containing two medial! . . • ... '" . . • ; • • •
66
68
, 71
4:1.1.2 Medials after the verb root cUi- • ~ .. . 7.
4.1.2 Func tion oCmedials in nouns . . . • ---:- . . . . . . . . . . .. . • , 73
•. 1.3 Postmediah . . • ••• • • • •i . : ~ . ' . 77
4.1.4 Deverbal mediala .,,: . • .!.. ' . 78

4.2 NOUD {~ als • . . .• . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .-'. . 79

4.2.1 No un rmals and secondary deri vati on • .. •... 81
4.2.1.1 Noun finals after ;noun ste ms .... .. ... .• • . . . , 61
4.2:1:2 Noun fmala aIter1v.!tb stems .. • . . .. . .. .. . • •. 8.
4.2.1.3 Noun finals aItet ,de rivativc s u rnx ~ . .'. • • • • • . . 83

::: ::=~',~ ~:'' ,l:~'~~'~:i~~~~,~:'::~~'.~,'~~ ,:::,::::::: f 84

80 ,

' ,CIlAPTER FIVE: _ _Mic mac VERB FINALS . . . . . • . co

5.0 In tro
'dUCUO~
' ,• ••• . .. . . • ' "~ ~'. ' ~" 01

-!
0 ,0 • •• ' : : • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••

~.l ' Fund~eDtai ,categorieSor ~erb r~als ._. . . . . : . . ... .. : . ... . gl

'f",
6.2 Transitive verb tl:!emes ... • • • .... ; • .•. . ' .. • .. •. • . •.._. . • • • • : g. '

.. " 5.3 Rec;clin~ br verb r~als . .. : : .. i •• .- •• • •. . • '; .- • •• • • . • ~ ~p

5;3~ I~~3~~lt~ .:::~s~~~t~~:bn ~~lcc~~~~:n:~j~:~v~~b. ~t~ ' .7
5.3.1.2 AI/n ver b finals indi cati ng reflexive act ion . 08
5.3.1.3 Al verb finals which recycle TI stems . ./ / ' 100
" 5.3.2 TA verb fioll-lswhich !ecrc~" TI.stems. ~ . . . . . . .. . , .
:~t
'Ld~:~~:::'~~~i~: ::h:'I:'::'· :Al: " :~ :::' :,' :,::::: 10.

105

/ 6.5 ~rer1DaIs .: .\". . . : . .' . . ". ,: . ...\ ' . - 105

5.6 Verbs wi~hout verb finals •.. • : \ . fill. 107
" 5.7 Summary : : . 108

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CHAP T ER SIX, CON CLUSIO N-: . ..

6.0 lutroduction . . . . (\. : . .

6. 1 Appendlcea . ,

6.2 Micm ac- Iormarlvepatterns or strategies.

6.2.1 Verb. Iormetive patterns .
6.2.2 Noun for mative patterns ..
a.iiI Pa rticle Iormanve patterns
6.3 _Summary: Micmac -word Icrmaticn . "J ' .

BffiLIOGRAPiIY

APPENDICES .. ,. ... ...... 123

• App endixA. ! Micmac roo ts . . . . . 124

Appendix~.2 Data: Micmac roots 133
.J •
A ppendix -B. l Micmac Medials and Noun finals . . . . '. 20Q
Appendix B.2 Data : Micmac Medials and Nou n' finals ..... 214

Appendix C.I Micmac Al / D ~erb rmals . . . . . ~~

Appendix C .2 Data: Micmac AIlll verb rin.a!s 247 ~ .~.

Appendix 0 .1 . Micmac TA iTlve rbfinals 278 -

Appendix D.2 ~ata: Micmac TA/ TI verb finals . . 280

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LIST OF TABLES

,,,..
Fun and ReducedRoots . '0

!Memacpre\\bll ,...., Micmac Roots 52'; . 4. _ ~

Miemee PreverG:1. 58
,
'" ~
- , '\
Medials(oon-dep6ndent nouns)......
/ iii: Me~ iaJ.' (depeDdeo t~~un9.J . 75

A. Medi~ ,...., a /Noun fi~b . . .. .. , 85

'/
I ••

A. Medialll (~on-dependeot D:~~s) '.:..:,.

B. Noun r~als ".",
C. Medi,.b (dependentnouns) ,", . 87

·,.0

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7. /

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
 , .' . 1-,. Y ~~ ' : .: ;

R root

TA .. transitive animate verb

Tl transitive lna.niniate verb

.. ' .. 'TI/ tb n theme sip :m

.VF . 'verb rlOal

Xi> partic le

., .

.J

....
e
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CHAPTER ONE

Introdu et tcn ""Y

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1.0 1D.trodnctioD

Mi cmac is an ea.st ero. Algookian "lan guage. It d spe kee t hrou ghout Non

Seotie, P rince Edward bland, New BrullSwiek.an d Dortb· eaatern Quebtc . Though

t here ar e registe~ed Mic mac in Newroundl&Qd t he Micmac l&Dgusge, for , II

. \
. pr li.etie&l purposes , is no longer spoken in Tthat prov,ince. Over ; he yea~ tbe

number or Micmac who still speak their o~n language baa decreased. Fid elholtz ~ {

(1915:371) , points out th at •...th e Dumber of Mlc mee is currently' estimated ~

, between 8,000 an d 15,000 individ uals, of whorn pe rhaps half or more are fiueol

spe~kers of so,me variety ,orMicmac . '

Mu ch of t h e initia l IiQiuist ie research on Miem ae .w.. carried c)ul during the

eigbtte D. and ea rl ,. ain.et ft o.hUDdr eds by missiona ri.es. T he fIrSt t-fjcmac gram~&r

wu ~ritteD by F atber P ierre Antoin e ~imon Ma illard, who wo~ked among the

Micmae fro~ 1735 .w 1182 (Ba tt iste I QS4:10)., Th e g;&nUnar, which ' "u s

published post h umo usly in 1864 by Fa t her Jos eph M. Bellenger, is e ntitled

Cr.mma~e de la l&lI ne miem&(Jue. -In 1888 an Enllisb/M}c~ dit~on &ry wu

pub~hed by t he Protest~t miMiona.ryReverend S ilas T. R and. Du ring t he early .

- -I . -.
nineteen hundr eds the Roman C atholic p ries~ F~th ef, Pacifiq ue Bussen, more

. CO~~lY~ k~own 'u F a ther l ad tique (B;tt~t~ IM4:1S), did ex tensive work.

amonK th e Micm ac. In Ig3g he published Lecon s ~amm at ie al"e! tb eorigu es et

pr atigues de I. lan[1Je mlemagu e t he most comprehen sive M icmac gra mmar

j
pub lisb~ to dat e •

. '."
 More modern linguistic endeavors concerning th e Micmac languag e includ e
-:
various universit y dis sertation s beginning with James Fldelhoin'e lQ58 , PhD

dissertation on Micmac mor'pbophonemics. In 1971 Al an Hu mber comp leted a

mast er's thesis 00 th e aspec ts or verb morphology in Ne:-vroundland Micmac ,

which ~:LS r~I~~'."~~. , .i.':'I: . J976 .by &Oot·bei 'mam ii-y 'thesis written by Russell Bragg

00 aspects o r the ph onology or New rouD.

dland -Miemae. Paul Proulx 's 1918

Cornell PhD dissertat ion deals with Micm,c inlle ction w hile A ud rey Dawe's 1988

maste r's thesis froJT1 ~em orial .Univers ity focuses 0 0 Micma c historical phonology.

Throughout the nioet,een seventies eed into the eighties arti cles on Micmac

' linguistics have 'b~en written by James Fldelholtz , John Hewson, Paul Prouix .

Walson Williams end oth ers. Micmac and nou-Miemec w riters have eo-eut heeed. ,
. . f
two pU ~ic ations: one !n 191 6 • A, pr eliminary version of a Micmac. teac~ing

~ammar b~ Delisle and M, Metanj~ a~d a seco nd in 1984 - a Micmac ~exicon

published ,by DeBlois and A, Metalli c.

Though a variety of topic s has been addr essed within the field of Micmac

linguistics littl e, howev er , has been done on Micmac word Iorma tic n- the t~pic of

' . this stud y,

Leon~rd Bloomfield 's 1946 sketch -Algon quian " .Iaid the ground work fer

curren t discussions or Algonkian wor~ for mation. For example \Vo.lfan (1973:62).

in his sketch ~)ain~ Cree : A Gramma~ictLl Sketch states that "Th e Si-ier ske tch or

Cree wo;d form ation prese'oied ' here follows eloaely the model of Qloomfield'~
. Menomi~i Gr~mmar-, . ~Ioomfield's Menomini GfI\mm~~ publish ed in. l Q62 uses

ter m in olo~ similiar to that found in B l06mfi.eld's 1946_ sketc b "Algonquino" ,

Before outli ning Bloomfi eld's wo rd [ormation terminoio~ (section 1.2); as used in
 Wolfart l lr.3 and this d isserta t ion, the
\ VUioU5 A1gonkin n word types will be'

d iscussed .

1 .1 Alg onk ian w ord "t y p es

1 .].1 N ou ns

1 .1.1.1 G ender , number and ob Tlati o D

. \

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Bloomfi eld ( 1946;94 f divid es Algon kian words into t h ree types: nOUDs , verbt

'and par t iclt'!l (in eludillg ·pro~oun'l. Al gookinD longu'nges, distingu~b b eiwc~o
n ouns o r 8nimat e , u d inanimat e gender. Anima t e Dou n s ~ I ...lnclu d e all p ersons,
. .. I
a nimals, spirits, la rl e tr e es eed so me ot h er objects such llS tcbeeec , 'maize, applo,

r~Pbe;ry (but n~t st~awberry), ~alt ot tb e leg'(but not. thighJ~ ~tom:u:b·. ·sPi.tk
(eather, bird' , ta il, born , kettle, pipe-:Cor smoki ng and saoweb o e. '(D100m~eld
1046:04). Exampl es or Mic mu an imate n O U M 1l.C:-

NA !9.!!!! " snowsh~1

NAklit a w ' rasp b erry"
NA wesutn et ' bttle "
NA ~ ' re::Lt b er"

All Do~ns which are not a.ni~.lte ~ , ende r are ina n imate. 5u (:b as t be toJ}ow inl;

' ~-~ey i /~ :" '. :~~I~"

NI ~ ' . "egg-
NI sapte'kney. / " ro~ k -

No u ue, wbfcb are fnv ariabl y tbird p er son, m a y be in.Qe~ed fo r bo~b Dumber
a nd obvi~tioll" Al gonkianJ anguages disti npish s in gular a nd plu talnllmb~r and
.,,'
mar k._ ;,noUl:U ·d if(er e~ t1y for num ber acco rding to their ge'n d er~ , T he p lu ral or

- .... ~ . : .,>~:u.\;
 a nimate n o ues in Mi en:!.ac ls forrned by th e addition ot the sulflx :!. while the

. plural~ of inanimat e nouns is tormed by ~he addit io n or the 5UtflX :!. Seve ral

exam ples,or singula.r 'and plueel eoe n e in Micmac are given b el ow.
ANIMATE NOUNS

~ " snowsh o es"

an Vrt ate
plW'a l-

' p i ' kull - k -f eather·

an illate
'p Lural

IN ANIMATE N0lmS

!!llllL.:-...J , ' -m y teei-h"

cnamsa ee
pl-ural: ~

p e 'skewer ' .. l. . . - guns·

i namill ate
pZl4"'a Z

Besides mark ing nOUD s lLS to their num ber, Algonkia n Languages - reeogui ee a

further 'distineti'on 'o f ~bviation. ·U an ani~a~e th_ird ~.erson oee.~.rs ina ph rase,
...-a ny other l)lIima te .· third person ... ~ a distinguishing form, the

~. • (~l~mfield 1946 :g4). Singu.~lU' D.·ouns in the obvia.tiv~ are m arked b y :!

as ill '

3;:t P;;' ~~~ ~ ·oD~~:iisj:~r s~oW3h;e ·'-

q, pOBS . snob-- " s i tp'uZar
prej'tJ: . ~ 8,OOe

.w~ ere sDo~shpe is an anima te n OUD,

 6 .
~.
Traditionally, when & p lural possessed.eeimete noun needed to be mark,cd

fat obviation tbe cbv iat ive ma rker of the singul ln (:!J was dropped God the usual

I plu~al marke r for 'an~mate ~ouns was lli adde d. For exam ple, (or "his/ her

I snow shoes" one said wt-aeam.

10 prese nt day Mi cmac t h ere eppeera to have been II. change such tha~ pluui · ·
~ - -
possessed animate no unaia the obvia.tive are ~rteD Dot marke d for obviation , as ....

desc ribed above , but -occur with the animate nominal plural marker :.!s. which
usually marks them as .non-obviati v e animate plura l nOUDS: Thus "his/he r

snow shoes" m ay, in s6me ~ialects, be p ronounced wt - aoa.m· k.•

1.1.i .2 Possessed t orms

I
Nouns in Algonkia n lan gu ages may be marked to indicate poSSeSS!9n. When

possessed, Alg~~kian rioun~ a :istinguish rust, second or -third person possessors

With. &. rur.the r distinctiGD:.Q.r inclusiv\e and exclusive first person p lura.~ Among

the A1gookian languages "Only Arapaho....C ree and Micmac retain th e contrast

· bet~een .the . e.xdU5iv~ and inc hisiv: endings.(GOd~ardiIfl6;'68)- '001"" " r.,,'

'
person plural refers to the pe r~on who is speak ing as we I as the person spoken to,
/ -
such as Micmac k.!!i.i.i!!Y. "our (ioclu~ive) . ra t her" i.. my fa th er and you rs. "'

Ex~~usi\(e rll'St perso!l plure l re. leu to t he person WhO ~~d excludes the
t
i .penk·ing
. "' ~ I .
person spoke n to, such as Mic m~; nu jjinen "our (ex lu s i~ e l fathe r" meanlug my

f~ther and liis . The possfe.pnrad igms roe thj ap. ate Mic~ac'~oun tmogtfl.'w .

"lo g" and t he maoUlla.te M~ma.c noun kWltn Ocana " are es follows:

,
....,, ' : -.1 ·.·
, ... .. ' \.. (
lat per. •g.
2nd p er. sl-
rtm: ta'wam
-tm te'w -m
' - my loc- :
' your (.g. ) 10,' .
3,d per . sg. w-emcete'w- m-l • b isfher 10 Z'
bt per.,pL(in d usin) . k-tmogta'wam-inu ' our linc1win) lo gl
h t per.pl.;~es:.chm....) lI-t moot,'w· m-inen ' our tx elusin) log "
2Dd ~r.pL . it-t moota.'w am-wow · yoor (p1.) lot'
3rd per. pL w. t mog ta' w - m-wal ' t heir 109-

1st p~r. !g. D-k."itno.Jn " ml C&D.oe"

\Iud p er,5g. k-kw ite-m ' your (llg.) canoe'
3i'd per ",g. ~. I his/hel canoe'
lat per. pL(i.nclusive) j(.kwitn-m.inn ' our linctusit'l) canoe"
ht per . pL(cxcIUJive)
2nd per.p L
: 3rd per . pL
n; k:w itn-m- inen
k· iCwltn-m-wow
w-kw ue-m-wow
:~:~r~t~~:~c.anoe~
' t heir canoe '
.
I
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ODe may D9tl rro m:the ab ove tbat pceseesed DQUDJI. lrrespeetire or gender ,

o,tten COllt.~ .tb~ aUr~lX :m.: ..Th~ uee ~r this pce eesive sumxL: unprediet~bl~;
some pce eesed DOUD!.. ne~t!$it&te)ts u~e w~ o,t~en ~~ Dot,

' l .i .i .2.1 Dep.e ad~at boaa.

A m tain clul of Micmac ' OOUll5 on ly ceeura in poeeeaed fo na and is known

, "
u dependeni DCluOJ. Dependen t. DOU~S 'bsually denote.•••' kinsme n, bod;ypam t od
. , "
a lew intimate -possessioOJ;,l Wolt arl 1973:66}.· Examples or dependent 0011., in . ,-,'
Mi.limac~e:

NI Dsit ' my root'

· NA~ "my t esticle'
N1B.2i!,s "m;y hu d'
 1.1 . 1.3 Abaent&ttTe rorlDS

• I . .
In game Algonkian leegueg es • .•.s.noriginally living being' who is sleeping or

dead or has disappeared is -iflacce88i~'e, as are thingB which ' have been lost,

consumed .or dest roye~·(Proulx 1078:14). Nouns r epr esentativ ~ of such

laaccesalble obje~ts take a. s~eciaJ sumx ::!Lg which ~a.r~ the m II.! a bseotative:
For example , compare the r?'llowing ex~ples given-by Proulx(1978:14)1; oenagag

_ Mu liso 'q -I knew the late Maurice- end DeD ag Mulis "I know Mauriee i . Th e ,
~onn Muliso'g "Maur ice" is marked by the sumx .::QjJ II.! being ao abs~nt~tive
form Le.Mau rice is dea~ eadjbue Ia seeessible. The ,TAverb Dl!oa9a9' ~ll k new

·hi.m - ~greeS w~th the ab~~,nta~ive nOU D. The verb ends in the 'a bo!enta li w mar ker'
::!Q.., whic~ is adde"lik.ethe similar pl urala greemeot] after the normet lnr leet fon.

1.1.2 Ver bs

Algonkian v; rbs may be either transitive or iotran9itive. Intransitive ver bs -

distin~ isb between those verbs which refer to an animate subject and th ose

which refer to an inanimat e subject . Intransitive verbs which rerer to animate

subj ed s ar e classed II.! aAlmate intransitive (AI) verbs, such a:, Micmac

kesibwll.'sit · S/ he moves Cas.t l. Intr ansitive verbs reCerring to ioa~imate eubj eete
. .. 10\
: I p R ub Ilea U ~ 10·,e pm ut • " 'l ulu yolctlulltop wblth, ill til,
F'aDc il/5~lth orlho" a pby
• ned iD ~hil tbnill.(1Ietl MCtlou i.e .e ), II rtpruto ~ by I g. COOMqijtIlUY.! II rep lactd by 9 ·111
pro u li '. Mic mac example.. 50 too PRII~'~ leDltb Iflatt l is re~lactd b,. :.

, ;, : ~ .
 \,
•
IrlL classed· u . iDaniIpate in~ransitC (n) Vft'~ such ' as Micmac ~ -n
I
moves rut- , ~

'The t;an8itive verbs ma y be eit her tr:lllIitive animate (TA) or-~il~itive .

\ inan imate {TIl. TA verbs . ar e transiti.ve ve rba whose olijeets are. a.n imate, e.g.

Miemae lI&.tg spilk ' I .puU him/h er (rom th~ water'b y rope", while TI y'!:rbs are

tr~~itive verb s whose ot jects are inanimat e. ' e.g. Mu:mae natgapilm "~ pull it

(rom the wa te r-by rop e" ,

B loomti~ld (1946:05) also reeopizes two ot he r verb tYPe!; t he pseud o

tr.ansiti~e · (PTJ. verb~ ~ and th e pseu do intransitive .(PI) verbs. ,T he pseudo

transitive ve r blfue verbs wpose ,meanings a.ppear to b ~ transitive,' as in Mic.Dl:ae

PT m esglln&' tog "S/ he lays o r puts down (so methin s) ~ ~\lt w hose"morpho logy .if

intra ri!itive; The pseudol nfra naitive verba ar e just the opposite. .They are ver bs , '
. " . . I . "
~h~e mor~bolo$Yi.! that or .8 TI . verb b~t whose mea~ing app e ars, to be.
intrana iti~e i u 1JiMicmacPI~ '·S/he ·,sw iIIi.saIong· . ",

.-T he inn~ct~~&1 endings' of PI verbs in the thi rd person singu lar prese?t .

indicativ e ere ambiguous. Th e third pern pr esent in di ca~iv e infleeti o nal endi ng ,

~ ~r 'S~Ch. verba, ~ PI pema'g could be in ter p re\e~ . " the third ,::rson. singu lar .

Inflect ional ending :.!sor an AI verb whe re k-\qfa~. It is Dot until o ne examines

the rmf ~~d second person.singular forms'pemS'3 ) I ~wim along~ ~nd pe.ma.'mo
'.)\U(9( .) ~Wim a1ong- ' tha~one sees t hat the m~rPh:l~gy of a PI v;rbs s:~~PI
~. iJld.. d . lb, ' 01 • 11 v.r~. ,
.'
J;.-:{.:g
.. \-
'S",. 'wima a1oDg'
.
. - .

, \\.
 10 I

.: "
The ot he r AI.~~8D wo.rd type beeidea noun And verb i! called partiei"

Pronou ns, in Algo{lkilLnlanguag es, ate 'like partid es in tha t they are not innect ed ;

_ eceeeq ueetly, , Bloomfield includes p ro nouns within the ca tegory o f partiele

. (Bloomfiel d lQ46;411j. Below ar e some examples of Micm ac plll'tid es.

XP ni'e 'j'
XP ki 'l ' you ·
XP iiii' "this-
XP ijiT "that - .
XP iiIkantuk "in Cronti.
XP !9..9 -. "!Lod-
XP lamulkuk-:- "below deck-
XP . iiankmiw "immediately- ..;:
XP !!ll!W "dirty · .

",
1.2 Algonkian word torm a t lve eategor!ee

I n Algon kiea langu ages words, rega rdless of whether the y are nOUDS, verbs

or pa.rti~les, ar e formed from!1.variety er m eaningful word par"ts,o r lexemes,

Ierem ee being the minimal units of lextcel m eaning. Lexical meaaing is ,- t he

mean~g of a morphemeeonefdered apart trom ~be m~dification~amma~ieal

inflect io n; syntactic position, ete. s (A vis 10.73:770.). T o be used in a word such a
" . "

le~emE! mU!!t be grammaticalized, there by b ecoming a rormativ~ a n d being .

allocated a position in the word .

I /

,"
 \ ;
11

Micmac word Carmatives may 'be divided iDl? five categories wbi~h. traditionally..
in Algonkian s~i~. have been labelled. preverb (PV); root (R), med~ (M). flnal ,

(F) and iDnectioQ (I) rallowing Bloomfield (1~~6: 103.104). Finals are -further

di1lided into verb.!i nals (VF), oouli (mats (NF) and par,tiel,e Iinela (PF).

The ~~t roml~tive is the baseor the AJgo-nkian w~rd. It is the formative' to

which preverbs, media.b, finals and infiedional endings are added , eit he r directly'

or indirectly. Examples words containing roots in Micmac are:

"Nl en m a lg ei - bole-
R M sr :'"
~~~~~~~
ho le e'
"\
TAtem . '1 ik -I bre a k bim/her in two .·
R VF F
TA
cut o f f

XP !21! - again-
R
agai n

T he Ior m a tires which add espeetuel or oth er information to" the roots to .

which theyatt,adrve the peeverbe. Preverbe are opt ion al formeti ves, ending in_

:i.·which prefix to t<J:Ots. Exa~les of Micmac word, c.oDta.ining preverbs are:

TA asopri ~Rm tl ' ~k' I push hun/het across.'
TA
aa ros,8 puBh

TIpeii' nuk , m ' I slic e it up aec~deDtallf' "

PV .iI " VF TIl t h
n
acoidentLy 80 f t ",'
r

-. ,,;"'..., ..,-.,( '. '-~. ' "

 12

Il wesami
PV
ksk
R .'
VF
II
-I t is too w'ide. · •

r' exW88 wide

" i ';>'

Media1s~ptiOQa1 fo:rn.atives which U!l~a.llY have a nomina.l sense. When

presen t they are p~itioDed betw een the r oo t o~, a word and its final, hence the

name 'med ial. Medi als O~CU~ in nouns, verbs and par ticles. Examples of Micmac

words cont.aiDing mediab are :

Nl mem kw aD • templ e o f head"
R M NF
buo' head '

Il meku apa:g · te • w ith red streaks -

R M VF
II
red ' streaked pLace

XP amal amk uk " w here t h ere are man y va r ieties

R =M Locative o f sa,D;d -
variegated sand

Finals ceeue before the inflection in both noun s and verbs. Verb finals will

always ~r~cede either the verbal iofied ions , or, in the c.a.se of recy cling, enotbe r

verb final. Orten in DOUns there is 00 infiectional ending, ill which case the ecua

r~al, it there i3o oe, occurs V1o~ouD finals. may also.o:cur in pa rticles.

Below are examples 01Micmac words which eoeeefn noun and verb ti nala.
~', :' ..
' ,

13

NO UNFINALS

~ w al gw
R
an
NF
"rainbow· \i'
C'o 7lfave

Nt tia mu api "moose thong"

moose
R NF
string '\ ...
},
/'

-\
XP ke'kw
R
ei
#1'
·up s t airs" '?
on top 0[' V.
~VE RBFlNALS

AI mag lecon a "S/ h e has a large nose"

R M YF
AI
Z_,

n pit
oR
og
M
I.
'vp
"It si ts under neath." .

II
Zong horizonta l.
position,
,,,".
~
~ -:.,
TA al am ·I l~ok arou nd for bi m/her·
R VF
T'
.,
a bout: Zoo'l
eee

~h verbs and DO~D9 ' occur in PJ;inimal Corm: tJ;a.~eratiYe singular ,or the
verb jj dormall1 th e simple ste~, without innectioD, ' and the noun singula r is t.~

uninfleeted form or the DOllD stem, Tbe iDfiectiollS, when presen t, are s u ffIxed:

. ,
 .' -, ~
14 '

TAP~m • , a~~ ~ .} - I carry him/her along by hand·

. ,~ ..,.. TA , "
aLong s1:J'ing •
~.

with in flectional ending..=! indicating fU'St person singular of the present ind ic,aUve
,
"d
NI pataluti' - 1 - tables -
,R I
tabl.e • inanimate
pl.ltl'al.
with inne ctional ending:! indica.ting nominal ina.nimate plu ral. In verbs ,

inflectional end ings ere mar'kers of Dumber,' persce. zeue e MId verbal orde r (such
:\ " "

as indicative, conjunct, etc). In DOUn4, \nllectional endings are ma rkers d(

eumber vgeeder end o!:?viayoD.

i .3 ~lg0J?'kl.an word forma tion (derivationa l)

A,.' . .
J
In his 1946 ske"tcb "Algonquian· .eed iD. hi.! !t)62 Menomilli G rammar ...

Bloomfield pr.esenta $oD outline oCAJg0D:kian wor~ , ro,:mati on as Icllowe. In word

for~t iO~ " spe,cifi~ally d er~vatio nal . as opposed to compounding, ror~ ativ e3 are

add to roots resultin g in primary derivation or to stem! resulti ng in sec ondary

den lti'OD(Bloo~eld .'
1946:103). ' The immediat e cons tit uents o r
. . "
ste~. a re roots. -
or extende d roots, ~ediab wbich. are o ptional an d fina ls {Wol Cart 1073:63). For

insta~e the Micm ac wo rd

TA .e.em .a' i ik - I earry him /her aloDg~
R VF . \ '1
, 'TA
"to"" a •
.is an example of primary de ri~ ation. It contains the root tt!!!: • aloD~ · ~ollowed

" '-..

' ,'
 IS
'. 7.1 ',
by the TA -verb r~aI !1:. Iollcwed by the rlfSt person sio~ lar inflectional ending

:i!. of tb.!. present indicative. In the AI verb

-eke • t IS/ he is a pallbearer' .

~ I
AI
ind ef inite
objO/c t

a stein consisting of the root R!!!l: •along' and the TI verb fmal ~ is furth er

• eugmeated in.'secondary derivation by the Al verb nn a1- ~ meaning "indefinite

object ' aod the third perecn singuiar inn ection al ending.:! of the intrans iti,:e
indicative. "Secondary derivat ion "sbowe th~ same ternary structur e as primary

formafion:' a stern Itather'than a root) .is followed optionally by 8 medial and .

•obligatorily by a final' . (WOVMt 1973:63).

Roots, medial., ~nd finals m~)' exhibit allamorphic variati on (Wolfart
' l," • .
11;173:63): ,.The . allo~orphs of these- rormat iv:, "cn en c"ontain post radical,
premedlal, poStmetliaJsiid prertnal accretions.
. I
Some medials and finals are derived (rom other formAtiveS. Such derived

torm~tives a re refe¥red"'to :hy Bloomfield (I046:104) &9 deverbel. For example the

medial:..i!!: -nostrU-'in
T ' •
AI mag - itn • a t - S/ he bas lars?nostrils -
R M VF I
AI
large noarn Z

laderwed rrom,th~ dependent noun ~ ·- my nostril(s)- , Th e TA/TI verb final

.... ~ .' - -- - "- -

, ~ - name- "u ia

~A t~R.
,
-. nit!
Vi'
a ik "I call him/h"er by such a name-
1
' fA '
thus 1'lall'l6
 16

is likew ise derived from t he root ewj't- mean ing - to na me - , _

.:
1.4 Objee etvee

The main objective or tbis thesis is to pe an over vie w of the fuod-amenta.ls

of modern Micmse word formo.tiOn. Its focus is 00 deri vatio nal morphology , bot h

priffii.ry and seconda ry. Th e specific goals of th e study 1m threefold. Firs t we

shall seek to identify lI.S many of the Micmac lexemes as possible and to lLSlIign

them to a Iormattve categorY he it p~everb. root , mediel cr final. ' Second ,' we

shall examine t he w.ays in ~bich these . Ionn e tlves . patt ern tli~IJ\.!elves within

Micmac words a nd we shall summarize tbis informati on into a defihitivc' set o f

Micmac word Cor mat ive st rategies. Lastly, we sh an invest igate t he role played by

each of the (our formati ve eat ~gori es undee da cussicu - root, preverb, medial &09

.. ~ final and we s~all atte mpt to draw some t enta tive conclusions as to their

functions.

C b,fpter T wo examine! tbe form and fu~ction ?f tbe Micmac root. Th e

Miemae root i! tbe base of t he Micmac. word and therefore it! nature m~~t be

fully under stood before the role of the othe r form At ive! ca n be made clear.

Chapter T hree dise~"es peeverbe. It explains t he eo;respon denee between

root! and preverba and th~ role wh ie b p re~ erbs play in addi ng eepeetu nl

informa tion 'to th e 'w'crds in which they occur.

, Medials and nou n finals "'l! deecribed in Chapt er Four• . Th e pos~ion -eed
\ .

...
 17

(unction of mediaJs within •Miemae words is discussed , as well as the I' ,

cor respondence of medi$ with noun rmais and possessed etems.

,C hapte; Five deals wit~ the trall!l!tive and ,in transitive verb flnals. It

describes the recyling oC verb finals and discusses their roLe in' indica ting . th e

DatuI~lIo&Ulitivity· or the verb.

Chapt~r Six explains the data presented 'by the appendices and gives a.

summary of Micmac word"formative lltra tegies.

A large part of the th~is is composed of appendices . The appendices are a.

summary of all the Cormatives which wer'e identifi e.d throughout the course of this

study. Th e purpose of including the eppe dices ia.- to · give substantial

documentatio n to t.he-''2o~oc'''l....oHnWK
o·"c·omoo.cernmg th e torm, a~d Junction of t he
l ou r Micmac formatiVe:!eXimiDed: preverb, root , medial , and final.

1.6 DATA

_~reli~i~ary research tor th is theSis was bseed on the Micmllc Lexicon

_: ~Ublished y .DeBlols and Me~lll1ic in 1984. APproximatel~7 ,~~t.1he-..-sooo

words'
. .
the lexicon wen ' divided into their constituent parts , roUowing the

analy. is or AJgQDkian word 'o rmatio n give; in Blooinfield 1946 and outlin~d in. ~

f1e~o.~9 1.1 ~~ro\l~~3 above. ExteD9iv~ help durin~ the p~elimina.ry stages or

eseerch was provided by Mr. ij owlrd Jeddcre or Eskescal, Cape B reton. Mr.

·!. ddo" h.lp;d to ccnflrm tbe boundertes o~ Icrmetives within t~

assign m~aIlinp _to the ;'arious--formativ~ identilled .
v .
 l' 18
• f ' •

Field work was dc ne in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia to ~ri.ry the eo~e1W1~ODs

drawn from the preliminar,. work. Besides Mr: Ho_ward J.e,ddore, several other

) till DatiY~Cm8C speak efll gave t heir time to help with th e.stu-dy. The y iDelude Mr.
Bernie Francis , form erly Irom Membertou , ~r. Peter. Marshall ..nd Mrs. Nancy

Sylliboy of Eskasoni and Mrs. Barbara ~8eDona1d (nee Syllibo y), forme rly Crom

Eskasoni. Howard Jeddor e, Bernie Francis and Barh ara MacDonald are between

35 and 45 yean of ege while Pet er Marshall aod Nancy Sylliboy are bet~een SO

/ and 65 yean or age.

Arter the r~ative boundaries had been ' mar ked, the data was sor ted and

labl,llated OD 8 .'(~in~Crame comput~r. Tb:'re9~lts of thill work are the lour

appendices rOUD~'at the:bac.k ~t the thesis.
Six verb types are included 'i ~ the study: AI, n. TA"1'1, PT , and PI,' As

, -
well as the normal intrawltrve typ es- (AI, 0) and tbe normal transitive' types oC

verb (T"A, TIl there.are th e two pseudo type ,verbs whose morphology belies tbei,r

runctioo: pseudo tran sitive (PT) verbs and the _pseud'oi ntraositive (PI). Yer~s, T he . '

verbs m arked by r-r hav e int ra nsitive morph ology but t ransitive meanings, such
, as PT mena 'ga'tog ·S /b e ta kes (it.)' ouLo f position (like a. gear-stick)· , Th e verbs
" . .. ( ,
marked<> by ' PI, such as PI welia 'su'oa 'g · S/ he is well dr esaed ", have the

morpholop of TI ver bs, but meaning! whic"hare intr ansit ive. "

As previ~~sly ment ioned at th e beginn~ of s~ction 1.5 most of/ the words in

this study lw~re fak en from the DeBlols and Metan ic Micmac . Le~icon. · In tb ls

' publication~~DeBlols and ~etaUic mark verbs such as welia 'su'na'g " S/b e dresses

wells as AI: This ieuadereteadeble, as th e m eaninll' 01 euehverbe UI intr aD8itiye.

However, lor _thepurposes 91 tbis st udy, verbs such as welia 'eu'na 'g are mar~ed as •
 .... ,

PI; pseudo iDtr&nli~lve, Ice though Itl~h ! erbs are iDtraneitlve in meuiDg the .

innectio~&! elld~p 'of i ucb verbs are·those of a 11 verb.

That verbs l uch as welia'su'n"'a'g are transitin .and not intransit~n is

supported bi the f~i tbat in the Mitrn&c Lm~n such verbs are listed ia botb
,r ' . ""
their rltSt peno n and tbird pe~n .s.iDgalar f~rlpJ. For example t he lexicon entfJ

ktt · well dreslled· L8 .u follows: AI weli-asun!f' (we!j..asuuml (D,Blois ,and

Metalli~ IGSC:1S1). Th e natu re of thefust anttaeeond person iDneetion&! ~nd~ p

• of the verb shows "the morphology of the word to be tbat of & TI verb. "It th e verb

'wer~ AI~ the rmt person , iDgular W~d end in ~ :i.:l or :!l. .

In the Mltmac Lexicon some verb, niark ~d as TI end in :!!1 e.g. TI

!l!Y!!1m 1I'(i) ~arry (It) around on the · ~ack · (DeBlois and ' Metallic 1'0184:3) a~d

. other.v~;b, !parked ~ n ' end in :i e~g. TI jll.galatu -(I) do (it) qUicklY·lDeBI~is .

'and Metallie U184:55). Th e true n verbs ~e

"' . ".
tbO!:' wbich end in the n
',
theme •

sip. ~ (see" section 5.2). , Those .verbs· "hicb . e"~d in the r1l'!t perso~ si..I\luJar "
. . . , ."
innection&1 en.dinK:.!! are· pseudo. transi~jye; coDJeque D ~ v,:rhs 'from the Micmac

~ whi~h were marked· IS TI but wbich end in :.!! bave been rnark~ in this

study u ·PT -. A;ll PT n rbs U;t bis ,tudT . ~.ave also been ~.,e~ in t be third pe~~ "

' singular form; and not the rnt peno n 's ingular form u found in the .M!s!!:!.!s
Lexicon. 1'his is dODe to e ns~ rfl that th e PT verbs ecrreepoad in ,person 'and

Du~ber with the plverbs. · .

~ilh;. lb,' ~~pe.di'es ·..I.e~l. oil in,;..' it;ve ~"b•.' bo;h AI...d D, .&~~ :

. ,. t be two pseudo verb types, the PI.and PT, lire given in the the present indicative
, . . . " .. ,
third person singular. AU transitive verbs, TA endTl, are given in the presen"
'C
indj~~tivfl fant peno~ ., !ngular with third p~~n loal .

. :~~\" " ' i. _

~t~~~z.·-,~ :~:;"; ·"i'~;.;~~" ~ .
(- ,
, . ' ~\ <JI
 . .1 20

All aon -depeadeaf acuns in the ~t~y ~e classed as- either &Il~ate or
inanim ate. Animat e non-depend~nt nou~ are marked NA, all in NA tia>m -

mocee ", while inanimate non-dependent nouns ar e marked Nt, as in Nt ~

- axe-. Dependent nouns are marked D, as -in ~ ~y tongu e- . T he gender oC

dependent nouns wasnot always known ; thus dependent nouns are not labelled as

to gender as are non-dep.endent ncuus .

P art icles, such as ~ - upst ain- ar e marked XP while pronouns such as

ni'n -I- are considered part icles end ' also marked XP.

Within the text and appendic es, words are given with their disti nct

Cormati'~ separated by hyphens, Cor exam~.l e: n pemi-mo-sp sk·e-k -It becom,e8

larg e a nd -round.". .T he word type (Al, Nt, TA, XP , etc.] is given before the word.
\
. -t he Cormati~e categories of the specific Iormerivee are orten, bu t' not. always,

give n below t he fo!mative, along with th e meaning- oC the Cormat ive. . For

example:

mg
R
apsk
M
.
VF
II
aLong larg e round

Th e abb reviations that are used Cor the various- Cormative cate gories when.

lab elling ~ord parts are as follows: preverb (P), root .{R),,,medial (M) noun final .. ----

(~). verb rLD.a.i _~~rtiele final (PFJ and inflection (I!. 'The '1'1 theme:.!!! of

TI ver., has been Jabelle1 TI/t~, as in

TJ el~kw .t - m: -.Irep air or fix it -

R VF ~I/th
TI

The roeus~ ~LthiS - ~tudY is 00 ' word formation and .oot on ' inn~cti()nal

..~ :'
 /~ .' .'

'<J "
21

~orphology "which looks at the ~arious torm:' ot I;DY one word. Wh at is ot

interest ' b h~w t he word"Iormatives [preverb, root , medial and fi~lI) ruceuc e in

-~ the st ructur ing ot M ic~ac words. Consequently, the inOed ional ending! ot word!
have been marked solely to indicate their position in terms ot t he overall internal
•
--- '.
stru ct ure o( Micmac words and no attem pt has been made to discuss t heir tol"tn'or
tunctioQ:-- - .: . .' )

1.8 Ort bogf'aph;y

1.8.1 M icm ac s oun d lI;yate m

. '\

T he overall design.ot any or~~ography must take - in~ cou ideraiioo th e ' .;-;,

ph,':ology or lh. langoag. it wee developed to repr es..t. Before d" ,db;ng t he i .

Micmhc· ortho~apb! uSed in this stu~. a' brier aoalysis win -be' ma~ or the

pbODOlogic~1 syste m ot Micrnae wbich ca n be represe~ted as (ollo~s:

CONSONANTS
. obstrue Db P t k kw q 'qw- t s

so" nts I m o.
vowELs,
sbort

loog i. e. a. o. u.

10 MicrJ.1a~·, obetrueeu occur ,naturally as unvoiced' pbonemes aod normally

~ecome
. ... (

voiced a~lop honically when between ~els (Hewson 1 ~80:1l 5 , Fide.lholtz

.

1 976 :~). Tb e rm t ~nd second. word ot eatE.h, set ot examples belo.w show '
 22

unvoiced c bstruents in initia l ot final postion and/o r in eonscueet cluste rs. Th e

third word or each set shows th e obstruen ts occurring voiced inte rvoeallcully.
Ipl
~ IPemiyetl : ~(::y;.fllks.
~ aptJ!
&Illi sibu · river"

N
~
~
I'i'ipl
qapa w) .
' water wwl "
' waterfall"
~ nu aet] ' She breast-feeds '

Itl .1. ,- .
--~- _ .
-
" .
-
;
- - --:.. nt ank a'Iaw lsibitl
n?tanka.lawJ
"S/ he stre tches or yawus'", •
' calr"
\} ekwitamet ekwldemet] "S/ be, fish~~ '

1'1
emgwa oii'j ,..
rmqwan?l!I.
.~ r,
' spoon"
(jpei.~
.~
" little bird"
m ijizit ' S/ he ents"

Ikl
ke lusit IketuzitJ ' speak "
k eskuk k eekuk ] " Itis hea vy"
ika't iga.t] "arr ive"

IqJ
~
~
!M!!!
I'T~~t'WI
ella
a Gam)
.
-
" log" -
"It goes'
' snowshoe"

The Micmac souorants 1, !!! and !!.'normally become syllabic after obst rueiits.

Co~.sequen t IY , if the obstr~ent which pr ecedes the eccc rent is itself prece~ed by a

vowel,.th ;n ,the obstrue nt bec~mes voice~" a.s it is no: in an intervocalicposition

\
be tween two syliabic elements . For example, the final
. .
! r. r"~ [n!pidn] -m y
--- ' band - becomes sy·U~bic .wben it follows the obstruent!...... a.'eonsequence ~f tlie

! . becoming syllable, the .obs t ruep.t ! beco~es phonetically fdJ as it is ibte rv?cll.li.c

between [i) and In). For fu'it her exo.mples of sOb-arnnts which be~ame syllo.bic

aft er obstrue nts see below. " '

 ..
.,,~ , .~' .
23

!!J!!mil &dIUqJltl . ·S/he rests-

~ weiUdretl -kettle-
-salmon-
// ~ p!amu
..~.................. ..J!!.!!!. 1k~d, -.mountain ridge~

Thoug~.Jbe -50nOraDts L !!!. and !!. in Micmac are predictably 8yll~bie alter
.i-« :
- obstruents. they may of,may not be syllabic alt er vowels . [Hewsce UI80:118)
I. NI mll.lteiiuei ImalUtjjueil -hammer·
2. N1mal'tew rna,dewj . -blood;

3.TI~
4." NA am 'palewit Ipe'l'lPllml
aJ!lbalewitl ,

.l
1aw~d~Zltl
5 .NA~ J;l?t aJ}t k a.~ awl
6.AI~

When :1 !!! and !1 play the role of syllabic core &8 in examples 2, 4 and 6· above

. they ' are twice\he l~h of ",their n~n:~)'Uabic rcnos, and \re 'in ~very way tb!'

equivalent or vowels. It ~ obstruent which follows a syUabi~ sonofut L In.or!!. is

its elf followed by a vowel, the obstruent will beCOVice~ as a result of its

intervocalic P.~OD . For example, the !!. er AI awan'tas 'it ·S/he Corgets- is

syllabic: BecaWle!!. is sy~abic, .the foUowing! is in an intervo calic environm ent

between!!. and ~~d consequently becomes phonetic [d].

~owels i~ Micmac : five long Ii. J and

.
There are eleven e. a. o. u. six

short Ii e a c U ~ I. Phonemic schwa oCCUr! lD Micmac in such words as

...
NA mki!ln [mka su) -moccasin - : A, non-phonemic schwa may also occur tI9 a

protbetic vowel. word . initlaiIy, olteo. b~lore an extra~syll·abic, cbetruent ae in ,XP

k!ik. (.k.t~kl ·other- . The~s~al syllable structure i~ Micmac is CVe; thu s U; a

word such as
.' I
 the rmt. k.or the word is an estrIHyUabic ob9truent~ that. is, it is o~lde of tbe ~
eve table made up of (-tMI; when t.his happeD! the extraosYllabicobstruent. .

.. otte~ bas a preceding prothetic vowel. ....

.1,' _ ' _

The short vowels i and .!!. also have ncn-eyllabie ellopbcnee (yl and [w]

respec.tively.
"In the discUS9ian that has gone on concerning a basic ort.hography
ror writing Micmae, t.here baa been a strong and-eontinued resistance on
the part or nat ive epeekere to the adoption of both!! and 1.0 't he claim

~~:gt:~a~a~~~~ :::a::rn~:e~a~~t Misa:~a~ s:r~g~~p~~:~e :::: Q'

other phoneme. And in ract, since the traditioD~ .orthography
represents both thesnounds with vowelsymbols, the oQ.us hypothesis
to -be examined is that (YI is an allophone or, the high front vowel li(
and [w] ls .t he allophone of the high back vowel lu;'- ' (Hewson
1080:115)

.As the result of tbis allophonic variati~n of luI ""'oJ [w] and IiI -- Iyl we find .

p';' ~1i1-J lis ·NI.~tui·klUikn -~y book- and NI ~ -~ook-. In

'~~t-ul'katikD: [~1t~UtadikIJJ -my book- . the.!!.is syllabic &t'it follows an obstruent

...' (we ,~a.ve already ' hOWD (Se~,tiod' 1.6.1) that ·n:.m~liy in Micmac ~no;a~ts which
(ollow obeeruenee are syllabic):1 However, in ~ [wi.kadikol ·book.- the

phoneme /ul is DO longer in .epositioo 6Csyllable core and thus becomes DOD-

syUa6ic (wJ.

The Micmac phonological system also co~tai~ two lip-rounded -cbetruents,

jkwj and jqwl as in AI ~ leluk~tl .Sjh~ works· a~ NA em9wani~i

lem1qwant~.tJ ·spoon·, These two phonemes coi:\trast with Ik+wj abd-J-q+'I,

, th. ph"n,ll. ,;'ul, 1 w\';h is (ku' and (qui reepeeti"ly h...use er lh.

... ~U~bification of sonor ts 'alter obst"ts,

 --:'-::. 25

1.8.2 Franc Is/Sm it h ortbography

The Mic~ae ort hogra phy which ha.s been used throughout t hi!J thesis is the

Fran ci!l/ Smith ~ ri.~ i n g syste m dev eloped in th e early 1970's by Bernie Fra ncis and

. Doug Smith . Th ough' most of th e data. in t his study was dr awn (r om th e DeBlois

. ae d : MetaJlic lexicon, which uses an updated adap tation of t he P acifique .

.. . L
orthography , all words -have been tran slit erated into the -F ra ncis/ Smi.t h

..o rt~o~ap hy. T his o~thography was chosen Ior two reasons: the fieldwor k ror the

studywee done in Cape Br eton wher e the Fra ncis/ Smith writin g method. is, at

presen t, the most 'c.o.mmonly.used ort hograph y;.and ~ork at Memoria l Universit y ~.. .
has 8tw8y'S used tb is ort hogra~hy . wb ieb was adop ted by the New.found lan d

Micmac 8!
,
th eir official spelling system oifrthe mid 1070'5.

. The' Fra.ncis/S mith ort hography is a phonemic writing system , which uses
e.
, . ...-
the following symbols to represent th e sound system of Micmac.
CO NSONANTS
. obst ruent: p t k "kw q qw j s

sonor ants: 1-1' m e-e m'

,
-0"'0. ' y - (i) w - (U')

VOWElS
\. short:

\ .
. )
loog: i' , e' a' 0' u'

T he symbo ls used io the F ra ncis/S mit h writi ng sy~t!m to represent the '

obstr uents of Micmac,are t hose of th~ un~~iced obstru~nts 2. ~1. k. 1, b! ~ ~

 se
and the voiced cbsuueat]. All the unvoiced obst ruent, of Micmtlc' have Yok ed

allophones, which ate predictable by position: i.e. voiced obstru'e nts typically

occur iatervccalieel ly. Because the voiced obstr uents of Micmac are predictab le

by position. they ' are not represented in the ortbograpby by separa te symb ols.

Fo r example , the [pI of AI ~ fpema.qJ "swim along" and the [hI of AI ~

[etebi t] " look around " are both eepresented in th e orth ograp hy by I!..

Th e so~oraDts /1/, 'Im/ aDd/ nJ bev e sylla bic 'allophones m.[T] and l ~l l

which occur predictably a.ft~r obst ruents and unp redictab ly afte r vo wels. On ly

whe n these syllabic allophones occur unpredictably after vowels are tlie symbols

r..!!Land!L used to represent them , for examp le, Nt mal' lew Imnld e.wl " blood.",
".:. NI muo 'U Imu~d il - bag" and NA am'p.ilewit !n!'9bo.lewit! " d~ctor" , I~ nil

predi~tably syllabic and non-syllabic p~siUQ'the symbols 1, ill nnd a are used~ At
~ ledek !l "they are there " and NI ~ la.dlay?k l · shirts; . :
"','
T h e nou-sy llahics (wI and Iy) a re allophones of /u/"nd Iii ,respectively end
are represented in the Francis l Smith orthography by the sym bols ~ and 1, Thu s

the syllabic lui o r AI tui etew [tuiedew] '- S/ be will go outside " i!J represented by

t he symbol ~ wh en not the core or tbe syllable as in AI 'tew iet [tewiei] - S/ he goes

outside." . -' " " ../ '

Francis and SfQt 2;he symbol ! to represent the schwa sound in Micm~c .
. W hen schwa ;? ccurs as a non-phonemic prothetic vowel as in N1 kkat l~k klltl
"your (sg.) Ico t " , the schwa ' . no t rep resented in the spelling of the word .

J:lowever, in wor ds where schw a is ph onemic it, is represent ed in the spelli~g of t~'e
 r . 27

. \'

CHAPTER, TWO

Mic mac Root~

\~
\
.~: -. ..
.' . . ;, -' ~:
. . ~..;. ",.:,
,~'. .-.~. " ' .. ': .",
 .c>: 28 •

OJ .

Words in Micmac . are made up of several meaningful par, ...-much as a n

English phrase is made up or several word s. For example ' the Micmac word AJ

la'taosun-a'la-g - It is equivalent in volume to a bucket - is made up of th ree

ditrereo,t meani ngful -elements: l r la.'tagsun- · ~u e ket· 2. :!1! "equivalent in.

volum ~to · 3. :s "third person inanimate singular ". Tbesemeaoiogful elements

have been called lexemes (sedi6d 1.;..2) ~t!Ja.t is, minimal unit" of lexical meaning .

Once lexem~- are utilized in the C;matiojof a speeifi.c Micmac word they tak~ on
cert ain grammatical Iunetioue, dep end~D {;. UPOD their position within the wo rd ,

and a.m.r~~u~tiealized as c;>ne of the COUt ~a.in . ro;m~thie ~ategories: pteve rb

(PV), ,l'oot\(R), edial (M) and final (neue final ~ NF , verb tina l • VF and par t icle

Iinal - PF) . Th e tiltb~tive'

.....,.
ca~egorj', inflection {II, has no lexical meaning
.
what ever. ."< , ~.
In this chapter the position within'Mk~.words of the root fo rmative is

discussed, as well as issu~~ concerning roots and d~~. ,-nouns, extended r.?Ots
and the na ture of initial cheuge.

2-:1 Roots

.... _.~.~_n~ _~~ :s~~t~o.[( 2.0

.
~~o:e,. le~emes become gramm,ticalized tor
.
the
 '.' :~
\
,.
purpose of word format ion tak ing 00 the role or preverb. r~o t , medial or final.

There are two basic types of Iexeme: dependen t and indepe~~~l. .lndependent
" . . \
lexemes may Iuect ion as roo~s or prev erbs , while de pendent lexemes may {unct ion

gram ma tica lly as me dials, noun finals or verb finals. Ver y r~w lexemes a re
\
.capable ot playing both dep endent and inde pendent roles.

Word ror m a ~ o n in Micmac is primar ily based on independent lexe mes w hich

Iunctioc as roots. \;verr wor d in Micmac whethe r it be nou n, particl e or verb,

must conta in a root ~'Ar~ot.like entity . For example:

AI 51159 - it n • , - t · S/ be has a pug Dose",
R M VF\ I
AI .' \ ',
f la t nostri l.

• XP ~
'e very whor e
\~~'Y~b"'" '

Nl 'miik
R
,_ ~ npll
NF
I'? ~dirtY~
ate.r .

di rty !.late r con t ai l'li!9"

parti c ul ate mat eri a l .....

T b. root ~ ,~. base or the Micmac

. /
';~,d and '" such it is thdOnm~ve
~~ O· .

which othe r rormatives (preverbs, mediale and ~nals) are directly or indirectly
. .. .
lLtt ac ~ ed . A:' the base, the rootwill be th e first formative in ~be word exce pt

. " .
when preced ed by a preverb or possessive pr efix.
\

.
.
-------- ---.~
.
 30

2.1.1 -NC;~n and pa r ti cle eccts

Many Micmac words, specificclly nOUDS and particles, consist ....oly of /I, root,

with DO othe r formative. Conseque ntly root uud noun, o r root nnd patrlcle, nee

often identical in form and meaning, as seen below.

ROOT NOUN -

~ , "foam " N1~ "roam"

u'u- ' foS" NI u'n "ros"
~ "nell." NA~ " nea"

ROOT P ARTI CL E to
.!tiJ: ' you' (singular) ill ' you' (sin gular)
well- ' who ' wen ' who' • \ ' /
!J.E:. "abo ' !l.R. -'also' "', . __.....
~ ' always' ~ ~Il 'kow " nlways". , /""'..,....
" . .
th~t is not to say, however, that nouns and particles have always sill)ply roots as
',-
t heironly ror m.! t ive. NO~DS may consist or root pl us nou-n finnl as in

\ ' Nl iijkluewju
,<i ~h=ep
api.. - ' wool"
NF
s t M.'V

or root plus m edialtplu s noun fina l as in

\
= NJl,,:~g:,---=-_.....
pis_-=--,;~:::
~ . "apron' .
M
dxeee ed
.~~

P articles, like n O UDS, are e tt en for med from lL root plus anot her formative

with m any pa rti cles being fo~med (rom roots' plus the particle final·~.
 PX.anlip . iw
31

• partly ·
.. ---
R PF
PX ,i aw· iw s eontln uously "
PF

PX jajik- iw "along th e edge"

R PF

PX piam- iw "more than "

J/ _-Pi'

2.1.2 Verb r oo t s

Verbs, unlike some nou ns and particles, always ~bntain another format iv e .

a.rter·the ro~t. T he basic v~rb Cormative patt ern in Micmac is R + ':'F + I as in

the AI verb

AI wlll a.'si I Sibe is good ' -.

R VF
AI
good

That is, every Micmac verb must conta in at least a roo t followed by a verb fina l

and an innect iona l ending. " A lew verbs do -occur witho~t ver b' nDais; however

such verbs ar e Do t the no rm.

The beele Micmac verb Ior mjnlve pattern may be extended to a point where

a verb may conta in six ror ma; ives. over and a.bove- t he necessa ry root, verb fin a l _t_

. and ib ~ection . · Th e ext ende d verb forma tive pattern loo ks as follows:

(PV) - (PY) - (PV) - R - (M)· (M) - VF - (VF) - )

Th e bra cketed ro~mlltive'ii' ; re optional. A ~icmac verb representat ive or th e .

l
_
. . /
ex tende.~,J e rtN~ rmative pattern w~Jlld be:
. . ~
 32

TA leli· sRnkewi - nikan i - ksm - a' [ - ik - T Im I slo w,!)' pu sh him/ be r·

PV ?V FV n Vi I --...
TA

Ver bs, lik e nouns and parueles , m ust con t uin at lens t Doe root or root-like I'otity

r egardless of whe ther th e verb has a basic or extended (orm a,tivc p attern.

In summary , we may represe nt the b asic nou n formativ e patt e rn as

R + {(M) + NF } + (~ ) + (I), t he basic particle format iv e patte rn lIS R + (PF)

a nd t~e basic ver b forma tive pat te rn as R + VF + I. Th'is is Dot to say that more

elaborat e ror ma~i_ve patte r ns, such as the ex tended verbloeme tive p a uem, a re not
\ - -' ~. __ 1
p ossible. However, frorp."the three genera l formativ e patter-ns . one for nOU D !l. 001'
. ,/ \

for par tic les ~n d one for "'\ erbs .

b ase of the Micmac word .. f"~

1't is, possible
. . ' "
'to see that it is the fPot.'which is the ' "

~ --

2 .2 De rivative ~
-,
Most roots oc cur Cre ely tlS"t he base ~r verbs o r nouns 3,9 seeD'be,low.
ROOT NOUN VER ~

sisku· Nl ~ Il sis ku-i-k

.~ - mud- "mud" "it is muddy"

mel'tew- Nl mal'tew TI 'm al' tew~a ' t-oq

" blood" "blood" "l b loody him / her·

!!l!W:
·dress·

te'sl00w.
" horse"
r:
Nl rnak or

NAte'sipow
'horse "
PI m akot-a'-g
S/ he wear,' n. dress·

PI re'sl ow. !i.'.

' S b e goes by horse"
\
So me roots , however, whose sense is usunlly nominal, require tbe addition or '
 , .. ,!
33

t he deriv ati n lutn x ~ b ef ore the root ea u ad as th e base « » verb . This post-
r a dleel ele ment m:ly be see n in the (ollowin g examples:
NOUN VERB

NAtl!!
R ~ ~:it °d
:;.-v~· j /
• w oman - "beeomee woman'

NAk2lli
R
' b eu er'

. NA!!!.Y.L.!!
'R'
' b ear"
AI kapii . ew· t'ke - t
R <U'J" .
' hu nt beaver '

AI mul'e- ew -ga mik.si-t

•act I~k. a~:~r' Hi

VF I

VF I
r
i t,» " '

-; .
The d erivat ive ~ is also used to recycl e .. verbal jcnn in to a noun .
, VERB NOUN
"
Inf. !posi . mt NI e p . si .....m k . ew. ei
R vr I (8 VF I l der . NF
"to he hot ' ' rever' .

In r. DlD3m~- ie - mk M n aDll.m - ie -mk: ew-ei

R VF I ( R . VF I ) dee , NF
' to rod: or swing' ,".roc king-cha ir·
.
n lam- e' · k
,~ N1 I a.m · e' · k - ew - E'i
~ fR ~j 1) d6)'. NF
' I t bunder ' · un derga.rme n t"

Umaatew . a'. g
R VF I
'It b black'
"

. ' ';;-~. '.'-.: .... ::,:.;.•.. .

' -; -. .-.'
.....
34

T he t hir d situa tio n. in wbieh ODe finds th e use o f Uie derwe uve ' II-era ~, ~

in. the d eriv ~tiotl o! what we would c.all in English " possessive proDouns· but

~ whic h in Micmac are ma.rked as noun s by noun fin als, ~ for es empt e. kilewti
. ~
"you n (5g.) ". Th e DOUO ni'o· ew·ei "mine" is derived from t he the u e pcesessed

proD~UD lli "lI me " whose ~Ie Cormative is the root m:. "lI me". ,o ne also sees
_the ~' s u rrlX occurr ing in the derivat ion of the inanimate noun ~ or,

"it " from the animate pronoun nekm menning ·' /he o r her/ bi.m " . ~ .
l - rbe derivative ', umx ~ appea rs to be a ~orphOIOg:iC~1 'mar ket ..rbicb

indicat es a ch ange in grammatical slatus:. noun from verb, ver b from oo un, no un

from pr onoun or inanim ate Irom anima te, as in t he pronoun ~xo.mpl e gtvenle th e

preceding pa ragraph . fn the use of ~ to derive nominal for ms Ir o m verba l'

sum~~ appear s to reshape the total verb jcrm, incl uding inflection, ~
rorl , the
.
so t~ at, the ve rb plus+:!U! acts as a. root- like entity to which a. noun fin31.rn3Y b ~
.

added.
I
However, wit h .res ped to the derivation or verba l Iornu Irom nom inu rornu,

more in'festiga tion must be doneD~rore eoneh aions may be dr ewe l.lI to wh1 som e.

ucm in al roots , but not all, require the SUrfiX ~ belore 3cti~g as t he roots of

verbs.

It should be not ed' that t here is a TA verb filial :,!!! .whicb marks T A ver bs

l.lI do u ble goal as in .:<, ~

TAika'1aq ew } -I sew or plan t. it ro;)im/he(- . ../ ...--: . .'
R VF
TA
p lCV1t doubl. goal _~ .~

THe derivati~e sur~~ , .~!hOUlq not ~ to'riYu~ wit h the T~ 'i\dublc goal ver b

fmal ~ ~hich·' b.a.s tbe same ~hape, b ut is a totall~.nt.-rormative.

. .. ~ . •........---. :;- '" ..-. .
 .as

.2.3 D epen de nt nouns

D~ pendeDt DOUDJ, denoting body parts, k inshi~ t er ms and a rw

intimate

posse ssions, onl y·-oc.cyciJ!- pos.sessed fOfm and consist of a p ossessive prefix

followed by a medial, as in Micmac . 0 nilnu e my tongu e -; B:. is the fir st person

singu lar possessive prefix while , :i!.!m: is the medial meaning "ton gu e".

Bloomfie ld (lg46 :104) describ es d ependent nouns as contai n ing a. m edi al but

ilO r oo t. Howe ver, the depen d ent noun stems created by the poss essive prefixes

,aod a ttsc bed medials of dependent nouns, thoug h not roots, do Ju ne/ion as roots.

For example, in the ¥icmiLcAI verb

AI rna i i _ t iS/be has a lar ge tongue -

PV VF I
AI

POSSESSED STEM
ACTI HGAS ROOT
r .
we se e the depende nt nou ~ stem w-ilnu " bis tongu e' acting as a. r oot in secondary

derivatio n. As Blqomfield (l g4 6:105) po ints out " Depend en t nouns take the prefIX'

we-w hell'seconda ry' d; rivation is ~B.de (r~m th~, .... .

/ ~.~. AUomprphlc va:r iatlo n o f ~ots

.Micmac roots ex h.ibit va rloue kinds or a:llomorphic variation: Some roots

"<, drop or I~ngtheri final .vowels b~rore~ eoesenan te. Ot her roots exbibit initial -

~"g.: ,- -

" ~_ .' -::

 2.-6. 1 Erlen ded root.-

Mitmac roots en ding in a eonsona;nt ma,.. h~Te ~Ilomorpbf with an ~ded

vowel. Such roots. w hen they retain t b,eir (mal vowel, are l aid to bi extended.

Roots which end in a .vcwel, U!u&1Jy l eI. la/ or Jo/, ret~ th is vo...w betore

form a tives b eginning with consonaDts and 1000e the yo,,":,el 'berore .ro rm ~tiv es

_ _ _ _ _~
b e:ginniD g -w i th voweb. ' The verb s below exempliry this phenomenon,

AI oa g5ipk-e lm.j..t...
~~:;~~'::t:roo~:
-S/ he burst out laughing "
AI pag5ipke-tem. i.\ -S/ be b'urst out crying -
I
Non-extended root: TA sepus-i'!Hk -I sew an animatll'thing -
Exte n ded root: , Il se puse-te-k -It is closed up -

Non-extended rool: AI sB5ctit n· a· t -S/ be is pug n~ed -

Exte:nde4 roo t: AI sasga-pi-~ - S/ he is nat -

Non-exten ~ root: TA De'i-am· k "I Yisit hiin/ ber -

Exten de9 root: '·AI ne'ia:-puku oa'sj..t "S/ be makes a brier
,a ppearance on root-

. Non-extended root: T A me5gan.a'l-ik -I lay or "put

bim/ ber down -
.,.
Exte nded roo t: . T A mm ana-tel&-9 -I take him/ ber down with
a 5bot -

Nca-exteuded root:
Extended root:
AI~
AI~
-S/ be is dressing-
~ S/be is dressed-
"
 37

lo ng vowels is Dot surprising,. as in Proto- Algonkian th e d eletion of sho~t vowels

-
ber0,a.long vowels w¥ a p redictable phenom enon. {Bloo~fi eld 1946:Q3j

. 2.4 .2 Len gthening or root fln a t j u!

Roots may also be extende d by a lengthening "of their final vowels. . This

happen s il, and only if, the Iina l vowel is lui and the root is followed by a

forn:tative beginning with a consonan t. Hist orically, Micma c roots in final ~ are

trom P roto-A1gonijan roots in final s-aw . "lu the combina tion o f word-Icrrniug . >
·,_., elements (in Pr.o t~AJgonkiaDk when an element ending in a n c nsyllab ic 'is

followed hr an element beginning with a consonan t or clu ster a connecti ve . j-

a ppears betwe en them ·(Bloomtield .11l46:g0). T hus in Proto-Algonk ian wh en a

root origina lly ending' in *waw w as follow ed by a Cormativ.e begin ning w i t~ a

consonant, an ~ was add ed to tb e ~, giving ·'lI.wi wbich resul t: ~n ~ in.

modern Micmac. Examp les of ex tended roots with lengthene d foo l rin a l · /ul

be fore eoasonants er e as follows:

Non-extende d root : "It is crooked "
Extended root ' ''It is plac ed croo k edly"

• -Non-extend ed foot : "S/ he-has a snack "'

Extended foot "S/ be ea ts tbe sc r aps"

Non-extended root : TI tetapu.a't-og "I please it"

Extended i& t: Tl tetapu'-s-m "I cut it right"

Non-extended root: "S/ he sinks In "

;/ ' -
Extendedroot:~ •I pull him /ber in by ro p e'.
 38

In contras t to the a~ve situation where roo ts ending in !u!lellgiben their '

root rmal vowel belore cceecaeate, noun roots ',often lase a final luI when nat

followed by a ",urru:.See below:

NA iL!!.!!! "man '
NA ll-ji'nmu.m • "my man'
AI ji'nrnu-i·t "beo('ome a m an"

NA !i!:!n ' moose"

NI th,'rn u.lLpi "moo se thong'
AI till'mu·e ' k~t "hu nt moose-

NAjiikluewj ' sh eep"

NA jijkluewju.a.p t \ ' wool , yaro '

NA ~ j 'lobster"
AI jllke ju- e'k.e-t 'trap lobster '

2.4.3 Premedlab and p ren n a ls

·IJ __
Medi als and verb finabJ m~y take a. prertx ~ ar !:..... These pt'erlXes 4all~d

pr emedials or pr ermals, depending on whether, the prefix is att ached to a medial

or a ver b final. ' When one notes an Ie! or la/ bet ween a root and a medial or a

root and a verb final, on e must be able to determine whether it is an ext e nsion of

thercct or a part, 01the medial or ve!b flnal.

One way to determine the statu s of an /el or /al arter a root is to delete

"the Ie/ or la/ from the word. It t he word ill cons idered ill-formed the"!el or lsi

is &II extension of the rooCFor example, AI kekne-9i-t 'means "S/ he is d r essed" .

~ *kekn -si-t, however, is cODsidered'm-formed ; it is Ilot~ a word in Micmac . Root

final vowels which act ai root extensioll!l before WllSOnants beve no meani ng;

, theirs is a. phonological ro le not ,& semantic one. r

 • i

The sa me is not true of preflnals and premedials. Th ese preJEe_ e ofte n

m enn ingtu l (Blooml'ield, l Q46:104). W hen a. prel'inal or prem edial is del eted the

, ab sence of the lei or /~/ results in a ehau gaof meaning. For exa mple T A

pem -pll·k means - I move an anima t e thing along by means or a rope - while ,TA
\
pem·apll·k means "I move an anima t e t~n g o rr the ground by means of

a r ope' , TA pogt-ipll. k2 means -I start to drag or pull an animat e thing by .

mean s of a rope" while TA pagt.a pil-k mea ns "I sta rt tocarry a~ ani ma te thi n,g

0 1T t he g round by mealls?( a rope" , One ca n,see fr om these two exa mples th at

the TA/TI final:lli2il mean ing ' per t aining to strin..g l takes OD a different, sen~e

whe n the prellnal !:. is added to it. The ~A/:rI verb final:!2!1 with prerioal .!!::.,

means • the useof a string such that it holds something orr t he ground - .
fo, / •

;",. _ ",

2 . ...4 Initial change

Initial ch/loge is a phenomenon of word initial syllables in Micm ac which

res ul ts in full ~nd reduced root and ~reverb3 allomorp .' 4~h 8..'l ~!!mill:/"'" P.!!!.ill:
. - 11.lon:go. R educed initial syllables occ ur: 1) i -erb CormS that predica te' unre al

tim e ~uch as the Iut ure, imperative, ote'ntial conjunct an~ condition a l tenses 2)
in roots of verb, and in pr s not in word initial position and 3) in nouns. In

, ' the reduced form Qr~ end preverbs thcJirst syllabic bas ~en reduced to zero
by a proce/ otG:torICal phonological cbange (see seeuce 2 41) Reduction or

2E 4 eUSSIODor theocellUellee O(!ID slIcblormsllSl!2!I!!J!.!!.!leeS el: o~2 ." ,

A 70r l (ull
_ .. " do,. I'"
dlS(\I~IOD of prnerbl lu ' Cha pler Three
"
Prevu bl are ror rnatlves whleb precede
\
»-: ./ '
.
t ,--_:-
 r 40

' T AB L E I '
Full and Reduced R oo ts

-Fu ll Roots Redu ced Roots

1.
II meiik-e'- k "a dirty day' NI mJlk- apu " dirty wate r "
AI m ellk.apew. i. t "have a dirty race" NI mlik- e i "dirty'
R .R
di l't':I dirt y

2.
TA elukw-a l-k "repair; fix' NA ~ ' worker"
. " , AI eJukw-e- t •work " NA J u k o'W.a.g ~ n • work'
II elukw-e-k "work" Nt lukow · nqan-e'kmuti "tool-box"
R
-,--
TI elukw-at-m • · rep~i ~; fix" sork:
work

3.
AI w eek-e- t "rlSh" AI awan i- wsk -e-t "to fish w ith out
- R-
fi nh -;t;( skill"

..
AI !!!2:.!::1 ' sleep'
\
AI oagsi- n p"ll. t__ ' sleep easily '
R R
. s leep e l -ee p

6.
II k esk-e'ck II wt5ami. ksk-e'. k "too wide "
- R--
R
l.1ide wide
 41 '
' '\ .
\. ,.
'\ TA~!k · push" TA ni kani-ksm-B'I-
R
'~k", "pus
.
h ahead ·
R
p ush push

./

\
 .
.,.
initial syllabll!3occurs only it th e rlrS~ sYlfabic ::,~ his~riuUY .!!. ' ! or ' 2 . Table
I gives'examples of both the Cull and reduce d forms of v-B:r io~ 5 roots.

Wh~D a cluster or \bree consonants occurs in Micm~c, . \chw& (i) is iDse~ted

to break the cl uster (eCe +C CiC) as-in for exam ple AI nsil-tes ' I willunde rstand

(it)- . the future or nest-m "( understand (it)- . When init ial cbange S;ives rise to &

triple~onant clu'st er in the reduced form ~ the word, one would- expect a

../ schwa to be inserted to break up the clus ter. This is ex actly what happens all the
\.
fol1ow_~g examples ehc w.
AI pog ji-wsikew-e'.k "begin to laugh" V9. AI ~ ' laugh"
PV R WI R VFI
AI AI
begi!! laugh " la u.g h

f. AI~ ,,' p arLly saneO vs. AI ~ ' o f sound mind "

PV R VFI R VF I
partl.y I AI under -
. s tand
AI

understand

"Th e schwa-insertion rule is sen sitive to <tiftun vo wels in tbe post

environment-(Fidelholtz 1063:80). Consequentl y. tbe acbwe often lI.SSimilates to

the vowel of the follow ingsyllable. For example :

. ""-
AI ~ "I am happy ' V9. ~ >

(Fid elholtz 1063:80)4

4Th IptllJDI ~ uaed b:y FidelJ!.oJtl(I Od3:801 for Micmac " I _01 be wcit by.· b';'
bHo. cball&ed to wtikltuite! to co~rC1 pond to the Fr:Lneil/S mit b ort~olrapbl Qltd lbrou&bQ ut
Ihil diMertaUoll. F ldelbolb 'l lllJIl lat iool ' l am happy' Illd '1 will be b ppy o IhoQldread °1 am
heay, - aad ~I will be beay,. ~
 As WIL5 ment ioned at t he beginning or seerioe 2.4.4 reduction or initiaJ

syllables, in Mlemae , is round in thre e situa tio ns:

I. ln verbs that pred icate unreal time [futur e, im pera tive, potential
conjuDct,co nditiona.l)

2. in verb roots and p reverbe not in initia l pos i~ion

3. in nouns.

Th e verb tenses which signiry unr eal t ime are the rutu~e, imp erative, "

conditio nal and the potential ro~ju~e,t. Ver b root,' e~ot.ained in veebs Injlected '

ror llny or the aforem eat icc ed tenses will occur in redu ced form . T he rollowing

. exa mp les are r~oin ~ ~ - S/ he is name d "

:Wa~t;~u~e~:~~"
fut ure: tl- uisi-tew
imperative. t l·u isi
pote n tial conjunct: ~ . - U sl he is called th en..••
conditln oah ' t1-lI ts j..S - S/ be would be ca lled ·,
-- ~

However, pr~verbs' 'and ' roots or verb Iorme inflect ed Ior tenses

rep resentative of ru l ti me i.e. pr!!Sent, past , subj u ndi~e, ..infi~ ~~Q.~e-.

tempo ral conj~nct occ ur in Cull form ~ exe~plliiei:l .by the verbs listed below.
prese nt: -S/h~ is Darned "
past: - S/ he was Darned-
subord inat ive: . '- tb llt slbe is named "
infinit ive:. "to be n am ed "
temporal conju nct: - ~ben slbe is n/med.:. ·

. A3 describ ed

tbal ..lhetirst'sYI
a~ , certain situat ions, as Cor exam ple prese nt tense , dict ate

~ or words must'conta~.iI. a Cull vowel.' Fer example:, in present . J'

'''" \
.\
"

,.\··l
 \

the root "along" is in Its IullIoem i.e. .I!!.!!!:.. tr one were to add a preverb to t h i~

verb (IS in

AI weli pm ie t " S/ h e ~~ves along well"

PV R vr I
AI
lo ad al.org

we note th at th e root "along" now occurs in its reduced form, I!.!!!.:

longer in word initial posit ion. Th e prever b weti- is now in word initial position

and, as this word is in the ' pr-esent tense, mus.t occ ur -In full form l.e. W(ll-
(IS it is no

n.'l
.-
~pposed to reduce~-'form ~. It is possible, however, to add yet anoth er prcverb

to this word as in

AI teli' wli pm ie ; "T hus sl he moves along w9U". ,

PV ,-/, V R VF
-c, AI
t h«s jo od a l.ong mov cne nt

In t his situation w see both con-initial.' root - along" an d preve rb " gO()~"

oc c u ~rin g i n red uced form with only th e word initial preverb ~ ' th us"

occurring in its full for k!:,.

Last! were.·to change the te nse of t eliwlipmiet "T hus si bil' mQve~·

long ell- from th e present tense to a te nse which ls mark ed by initial cha nge,

such as th~ fut1l'te , we would-note that even the ini tial eoe t of tbe word ~ou l d be

reduced giving

AI t1i • 'tt.'li - pm • ill' • tew "Th us sl he will move along well".

PVpy R VF
. A!
t hus fPOd ", "lory ", oV<Jllen t

~. .. '
 45 .,..- .-

Thill we see that only word initial syllables exhibit full a~d reduced

allo~orph~., ADy root or preverb which is not in word b.itial position OCCu"in its

reduced form only .

The last situatio n in which one finds reduced roots is-IDnouns . The roots or

•nouns will always occur~ redu ced form it the root has a. syllab le structur~
cond ucive to root redu ction, that is if th e first syllabic ot tbe root is an /e/ or in

some cu es-a'l/a/ or / 0/. Examples of nouns with reduced roots are given below.

Reduced nominal root : Nt tm-a 'ki -t-t-aoan 'a saw'

Full verbal root: . . AI tem-a 'ki-pu -I-k 'S/be saws (it) down '

Reduc ed nominal root : NI kseuk-o'kuom ' bospi tal'

. Full verbal root : AI kesinukw·a-t ' S/ be is sick'

lI.4 .4. ~ Hlato r leal na ture or In lt l.1 change

The phenome non of initial change in Micmac was originally a char acter istic

of the Pr oto-Algonkian conju~nct. Th: Proto-Algonkian co~j unc~!rJY-pica1--ot

- conjunct.
.
subordinate "and embedded clauses, exhibited both a changed and unchanged

Th e ebenged conjunct was characterized by the addition

.
the infIX

*:!I: ' so tha t the roo t *~ 'see' becomes *wayip- in th e' aradigms at tbe
conj~ nct order. T he short y owels may also have had the same element prefixed:

but vowel ecutractioe has obscured the situa tioD·,Hewson 1980:4). .

. . . . ~ . .

. The independe nt. order ot modem -dey .Micmac -evolved Cram the Proto-
 Algonkian ,han.od ,onjun,t. A>. . ;en

one finds the ' ruu' form 01~~ts such a.s Micmac
,:·~~nt. ~ 'cut
orr' in verb rotmS
.--PJ'edicated rOt real tim e i.e. the pr esent , past , temporal

con~tive and inrmitive , tult word initia l eyllebles beiDg 9~rvivor3 or

the original changed co oju nct.

The reduced form oC preverbs and verb roots such a3 !mill:. ' cut oU' ere

found in verb Corms a lt he futu re, imperative , pbt eoti al conj unct and conditional

tenses, which originated trom the unchanged conjunct. N OUDI were also formed

from th e unchanged form or the root. In the reduced torms or preseot-d ay

Micmac roots, both verbal and nominal and in preserb e, th e initial vowel of the

....o riginal P:O~~I~(lDkiau. uucbeuged conjunct has disappear ed ent irely a.s a

consequence of th e nat ure of Micmac- phonology, ~ h ich provides for the re duction

of some short vowels in unstresse~ syllebles.

2.6 Summary

T he root Cormative i! usuall y the first Iormetive of the Micmac word, unless - -'
J
preceded by a possessive prefIX or preverb. Th e root is the base--aC..!b_~ _~ic mac

word and as such is th e formative to whicb preverbs, med ials, noals aod

luflecti ou el endings are direetl y or ,.indirectlY attached . All Micmac words conta in

a root or root-like entit y.

Th e derivative :ri! is a morpb ological mark er which is ad ded to root! to
indicat e a chan ge of status i.e. verbal root from nominal foot and nouo root from

J
..
 47

pronoun or part icle root . w he n verb for me run~tion as roo ts or stems of nOUDS in

secondary derivation, the y also require tile add ition or th e derivat ive suffix ~. r

Dependent nouns which do. Do t cont ain roots, b, .med ials, function as root\.

in secondary derivat ion . \ .

Micmac roots ~x h ibit al.lomorphic vari ation. Root final vowels leI, f a/ or

/0/ ar e dropped before Iormatives beginning with consonants. Root final /u/
however; is lengt hened before consonants. Some noun roots dr op root final luI
when DOt followed by a (ormat ive: . \

ROO~ and prev:rbs in Micmac ~x b~bi t initial cha rv;e, ~~:ny t oots : nd

pr everbs having both lu ll and reduced Iorms. The ru~ .of roots and

. preverbs occur in verb forms innect~d tor tenses ind~e Qr real time i.e. pest, ~
present , infinitive, sUbju ~c.tive and , t ~mpora~ conj.unc t T~r-,e hed Corms oC

roots and " preverbs occur in non-init ial word position,s and 'in verb te rms
I .
predicated Cor unreal time -i.e. the Cuture~ imperative, conditiolllll:--lmd-th~

poten tial conjunct. Roots in red uced Corm ,150 occur in nOUDS. Th e phenomenon

of initi al cbange was hist orically a charaete~tic or the Pr oto-Algonkian cbanged

I . '
conjun ct. It is th is changed conjunct t~atrepla\ced the Micmac prese nt

Independ ent indicati ve. '-..... ~ .

../-"-
~ ........... ".

48

CHAPTER THREE

Micmac Prev erbs

.1
 49

3.0 Iiit roductlon

"'f reverbs in Micmac ar e Iorme tivee w hich occur regularly before verb s and

. infrequently before nOUDS . Bloomfi eld (lg64:104) refers to pr everbs which occur

before uouue as prenoun s; however , for th e purp oses of t his discussion pr everbs

~. . will not only refer to (Or~atives which pre cede .verbal roots, bu t also to th~~e

-. (ormativ~ which pre~-, nbminal roots . Prev er bs add adv erbial, aspectu af, or

. ~~t-in(or.~~tion to t~\ ,elemenLs which they preced~~ - ---- ~

--:-:'--- ./ d t,his ~h:~t;~h~""'h:pe of prever bs will b~ discussed ~ well as thei~
. -~-~~Iiction-aDd morphological s:~ · '

" <"--~~"

3.1 Correspondence or p reverbs an d roots ' : . -~

A preverb usually corresp ond s to some root in meanin g and in sha pe,

Pr everbs end in.:i while roo ts usu ally do not . For exampl e th e pre ver b newti- ~r

j (Mver .b
- Si~ri~ks alone-
•AI newti
PV
DOll.na'm -
R VF .,. t

AI

... .
ecrr eepca dstc the -root ~ or the n .ve·rb

itp e' . -It is one night -

M • VF
. II
nig Ht

' ..
 50
f
I

Th e formative labels pr everb !2Qb medinl an d linnl repr esent gremmat lcul

categories to which different lexemes have been assigned, Lexemea may: be

gra mmatically recat egorized, which means th at the same lexica l element may at

t imes tak e a differ ent formative label indicating that its grammatical role h3.9

cha nged. For example, the sa me lexeme may occur in the root position and thus

be classified as a root or ocen,' in a preverb position and be c111S~~ed as a preverb. /

When this happe ns the lexeme in the preverb p osit ion acquires a sirnx :1; th us lVe.

say that lexemea functioning as r;;ts may be grammati cally reca tegoriaed to

function as preverbs by the a~ di tio n ?f :1.0 :i SUr rL'{. For exa mple, the preverb

~ "awkward; poorly· of the AI verb

AI awani - I ~sk e - t · S/ he is an unskilled fisherrnll.O "

PV R I ~ I
aloIkWard
.
:fi 8h

corresp onds to the root ~ "awkward; poorly " or th e Al ec rb

AI awan e "S/ hll is awkward ".

R ' VF
AI

3.2 Prever b pos iti on an d shape

When lexemes which normally Iunetic n u -roo ts -ar.e grammaticallyrecycled

to function u preverbe they are morphologically reshaped (the ad dition of :il and

. beco~e prefixed to the root of the word to which they are euecbed. The lexical
 51

meaning of such elements is. however , not ar{eeted by these change s. In Table n

thf! lexemes functioning as roots in the verbs of th e right hand celu mn have been .,/ .

gramO!a.tieally recycled to Cunction "as pre verbs in the verbs of th e len "hahd

column . We see in example 1 that the lexeme of the root weI- has been

recategcr ized as t he preverb weJi· by th e suffixatica oC:i. yet both root and

prev erb continue to mean "nice, well or gcc d ". So too, in example 2, the lexeme

or the root 2!ll!!:. - along " h8JIbeen recycled as t he prevetb·I!!!!!i: " along" with out

a cbange in mean ing.and so Cortb down the !UDs~q,!ent list or six exe mp lee. "

3.2 .1 Preverb 'Bumx :!

. »::
./" ,

In ",ti~n 2.4.1, extended <0O", ending in rmal vowels I~n':'; were

discussed. When the lexemes 01 such r~ed as prever~s, th e final

vowel is deleted be~~re the addition or the preverb sumx :i . For exam ple, when

the lexem e or th e root .rii.!5.!!: · away· as ill.

AI eHkla o' jin k · S/ he is bent, head par t away -

• R VF • I
AI
Mad bend

. ts recategorized as a preverb, the result is the preverb.tli!!!: - away - as in

TAeHk"U ksrn . '1 ik spu eh a""'&y- .
PV R VP I
TA
a»ay p",h

The root final vowel/a/ has been deleted bercee th e sutnx ation or:i. So too

when the rormativetlement or the root rneke-- · plen ty · ·as in .

 ·~ '.

:rAB L E tt Ll~ UJo (>~ (> .4~<""'J<:-~

<l-~<:.~
Micmac P reverba -- Micmac Roots "'J-:'J~,~.

", 11'''' ' ',.·.\ .- :->1..

Pr everbs Roots

1.
TA well-knu 'tm-a-q "teach ~iell · TA wet -t e- -k "hit well; meet up .
- R- -
PV
with" .,' :
geed g;od

-2.
AI p eml-tk· ie-t " get -chilly" AI pem.q3m·a'si· t
PV R
a~org alo rg

3.
TA kltto'gl-ksm-a 'l-ik " push around f TA Ic:ltto.'g-piJ.k
- PV - . R
- - .ci l'C ~ e I ""'~l'~le

4.
D wesaml-ksk::e '-k "too wide"
PV

PT
L asogoml.ksm-a't.:.og"push across- \ PI aso;om-: , "swim across "

.~--
PV
across .
ae~" \

" \ '.
\ ! \
 53

e.
AI~ "be an unskill ed AI &wan-luH.w·~t "be a poor wo rker"
PV Iishermac " R
1.J.l.!k.wrd tWkw.l'd ._ · .

-;;"

\
7. ._ - - - - - - \
_j.....__ . __ TA.-n:;r-lt: a ' ~i k "wipe dry· TA nlw- a'l-ik "dry out "
R
dPy dPy

e.
PT tetai!Ul-ksuoa't-og "take the TI tetapu'-s-m "cut rigb4P!n
PV • R
correct way correctly"
corre ct COl"j"ect

-
 TA meke te' · S/ he pieke plenty or en animllte t hiog·
a YF
FA
plel'lt"y 8erikl lJieh :vl
iI'l8t"r..cr.iPtt"

is reer eted as a pren rb; the result is meJci- · plenty · as in

AI.meki tel ,i · She has a high opinion ol he" elr- .

PY R YF
AT ../
Here we see that the root final vowel leI has been deleted before t he preverb

AUmx:i has'been added.

Th e deletion of root final vowels other than IiI before the addition of the

prever b eurrlx :i indicates that tile :i sumx or preverbs is a morpholoaic:il marker

- and not 8. phonological surra which is added to separnte consonants. H th~

function of the preverb sufra :i was purely phonologicnl (in terms or sepnrllting
two or more consoQ~ ts by a vowel), wby replace vowels i.e, root fiDal vowels la/.

leI or 101 which were alrudy doing this job by another vowel Le. t he preeerb

surra: :i1 It is d ear that the :i sulfa of pr everbe senes as a gra~mlLtical marker,

preverb lormativ es being dORbly marked as to their grnmmaticnl function by bot h

position and the preverb surflXei-

. .V~ r b roots alsomay occasionally ,qd in IiI resu l~ing in pnin of verbs such

AI kesi m" · S/h e has a st rong unpleasant odor "

R YF
AI
snlll t/
taBt "
 AI kesi
, PV
ksinukw
R
.
VF
AI
55

"S/h e is very sick " ,

ve ry 3i ak

In both or the above verbs the lexeme KESI6 meaning ' very' ends in Iii and is in

word initia l position. In the AI verb kesi-ma'· t the ~xeme KESr functions as a
root, while i~ the AI verb kesi·ksinukw· oA the same lexeme Iunctions as a

preverb. - We know that tbe lexeme KE~I, pl the first verb or the pair, is

tunctiodhtg as a root because it is followed by a verb Iiael, the AI ver b final -ma'-

meaning ' smell or .t~~ · . P rever bs may never be lollowed by a verb final; they

"must be, roll~wed ...by either a foot or anothe r preverb ...... In the second verb we see

tbnt the lexeme KES! is followed by the reduced root ksinukw ' sick" , thus in tbis

verb, KESI is tunct ioni,ng as a preverb. .

One may conclude trom the correspondence between roots and preverba just

described, tha t in Micmac lexemes characterized by unique shapes an'd specific

meani ng!!may play diflerent grammatical roles in the lormation orMicmac wor ds.
Th e grammatical role played by a lexeme depends on the lexeme's posfhon within

the word, in relation 'to the o ther lorm atives with which it occurs.

3.2 .:! Co~p lex preveebe

. One may recycle other t han a 'simple Iexeme as a preverb. It ~ possible, Ior

610 this study MkmlLe "Iexemu are wriUeq,· hi e:tpital "let;en to di:ltiolulsb t bem from
.r:unrn ,tle alil~ lex'ernes wbieb fUlIct loll :I.-' apedrie fOt rnlith'.n . .
 56 ·

example, to recycle a stem as a preverb , in which ease the wbcle stem will be

treated as a single unit. For instance, the TA verb

TAl"·R ,k
N · N
. i
preierb
51.<;]'U
- ksm · 30'\ • ik
Ii

p ~8 n
VF
l'A
"I pushed bim/her btlck"

?REVERB

contains the preve rb esetekji· which is made up of th e root~~ "bnck " , the

me~s :£k:. "directional inovemet" and ± "movement ago.inst a tr ansverse \..

surface " and the preve rb !IucrlX :i. Here we see t he stem eset-ek-j- being recycled

as the preve rh eset-ek· j-i meaning "back (d irectional)".

3.3 F un ction of pre ve r bs . I

T h e role of the preverb is to add aspeet ua l and or adverbial informa t ion to

the verb by " indicatin g, prim ar ily; the natu re of the RetioD" perfo rmed in rega rd

to the ~ a.ssage of time and/o r the manne r in 'which th~ Action is per-formed, '

(D~Ii.5 le and Metallic lQ76:287). Delisle and~ Metallic point out tllat there are ' .!

literally as many possible preverba as there are Micmac verbs. This is becaus e- '

preverba contain the same lexemes fou nd in verb, roots, The only restr iction

wblcb p revents some lexe;nes round in verb ,roots from being reeategcrlaed as

preverbs is a. semantic one, For example, the lexeme or a verb root stlch as ~

- bite- as in T A paq=a.'!.i k ·,..bit.. him/her ; wou ld ~ot week semantically as ll.

p rever~ as t he notion - bite- would add little espee tue l or adverbia l information

tb~
to a verb, Exa mples or
. ty pe or information conveyed by preverbs is indiented
,
;" :. '

..
51

by the verb. 10 T able ~. , ln exam ple 1 tlie preverb !!ll:' t hWl; 10 , there ' in tlie

Al verb
'
AI em tkiam i ' S/ he is s~immin"g'
PV R . VF
AI .
thw/eo '8win\

adds aspectual information !LS to the natu re of the action performed i.e. 'S/he i9

swimming NOW ' • in tbis leshlon. In the AI verb or examp le 2 AI alitkismit

' S/ he is swimming about' the preverb!li: ' nbout' adds adverbial inrormation to

the vub which indicat e;. the manne r in'whicl l the action (SWimming) is perrcrmed
Le. ' S/he swims where! ' • about.

As mentioned in section 3.0 preverbs occur before nomin al roots , though less

frequently tha n before verbal roots . Pr evcrbs which occur berore nomi nal roots

play an adjecti val role as in NA melk i - ji'om 'stron g man' .

PV R '
~tn:rrq man

. 3.3.~ore t han one p rever b

M~re 'h .. 00. prev.;h : ay h. 'ar~d ~"b

to a . .. , hOWD by 'b. Icllcwing
examples: ~txe ,

R + VF + I amar.ka.-t ' S/ he duces '

PY + R + VF + I kekwi-amal -ka-t ' S/ he dances slowly '

PY + PY + R + YF +, I kesl-kekwioamal-k a-t . ' S/ he dances very- slOWly'

P1 + PY '+ R + VF.+.I mawi-kekwi·amal.ka_ t ~S/he d ances 'the slowest'

# •
 58

........ TABLE m
MIcm ac Pr e,ver bs

· S/ he swirTl5-

' S/ be is swim"ming"
pee ve r beetli- "tbus. so, tbere '

' SI he is swimm ing about "

pre verb: !!!:. ":lboui.·

• . ' S/ be is going swim m iDI "

~. ~~nili '"' O"' W '''

. AI p em l-tkism -i-t ; . ~.S/he is swimmi ng along "
p.reverbl 2!!!!i:. oalone' .

"S/ h e is swim ming Cast "

pr e ve rb l kl?'Sib wi. "( a"l"

AI sankew l·tkism· i-t "S/ be is swimmi ng slowly'

pre ve rb: ~ ' slowly'

(
' S/ h e is star t ing to swim"
pr ev e rb l l22!ill: ' sta r t; begin'

" , .
 · S/ be is sto pping swimming "
preverb : .2.!!!.i:. "stOp"

AI n lkanl- tkism· j· t I "S/ be is the lead ewlmmee-

pr ever b: nikaoi "ahead.. in rront " .
. '"
- I

l
' .. "\
 60

The number or preverbaLpoeaible to a word is controlled by-aemantle

restrictions. There are 00.1$1 a limited number or nspeetual -concep t! which one

verb may convey;; tha t is ,3. limited number or espeeeuel conce p ts whi ch a person is
a.ble to not ionally process. For eiample, in English one could possible conceive ol

a sentence sue\. as "1ft brother orthe man with tho red h at who jumps r ope,

eats cake, swims, yells a.t his d og, has pink eyes ,' bates pin 3.... • Notion ally,

however, such a senten ce wo uld b: d~rocess 113one w~ul~ SOOD lose the

I sense cf the phrase. In M,,~ao the same oit~n exlsta with pr everbe. I).
~

t h eory, on e e~ uld amx an infinite Dumber or preVerba to anyone Mi cmac verb /lj

t h ere is nothing in the morphol~gy or Miemec to prevent tbi\. 'fa pructic . . lJ

1
hO
W
T mere fhan thee" (o~r preverbe W~I occu r In Iro nLo! e verb. .

3 .3.2 P reverb order

Wben more thllD on e preverb is prefixed to !I- verb, t h e order in which tbo

p r everba occur is important . The o rder is dete rmined by the meaning or the ' to talI

".; ..':r: U~it, :~:iex~p:~:,:~~bU~/:~o:;en ~dlLD::5 b~dIY~:

. .

~
.' . .
: is in Mlcma e

rr >~"f-
1
?r P7 Pl' ,' ;'F
AI

. L,; oft" dance

,t hus o f t rm dance bad~y

,:"'Y !\.
o
 61

L '\
A btwe we see, :that awani·a mal-kl1-t creat es a mean ingtul unit · S/ he dances t
~adly' whicb ill further mod ljled by the prcve rb ~ ' otte n· creati ng 4 second

me~ing(ul unit puksi-awl1oi-amll1-kIl.-t ' S/ be often dan ces badly". F(nally th is

second meaningful unit is further modified by the tr 1rd preverb t eJi- "thus' ,

resulting in teli-Ilpuksi-awaniollmal-ka-t "T hus, s/ be btten dances. bad ly' , Th e

totlll menning of this verb is ' S/ be orten bu t Dot always dan cesbad ly' l.e. not
b
every time s/he deueea does s /he dance badly.

However, one may !!.2! tran slate "T h us sl he orten d ances badly' In to

Micmac as

The order of th~ preverbs in AI '· t eli.awan i-puksi-am al-ka-t -dc not create the
correct ~flPen.~ency relationsh ip such that one may ~press the· Dotjon - T hu! ~/he
ofte n dnnces badly- . By placiDg nwnni- "ba dly " itlJront or£.!:!.k.!!:: "oCtec",one is

"

.,....
\
"
 ', ~ , .. " . ': .
'62
\
implying that ~ - badly· modifies R!!!!!: · orten- which is not true. Th.

order of the proverbs in AI · teli· awani-nnb i· l\ml\l· kll.·t creates & v erb, meaning .

·S/he dances or. and that every time s/he dllDCes the dancing: is bad-. This Is
Dot the same meaDi~'g relayed by the AI verb teli·puksi·o.wanl-a.mal·h·t · S/ he

otten but not always dances badly".

3. 4' Preyer-be eXhl~lt1n& Initia l change

Initial change is., a phenomenon or ~he tirst syllable of Micmac words

(<llieU53ed in sections 2.4.4 and 2.4.4 .1), which results in red uced and rull pr everb

ead rcct ellcmcrphs. In bri er summ:Lry, preverbs willcccer in redu ced rorm when
"- p receded by another preverb 3nd/~r when prt'Scnt in verbs predleetedIcr one of

,
the following ten..ses: future, impe r·ll.tive, pot.entild coi:tj u n~ t and conditional . In

verbs predicated Cor' tenses represent~tiv.e or reel time i.e. the present, past,
,
subordinative, infinitive and temporal conjunct, .preverbs will occur hi their Cull

'r~rm. Yor "'~h,l preverb ".Jong; will oc~~r " ,£!!!!b~ ~ ~,

3.6 Morphological atat~ of proverbs

The morphological statw oCpreverb~ is unclear as ind icated by the YariolLt

W&)'I proverbs b~ve been r~reseDtcd mwritten Micmllc. P reverbs are &O~etimes
• ' . N .

written as lIep,u ate .worlb, yo iD f;;jihin~lmu&'tijik ~ed ucators - (Io~ 0; the

. Societ y 01 Micmac Educators);
." \
a.s hY'phcnnll:d cntitip, J in."'v
~,'\'tukwet
. r · · .
c ..
. }
 63

~1l0W' :how' to tell a story - _an d as a single Cormative "ith~ a wor d, ' IS in

Q gatla.'mat · driDk moderately· : It is c1eaJ"'th,t .. n a tive sp eaker rec.ognil e5

the bo undaries oCprenr bs such t hat they are a rnuDiDgful tlltiti ~; the d ifficulty

arises ",h eD ODe tnes to dist inguish how sepuate an entit y • preverb is

J"lK)rpbOl~l'aU7 .
Tb~&mbiguit1 as to the morp'hologk l1 sta tus or p r eserbe m ay resu lt from
t he (ac t 'that preverbe are, in ill p robability, elitiee, dines being neither

indepen dent wor ds nor tr ue &CflX es, but (ortllativ es, whose natur e tallssome where

ill betw een.

Hudson (1984:48) takes "as a general , and ra ther rou gh defIn ition or ' clitic' .

a word which is pa rt of t he ecm position oCs0':Re larger wo rd (its h al t), but~

b also syntactically relat ed to t h e latter all a ce m pa.Dion (or in som e C~SI 'IS Il \
.
ecmpenic e or a compa nioD. 01 a ...
.
ecmpen ica].
.' ~ .
Many su ch wor d! are

phonologi cally a!To:-lilr.e••• -~ Allowing t hat .elit ics, U HU~D. l;tJ84:48') states,
• ere n~tOrio~tr complicated,- ' much di5cll5Sioll, beyo n d .the .scope of th~
disstrta tion, wou!d be need ed to supp~~t ~Iearly the .tateme~t th.at preve rbs i~

Micmac are elitics,

-; . .
.
.. .
Many native '(>takeN feel t hat prev erbs ar e ~depe Ddent w ords; hown et,
. .
p reeerbe also e.xhibit ch ara cteris tiC3 uniqu e to &fra ts, Preeerb e, like elitiee,
I •
cannot occur ' in complet') qolll.tio n; they are dep e;ent OD wbn.t they p recede

mu ch-like all amx(Zwicky l08~:28!l, . So too,wh en .~~eveJ'b~ attach to roo ts, in

cert&in te~se! th ey exhl~it ~nitia: chaDg~. result~g in the' pr everb exb ibiting a full .

wo.r.d initia~. '.Yll:ble with th~ roll~wing root o~cU~~ing .in redu ced. rOfIJ.l &S t h e r~t..~ .'
,is no ~ongtr in . word ~itial positioll<" T he occurrence '.o f reduc ed roots after . "'-\

)
\ .
\ ;,~.
~ ' . ... .C' · ·. ~'. ;.~" :i
 -0.
-:1 pr~,tr bs shows tb at preve rbs are DOt indep endent words" but mor e arnx· li1:e

ent ities. U preve rbe were indepe ndent w ords the n the ve r b rocta which t hey

pr eceded would also have to oecu r in full , IJ opposed to red aeed fo rm, for the

verb roots would the n be in word ini tial pos ition.

3 .6 Summary

, , -
P ee verbe fr e quently, cont ain . t be lame indepen dent lexem" Ioued in roots,

b ut may be identified morp hologicall y by t he prtverb Slirra :1.. Preve rbs :a.tb.ch to
and preced e bot h nominal u d v erbal rec ta The gramm~tie31 1jllctio n 01

preverbe is to add adnrhia l, IJpee t uai or adj ettiYal information to t he (ormnlin s .

w hich tbey preced e.

-trb~ ' Dumbe r of pr everbs which may occ ur in a Micmac word is

p ragmat ically limited to DO more th an tb r ee, Icur- at the meet. Wh en ~eve raJ

p rer erbe are prese nt in a M icmac word, t he order in whic:lf th e pre ver bs occu r is

)
d etermin ed by the overall m eaning of the word .

Pr everbs exhib it red u ced &11omorphs, as do roo ts. Preverbs 3.ppt:u' t o be

n either tr ue afftxe! , Dor indt~endeDt wo rd s• .but f elitiC!, and LS stit h exhi bit

c h :n at ter istid 01 bo th alrlXes and ind ependen t words .

 65

•
I
!

CHAPTER FOUR ·

Micmac Medial ! end Noun fina ls

"

..
. \
'-- ...c ,-I
 4.0 Introdu ctIon
\-
As was explained ill
I
CbaPte~ th ree leeemes may be gr~OtmaticnllY
rees tegcrlzed .w ith the saml: iex eme f~ nc:tion in g as a root in one word a nd lLS II.

prever b in anothe r word. The same ill tr ue of the lexemee which functio n

grammaticaUy as medials and noun fin als . The same lexeme may funct ion lLS a

media l, a possessed ste m of a dependent noun , o r as a final (U!luo.lly a noun final).

In this chapter the ability for the same lexeme to be recycled 3S either n

medial. a final or a possessed stem is disc ussed. T he fun.ction of medials and noun

Iinals is also addressed.

4~-.l Medlab

, I

Medlals a re optional formative! wh ich, w hen present , occu r ener roots or

stems .and before fioab; hence t he name media l which re ~ers . to medial position

within th e word. Media~ usually bave a nomina l llense euc b a.s :.!ilit. "hc le ", -altu--

I "hair " a nd :iki.: "butt ocks" . Nou?s, both depe ndent and nee-dependen t, may

contai n medials as may all six verb ty pes (AI, D, TA, TI, PI and PT). T he

foll.owi1J:g are ex amples of Micm~ words con tainin g medials:

TI jim - pek - en m "I wring itout "
R .M VF TIlth
II
Lll"iJY fun. of by
Ziquid hand
 ...,-. . .. '.

".

AI p e t • aw l ~S/he is lugged ~tre o n !bmwne's bac k " J

R H Vi
AI
'lithtlr bac k
o J"
bedii

Il w8 giu • Ik • a 'sj • k "It war ps or d roops "

R --II Vi I
AI
Croo kildJ Bhap _ Nfl« ive
b,"'"
g
PT D:I.5kw I. , 't og

")
R
• vr
-n.
dllvi.ds rip
in half
/ )
PI a lu B's kw
R
• "
vr I
9
XI
back head

Nt enm al9. . el "bole "

R
cPPo4it,
•
hor., NF ~.
. di~Jt;io", .
T

o nj • I'tagan "my a eek'

1 11 t . pil 'l', M
pqBB.
PN f'if " so '\:

" .
 68

---f '4.. 1. 1 Function ·or med l ala In v erba

\
Wolla r t (as reported in Denn y Ig78: l 5 4) 9ugg'eSl.9 tha t in ve~bs the media.lma.y

1) expres s the,goa.! or local com p lement o f the/ cr b

2) express the su bjec t or instrume nt invo lved in the verb

3) modify t he ve r b and th us have en adverbia l run eelon.

Kr o ebee ( l g l O:Ol ) howeve r, feels th at mediols an d roots ar e equal clements with in

th e word &;Od thus const itute a compo un d. De n ny (HJ78 :1SS) r eje cts K eoebe e's

belie! tha.t the medial func tions as part of a eempcued, DennY(l Q78j ho lds tha t
_1
• ...medials either act adve rbially t o form new predi cates teem old or to cleselry

tb~ occurren'~~1
! part icipants in the
\
whether they .b e acto r, patie n t, o'r .
~
inst ru ment .-, Instances of verbs containi ng medials whic b, 'a~c o r djng to'Wollart

(in D enny 1078:155) serve to

.... .
indi~ate
. th~. l' ocation of the ~ction o r (he ve r b, can '

accor ding t o Den~ ;y . beequejly well deeceibed if p c rf~r~g an adver~ ial rUD c ~lon,

Much more research tnust be done o n the Micmac la nguage belore det lLi~,ed

definitive ~t~tements concerning t he rllnct~on of medial! in verbs maY,.be made,

How ever, it ~eems evident that Micmac rrrediala a re dependen t 'on the r o ots or

stems which preced e them;' medials in Micmac serve to modi fy pre ceding r oo ts or

stems in va r ious w ays . For examp le , the w or ds la b elled (A ) below do not co ntain •

medials, med ial formative! in Mic'mac bein g optio nnl. T he word, labelle d (B)

below corres po nd t o "the (A) 'words, excep t. thnt Lhey have been aug~~ted by

medi els.

A1 ..w Ie · S/ be goes outside or exits- ,

R VF
A1
aut of
 60

. O ne m a y 11tOdiI\ lbis wOr d by add ing the m e~ iaJ :.!..!.!l: "bo le" , W h iC~ results in the
(B) wor d ..

. Al tt~· · alg ~ ie - t • .A11imate t hing: oozes

l D N YF
AI
I. l .
' Oll t "

o.l.oe of Ml, .

i.e. "3D animat e thing exilll how· via a bole " . Illsta oces of medlals w hich

augment. t he verb root! th ey fallow are giv e n below .

·S/ be goesou tsideor exits"

o ut of hole
' L--J
A, r
D wn "lt is c:lu r"
H rr "
1I

B,
OW l\! ap "It is c rystal cl earw a t er.
H oN "
VF

o l Qa~/ --- ~t8J"

II

~bL-j

.\

I ; ..... ~.", • :.::'

 ,.
70
A.
D m actew - (It is) black"
R "vr I
1I
bl.aci<

S.
n y gtew
R
. ·P &g
N VF
ee •
I
• rt u blac k sueak~ '

II
1.::_ .:>< 1'.:...... 01
'------1

A.
U tel '9 - It has suc h a etreumrcrccce-
R "
VF I
II
' hus

B.
U tel
R .
ap sk e
vr
1I
I ,
• - It' is big and rou nd in s hape-
.. '.

- It approach es."

.....

,'I'
 · 11

4.1.1.1 Verba eontatnIng two med lals

Micmac words oft en eontnin mere tlian cae medial, as seen in the following

ta,~B roz.4.td

.'
· AI ewn .. &Slew -. atp • etesi n k""S/he hI diny {rom
R H ' N YF .! . a blow,to tbe head "
AI
df '!ll!l ' direc tional head aation
mOVCll€l1t with
f ee t
0'
body

\yolCl1rt (lQ73:63) point.! out tha t "T wo medials or finals ocurri ng in

dirter~ot layer s ot derivation." , Thus

.
succession beJoDg to we see in

AIDllS altu kw t "S/ b e b:lS thi ck hlLir "

.R M M VF I
AI
th i ck hair ""ad

· t hM the root'.2.!!:t"thick· plus the first medial :!ll!!:. .·blLir~ cre3te the noun st em

", pns.llItu- ,:thlek halr-; ~bic~,~ (urth er augment ed in secon~dlLry deriV4tio~ by th e '
.eco~d mcdial;kw. "head · , Thl) result of the s~coD.dl1ry deriva tion is the co~_P\l~ll:--- '
o.o~D. . s ietn pas-altu.k w- "thi ck hair Jon the) head" . This complex noun st;m is
further modlCied by the AI verb finnl :!... The eeme. process or .s eC~Qd llry
· de~lvatioll Is IlVldent in the f~ur·llX.ll·mplllS below.

,-
,.I
.r/ .>..- I '
-,~~, ~;
\
 .
72

AI aps . alg . ut n · S/ be bas II. small mouth-

R M ,v VF
AI
U7laU note

· S/be lies prone

on the. holly ·

..

· S/ be bas Dolarge bowel

movem eut "

' .1.1.2 Me dial. arte r " v~rb r\<I.

r: ! ' .

Medl.ats which follo w the} oot !ll:. ·t ~ U3 ; so; there- act 4.S th'e focus of the
. verb in which they ~re .round . The verb ~oo t !i!: fllerV l!S 4.S a morphologi cal base

to whicb dependent lexemes . may attach, 'nl!owing the~ to runetlcn

\.
1.; .1.• -, ..",'
 r 73

mo rphologica lly as med ials tho ugh , noti onally, they ad more like roots u they

are th e locus be th e vert>. For exa mple :

. ,
AI etl - enm i · S/ be laughs -
R ,'.I 'IF
JJ
7. t hW1' LApCH

AI etl Ik un le .t - S/ be bleeds - ~ ."

R N VF I
JJ
BLEED ~ !.lli'IHn t

AI etl' t.m i t oS/ be erib.

.. R N VF I
AI
CRY

4.1.2 Fu n cti on or med lala In nO U DS

. ~

. Medillis abo occur in n~uDs. ~. ?thu tha n depend en t DOUM, medials occur
.;e:. ' ..

•
oIler roots or st ems and before th e nOun final. e . in: . . 1 ". .
NIenm • al9 ei
R N ' NF
o ut of. hot.

NJ ,,:
I~:,-g--'--''C!-...:--'';~
DII ngaD' · wooden hoop support
N NF arouD,d the inside or a wigwam" ,
""'I' BtM/9
a l'Oltid

, -" :

" II,

~ ' , ', I
 "
- 3proo"

I
/,_ -1
I •
In uca-de pendeat tlOUUS, as in verbs, medials serve to augment the roots or

ste( tc.whteb tb~Y are.eueeb ed. Th,u~.· in the inanimate noun

NI ~ o temple or bead s
b~f1e':w.NF ... . ,

ttle me,dia.1 · h ead ~.:!!!:. .modifies t he ,root " bare" melnfk}-.

l.a~ e~t nouns, media.1s act as the base 'or tb e noun, following ~rid ." " , .

atta ching to word.~nitW pcssessiee prerue'S (see seerion 2.31 t hereby - forming

possessed stem. For example:

on • ab gon
l s,t.p(1J', M
81. poBS. ·
Pl'6~

D!L.:......:....
I St.pflr'. H
81. pcBS.
pre jtr to7;w

D~ ",J!lY band"
' l s t . p .. Z'. H !.
i;./;~B' I.
hand

-'. '-
-,~ ,'
The same depen~on t le x: m~ may (unction as either a .m e 1 i4 ~ which rollow~ .

nnd augments a r o r' stem , or is .n medlelwhich fe-me a po~eMed stem by

\
att.,b lng to a Pf

" 1 ' in p" nx es j

~n d.p.~d.nt noon, In ;'~" iv tb. Mi'~"

.. .
'" \i . . ·
\.
.~ . \
" '\ "
 ' \ "'r'!
I'
. 1S
I

TABLE IV
\
'. \
A. Med lals (b~D.depeD·deDt DOU~) - B. Medl ab (d epen dent Do~ns)
. ' . ' , ' ~

A. "
AJ"walgw J' baan . a • t · S/ he hu a nape of the neck -
R H VF ·I

.\
i ~.~,:.~,;..;":t
j{:' neck • . . '"
A.
TA tern • Isgdn 0.'1 ik - S/ be breaks his/he r pose oU"
R /oJ Vi I
11
cut off 110 8 8
,. '-,
B.
D!.......:.....!
18 t : pgr. H
fJ}. W BS, . ~

pnrJU nOse

A.
AI pii 1st.9aft - a • • t
R 14 Vi I
AI

B.
oP - Ii t uftaan
lst.pBr, N
11], po.as,
· pl'tlJ'i.i 8(U' ( B )
\

'~

.,
 -. f ..' c '
• 7"
\
", .
AI SM a • Itn • It. • \ · S/ he is'pug nosed -
R ;( VF 1·
AJ
J~ t r.ostri Z

~.L.:...1m
18t.p4u·• .N
~NPft:·· k s t riZ
'A.
AI m Ag .I t -S/ be bu large (eet'-
R VF

. Zaryo B
"
f f8t
AJ

B.
DL....:.......il "myleet "
l.s t- psr. M
~~88 . ·
pN / 'i.r: JeBt

'.

, -, .
, •..
: .:} -c. . . ,'i: ! ':·', " '!'"'.
 77

wcede mar ked (A) all contain rnedials which a ugment roots or stems and '
\

corres pond in form and mea ning to the medials ~r the possessed ste ms which, act

a.s the .bAse of the depe~dent nOU Ds labelled (B). Fo r ex~~ple~, t he first wor~ of I

Ta~J e IV, AI Av,atgw-I'ta gan.-a.-t ·S,/he has a nape of. t he neck - con}a.ins th~ me d.illl

i:!!s!!!.'!"neck· which corres ponds in form and mean ing to ,t he m~d ial ~ or -.\
'I the ~ollowing dependent noup..nI -' j '13 9::LD -m y neck-... "In a "dependent noun a

m~;n~l ~~~e~ bas a di vergent, Icr m•••. • [Bloomfield 'J04.6:117). For exam ple, .t he

. ,
n-situaOlln -m y e ar (~ · . whil e in a non-dependent. noun the sa me medial hU lb s

(orm -islag an- as in NA .mag- isto.gan-o.-t · S/he hILS lar ge ear{s)- .

... 1.3 Poatmedlals

As m oomfield (1046:101,118) points out son:ae. ~edia.ls take postm Eldial

. .. :1' o. ILccre t iv'e eleme nts . It _is ditric ul t to d et er mine whether " v6wcl such as tel or /IL{
. , - " . ~

WbiCli-t)~cu:rsarte~orrediahtmtiH!~.t media.l .or ~ pr.~ ~~~;.~.:.~.~.~·"'"

l or example, the /al Cound be tween"the Micmac media l :.!1!!;- bole- )!.n d-~"h e TA

verb' rin..t :!!.: -slr-i~e wj_th .~ n jn9tru~ent- in 'th e TA verb 9~.p.:~~;i..)a H lo·. k -I
i t a b bim/her- could belong to either 'or"t he tw o Icr med ves wh~ch su r round it.o'- So
" . 0 ' ' . J- ".;
./ ' too,_the tel or TI t em·kw(.le(. lte'·m -, chop' it. orr nt the Qcck- "could be cltb cr tl

I. ~o~~medlal
.
with
. or th e nuidia1-.. . .
~ instruinenl" . More-investigati on will 'ba~e
.

to be done
.
:k~--head!...OI\_a pr_ef.ja otgCth e Tlv e~b fiDal ~ -str ike
ber~re c·~nch.i8ion!l
.., . to ~he nat~re ~r Micmac' postme dials and- ; r;rl nals may" be made . For a .
.
th~ topi~ see se·ciio::-U.3 and 5.5:.
}
"almiUar discussion on . \.
 78

4..1 ." Dev erbal m e d ial .

. . .' ~ . '

.
As t;lloondield (1046:104) points ou t. -seme concrete finals and som e medials

ar e d~ i. resembling ll. wor d-s te m C!i~hc r in t he wtl..y

. .
or. homo,:,y my or with '
.

: some 19fmaI de';i~UoD m~t usu~lIy loss or an in i L~n.i nonsyllabi e: ". Fo!".exampl~.
~Miemac :tbe ~~ial ::!Jill:. - dawn" : , as ~D ri weik,woapnoia,..g ·daybre~k·l ' '. \
corres pon ds to tb e root ~ ~daw n · ,as in Micmac wapn -a o=;i-t.· S/he sees tbe _

break or d awn ". So .loo, ' the media l -Iukw: ...... ~ mean ing !'wo;k~, as in {

"f) Miem ee AI awan.l~k~.e-:t ·~/hG"iS· a- poor \O(orkcr ~~ corresponds tc . the root

to;
~kW- . w: r k" er, exa.~ple, the AI verb ' eluk w:e-t . .: S/he wor ks · , ' A .thlrd .
eJ\a~ple oCa. de~erb.~med ial is th e Micmac me.d ial -ui'k: "mark or writ e" as in, n

newt.-ui' k-as t-k · "It' ~as ~ ' single mark ",_ T~e medial ~-write; ma rk -

pon~ to th e root. ~ - write- . as fou~d in AI. ewi'k:ik.e--t. -S / be writ~ - •

. Miemae, independe nt texemee a re re~ized a.s ~rev.erbs an~ roots . wbile .J
nt. lexem es are realieed is 'rn ed ~als !" fil::i. ::ds.· On e might the n ask bow .e n

-. i;'dep~~de';t lC!_XC!in~ ma;be reahepcd n.~d r~y!=led 'In ' (U~cl'ion n.s:n. med_i lll ~ wheR.
.\
rnedials are rorm a tivcs chllracl.crb tic ot dependen t lexemes. It. would app ea r from .' \
~ ' 6" . ' . . • - . "

t he ev!dence Jof deverb al media ls, and deverbal verb finals (s~e eeericn ·S.• ), that
some ;UtetDatio~ is possible betwe~n ' t he t~o :types of ' lexemes, dependen t and :
" ' , ' " ..
lnd~pendent. . .. "

'.j,..
e.
"
. ; .

". i

:..!': . : . ....~.:;~~~~
 -. 19

4..2 Noun n~.J.

, '

Nou n flnals are rorm3tiy ~ which cceur word fina lly in noun~ and rctlcw a

nominal root, a nominal or verbal ~tem. or' anot her noun rlOal. For ex~ple: J -.

NAwalgw •• an , "rainbow"
R NF
.• OOnodl.liJ

NI R
~.l-,,-"7.'-:-~;;"
APil agan · knapsnck·
N NF
Ctbowt
"-
by
etriJv

tag
N

. " 7< .
NA waltest o.g 80 .1 · waltes bowl-
R NF ' NF
wczhn
g an .

' j. , - " ,)
. T here are bot h abstrAct .and
,I ' ,
conc;;e~
. ,
noun rina.ls in Micmac . Concrete noun
,'
.fin ~, . noun 'rinab "itb concrete meanin gs sucb a.s .:!!!!k. - sand - , -at kw

:handl./post~" .Awti· - Pat b·.l..lCJ"ve-·lO"'::~~ry t he roots or ~terN to whicb they

'. ~ttach:. ~J3e:~~'~'!f;;;;'~~::llmPles or ~'containing con'crete noun' finals:
, NI m jlJe.'..••• apu . . · dirty wete e- . '
...>····a~;~!f iola~~~ c~nt'a'i"i'9" ''' ' .
/.. . . . . ~:~~~at ..', < , 'lit

:..~ \ ..-. ", l ': .. '

. '- . .
.'. '. 1 •• '

.• :.....:.... -v;
 80

atkw " nxe handl e"

NF
ha ndle

NI jejuejkw atp '" "steeple-

R NF .J
b ell head

/~
Abst ract ncua rinals ha ve more obscure !11ea_DiD(9I tha~ th ose or concrete
. . "

noun finals. BloPmfi~ld (lg 46:J0 4) points. out that • ...abstract . finals merely

distinguish the form -class (noun, Icur types of verbs or p articiple)... ". Thre e

c~~mon abstra ct noun finals in Micmac -are~,:!i llDd:!!!. . All three or these

abs·tract noun finals have meanings similiar to "noun-like th ing ". Below nrc
/
several Micmac nouns containing abstra ct noun finals. ( __"
NI cpt agan · dish "
R . Nt
dian.

NI enk agan " meesurement "

R NF
l7Iea 8la'E171 ent

1~' :;
"r ainbo w"

"someth ing o ld-

}'d
NImalt elju el · hammer"
\ R sr
~ m6l'r

...
.:/.,', .
 81

4.2 .1 Nounflnals and seconda ry deri va ti on

4.2 .1.1 Noun nnals after nOUD 's t erns

.. . ...
Micmac words may. cont ain more t han olie' llon o flnal. ' F~r ex mple, the

~ord:

"f NI jijklewjy _ ap l • el . swocleu m~teria.l ·

. R . NF tlF

l
8Mflp ~ stPing

~~
contains the nou~ IlIkleWlu-apt meam ng -woof yam " which is mad e jP of the ~
. '

nominn l Toot iijklewju- "sbeep" plus the noun £inal:.!I!.i · st ring" , In seconda ry
I
d er.iv a~ioD the noun iiiklewju-api acts as a noun stem and is further ,?o dified by

the no~n fina l :.ri "noun· jUte thi ng " resulting in the new noun ii ik le~ju.apj-ei
meanin g "woolen mater ial". For furt her examples of Micmac words contai ning

two nou n fioals see below:

t •. a an . o'ku om • china cabinet ·

t
R NF NF .I
Min'. Uk .,
ish t hirr; \ -'
dISH
\

N1tU~~O"'W'--':""",,*!!!-j.:...-"'""k
a an
NF
'4:~Fn"",ti • tool-box~
noun li ke
work thi~ aontainer
TOOL

N1~'.';.O
. " R ' ."
. : t.ight .
•noma" !.ike
a.".
tllin; handt.e
, CANDLE ""
 ) 82

f,•.

Noun fina ls also follow and modi!! sterns consisting of nominal toots plus

mediab as in:

Mwap kw ' ah "grey or white hait ·

R
white
H
hea d
NF · I
. . ' . 'j
10 W&?"kwollD the ?tedfal · kw. "bu d " ill/allowed, in secondary deriV31ioo, by t~e

abstract nouo ""fioa1oi!.!! "noun-like t hing". It is oCten difficult to tell whethe r 1I

. root is followed by two noun finis or a medial plus a noun fiul. for as Bloomfield

':"(1946:117) notes , "Media l SUrrlXe5 app ear In DOllll5, eithe r wit h II. noun final... o~

alon e... No line ca n be dr awn be tween medials Ih tbis \lse end conc re te 00 110

tinals;...• .

4.2 .1.2 Noun nnals after ve r b stems

k well as ne ue stems, Verb sterns may be res haped .by :to noun flul such

t hat the verb stem serves as the base or a noun, Il.S in:

NI auk . uti "mirror, looking glass "

" R YF Y F NF
TA AI
b ah eeeniddle
ttli C8

....:.:
 83

N.\kt.:1n 't • eke - w lnu "bunter; person who hate s "

it
4 ;. ; •
t:
hat;e i nde fi ni t e
obje c t

In ank-llm-!ruti oct.s ees the Al'verb stem which ends in th e AI ~er b final:1 .

' ~iddle voice ,l ' being recycled as a nou n by the abstraCt noun' rio"aJ :!ill, 'meani ng

". ~·oun-Iike thing' ,.

. In ktan-t- eke-wia n, one sees the secondary AI stem kt an-t- eke- which ...
• J • •

eontlliM the primary TI s~em ' kho-t- b eing .recycled as an AI stem in eecoud ary

de ri~ ation by the inde finite AI verb final ~. T he se~D dary AI ste m is the n

recy leed by. the DOIlD tinal · ,Jlnu meanin g ' p~rson" ,(
- L.,
, "
4~2~i .3 ·Noun nDals 'after der ivati ve suffix ~ ..

As discussed in ' section 2.2, the noun final :.ri. is often add,ed to verba l

infipiti ves,or verbal s te ms ,:bich have been reshaped by the deriva tive sult~ ~ ' .
NI mn ga l • ew • el "tempora ry thing -
R der • • NF
tetl1porary

NI nnp • lli'k - ik - emk - ' ew • ei - eam era.-

R M M I dill'. NF
draw mark shape

Nt kesikaw - ·in I · 9 ew • el "automobile"

R VF I del', NF '
II
LOlld/ motlEmcmt
JV."
)
•
I·

.k:· :"
i\
-,
"

N1 b pu apj : imk ew .1 " tool or object r~uirillg

-R •
. ] ri p/
I d8r. NF ~bot.h . ho~~5 . : . I : I -c:
"""
~. \
baNhand' .
' .

,
-. 4.3 O;ammaticlll recategorb~t1on or dep en den t lex~~~s .

" '

As 'men tioned in section 3.1 and sect ion 4.0, lexemes ma.y be\g~l1m mn ~ i onll,

recetegceleed. Th e same dependen rlex erue may Iuneticn lLS n medial Ol' o.s a-noun
' . • .. . . 'Too •
'~ '
f\iaL 'FOf exain~lei in T able V~ th e Micmac words la~.elled " • '. .

IA) all cont ain med~ ati which cOlf~poad in form' and ~~aQliil; tb. ~be .DO~ O rtoBb

cori.tai;~d rn the Micnhl~ ~ords labeJl~ (B). Onc' should remember that' tbe ,~~e .
... . . ..
dependent lex~m~ rna; aI5(: Iunetioa as medials wbich'p1ay t~~dlrrS~eD;;;olC5 1;1"- '

~~am~ depeDde~t 'l~xemeJ may '{~netioD ~ ' . ~·edia l whi~h m~il'ies ~.~oot ~r ·'1
th e

.. ',
stem "or 3.! the medial f6rmio( a possessed st f!m "'bid
--
depe,iiden t . noun (s~e seetion 4.1.2, Ta:bl~ IV). With this in mind .let us eXl mine

T able vi where we see the medial or the

acts
-- -
:l.S

~cmac word l:1-b;lIed l Al corre5p~nding

.the baSe or .11

\I
with both 'the' noll~ final or the Micmac word IB) an,d th~ medinl com prisin ~ . lhe

possessed stem o~ t he Micmac dependent no~~ ;;o.~k ed (C).

IV, 11.'1 well es T able ~: or sectjon 4.1.2, it is dcnr th at
Fro m T ables V nod
: ' Of , -
the same dependent texememey occur 11S 3. media l and 45 a DOIlD(inal: .

. T he lex~me (A)Pll. - / trior;- is a ~it unusual in thnt it is ~ramm~ticaliz~d 11:'

I ' . I '
I -- ~

I
"
.( _1.
'I"
... .!..li
 T AB LE V

A. M edlals ....., B. No un nnals

A.
TA tern - ap llk - is - It - I cut a'll &oi llJll.te t hing .
R .'\1 _. YF intO bf ge and rcued segmenu or ( hunks-
TA
c:.t o :' f roW'ld '

B.
M I'o • apskw -India n rock-
R NF
Ind i an' , round

A.
AI kas aD n~ ' e J • -S/ he b washed or rubbed-
R Y YF
AI
r i<b wter ' .'
eontainv;
. pa!" t i c ila t ll'
aa t e rfa l
B.
M sisku - a p u ;- mud dy, dirty water -
R HF .
'":.d LkZte10 oolttai mnj'
particula.t4

.....
materia l
\
AI memk • &t p a • t' "' • Slhe is bald ·
R M ' VF I
AI
~ --'he'~,!
B. ""
N! jeiuejkw s tp "eteeple"
R NT -
,be 'LL head
 ·.....
. :~

.'
A.
AI win In u I · S/ be ill grouchy·
R M VF
AI
" bad pertJolt
,I'"
" B.
NA luko w • lnu
', ~ ~
" . lJOrli. pe1'801t

A.
_ AI pt'm Ipl . t' - t .
R H VF I
AI
.Len, paddz.

B. .
.~ -Nl l ' nu - · .- Ipl "lndian paddle" "'-,
R' ,YF
Indian pad4Z~

~ -: - - -- --

t .....

«.

/
"
,
'. ~:' ..

.-,; ...:. ;"

 r:

, 87.

T ABLE VI
~.

.j
A .Medlal(no n.·dependent nout~) ...... B. t<Joun n nal _
C.Medlal(dep end ent ..noun ) .

A.
AI tek
. ·R
Ipt n
N
I
a
YF
. ...
"S/ be has cold hand!"

AI
cold hand

. /" B•
--;-.--: NA ~ i ' '" :to deformed hand"
. R . . HI; ' .' .
dAforrltlld hand

c.
D.L.=.....A!!!!.
1 st..pf" : ."1
"my h:LD.d ~ · .)
lfg _poSB.
Pl"fljU fIa11d

... ... ::.::'

 " . , 88 .
a verb fiD'~i 'in' T~ ap.~ TJv~rb9ihowever~ when it oc~un in an AI ~r D verb 6r in
'\. '.' '-':-
a noun it (unct ioDs gram~atica1l1 . ll.$ a medial. as (or example;...
AI pem ap ll t - S/ he is carr ied by mean; 'o r a .ro pe ~
R M· YF I ' •
AI
. a w 'V "",.,
.~'?

- . n tooi~· ~
R
pll
M ,
ow.
YF
II
k
I
•
hoia e aeri"V

Mol . pll agan

R M HF
abo'" "",.,
. by
lteri!'9"

TA .pem ap l) . - k
.' it" VF ~

rA
awlY Mrg
by
lteri,?

Tt DlI.tg • . apll ' -I pull it out c r-

R VF TI l t h the wat er by' a rope-
TI
) 'e:'lo r", III:1l'/
fro m by
, wat lU' s tring '

"
-. - ~ ..;, ..

. <;,.., I: : < ~; .
 i..
e
~~~"S-umm~ry I

Dependent lexemee, in Micmac, may be gr:l.mmatie~lIy. rec3.tegoriz~d \\'ith

the same lexeme functioning as either a. medial, a possessed stern or 1\ nnnl

.
(usua lly a noun final).

Media~ B!...0 optio nal Icrmat ives found in bot h nouns and verbs Medial!!

follow and augment roots or stems and precede finals. Verbs may contain two I

media ls; howeve r, the occD~rence of, more t han one med ial in ~ouns ~llS not ~
noted. Many 'medials are deverbul, being derived from a root, Vowels such as
" ,'\ '
/al Of lei have b een observed to follow medials: Such v&'w els,~n.y be postmedi al
' . _ _ _ . .' J .
accretions; howeve r, .t ~ e'i'u nctio n and meaning cfsucb postmedi als has not been •

determined.' ".
Nou n Iinals are formatives which .a.t~ac h - to t ~ e roo ts or stems, of nouns and
I
,
usually occu r in word fina l position. Nou n finals, whi cb"m ay heve concrete or \ i
\
abstract meanings, generally serve to mark a ve rb as a noun. Many nou n fina ls
_._, ----- - - - - - ~ ~ ---

, form part of complex ~oun sesme as well as recycle verb- s ~ems as noun s. Sterns

ending in tbe de~iv at~e suffix ~ ..~ ~y ,aiso be rec:cled as "DOUDS by t he .abslracl

noun final :.ri.

..' :'
 .. .'.

rio

·x i CHAPTER FIVE
. ,':'; :, ~:

MI~mac: Ver~ fi!lals .

 ...1 '
01
.:'. .
6.0 in t ro duc tion ' -:
'I
I ,. .
Dependent lexemee whic~ function as verb finab ceeur between the roots ~r

primary' st em! and t he ionectionaJ endiDp of nrbs, .oe at, the end of yerb ste ms
, , wb,ieb are rec.r d ed ~y DOliO finab . Verb rinw io dicat~~e trans itiy ~ ty of t he

stem which they end ud the overall ver b in which they are round.
a . . •
In t his. cha pter t~e four type! of verb finw will be discu!lSed. as well as t~e

': abmt~ of ' ooe verb final ..to. follow a.nd · modify anothe r, thus alteri ng' t~e
tr ansitivity of t be ~tem. Issue's concerning trans itive theme eigne, prefioals and

~ ,deverbji~';"~~fiDa~ 'will also.-~e ·exa:n ined. "

"J {_'-'<
6 ~1 Fun dament al caugor!u or ver b nnal.
::,,:: '

, ' .
Most Micmac verbs cont ain at least
"
ODe
. ,

n rh final which occurs alter "the

..... . ~ :
~--.,..,-''-------'-'-
root or ste m and before th~~Dn;tion{1 e~d in g ~r anot he r verb final. . .For

example, th e AI yt rb rmal:!! - movement- of t he ~ verb AI pem-ie-t - S/ he goes

. aloog- is round betw een th e verb root 2w:!: -.along- and th~ th ird pe_~D ,i ngulat

inneetio~aI eD~in g :1 of th e. pr~e~t: indicativ e. I Q~ notlnJ ,

.-:-::----:-. .
verb fina.b a.r e round at

the end of verb st ems which are recycled by • noun fin'al, 88 itt. the inanim~t~
. . ' .~
noUD Nl kt an-t-agan - ha tr ed -. In this nOUD t he TI ver b stem ~ cODsu tin g of

th e root ktan · -h~te- and th e T I verb final :1 -~ rec~~a!1: deriVll.t.ioD

by the nou n final :.,!g!]!,.

v "

': :.,~ ' '- ....." , , r '.~: : . :. ~'. ..' . . :. ::.'"

 ' .<

.2 .
I
• Algonkian ;~bs are either tra nsitive or intr ansit ive. Th e trans itivity of a
.' . - . ~
verb or verb st em is marked morphologically in Algonkia n -languages by t he verb

fl~~l. Yer'~ fi'nals,.be~des iDdjC~ting the' traDsitiv~t! ~( verbsl also~!ldicate the "

gender of the subject of the intransitive verbs an,d the object of the tr ansitive

v~r~s: Consequently, verb finals fall ~Dto four ty pes: t hose ~bi~'h mark ina:~imate
j:ntra6sit ive [Il] verbs or stems; those whic b mark ani mate intra 'Dsitive (Al) verbs

or stems; those which mar k t ra~sitive 'a nimate (TA ) verbs or stems; and lastly,

those verb fin~ls which mark tra nsitive iDanimate {T Il vesbe or..st ems. .

V"b fi~'~ clten exist i;-;'~'''.' with most TA verb . tina!s. having a" T,I
pendanf and mos~ AI verb finals bsv g a~ Dpe ndant as follows: ,
TA at '. am - k '. -I look around for bimfb er-
R' ' i'F 1 . .
FA '
abo l./t ~ook
-: \
»: .
TI ; ;I,-...:...-,~_,,--,;;'
apt m -I1ook,around for u-
VF TIl t h
. FI
abo'" took
::::--.
AI ami pi ' sl t - S/ he 'is sligh'tly ~arm -
.r t.: R VI I
AI
partL y . k,!at heat
\

. J-
n a~i
TV
pi
~
te
VI I
k
....~t is warm (of the weather]

II
part~y heat

\ . " . '. .
The'first pair of verbs above, TA alamk and TI .!!!ltlm, exhibit the tra nsit ive pair

ofvetb fina~, TA:!m and 1'1 :M!! meaning -look;

.
s~e- , T he second pair or
..
.,:
.
finals , AI:& ead ri;Emennltlg "by heat ".
. ,
.3
\erbs,-intr8.Ds(tiv~tAI amip~sit aDd Ii llrnipitek,
.
ex:bibit t~ intrnDs~ive pair of v~rb .
. .
T ne TA pend an t or a TI verb Ilnal cr the ~ pen dan t of en Il'vc rb nnnl arc

often identica l in both; form and meaning. For example. there are TA and T I

verb finals :..f.!l.!!. mea~ing "by hand - ::LSin:

TA nis n -I lower him /be r down-

B VF
IA
do~ by
h"'d

TI nis n " l Jower it down s

R VF ~I/th
" , XI
do~ by
band

T h ere are else ,AI an_~ Il verb finals :!!.!"m~an ing · equ i~alen t in volum e to· 115 in: .
_AI la't agsu n 30'130 "An imate thinj is equival ent
• R • VF in volume to Ii bucket " .
. AI
equiw.~ent

"
w Lune to

n la'taqsun 30'130 "It is equival,ent /

B VF in volume to a bUt;ket ·

bl<Cket
fI
eql(i.wLe nt /
~11

.. ""Zl~e to
Verb finals ~ar - ~be end of the ste~. "The stem\is aI'.y combination ,th:Lt
. . I ' / " It'
/ begins with 'a root or preverb and. eJds with a final."[Dawe .l g86:2S), Sterra may

be followed by inn\ct!onal.end i n,~ or pr ec ~d ed by personal p re f~ es , Verb sterns

. ' ;/
).,-. \.

. .1· .
.. 1# -" ' ..
 .,
are catego rized accord ing t; th e ~erb final in which th ey end . F or exerrrple th e AI

liV~':IODg liCe" cont ains th~ st em pekit-awsi- which ends

verb pekit-awsi-t · S/ he \

irdhe AI verb tin~' .~~si" liv;.:· T he TA verb wel-lm-k-e! give good adv.i~e to

bini/her " contains Ih e TA s ~e m vfel-im- which ends in .t he TA verb tinal ~ ! by

speech; by th ought ", while the II verb ~iD-j.k "It is. ugly 'in appearan ce" ~6D tai.n s

the stem ~ which ends in the II ve rb fina l :1.

\ 5.2 Tra'nslt lye ve rb 't hem es

Besides verb finals, some ,transitive verbs '. have th eme signs whi ch norm ~lIy .

occur immediately . b e ~o r { the 'i nn ect!~ Dal endings. There are Cour TA themes.

~he/TA themes, h~we~er: are consider~d ,part or the inflectional fflc phology end
t~tis not pert inent to a discussion on derivational ~brphology. \ '

_1'1 verbs inMi,m" exhibit a th;mnti, :!!! "In" Irorn Proto-Alg cekl en '-am - ~ .
(B1~mfield HI46: I02) . The TI th em e sign :ill usually occurs after a TI Vl!rbfinal

end before the inflect ion as in:

11 pem oil - I taw it a.long-
R VF TI lth
TI
01; 0 1,;/ <3tI'i ng

TI Dim a m -I cu t it opeo'
R VF_ TI lth
TI
ope n c,t
-,

,._\ /

-,c/
'\ \. \' 95
·r

\
I
't

\ In tbe th ree .preceding examples what a ppears to be .the T I n rst person singular
,
~he~le
, '

!
,innect ional endin g :!!! of the pr esent ind icative is actu ally the :.!!l ,wit h

--aero"'i~nectional ending. T his is .ffiil.de. more dell.~ ..bY the (ol,lowing' TI Pllt \ ligm

Wh' ,t e ~ne'sees the tl the~atic surrt.'( ::.!!l .af' " t be TA verb ""I :ci! '''dngj'""
;, before th e in flectional eDdin~ :.!!! the me sign or Micma c T I v orbs

" , -.r,~'~rare~t1y indica tes a dir~ct action of an an imate 00 all inani mate. · i awe
1986: 4}. - - ' .
.v, TI II! - il. m- an ' _ '. <.. - I tow it along- ~\ .
TI e • il-m-n / "You (sg.) to w it a.long " \
TI pe -pil-o-(ilk / ' S/ be tows it alon g " j
TI peln-pH-m -u'kw - ' We ~ in clusiv e) tow it along \.
i~ ~:~:::t::~~ /f :~:u j;nu:~:eli i~~~long' \
. TI pern-pil.m-u'ti'kw "They tow it along"
I
Th e ~~ ' theme sign, :!!!.. does no t always "Occur directly before th e T I

innect ionaVend ing. Pri ma ry :1'I verb ste ms, before recycling by a seconda ry final ,

(see se C~~O l:l 5.3), are ofte n marked as T Il no\· ~ 0. TI verb final bu t solely by the

TI th eme sign. 'T hus, in TA ewi'k-m- a-q "I wr ite it to bim/ ber " the T I stem

~ is ma rked 'as TI~ not by ~'TIJverb final but by "t~e ..T I the matic ::roo Th e _.

TA ver fina l :!! then recycles this TI 'stem creiltin g a secondary TA stem,

ewi'k-m

'."

\
.'
 ...:.:
.-

' &.3 Reqcll o S or Tel'~ nna~ '

Ver b nn als in Algonkian lan p ages, as we see rrom the examples ia' section

5.2, . may be reer cled ia.:s~oDdary derivat ion. When this happe ns ' a verb stem

• eomposea'o r R '+ (M) + (M) + _W is rurther au~enW In secondary der iyatioQ

by a'seco nd verb fini! resulting, in a new ver b stem or t be shapi IR t (M) + (M)

+ VFI t OW. The AI ver b

('
AI teD • o' t • ui t -An animate thinT is
R VF VF I . loaded. on or into somet hing -'
TI
. AI '
on boa:rod I
r s fZa; iw
. do eonst hing bit by bit as opposed
t o doilT! i t in ons continu:1xsmotion. ,
\
\
~ \\~~W. ~arJY tbe ree yoling 01~ ThIem. by .~ AI verb fi.~. 1.0 'bU.: verb tbe
.:\,\mary 'nste m !m::2l:. ll~,d ing in the TI verb fiuJ :i! a., recycled in secondary .
de~ ~esulting i n seco~darr AI
\..,.tion by th e AI verb final
. :!!i - rerrexive- ,l
. .
the
.
. er,b te mtop:o't-ui-., . "

\ ~e run~",ment&1 tYP.e! or verb final r~ycling found In Micmac are '

" AI verb fiDals which recycle TA fTt st.c ms
\ \ ' .
v.. 2) \ TA verb finals which recycle TI stems
. 3) \ \ • TAITI ver b Cinab which recycle AI stems
'0
1;\ - , "
 ~ '.-- '. " :: .g~ ' ' ', I

6.I.l .lD.'J"UlII'i~ 'nrb 'n~&l8 wbieb -.r.e"uMd ~' ree;.d~ tio....iI....:

Yerb ~tem. ~ -, '.

5.3 .1.1 AfYer~ 01 actl~. oalnderblte obJeeta

/

Bloomfield (1046:108) s ttl:~e9 ,t b'a t "an. intr. verbs or action on indefinite

inanima.te cbleete are deri'!,ed teem t r. an, stems by means or -kee. .... However,

the t r. ~aD:, sterns whose tr, an, pendant h~ -ew.c.r eke _bkee.- .2 The la~ter
observa tion holds t rue in 'M icmac where one sees the A1 verb nnai :!ll ( '<
, I '
"eek ee with 'r eshapi ng), which marks AI verbs of action' on in d e fin it~ objects,

recycling TI atems ending i.n ~he TI ve rb finals: :b !1. ~ and :!:i.J Examl51~ or
AI Micma c. verbs .oCectiou on indefini~~. obj ects wjth TI sterns recycled by th e A!

verb final ~ rnay be seen below:

AIemek • o't • eke • t " ~
R VF.. VF I
, rr · . ,AI "
do badly , "tako il'lds f i l1i tG
care object
of

r >

AI ka.g • a' t eke ' - A - S/h e Ilnisbes (it)-

R VFVFI ,
•
fi ni s h
I
I
XI AI _
'im!e jim t e
object
do 8of/lethirg i n one col1t i l1t.o?w; 'fIOt i ."!
' as opposed to .dbirg i t bit by bit
r
~" ,
-r- .
I
\. ..,
r

, ,

..
 -:.-- ......-

· · / hc sc:a ls :'I-tclcgr a m '

TI , AI ,
nul-.e a tri /oo:e indejini e,g
vib roate ui th obj ect
~

" i n8t l'W ene

Al ai · t ,· eke t - ~e wades around t hrougb th e snow· .

• M . VF
TI
VF
AI
I '~ ._
....~
WadE i nde ;'i.nite
t hro 15h ob.jeat:
sn OL!

-eso C;om tt.lI.n.,stelJ}S.- . •Hewson(HI~3:304) points out , however vth at Bloomfield's

.. ~ ~~~gg~bY'i:mdde.rQl.l.~~.~:6~~):. ' In all''but tti~

E411~ern Algonkian langua ges .~ > *~. In Miemae~t *·eswi was
pr'eve;ting"~ from g~i'ng to ·.es~·but crea ting instead·~. ~~"td!Jof
loot,

Iwl bejcre Iii is regular

. in Micmac after lsi and ItI (HewsonlOS3:304).
I~ Micmac, when the Pr oto-Algonk ian AI reflexive verb,-tinal *~ was
. added to TA stems in' .~ .~ . + .~ gave rise to the common Micmac AI
t
ren~xive ,verb 'Unal ·ll.·si...........asi Il3 eeee in the examples 'below. Micmac verbs

en~i~'g in th e AI 'verb ' finial ~ c~nvey a. sense of action don e by tbe

animat e .subject to hihlself or herself. ,.
v

. ~

.J
Alwenaq -a'si
R vr
AI
1"t s ~ re f; a:~l'e

"- ' ''-

;~ t - S/ he sits down-

s it
~~
rytfler:ive
<: "
'~
AI paw a'si - S/ be move~ slowly -
R VF
AI
'lW lJe re :1.zI:-:' 'J€
s ZoW~Y .

By analogy, Il verbs hav e arisen in Micmac, 'which tor 311 . general purposes' e
are like AI reflexive verbs, but which have - Inaiilinate, :IS op posed to animate,

su bjects. For "example':

AI w aqju ik a'si - S/ be d roops-
R .v VF
AI
be"" shape re fl ec i oe

n waq ju ik e'st ~\ k -It warps: il ,droops-

R M VF I
AI
1?end IIhaJe re flea i oe

!.
'il I a'si t - S/ he is ma rked: sC:J.rred -
VF YF I·
T! AI
rrra :rk re[lecive
 100

Ojil a'si -It is marked; ecerred- .

R vr VF
TI AI
ref'1 et: i~

~ 6 .3 . 1~~ AJ ver b finals..uc)'de ~ ~ems

The Micmac AI verb final:! is used, in some instan ces, t o recycle a TI st em,

_ ~ in:

AlPesog - te!k • m• II. • -S/ be stumblea"

R VF TI lth YF'
T1 AI
mi ss 1I'IO!Iel1 E:
m t
wi tli , _
j6 e t or
body

AI ketme - te' - m t · S/ he is wiped out; Iinisheds .

. R VF Tllth~ VF . I
TI AI
I fini shed" 8 trike
. oft with +
=
i ns tl'Wlen.t

, .
In t he examp les above TI stems marked by TI verb finaJs. a nd the T] thematic
i \
_ ---I -__s_ign :!!! (see section 5.3) lIle ~~~ as AI stems by th e AI verb final ~.
I As mentioned in sect ion i .s, PT ver bs. have the innectional morphology of
)

..«
 10 1

AI ver bs ; like AI verbs, th e first. person si ngul:Lt o r :L pseu do \nnsitive ve rb end,

in :.!!. as in P T lIemi-t -u - [ see it-. Thoug h PT v erbs ha ve innec tionlll

morpho logy whi c h is intran.sitive , the .~;o.DiD ( or such ve r bs is tra nsitive. So tt~

PT verbs cont a in l ra6.si t iYt (T I) stems lU oppos ed to int rn sitive (AI) stenu..

According ly, PT verbs roilYbe reeyeled ~o p!lte AI l'erbs Ii,.adding the AI ., ~ t

rLD aI:.! to' the. T I stem. For exam ple the,T l stem n emi-t- o r PT D('mi · t - u -l ye
it- becomes, in se conda ry deriva t ion, the AI stern Demi· t-n.- or..AI nemi - t • :I. ' t

-S/ be sees.' .

&.3.2 T A ver b "-O.oaJs w hleh r ec ycle TI st ems

The TA ve rb final :! often is used to recycle i TI n th fib.!. Th is Is

sometim es done so that the act ion or t h e verb applies to botb _ari. anim ll.te :L ilt·
inanimate goal
.
c:r~atiDg a double goal ve; b . III t~e cases,d iscussed below ~~~e,J
. ,~
the TA verb fm:lI :! sim ply recycl e! TI ver b stems en ding in the following TI verb"

rLllals: ~ - a.ct ion wi th feet or body -, :!cl - s hoot- and ~ -sound - , TA

Mie~ac verbs whi~b show recycling or these TI stems u e seen belo~:

11 ais t el · 1 shoo t it down -
R VF TI / th
T1
s hoo t
"""" <::
TAnis tel 9 "I shoot i~ down for h im/ her -
R . VF VF 1
T1 TA .
s ho ot
""""
Tlwel sit " I lik ~ th e sou nd of it -
R VF rI/ t h
T1
l oed '0"'"

.',,:; '. ",.j .,

 ; , ::'~

102

TA wel
R
.,
YF VF
. 9 - I like the so und or him/h er -
1 "
n FA
g ood so"'"

TIpem ,,,t
R YF
11
1IIO ~l1t

"""
['ee t Or'
body

TA em
R ."-VF
.
VF
-I kick it Cor him/her.-

""'~t
FA
with .
. !6.t or
bod~

5.3.3 TIITA 'Ye t b nn." w bleb req-ele AI lIIumli

. The TAfTI pair or . erb f~a1a TA :!1.::::::...:! and TI :!l...=:::....: reeycle"AI

stems in :.ll!!. Th~ ~ verb flO&! ·, ';u me~ing ,· renexi~it7 · 'a ppear! to be &

~f!h,ped version or the AI renexiv,e verb rmal~. Th e AI ren exive verb nn&!

:!l!! is the allomorph' of AI :!li whic h oecurs befor e TI/TA verb nnals,

Examples ,?rMicma~ Yer ba whose primary slems end in Al :ll!!. are :

AIep &'51 t - S/ he sits down -,
R VF 1, '
"AI
,it :reftc i tlll
 103

TA en j,'su aI' k "I sit on him/her"

II VF VF
AI TA
s it N .;"L~ 'i 1Jfl

TI ep j,'su at · m 'l sit on it"

R VF 'IF TII , n
AI II
_ --- - ~ - ---ri & - _ _, re {let:i l.ll
-------..
The AIt;erb fin~1 -ita':i ·.t hink'-~~ws th e' same t ype of allom~r phic
. va.riation as AJ ·a' si before X I/ TA verb finals Le. th e final / il of the verb (j n llJ is."
" ,
replaced by Jul. AI:.ll!]i " tbi!!,k' a ppears as AI:i!!:!!! when 'recytl ed by II. T I or

TA ~erb final, as in:

., • AI ll,w ao' ~ ta's i
, I
· S/ he (orlleU" ;
.
11 vi
AI
th.iJ1k .

TAawao" ta 'su 01 k "I to rget. about bim/ her '

R VF VF I
AI ~ IA
~ .

.
POO'
th i nk

, ·--1
T I aw'an' ' -
R

CDJkll.!aI'dI
t e'eu
v~
AI
thi1Jk
. T1
VF
at
71/'
- . m "I torget about it .

pOOl'

. ..r>: -,
(\'
. "

\ \

\
\ -

6 .3 .4 Inve r s e marker

-,
In Micmac th ere occurs all inverse marker :..!:!.k which specifies that th e

ac tio n of the ve~b is inverted or renee ted back 011 the sub ject. For exam ple,

Al kim - elm • tuk . asi • /t · S/he s milesat himsel(/~rsel(·

R N in1l8 l"Be VF I
AI
s €<>retty tazgh reft a:iile

The inverse marke r occurs: after ve rbrecta and stems. Various Micmac wo rds .

wh ich contain the inverse marker :!!.!s..are seen below:

TA Uni . • uk • t - . a • 9 "· 1 prepare (myself) for (him/her)·
R i nl!e l'se. VF VF I " .
TI TA
prepare

T b. inv",; m ar ker i; AI and n verbs oc"" Ire q uently in ; , mbi no li" w~

.~h e TA verb final :.am "look / see" cr e ating AI :.!.!!!:.!!k and ' Il -a m-u' IlS in:
Al metu urn ok si t I S/ he'looks bad"
R YF inv erse VI I
TA AI
,bad wek

Al 'mejik am > uk ai . S/ be looks dirty '

R VF i nver se VF
TA AI
di rty l ook
... -,
AI tajik uk • si . I ' S/h~ looks bea.! th y·
.~ . VF ~ n lJer8e VI I
TA AI
heaZ thy !cck

n wap • am u' - k . - It lookswh ite"

R VF i l1 WI'lle I
TA
~"i:e Zoo k
, .( "
"

105

u· ·k -n looks redd ish "

Il met u - am u" •k "It looks bad '

11 I VE illw ra<l I
TA
b<uf Zaoi<

D am·u· is a haplo logiul Cor m result ing trom tb e origin al cc mbiuano n or T A

:!.!!l+ in verse:!!! + P ro to-Algon kian n ve rb fio.11 .~ + first pe rson singula r n
iaflecrio usl end ing:! or the present indicativ e.
I

k "
mentioned in seetioa 4.1.5 so me rned iili an d fiJl3ls ere deverbal,_ c _ '_ '

resemblin g a st e m in shap e an d meaning . Exam plts or de~erb31 ver b 1'i~31, in

Mkm.ac ~e t he TArrI v erb final :!:!I! me aniBg • D:l.ffie" an d the AlID verb final

:!iliL als o ing ' uem e- . The set o~ Cour verb fioal! meaning • ~3me ' IT AfTl
lsi are a ll derived Crom t he Micmac root ewj't- ~n am e · .

6.5 Pl"efinals

o
V erb (ioaLJ .may t a ke a p rmal A prefin! 1 ill usully a vowel, eit her In;:

.....•
 106

leI or.li/. which i5 pr efixed to a verb final In this st udy ' ~hat appear to be

,e~eral
..- '
prelinals were observed; however t he only prefmal
"
r~r whieh a dea r

m~~iDg was obtaine d is the pre final !:: of the TA f TI ve rb fina l -pil ......, '-avil
. " :' ('('1- '
~ 5 trin g ...... 8trin~ such th at it holds up orcthe ground'" as exp lained in section 2 .1 ~ 4'

Without the preflnel !; the TAfTI verb final :Qi!ha<l f.be n'l.p~t!i.llg · str ing"

or "pert aimngto strin g "; with the prefinal!:: the TA /T! verb r!::..:..l:!Q.i! means

· pertaining to ~ng such , that it bolds something oC! the ground ". Below are

reitt;~ated . t he examples of section 2.4..3 which' show the distinc tion between

...t:A/TI verb fins.!:ml wit hout preflllal!:. and TAfT I verb fina l :!!ill. with prefina l
.,
TAp~m api! k "I mavl an aDi~ate ~bjeet along : of!
R IT I th!! ground, by means of a rope'
TA
hmg
b.

..
8trirg

TApem pil . ."l tow -himY.her._a!ong by rope-

.R VF
TA
a lo~ Btrirg
)

k mentioned a.bove, other examples~ of what 1l.ppear to be p reflnala were

noted during this research . Several ~r these examples ,are liste d below. However,
rurth 'e; study .muet be done before it is ciear whether-these pr efinaLei ;m i nts, tal,
~ . , . 0 ..
leI and IiI. noted in the ~ords below. -~r'e ' indeed ;prefin als wit h ' s ignifican~ ",: , ~
.- -
, /
'.mea~ings, . .
' -~ -<L~- ~:::r- \ 'S/he trades or sells (it) door to door' .

( "<; .." ,\" ':

 H' \ • I
"107

TA sap 1 99 - . t ~· "I st ab him/b er'f

R N V.I;'
~-....t!

TA paosioh ' Itel a g . ~I kill him/her instlmt ly ·

R VF VI [
TI TA

T Inagasu etesk m "I sta mp out ,11 fire",

R VF TIl t h
TT •

\.

.
6 .6 Verb s with out ver b fi nals

Some verbs in Micmae ~pr.ear to oeC~tboll t .n t b finals.

T A niwi h 's ik "1 wip. him/ her dry -
PV R I
dry "'"

kat, ~ .
TI niwi m "I wipe it ,dry"
PV R TI/th
dry "W,
~ .
n e kwit k "It nOBU"
R [
[loa:

T Aketan
~)
"I hate him/ ber"

Joe
 108

TI kwil ~· m "l eee r ch tor it-

R rJ /th
eearah
-",
(
The ver b roots which occ u r without verb finals ~re inherently t r a nsitive or

i':t~apsit iv e due to tb! ,!latui'e or their meanings. T hus it is t he meani ng 0.( th e

root l rath~r than a ver b final, which in dicates the tra nsitivity ot the verb;' as in

~ -I search for it~ . One ~Iways se~fche9 tot something; that is tb~' very
o . /
nature of ,.search.

6~7SummarT

V erb finals occur Dot only in verbs but may also be round in DOUDS that ar e

derived (rom verb stems. There- are tour types of yerb finals: TA, TI, AI and D.

Th e tr an sitivity or a ver b stem is mark ed by tb e verb final with which it ends.

Besides transitivit y, ver b fmw indi cate th e gender ot t he subject or int r ansitiv~
verbs ILIldthe objec t 01 transitive verbs. A TI t_hemesign :m occ urs in Tt verbs
further. marking th~ verb as transitive inanimate.

Verb stems may be r~Ycled by a foUowing verb final. Intransitive verb .

•finals recy cle transitive verb stems : Transitive verb finals recycle transiti.ve and

intransitive verb eteme..

. ,.
 lOll

Algonkian langua ge! have 8.n inverse marker .:!!!.wbich is fo und in ma.ny

ver beead indicates that the action of the verb is inverted or reflect ed back on the

su bject, som ewhat like an English reflexive verb. \,,-,"7 "

Seve ral verb finals in Micmac are de ve rbal. corres pondi ng to i stem in form

ee d meani ng.

~ recedin g many verb finals are round prerinaJ vowels sue~ as / e/ , /a / or

l .. .,;;.
..ilI · "
~ -. IiI . T_~ -m eaDing and"fun ct ion of th ese pr efina.ls is yet to be fully ex plained .

-, t~~y; 'not all verbs in Micmac requi re a verb r:nal. Some verb roo ts are

inherently transitive or int ransitive due to t he nature or t he ir meani np.

l -,

.. / .~
 110

CHAP TER SIX

Coneluelcn

"

-
' '', '
 ,/

/ ~
-"?'
8.0 Introduetlon '-

The m ain ob jective o r . this t hesis w; to give a n overvie w of tb.

Iunda mcnts.le ol mcde m Micm ac word formati dn. This objed iv,e' wa.s e pprcac hed •

in th ree stages. ~h e rmt..stage saw 'th e ident ification »» man y Mkm ac lexernes
as poss ible in ne, words of th e' DeBJOb':O~. Metallic "Micma c Lexicon and the"

assiga meutof these lexemes to ~form.ative ca tegOry w beth"er preve rb, root, me dial.

or final .

Th e seoond stage cobsist ed or a n exami nation of the w~ays in wh ich {be~e

ro~mati;eS/~atterDed .t~entselyes within . ~i~~it.c wo rds. T he r:Ult a, o( t his

examination arc suminarized in section 6.2 below...'

~h~ t hi rd stage of investig~tion' involved:'e x~miniDg t~e r olc' pla y ed by eac h

of the four Cormative ea~e gor i es under d tseusstcn- root, preverb , media l and rinal.

1
.,;)

_ 6, 1 App e~d lee8

t\) 'l

Th e four append ices inc luded with .this"'t hesi9 a r e the resu lt of th~fif9t s tage

01 in v estiga t ion desc ribed above . .Ap pendix A lists all the Micmac root _a nd' r
- . . . !!
preve rb .lormatives identified. Appendix A.I gives a Micmac - English summ ary

,listi ng 01 ~he MicmfLC rPou' used in th is "stud y , Apt"endix A.2 is a more comp lete

listin g 01 a.1l the ~ords in whic h these roo~ wer e found . At the end of ~any of tb e.,
 '\;' ..
112

iodivrdu al root word list,s are words conta ining preverbs , which cor ~espond to t he

roots recorded in t he list.

~pe Ddix B presents all the Micmac mediate and noun finals identified by

the study . Appe nd ix B.l is a. Micmac > English summ ary listing o f all the Micmac

iJ;!<4loJ...<_1l<l1Ilrfi1n1>-whi·i<1h~we re round. 10 this list mediala are identified by M

an . noun finals by.,.N.F. Where-relevant, DlSto~evideD ce from P roto-Al gonk ian

~ ~veo to' show the co~moD ,' A1gootd an identity t he formative listed .

· Appendix 8.2 includes all the words in which the medials an ou n finals -of

Appendix B.l are found. -, . <. ~ ,

Append ices' C.a.nd-D de~1 wit h verb finals . Appendices C. I and C.2 give ,'ll ~

wherein these Iiaals were round.

..
summary. listing of all tbe AI an d Il verb finals observed , an d the Micma c words ..

Appendix 0 (oll~w, the ,a~e torny.t as the othe r thr ee app endices .

· Appendix, D.I giyes a s~~mary listing ot ,the study's . TA ~~ d TI verb finals , while

Appendix ·D~2 provid;s added docu ment ation in the Iorm or the Micmac words

examined which contaiD;trans iti ve ver b jl uals.

As in'·APpendix.' B, Appendices C and 0 oCten list the P roto-Algonkian

reconstr uctions or varibus ' ver b finals as evide nce of th eir common AlgOnkian

ident ity,

· 6.2 M icm ac (orm:atlve patte~ns or s t r a tegies

..
'
. .'
It sho uld be st ressed ~hat the sketch .o,CMicmac word for mation p resented -in

·· it
 113

thi s st udy is a. preliminar y look at a complex aod. int ricate process. Th ou gh till'
,
st udy allows identifi cati on of 0. . set of Micma c word- for mati ve st rnh'gil'll or

patt ern s, ODe shou ld be awar e that the se are s ummnries of in it ial observnrlons,

and th at the forma tive patt erns, es "given below, are meant to serve as a stepping

I sto [i~ to furth er investigati on and are not to be considered tb,e dcfinitlve set Ilf

'-Micmac word Cormation st rate gies. We can outline the verb, noun nnd pnrticle

form a tiv e pa ttern s identifi ed by this st udy as shown in the Iollowing sect ions 6.2. 1

to 6.2.3 .

6.2.1 Verb formative pa t terns

Basic verb rorrg~H!tpatterns:

R +I

R +VF+ I

(Py)' + R + (M)+ VF + I

Ex tended verb formative pattern :

(P (PY) -.:(PY) + R + (M) +. IM) + (VF) + IYF) + VF + I

Verb formati ve a f n with inverse mark er ·uk

R+ IM) :+- (M)+IYF) +uk+ .~

Verb formative pa ttern with derivative suffix -ew

·R + . ;:';+ 1M) +(VF) + YF + I

oj'"
 114

Fr om ~be verb Iormerive patterns presented above', one may conclude th!,lt

there is a fixed ver bal form ative pat tern in Micmac. The pa ttern is:

IP V) + (PV) + (PV) + R + 1M) + (M) + IVY)+ (VY ) + VF + J.

T his su mmary pattern is _ ~ extended .version of the basic Micmac verbal

formativ e pattern (PV) + R + (M) + VF + L The baekbcn e of the extended

p B tte r~ is com~ed ' or the root, ~ ~rb fin~1 'and inflec ~ioDal elements. Most

Micmac verbs must contai n one root followed by at leas t one 'ver b, final an d be

innectionall y ~arked even.Jf· covertl y so. Some verbs do occur with~u_t ve;-h

finals, as indicated ~Y the first verp formative pattern abov e. However, verbs

without verb finals are Dot the norm.

I
6.2.2 N oun ror ma tl ve p attern s

' Basic n"oun format ive patt erns:

R+ NF

Extended Doun formativ e {ttl·Hero :

R + (1M) + NFl + (NF) + I .'

Noun for mative pattern with derivative suffIX· ew:

R + 1M) + IVY)+ (VF)+ I + ,w+'NF

The. most basic no u~ Cormative pattern ill a single root or roo ~ , Ius noun
 ·rr
/.
!!

final. Either of these simple noun forma tive patterns mny b~ eX~,ended , as

indicated by t~e ' extended formative pattern above. Nouns may also consist of a •

' - verb which i! recycled by the derivat ive sUfr~ ::!!! and n ooud finnl. .J

6.2.3 Partide fo r mati ve patter ns

R\+ PF

R + Loc. ·

Particlesdo not' heve complex Iormarive patterns as do uoune and verbs.

. .~" .

~ Micmac particl~ may consist of simply a rcc i or a root 'plus a particle Iluul or

locative. A locative is an inflectional ending which indica tes direction or I~c o.tion .

.,.
1\3 discussed
, in section 6.0, the t hird stage of investigation
. 'was to examine

the function of the four Iormatives unde r. discussion - th e preverb, root, media l

and final: Thi.! bee b~en done in de..t~i1 in chepters Two throug h Five.

In 'suDl~ary. bcwevee. s we.mey conclude t ha.t Mlemae word Iormation

follows a process in which indepeadect and . dependent lei emee become

• gtamma tiealized as
. "prev~b, .
root, medial or fi.Q.al tor~~tives., Independent

-
.~
. . .. . - ....
" .. ' .' " . . '. : ' "
 116
, /
"lexemes are ' DOrrO~Y grammati~a~:Z:ed . as roof"s be preverbs while de pendent

lexemea (unction ... ~ediab or rLDds.

The l ame lexeme may be ftc ategorized and function as more th:ul one type ,

or formative. fo r exam ple, the same independent leuglf: may func tion as a root
. . .
or be recycled &I a p\e';erb. T~ same dependent lcseme may be seen to function

as a medial, the pouesaed stem of a d.ependeot buUlI, o r .., a fInaL

Ther e even appean to · be ,:me aJ t~rDat ioD beeweea dependent Irfd

~ d ep~n d ltD t lexerni!S. Some independen t lexemee which (unct ion a.s roots abo

. r~nc.t ioD as format ive! usually ;b~.acteri3tic of dependent Iexemes i.e. medials and
verb finals. When an independent lexeme is gratnmatt calized as a. formative
. .
equated _with dep endent lexemes, 'some ~eshapingu;ually tak es place.
During the formati on or Micmac words a lexeme may play ditter:nt .

lI'a.mmatical r'oles, and oper~te Cundio·nall,. ~ ditfere~t rorm&tiYes~__Howe-~er, n~

~atter which Coro;ta tive role a -lexeme tak es' on when 'gramm aticalUed the
\ • 'I. .

meaning' or the un derl~in g lexeme does not ~ h &D ge, Once a Iexeme is '

grammaticalized wiih in a w9rd, i~ iorm~tive cate:rorr deiermines what role the

~td ia1 will augment the root which pre«des i.

r
melLl1ing of t he under1r ing lexeme will p.t;.,. in t~e creation of the overall m~ani~g.... ..

of the Micmac '~o~d_ ' For examp le, the meaning a lexeme " amma tiealli ed as ~ -, ,.

However, th e meaning of a

lexeme whi~h b'~mes grammaticali zed se a . prever o ", ~ll modify the total :.--~ ~.,•.
meViing oCt he verb to 1(t'hich it attac hes and not just ,the root f~mative:'
V We see t ha t ~cqtac word formation is a product of ' a sequence oC
' .- ' j
depend~ncies, w~~reb1; lexernes.w~t~ tpe~if1e~e~~1P take on the di~rere~~, . . . ..: ! -c . _ ••

grammatical roles oCprer erb, root, medial and nzk[with in -Micmac' words. Th e • . ;'

~',
 117

type of formatives present in a Micmac word as well as the orde~ ,o f the

Cormatives determine hew the veeioue meanirgs of the ,Iexemes uD~rlying these

launative! will work together to create ODe oJerall meaning oCthe Micmac:word.

The Miemac word Corma tive patterns presented here, &3 well as the

discussions concer ning the runctiobS of preverbe, roots, medlals ead finals, lead

only to a fundamental basis upen which may be constru cted ~ outline or ~.:;;:n:8C
word formation . MallY queerione such /IS the morphological et etue of Micmac

preverbs and the nature ·of preflnals and premedia~ in Micmac remain to be

answered before tbe mechanisms oC Micmac' woid formation will be tully

I

V
understood .

,' .

~
-.

-" - 7 " ----:;----

 118

I..
I

.,

'/ ,.
/ BIBLIOGRAPHY

. -.
·, . 1'
 , 110

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a paper pr esented t o the Mokakit lndiac Ed ucati on Research
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Bloomfie ld, .Leopa rd V1946 . • Al gcuqui an s in Linguistic St ruct u'res or

N ative Americtl., Co rnelius Osgood [ed.]. Viking Fund Inc., New York.
85-120. \ - .
\ .
. tlJ58. Eastern O·ibw a: Gramm~t· 11.1 Ske b T exts and
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_ _ _._ . 1962. The Me mini Lan In e, Cha rles F. Hockett [ed.].

.. William Dwight hitae Lingu istic Series. Yale Unive r.lity Pe es,
·Ne w Haven , Connecticut .

Bragg;'Russell. 1975. Some kpe~ o r th e Phonology or Newroundland

Micma c. Unpu blish ed MA thesis, Memorial University or
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CI",k. : S.nd ... ·' DS' b. k..

tbW..t R;v;, ISh..h:;,hitl Moo; ....i:,
A Grammatica l Sketch. Cana dian Ethnology Service,
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Dawe, Audr ey. 1986. Th e Fundamenta:ls or Micmac ·Histori ca l Morpho logy.

U~published MA tbe sis, Memor ial Universit y or fI1ewroundland.

DeBlois, Albert D, anJ

Alphonse Metalli c. 1984. Micmac L exicon.
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ot Canada, Ot tawa. . a G.
._1
Denny , J. Peter. HIT8: -The Semant ic Roles or Medials within Algonquian
Verba ", IJAL 44.2:153-155..

< • - ' - •
Fi delboltz , James . 1968. Micma.c Morphophonemics . UupubJished PhD th esis,
MIT , Camb ridge,ldassachw:etts.
 120

. 1976, - ·Some Considerations in Developi ng an Ort hography lor

~cmae Language- in Pap ers or the Seventh Al gonqui an
Co nference , Willi am Co wa n [ed .]. Carleton University. 36144 13.

Goddar d, Ives . HI_5Z. --The AJgonqui an Ic depe edeet Indi ca tive- in

Co nt rib ut ions to Anthro 010 : Lin ist icf. 1 AI on uian ,
- A . D. DeBJoU! ed.• Anthropological serie s 00 .78 Bull eti n 00.2 14.
Na.tional Museums of Ca nada . 66-106.

Hewson, John. 1073. ·Pro~Algonkian ij efiexes in Micmac· , in

Anthropological Lingui st ics, Mar ch 1073 . 151-164. '

J..' ,
_ _ _, 1974. "Proto-Algonkian Mediili. ~ ~O.4:308-316.

-. 1978b. ~Micmac Consonant Clusters" in P Apers from' th e Second

~l Meat in of the Atlant ic Provinces Lin i!ltie Associ a tio n, Geo rge .
Patterson ed. . Halif ax. 115--122.

_ ._ _: ' 10' O. ,· So nor an t a nd Glide i~ Miemec and pm', R egion al

L 0. tudies ,g:I-4. . .....

~. 1082. "Fundamentals of Micmac P bQnology ang..Morp bology '

In [;angunges or Newroun dl a nd and J,nhra<'lor , Harold P(1dd o ck (ed .).
Memori al Universit y of Newfoun dlan d mim eo. 200-214 . _

_ _._ ._. 1983. "S om e Micmac Et ym ologies- in Aet es du qua torzi em e

congre! des lLlgonqll in istl'9, W illia m Cowa n (ed.) . Ca rle ton
University . 301-306 .

_ _. _. /'1985. ' Speaking Miema c " , Memorial Univ ersity of Newfoundl and
mtmeo. · .

4 · " i
Hudson, Richard. 1084. Word G ramm ar. Basil Blackwell Ine., Oxford.

Humber, Al~ ... 1071. Asp ects of Verb Morph ology in Ne wfoun d la nd Micm ac.
\ Unpublished MA the sis, Memorinl University o r f'!ewto u nr ln nd.

r
 ~ , . ,.

121

Kr oebe r, A. L. 1916. - Ar apaho Dialects.", ~ 12.3:71·13 8.

. .~
-, Leavitt , Robert M. H184. - P aeee mequoddy-Mulecite P reverb s- in Pa per!!of the
." Sixte ent h Algonqui an Con ference, WilIi\ m Cowan (ed .). Ca rleton
Unive rsity, Ottaw a. 73--90. ...

Ma tth ews P . H. 1082. Morph ology An Introdu ction to th e T heory of Word -

struc ture. Universit y p ..~s, Cam bridge . .

Met allic, Manny and GilI~ Delisle. 1976. Micma c Tea ch ing Gram mar
(pr eliminary version], The Thunderbird P ress, Mani tou
Co llege, Quebec.

Pacifique, R. P . OFM Cap. 1039. Leeohs p:ramm atieahis theo riques et pratiqUe!!
_~~~~~*:. micmaqu e. Bureau du Messo.g er)Jicma c. St e-An ne-de-

~entland, David H. a nd H. Ch r istop h WoUart[ede.]. 198~ Bibliogrll.p hy o r

. Algonquian Linguistics . Universit y of Ma nitoba Pr ess, !"1ll.o ito bo...

Proulx , Paul. 1078, Micma c Inn e-etion. Unpubli shed PhD thesis, Cornell
Un iversity, Ith ac.a , New York.

R and , R ev. Silas T . 1888. Dictionary or the Lan guag e of t he Micm ac Indian!!
. ~. who reside in Nova Scot ia New Brun swick Prince Edwa rd Island
Ca pe Breto n and Newfoundla nd. Nova Sco tia P rin t illg Company ,
Halifax , N? va S~!a:

_ _ _. 1002. R and '~ Micmac Dictiona ry , J eremiah S. Clark (ed.).

Th e Patriot Pub~ishing Company, Charl o tt etown, P r ince Edward Island.

Sturtevant, William (ed.] . 1978. Handb ook or North meri can Indi ll.'riB,
Volume 1 5 ~. Smit hsonian Institute, W ing t;;o~

W oUart , H. Chris~;h. 1913. Pl:ains Cree: A"G rammll. l~al Ske tc h:

(Transacti ons of The Ameri can Phil osophi cal Society 63.5).
. P hiladelphia. / •

•fl ·: ·
 !'
122

Zwicky, Arno ld M. W8S. "C liries and part icles", Language 6 1.2:283-305 .

\"
",

, -

t'
 \ \
123

APPENDICES

Appendix A l Micmac Roo(~

Appendix A2 Data: Micmac Root s

Appendix 8.1 Micmac Med ials an d Noun .ij.ina ls

Appendix B.2 Data: Micmac Medials and Noun Fina ls

Appendix C.1 Micmac Al lll Verb F i~al6 r

Appendix C.2 Data: Micmac Al/n Verb Finals
'~pendix 0 .1 Micmac T A/ TI Verb Finals
Appendit 0 .2 D ~ Micrri ae TA/TI Verb Finals

? '
II

~'.- .
j
...., 124

A PPENDIX A .I
MICMAC RO OTS

e'[et- in t he way
a' pi- net
n'qat - hair
e'e-
a'sis- ove r in line of sight
a't ukw- story; legen~

aklasi- En glish
. 1· about \
partly
amal- va riegate d
emlim- stuc k
enk- in sequence
aplL,t- b ~ck (directional)
apj- sm31l
apjun- han dle
a pe- smnll
apt- to the end
instigat e
esamej - fancr ; elegant
asikom-
au th ority
atlti· " y
at lasm- test
etues- bac k of body
awaa- awkwarfpoorly
L
e'pit-
ejikl- - away
 i> .. '

125
. ~(
-eki- co unt ; read
ekw lj- no~t

". , I-
elaqp-
t h us; thither
b ind
elke- wor k the la nd
elm- a way Ctorn-
elukw - work
.'
emektw} do bad ly
emt esk- l ussy; superior
eek- me asuremen t

' P"
. o pposite dire ctio n
ll sit .
. > : 2'1warm \~
'P ~ dfs h .
th us; t hit her
. ", .
esamqw- -' !. d rin k
eset- bac k
esk- \ taw or green
eskm- w ai t" r,
~P" high .
etl- tb us; so; the re
ewi'k- w rite
ewi't -
ew]- ha ck and rortb
ewl- poo r; bad ly
I) blu e;'rog d
2) diny
Ik· .b e in P l ac ~ ..
. ik a't aqu- plan t ...
ikan- ahead
./
.\.
il- . : pro perly
ilaj- prep are
.\ .~
I-
.:' .
'. ,
 inaqan- -right
istu- bend; crooked
chewing tobacco
j :l.jik. along th e edge
jakej u- lobste r
jaqal- a. short ti me
jej ujkw- bell
[i'm- paddle
j i' umu-
jijkluewj u· sheep
jik. . 1) gon~ ",
2) list en
jil· mark
jim- w, iog
[iae w-
jip- (right
h 't- .-wipe .
ke't ew- . " I
kaq- .finish ·
.~ . rub
" kawask-" turn over
ke'kw- . on toP." (
keku - decorate
kekw- slowly

'os- hurt; very

keaikew- lo_u d; (ast
ktj inu.kwe-- sick
k~sip­ scra pe
kens- wub
kesm- positio~
h. lak~ ~~t; mon
ket an- h ate "
 127

keta p- imm erse

ke tkw- l>cing
kerme- to extinct ion .
k ew- prostrate
ki- co unt; read
kim- secret ly
kin awsk- t urn around
k ;'" finish
kisik u- old
kisp ue- tir ed
kitto'q- ci rcle
ko pit- bea ver
kes nuk· · siek
ku t- -: sp ill
1
kwej- try
kwil- .se?o'" ch
7' kw illi- earice
l'ketu - mushroom s
('lut. Ieae e
l' nu- Indian
l' pa'tu- young man
la's k w- ca rds
la'taqsun- bucket
la m- below
1• ..- wrap around
\ '- .
lss uku- ca rds
IU'5u- du ties
lut m- goss ip
m~kot- dl'ess
. mal'~~w, blood
m3.1- peer
\
ma ltejju- hammer

.l .
 lar ge
- 128 ..

-
groun d; land
maqan- confuse
maqe t- tempo rary
maqtew- black
~-q­ put a way
malo - light
mllttaq- make vibrate
maru- easual
loge tber
me'; strike
me'si- unab le; canDot
mejik- . dirt y
meke- plenty
meku- . rod
melk- stro ng; bar d
bare

meneq- .. ~ic~t~; weak

I) big
2) whole
mesqanc- collapse of bod y
rnetew- ~ hear d
metu- b .d ; _unpleasan ~

mi'km aw-
mil- ...
Micmac
var iety
..
milakeju o • milk
miuu- to do,:,againo
bear
mu, ik· remove; bar e
slar\;'setou t
,five
 129
.-'
roek ; sing
..p- draw
naqen- restrain
naqsi- tll.Sily
'put oo ;Casten
uaskw- divid e in ha.l f
oasq:asu- put 00

nat aw- know how

natq- rernoee rrcm water
ee'b- call u pon; visit
nekw- unde r; bottom
nesp- oth er
n..~ understand
netaq- shy ; bashful
eewt-
nikan-
n;"
ahead
dow n
-.
uiwe- dry ou t \
..
nui w-
~

eutkw-
",r,
skille d in ...
insu fficient
o'p1- wrong
pajit- . ext r emely
pan- .....~ open
'paqas- eat er the water
peqsip ke- burs t
pu- thick
paw-
pekaj-
I ,
slow
D eat~

pekit-' loog in time

pelk- PElt!
T
pem-' aloJ!.g

."... .
 ._ ~-

'I
130

pepk- thin
po> to skin
pesoq- miss
pet- I) accidently
Z) bithl;r
piptoq- round "
pit- long
poqt.-' st.1rt
pukw- bushy
I
pun- 'Stop
punt- hex
puta- blow
qallp- shovel snow
.~;
qepek- bst wat er
ea'se'w- eheuge; exchang e
salaw- salt
eemqwa n- water
ea ekew- slowly

",. througb ,
soput(e}- through
se qp- wet
sasqa- n.t r
se's- spread
eepuee- bring to- a point
eeepe- restless ; fidgety
eewis- breo.k up
elaw- continuous
,Ip. stretch ~ut
sisku- mud
SOli" _" Ij ehew
2) d ose
tnjik- healthly
 r: tal- what?
131

tap u- two
taqnmoq-
tek- cold
teka- sweat ;-
tel- th us
tern -
It'
tep- 1) enough
2) on boa rd ...
teplu- promise
tetapu- correct
tet paq- st raight
tew- out at
. . r,"" , tia'mu -

»r: tmoqt atw. beam; log

toqj u-
tukw- "
up
wait'
..
upm- side of body
wa 'w- " .gg
wai- bead
waju'- (ull
walqw- hollow
waltes- waites
want aq- quiet
wap- white
wepu- dawn'
waq- bend; crooked
waqam- clean '
waqju- b endic rooked
clear; bright
wasoq- clear; bright

:;.-".\.. -----
 132

wejklwr ~ here (su ; from there)

wel- : good
w elll q- rse

. w eek-
weskew-
el tess
ro'
laugh
weskit- top layer
movemen t inward
w et- trom tbl!re (~e e: to bere)

. win- messy; dirty

-:

C"\..-J

' ." . .i-

 • 133

APPENDIX A.2
DATA : MICMAC RO OTS

\..

a shor t time
•
j.,..J AJ jMlal-ik quick
jaqal n jaqal-ik quick
jaqd TA jaqah'l-ik · do quickly
jaqal AI jaqal-a 'si-t go or move su ddenly
jaqal PT [aqal-e 't-cq do quickly
[aqal TA [aqal-ipia-e-ik quick-d ry cloth ing
jaqal TI - jeqet-Ipte-e-m quick-d ry clothin g
jaqal TA jl1qa.l. te '- k make a quick killing; make
money quickly .
[ aqa l i TI l eqel-te- m make a quick killing; make
money quickly .
r .' jaqali AI jaqali-pn-e-t rail suddenly il l'

ab out

ol TA al-a'ul- al-k earry around on the back

-.J TI al-a'ul-a.t-m carry around on the bnck
ol AI al-a'ul-e-t cury ar ound on the b ack
ol - TA al-am-k look a round ror
.1 AI al-anlcu'-si-t t rade o r sell door to door
.1 :.TA aJ-anku-al-k · t rade o r te ll deer to door
.1 PT . al-anku.et-oq tra de or sell door to door
.1 AI al-ap-i-t look around
al Nl al-llpih qan kna psack
.1 Nt el-eptl-aw-emk-ew-ei st retc her ; brierctlSe
.1 TI el-ept-m . look a round ro?"'\
. 1· AI al.asu-kwe-t wade ar ound in th e wa ter
.1 AI el-aeum-t-eke-t wade aro und t hrough the snow
.1 AI al·atij. a 'si-=t · scurry about
.1 AI el-I'pulue-t ride about OD. a horse
aI n aJ.qo'we-k noat abou t
al AI el-qc'we-e nod about

,.
' i,; :-. .. ~

. 134

0 aI-H I. fiy a bout

" AI ....sin· t' fl y a bout

"" AI aJ-ik j. a'. t sbcw eee'e bu uoe ks

-
7(
~

accidental ly

peji TA peji-n uk·s-ik slice up acci de ntally

peji TI peji- n uk·s-m.,z slice up accid entally
peji TA peji- t m-s-ik , cut i n two accide nta lly
peji TI peji- t m-s-m cut in two a ccidenta lly
pol TA: ptt- t e '-k str ike or hi t. a cciden tall y
p. l TI pet-t e'em str ike or hit accident all y
p, l TA pet-teeka-q acci den tally bump in to

. uiko m AI asiko rn:-a'si-t go ac ross

asikom AI asiko m- apek·i-t. erawl eerces
asikom AI asiko m-i'kwe'- k swim across

-
uik om AI asiko m-i'pi-t run a cross
lLSikom D. u iko m -oq-te. k lie ac ross
asoqom PI asoqo m-a'· q tswim acros.s

:~~::C:
..,.om 0 it crosses ove r
ascqcm AI cross over
...,o m AI lSOqo m-asu·kwe-t wad e across
a.socPm ; 0 escqo m-oq-tes- k rail a cross
"''l\'m AI asoqom-oq-te.sin ·k rall a cross
asoqomi TA l5Oqomi-ksm-a'l-i k push across
asoqomi PT asoqomi-ksm-a't.-oq push across
asoqomu AI ~mu-le'·ke-t. rerry across

hqll moq AI taqamoq-ism-a 'si·t lie d o wn cros sways or across

h.qamoq AI taqam oq-pi-t lie a c ross or athwart
hqnmott 0 taqamoq-te-k lie a cr oss or a t~wart
taq amoqi . TA • · taqamoqi~ksIl?-- a' l.ik push across
taq amoq l PT taqamoq j.ksm-I1't-oq p u / ,oss

~' ...
:":-'.1' ~.\ .
136

pem TA pem-eie-q oper a te

pe m AI pem· j' kw e'. " swim-along
pem AI pern-i' pi· t r UD a lo ng
p,m AI pem-i' p ukwe-t _ stagg e r alon g
pem AI pem-t' p ulee-r ride a long O D horseba ck
pem n pem-ia - q go or more a long
p em AI pem-ie-t. ~ o r mava a long
p, m PT pem-in- t-oq sing aloll g
AI - padd le -
~::~.t
p em
p em AI ,padd le along
pem n pem-it-k flowing
p em n pem-it-k now a loog
p em AI pern-j- a '-t leap a long; hop along
p em TA pem-ji'm-al-k padd le or row along
r pe m Tt pe m-ji'm-at-m padd le or row aloDg
p em AI ' pem-ji' m- e-t padd le or row along
'. p em TA pem-k -i k go or kit k pas t in tim e
pem TA p em-k-e-q , PIlS!; go past ; pr omot e over
-- pem TI pem-k-m pass; go past ; p romote over
p em
p em - TJ
AI
pein-k-m
pem-ikat--e'pi-t
KO or kiclr: pas t in time
trot .a lon g
.p em AI pem-lik.a. t walk al ong
t •
. p ern TA pem-nik- al-k carry on the should~r
p em TJ p em-nik-at-m carry on the shoulder
p em AI pem-nik:;e-t should er pack
p em TI p em-o't-m opera te
pem n pem-p-a '-q rise o C the tide
p em AI p em-pa q- to'si-t splash along
\ p em n p em-pek-a 's-ik start to rise o r the tide
p em n p em-pek- it-k nowaloilg
p eru ' TA o p em-pil-k tow a lo nt
p em TJ 'pem- pil- m towalo'ng
pem AI p ern-puku-e'si-t start, to get b a ck on
p em AI pem-puku -e'el-e one's Ieet
p em AI p em-qam-a 'si-t get to o ne's ree t
p em n p em-qo'kwe-k noat o r drif't al ong
pem AI ' p em-qo'kw e-t noat o r drift al ong
p em n -p ee-qc'qwe-t float al ong
p em n p em-qc'we- k noat al ong
p em AI p em-qo'w e-e noat al ong
p em -n pe m'H~ pUll by in th e a ir
pem n p em-saq- a.s-ik will
.. pe m ~ AI p em-siaw -a'si-t pass b y
p em I AI pem-siaw-aq-Hke-t sail alo og by

/
.. "
~~:'~:~-- . ' .'; .. ~
--. ~'.' .: .~,. \ .,. '.;: -- -- ~:
 13 7

pem
pem
A!
n
p e ra-slaw -elm-j-t
p e m-siaw- qo'qwe- k
P/15S by b ucbing
noal by I
/
pem n p e m-siaw- qc'we-k I1o&l by - ~
pem A! perc- sin- k ", by in t he air II. rt ~r some-
one hits yau
pem n p e m-te'-q go by m a king e, nose
p!!m A! p e m-taq n- ie-t slilher .a long
pe m A! p e m-tem- I-t go by erying
p em TI p e m-tesk-m kick alon g
p em TA p e m-teske-q kick along
pem A! p em-to'k we-k drift alo ng
p em A! p e m-to'kwe-t drift alo n g
p em A! p enH oqs i:-t pratt le o r g:lIl a lon g
pemi A! p emi-jajik -a'si-t move o r w alk a lon g tbe ~ hoTe
pem i A! pemi-jaji k-isukw- i- t paddle a lon g the shore
pem i A! p e mi-kekw-i'pi-t f t!D a100 g slowly
pe mi D peml-mq-a pek-e-k beeome lar ge'and round
pemi A! p e mi-mq- a pske-si- t become lar ge an d round
pemi A! p e ml-siaw- i'pukwe-t staner a loog by
perni A! p e ml-eie w - tem-l-e p:w by cf ying
pe mi D pe mi-tk-e'-k get ecfd o f the w eather
pe mi D pe mi-tk-Ie-q _ getc:bill y
pe mi A! p e mi-tk-i e-t get chill y
pem i D p e mi-tm- a 'si-k start to br ellk
pemi A! p em i-tm- a 'sl-t start to br eak

a long the ed g e

ja ji k XP j a j ik-iw alon, th e edge

jaj ik A! j aj ik-oq-p i-t lie ~IoDg side
jaj ik D j a j ik-oq-t e- k lie do D.&" side
jaj ik A! j aj u -pi-t a10npi de 'r
jaji k D j a ji k-te-k alonp id e
jajik XP j aj ik-tuk a10n, t h e shore

authority \
ass u T A - as su-m-k ow,
ass u IN , assu-s-ut i authorit y
aas u A! - il.SSu-, i-t bees
- '.;-
-,
rae

~A sssu -s i-t
essu- t-eqeu
boss
ownershi p
TI assu- t-k own

away
-:
ejikl' TN ejikl'- te'·k dri,? away; knock away
ejikl' TI ejikl' -te'·m driv e away; knock away
ejik l TA ejik l- a'l-ik tak e away
~jik l -AI ejikl-n'si-t go a way: d ep art
ejikl PT ejikl-a't-cq tak e away
ejik l AI ejikl- am-ukw-ie- t la ce away
ejik l AI ejik l-eke-t t hro waway
ejik l AI ejikl- I'k we'<k swim across
ejikl AI ejlkl-e in-k - Ilo w n away
ejikl AI ejlk t-u'[in-k bent away a.t the waist
- AI
"ejikla
ejikli TA
ejik la -k -o'[in- k
ejikli-ksm-a'l,- ik ~~~~' ~;:~ p ar t QW~,-
ejik1i:" PT ejlkli- ksm-e-t -cq .pueh away
ejikli At-- ejikli-ws-i-t mo v e away; move acros s the
' riv ~r
I

away !'rom -r
elm NI elm-alq-e'[-i'] sm a Uh ole
elm IT elm-j -oq- te-k set (as a ta b le)
elm AI elm-Iik -e-t go a way fro m on l oo t
elm AI elm-u 'j in-k ben t away fr om
W

~wkward ; poorly

ewen' AI Il.Wll.n ' - t-ll.'si-t ror g et

awan' TA awen t- t-e'su-e l-k (org et about
ewen ' TI aWll.n'- t-ll.'sll-at·m Icr ge t abou t
AI eweu-e'q-le-e unc er tain, unaware
AI ewee-evk awkward
.w on AI ewan- e'j-l-r do o rpedo r m awkwar dly
ewen TA ewen- ele-q oper a te or h a ndle po orly

\
-,
 .'
',.:,

-: . 1 39

a wae . AI awaa-ki -jj e-t reed poo rly

aw aa .- AI awaa -lu kw- e-t .. poo r worke r
awan TI ewee-o't-m operate or band Ie poor ly
awan i AI aW3ol-t plu '-t- eke- t hn~e poor [ud gement
ew eei AI awani-wsk-e-t • ll1I unskilled fish erma n

~tmi'kD ;".1 au-tmi' kn my axe

t mi'kn 1'<1 tmi 'kn . m
t mi'kn - NI t mi' ko-at kw ue h a ndle
tmi 'ku TA t mi'kn- te t-k strike with lin a xe

bec k

eset .. AI eset-a's i- t move ha ck

es ee II- eset-e-k bac kw ards

.. ""
es e t TA - eset-ek-j- a'l-ik
PT
AI
eset-ek-j-e't-o q
eeet-ek-j- epek-i-t
bring
bring
crawl
backwar ds
backwar ds
backwa r ds

."
ese t

ese t
eset
AI
TA
AI
TA
eset-ek -j -eke-t
eset-ek-j-i-ksm-e 'l-ik
eset-ek-j-i-pij-a 's i-t
eset-ek-j-i-p5-11' I-ik
shove
push back
backwa rd s

&0 in backwar ds
skin inside out

~,::~::~!:l~~t-oq
ese t skin inside ou t
eseti p~batk
eseti PT eseti-ks m-a't-cq push ~'tk
eseti AI eseti-pij-e 'si-t tote r backw a rds
es eti TA eseti-ps- a 'l-ik tUrDipside ou t •

back and ro rth

ewj TA ewj-c'l-i k baul ba ck and forth

ewj PT ewj-c't- o q haul ba ck and forth
 140

back of bod)'

at y 's NA atua's-avkw ani mal noati ng on its back

atua's AI atua's-i'kwe'vk " swim on the back
at ua'e PI ntua's-kw-a'-q swim on the back
atuas PI at uas-kw-a'-q swim on one 's back
et ucs AI at uas-kw-esi u-k lie on one's back
atues AI atuas-kw-etesiu-k fall backwards

baek (di rection al )

apo.j AI apaj-a's i-t come back ; ret ur n

apaj- n apaj -ia-q return
a pnj TA apa j-ukkw-a l-k follow bac k
a pll.j TI apaj-ukkw-at- m follow back
apaji TA - epaji- ksu-a'l- Ik ta ke beck
apaji PT apaji-ksu-a't-oq "take back
apat AI apat--lik.;i-; t wa lk or stride bac k
apat [J apa t-p- a'·k reversing ti de
npa t TA apal-te'-k chase; win bac k
apat TI a pat~te'-m " chase; WiD back
ap at AI apat-te'-m-a-t win back
apll.t - \" D • apat- te- k luck

~4 : :~:~:::~-k'
apat spr ing bac k
ap at sp rin g back
"apa.t , 'AI epa t-to'si -t do somet hi ng in reve rse

bad; Qnple~ant

metu D ' met u-em-uvk look bad

metu AI " metu-em-uk-si-e-e look bad
metu D metu -e'-k " J dif~ul t; bad
met u n metu-ima 'cq smell bad; tas te ba d
metu AI met u-im e'ct sme ll bad; taste ba d

bare

N1 mem-kw-aa templ e of th e head

j
 . ,, ~

-+t• •
( 141

'memk AI memk- a t p-e-t be bald

memk AI ' memk. e '-k bare
memk n memk-e' -k bare
memk AI rnemk-oq- te'vke- t make n,d earic g
memk TI memk-cq- te'cm . dur out ; make bar e
m emk! ' TA memkj-re'm- e-q cu t somecce'a heir sho rt

be In plaee

, ik
:~::;:~
arrive
ik AI arrive
ik TA . ik-a' H k release; plece: put
. ik PT ik-e't-cq release: plaee: put

be~
we l Nt wai-o'p sk w bead
wai Nt wai-o'p skw-e'k ati • , bead plac e

beam; log

t moqta 'w NA tmoqta'w bearn: log

t moqt a'w AI tmcqta 'w-e'ke-t cut beams or logs
/
')

be ~

mlli~D NA mu i'a bear

mui'e NA mui'n-e'] bear cu b
mu i'a NA ' m ui'a -e'skw abe-bea r
AI
2: Nt
m ui'n-ew-qam ik-si-t
mui'n -c'mi
act like a bea r
bear gt eese

bea v er

ko pit NA .....kopit beaver

.\
 ".'-'".

142

kopit NA kopit--e'skY( female beave r

kopit AI kop it--ew-e'k ~t hug t for beaver

bell

jej uejk NI j ej uej k hell

j ejuejki NI jej uejlr:i-ji'j sma ll bell; sleigh bell
[eju ej kw NI [ejuejkw-arp steeple

below

1>m AI lem-ev k und erne ath ; below; inside

1>m n lam-evk underneath; below; inside
lam NI Iem-e'k-ew-el slip (undergarme nt) .

::~:~a:-u'.k' ~:~~r~:::dhand~
.--.l!lm NI
lam XP
lam NA lam-qwan undershirt
lam NI lam-ukuom inter ior or the dwelling
lam XP lem-uk ucm-k inside the house
lam XP Iem-ulk-uk below deck; inside th e boa t

bend; crook ed (
Isru' AI istu'-pi- t crooked
u tu' TA ist u'-s-ik cu t unevenly
ist u' T! istu'-s-m cut unevenly
istu ' n istu'· te-k crooked
ist u TA istu-a' l-ik do or make croo ked
istu PT istw a't-oq do or make cr ooked
istu AI lst u-evk differen t ; st range
btu n letu-evk different; st ran ge
it tu n letu-l-k croo ked; uneven
Iatu AI istu-i k-i· t crooked; 'uneven ~
b tu AI istu· ikOot-a '· t have a club-foot
btu TA istu-ne p-ui'k -ik draw; trace unevenly
istu T! istu' Dap" u j' ~ draw ; trac e unevenly

/.
..
~:: ; . : .'.;; /
 ., 143

wa q NI waq-a qea- lkn crooked kn ife

waqjll' AI waqju'· pi-t crooked
W:a.qjU· n w3qju'.te- k crooked
W3qjU n waqju-i-k bent; croc ked
waqj u TA waqju. ik. a'l.. k bend
waqju D waqju. ik·a 'si-k war ps; droop
waqju AI waqju-jk-4·si·t warps; droop
PT
::Dqj~
weqiu -ik-e't-cq bend
. . AI waqju-ik-i-t bee t : crooked

big
/
mes 0 mes-ki'-k big

bi nd
AI mes-kil-k - big

--
elaqp TA elaqp-e'l-lk bind;T:ice; entwine
ela qp AI etaqp-e't-eke-t bind; It'C$! .
elaqp PT eleqp-c't- c q bind; la ee; ent wine
elaqp TA eteqp-c'l-I k lace up
elaqp PT elaqp-o't-oq bee up

black

ma qt cw Nt meqtew-e'cq-ew-ei peeey
meqrew D maqtew-am-u'-k blaekish; dar kish
maq te w AI maqtew-am-uk-sj-t blnddsb ; da.rkisb
maqtew D maqtew-apdq-te-k with black stre3.b
maqt ew AI meqtew-evk black ~
maq tew D' ms qtew-e'ck ·- - -...hlJl.L .
maq tew AI meqtew -i'tu-e-t have a h1iCk bc3l'd
maqtew AI meqtew-lkj -a-], have 11 bleek bottom I rear-end
maqtew AI m aqtew.bq:ii- t darkened: ta nned
maqtew n meqtew-cq-te-k da rkene d; tan ned
maqtewi NA rnaqtewi-man blackberry

~.
 144

bl ood

rnal't.··.... NJ met't ew blood

"\ rnal'te w TA mal'tew-a.'l-ik get blood on
mel'eew
mal'tew
- mal'te w "-
PT
0
AI
rnal'tew-e' t-cq
mal 'tew-l-k
m al't ew-i-t
• get blood on
bloody
bloody
mal'tew 0 . m al'te w-ia-q bk ed
mal' tew AI • mal 'tew-ie-t bleed
mat'tew TA ma l' tew--s-ik eu t eaus ing'b lood'to now
mal' te w TI mal 'te w-e-m eut causing blood to now
mel'tew TA mal 't ew-te t-k bit n using blood to now
mal'tew TI m al'tew-te'-m bit causing blood to now
mal'te w 0 mal'tew-tes-k bleed as the result or a rail
mal'tew AI ma l'te w-tesi n-k bleed as the resu lt or a rail
mal'tew TA mel'eew-tesrn-k get or make bloody
mal'te w PT m el'tew- test-cq g~t or m ake b~od y

==-------- •
blo w ----- '~c;-- ~
putu TA putu-el-k ~Iow OD
~- - ._ - - ::::. .TI . putu-atom
NA pu tip •
biOWOii'""--
. whale ..
_

::---- - :---:- blue; fog gy

--.
ewu o eW;~'-k
o
. wn eWD.i ~-q .
' " .-. ,

box (English)

box n bcx-a'le-q a box full

. b reak up

sewb brule up; brea). in 8 horse

-------
 145

sewis PT sewis-k-e't-oq brenk up; br eak in 11 horse

sewis AI sewis-k-oq-ei-t bre ak up in a fire .
sewts D sewis-k-oq-te- k bre ak up in Il. Iire
sewis AI sewls- reml-t gn aw
sewls D sewis-to'kwe-k br eak up through the action \}f
t~ewll.ter
.sewts AI sewis- to'kwe-t break up t hrough th e act ion of
t he wat er

bri ng to a point; seal

a point ed arti cle such lIS a
sockor "imlUel1--- -- --~_ . _ _
sepus TA sepus-i 's-ik sew; da rn
sep us PT eepus-a't-oq bring to Il. point; sell:l
. n pc lnted arti cle such as a
sock or n mitten . . - -
-eepua TI
sep use AI
sepus- i's- m
sepuee-pi-t i sew. dam
closed up .
sepuse TA eepuee-pll-k a-
close by tyin g with , rope
sepuse TI sepuse:pil- m d ose by ty i~g l with a rope
sepuse D .sepuse-te-k closed up

\
\
bucket

la 'taqsun NA la'taqsun bu cket ; pa.il

") la't aqsun D le't aqsun-e'I e-q eq uiva lent (in vclurnejto 3.
bu cket
_ _- - : - - - la't aqsun AI la'taqsun-a'la-t equiva lent (in vo lume) to a
bu cket ·

-- --~
burst

paqsipk AI peqeipk-elm-i-t burst ou t laughi ng

....
paqsipk e AI ' paqsipke-tem-i-t hurst out cry ing
paqsipk e' TA paqsipk e'- itel a-q kill instantly
 146
I
b us by

pukw "0 pukw-atq-asi -k bus by (whiskered)

puk w AI pukw-atq-a.si-t b usby [whjsketed ]
pukw o pukw-atq-e-k tbic ket

ca ll U P OD j Tlslt

,~
.I ' . ~ :::: ~ De'i-a's-ik
~ e'i-a.'si-t
a ppear; show up
a ppear, show up
. ee't AI ee'i-e't-evq shine throu gh
. n . TA ue'i-em-k . check up on ; visit
:::: ----~"'~~ ee'i- em-ukw-e't-cq
ne'i- sm-uk w-a'l-i k
make or cause to appear
make or cause to a ppear
_ -Ml _ 0 ne'i-amk-l-e-k appea r as or in l!o blaze
De'i- - - - - AI ue'i-emk-l-e-t a ppear as or in a blaze
ee'I TI ee'l-epe-m check up on; visit
ue'la AI ne'!a-pu ku-a' si-t ma ke a br~er appea rance on root

--:-------:-- -~ ",.- - -. --

metu ' AI matu' · lukw· e--t do odd jobs; a ha ndyman

matu ' AI mat u" nim-a-t be rrugai .
metu' TA
.,
matu'-p-ik ea t the scraps

j
;:1:'

147

matu ' TI mat u'·t·m eat t he scra ps

mat u AI matu-a'si-t wande r orr unint en1ionlllly
mat u AI matu-ep- etesia -k glaa ee
mat u AI matu-atal-k hu e It. snack; l'3.1 poorly
mat u AI matu · e'-k part-timeworker

ch a ng e ; exebang~
ea'se' w TA sa'se'w-a'H k exchange " >-.,.
sa's,f w PT sa's e'w-a' t-cq exchan ge
aa's e'w AI sa's e'w-i'si-t chaoge lan gu::Lge
ss 'ee'w TA sa'se'w-i' t-i k change the name or
ee'se'w TI sa's e'w-i't- m change the name or
se's e'w 'AI sa's e'w-i-t exchange;' swa p

ch ew

' 0< TI soq-t- m chew

'0< AI scq-t ami-t ehew
""I AI SOQ-te'-k e-t chew as a-cud
""I TA _ p-ik chew

ja 'w
eh ew la g to b a cco

Nt ja'w -ei chewing tobacco .

r
ja 'w AI ja 'w. a't-a-t ehew tobacco

ci r cle

kitto 'q TA kitt o'q-a'H k tu rn or swing around

kit to' q n kluc'q-e's-ik tum around; go ar ound
kit to 'q ,AI kittc'q- e 'si-t tur n arou nd;"go ar ound
kit to 'q PT kltto'q-a't-cq turn or swing around
kit to 'q TA kitto':ask.a'l~ turn around to point in : L
dirrerentdiredion
kitto 'q AI kitto'q·a tesk·a t-ulti jik ebaae each oth er aroun d in
 ' --!~
» ',
148

circle
kutc'q II kitto'q-ia-q spin ..,
ktuo'q AI kitto'q-ie-t spi n
kiue'q TA kittc'q-pll-k wrap a roun d
kitto' q TI kitto'q-pil-m wra p arou nd
kit to'qi TA kitto'qi-ksrn-a'l-ik . push around
kitto' ql PT kiuc'ql-ksm -e 't-oq push around

clean

weqem TA waqam-a'l-ik • clea n

waq am
weqam
waqam
PT
AI
II
::~::::~Oq~.
waqam-e'ek
_ dean
clean
cl ea n
waqam AI waqam-nim-i-t neat; tidy
waqam II waqam-te-k "it is neat

dear; bright

WM II was- ap-a'eq - crystal clear water

WM II was-itp-a-q clear night
WlLSOq II wasoq-e-k light or hue
wesoq NI WlLSOq-OW.j'j firefly
wescqc TA wesoqo-te-k polish; shine
wescqc TI wesoqo-te-m polish; shine
WlLSOqO II weeoqc-tee-k lightening; flash
wasoqo AI , wesoqo-tesin-k lighteni ng; n ash
wasoqw TA wescqw-e'l-ik light up
wasoqw N1' wascqw-a't-aqa n tap er
wescqw PT wesoqw-e't-cq light up
wesoqon NI light
" wesoqcn
w ~oqon
NI ....wasoqon·aqs O'·4 tk candlest ick
wesoqon II wescqon-ewe-k radiate; give orr light
wasoqon AI wascqon-ewe-t ra~iate; give ort light
wesoqon TA wesoqcu-k . illuminate; put ,light on
r wesoqon
wesoqon
TI
NI
wasoqon-m
w asoqou- m- aq a n
illumina te; put light OD.
candle; lamp; lant ern
./'.

~
) : '
 .>
' ,
d
J/
'" '-""'-\
clos e

AI soq- pi-t d ose ,}1

""
seq 0 soq-te-k dose by

\,0
co ld \\
',k 0 tek-evk
,
cold of th e weather
,
tek 0 tek-i-k cold
10k AI tek-i -t cold
10k AI tek-ikat-a-t have cold Ieet
10k AI tek-iptn-a-t have cold h:1Dd,

~I
co lla pse or boor

mesqan TA mesqan-a'I-ik b y or put do wn

mesqan ' AI ". mesqan-a'si-t ' go down a rter being shot
mesqan PT mesqaa-a't -cq lay.or put down
~ esqan

meeqac e
AI
TA
mesqan -epl-t
mesqaaa-tela-q
crouch
take d07 a shot

ec nf eee

maqae TA maqan-a 'l-ik ec a juse: barne

maqan AI maqan-a-t conlu ed; harned
maqa n TA maqan-im-k out-t alk ; b elitt le ver bally

slew
siaw
slew
con tin uous

0'
AI
AI
siaw-e's-ik
eiew-e'si- t
stew-le-t
., continuous
cont inuous
keep goioK

<;

/
..
.
 100

cou nt; re ad

ki Nt ki-t-m-aqan-k • waites cou nters

eki Al eki-jje-t read j-eount
ek t \ TA eki-m-k recit e; read; count
eki
~\ki-t-~ recit e; read ; count

\,
co r rec t

terapu' TA tetapu '.s-tk cut right or correctly

tetapu' 'ti tetaput-s-m cut right or correctly
tet apu TA tet3Ilu-a'l-ik satis fy; please
tetapu AI tetapu-a't-eke-t do the right way
terepu PT ·teta pu-a' t-oq ". sa tisfy; please
tetapu TA tetapu-i'a-ik .. sew ri~or correc tly
tetapu TI tetapu-i's-m -, sew right or correctly
tetapui PT tetapui-ksu-a't -oq t~k.. the right Or proper way
.--,
\ ''Yo

atki A.I . atki -tem- i-t weep

atki TA atki-tem-u'l-ik ffiake c'l'
\
\

dawn

wap n AI wapn -kusi-t \ Sl~until dawn

wapn NI
~:~~~~;
wepn
wapn IT . wepn-em-ukw-Ie-k .) become dawn
wapn AI wepn-ep-l-t ( stay up all night I
wap~
wapn
PT
AI
wapu-iu-t-oq
wapn-tesln-k
sing until dawn
dance until dawn
.
a~Bte

kekn TA kekn-a'l-ik decorate '

kek n AI keku-a'si-t ,d ressed u p

-
 ,.
152

ll 3.Sk w TA nas kw-oq- s-ik slice in hall

D;ljkw 171 eeskw-cq-s-m slice in hair

dl ny \

TA ewn-es kw-atp-a'l- Ik
\ make diuy ; make som ecne's
\
, head tur n
ow. Al ewe -es kw -cep-e teeic - k \ dizzy rro~ a blow on t ire hea d
ow. Al ewn-as kw-e tesiu -k 'n od in ell .dlrecucee
eW D
fJ e wn-as kw-ie- t mind is goin g in all
directions

do b a dlY'

em es Al emek-o't-eke-e treat people bad ly

emek 171 emek-c 't-m . treat bad ly
: .. e mekw Al emekw-atal-k eat im prope rly
emekw Al · emekw-evk act impro perly
emekw TA emekw-eie-q : treat badly

dow n

••
••
TA
PT
nis-a'b-ik
als-e't-cq
take down; b ring down
take down; br ing down
••
••
TA
PT
nis-aq-al- k
e is-aq-t-cq
shove down
shove down
•• n
\"
n is-~ downwa rds
••
Dis
TA
PT
nis-ek- a 'J-ik
uis-ek-a't-cq
pull dowV-.
pull d own
••
•• n
Al ets-eke-e
nis-la-q
b1ft'1 down
fall do wn
cis Al nis-le-t laUdown
nis Al nis-kusu-a 'si-t to step down
Dis. Al nis-kusu-e-t climb do wn
Dis TA a ls-n-k hoist down
Dis • 171 nis-n-rn hoist down
•• Al nis-oq-pi-t point down something
of lengt h

\ ....
; .. . . . . .: .'. '~ . ,
 .' .

b J

,.
nis

nis
n
Tl
ais-oq- te- k

nis- tela-q
nis-tel-m
point down ~m('l hing
o(!ength
shoot d own
shoo t dow n
nisi TA nisi-ksm-a.'I-tk pusb dowu-
nisi PT nisi-ksm-a 't -oq push dow n

d ra w

npp . TA na p- ui'k -lk draw; truce: rake 3. picture 'lr

. .p A1 ne p-ui'k- e-t draw a pict ur e, tak e :1 photo
. r- A1 I aep- ui'k-ik-e-t a phoiogra pller; d raw pie' UfM.

T
'\ 0.p.
, p
Nt
Nt
Tl
na p-ui'k-lk -emk-ew-ei
D;'p"ui 'k-i kn
nap-ul'k -rn
camera
pbotognph; picture
draw; l Ute; l:l.ke o. pictllr e ot

' \,~.
m'k~
mako t
Nt
PI
mak er
mak ct -a'sq
dr ess
wear a drese

.:::::w.\
esamuq w
TA
AI
TI
eeamuq-c't- l-k
esamuq w-a-t
esam uqw-at- m
give a d rink to
drink
_ dr ink

d17 out

niw TA niw-a'l-ik dry out

niw "0 ulw-e's-lk get or become dr y; evaporate
oiw AI niw-a.'fJ-t get or-bec ome dry; evnpt)ra.te
oiw PT · niw-a't-oq dry out .
nlw AI ' aiw- evk d, y
uiw D niw-ev k d, y
oiw AI n1w+Oq-si·t dried cur ' trern b ea.~
,
 15'

nlw U niw-oq-te-k dried out (rom heat

niw U niw-p-e'<k low (dry ) tid e
ntwe U elw e-te-k • dr y ti de'
niwi fA -uiwi-ke's- ik , . . e wipedry
niwi TI a iwi-ka's-m wipe dry

JtlOS
lu'su AI lu's u-eskwew-a'si- t perform the d uties or a
prospective dau ght er- in-law
lu 'su AI lu'su-eskwew-i-t act like a da ught er-in-law

eaally

n aqsi U naqsi-njjk -i-k heal quickly

naqsi AI uaqsi- qp- a- t sleep easily
nhqsi TA neqsl-c'p l-e'l-lk easily hurt or harm
naqsi PT neqsl-o'pl-e't-oq easily hurt o r harm
naqs i TA naqsi-tetapu-a'I-ik easily pleas e
. 'oaqsi PT naqsi- tetepu-a't-oq easily please
oaqsi AI ' n~qsi-oijk·i·t heal quickly

t: ee I

ke'tew NA ka'tew eeI

ke'tew AI ka'tew-e'ke-t hunt tor eels

,egg

we'w Nt wa'w .gg

. wa 'w NA wB.'w-e'j eggmao
we'w AI wa 'w-ik-e-t lay eggs

Eng lish

..kllL9i NA aklasi.:ew Eogl ishm:u~

(\
,J ~
 ":";

• ..

d
'· f Bh
lS 5

~I
.. . ;'r
-" A! :lkb si-ew-i "Si., sp1'1k Eng lish

i -/
re p 0 ~ P-~:L.q enough: sufficient; 411t'<l1l:lll'
tep A! ep- u~· t enough; surl'ic:ient: llUI''lI1:aLC

ent er t he wate r

• pa.qas TA p'~qas-a.·I.ik put in the water

paqas AI paq :is-a'si-t I Dte r th e w llte~
puqaa PT paqas -e't -o q pu~ in tb e W
:Lj "
th row in the " :lter; launch
pa qas TA paqas-aq-a l-k
pa qas PT. pe qes-c q-t- oq tb row in the alq; launch
pa qas A! pc qas-ie- t Iallin the wat er
paqas TI pa qas-te- m launeh

We511m AI wasam-atlll-k f v\ reat

wesam 0 wesam-ki'-k too big
wesam AI wesam- kil-k too big
wesam 0 wesam-klu'· l-k;' too good
wesam AI ;'esam-kusi-t over-slee p
wesam TA wesa m-cq-e-ik overcook
. TI -wes am-cq-e- m overcook

)
AI weeam-cq-si- t overcooked
wesam ' 0 wesstn-cq- te-k overcooked
wes am i 0 . wesami -a pj-e 'j-k too s mall
wesami 0 wesa mi-ksk -e'-k too wide

ext rem ely

r
pajiji AI p3j ij i-klu '. si-t ext remely goodj nice
pajiji 0 pajiji.-klu·\.k ext remely good ; Dice

: ..:
 157

matn .'J met e-e-t figb t ; struggle

matn TA matn-k righ t or !t r u gglllll g ~ i ns t
m:l.tn Tl matn-m rigbt or stru ggle ag3in st

.'!l'.,.h
kaq TA h q-3'l-i1r. finis h; term in ate; end
kaq, AI hq-a 't-ekt·t Aois h; end
hq PT hq-ll't -oq finisb ; terminate; end
kaq a kaq-ie-q fia.ished; ended
~ kaq Al hq-ie. t finisb ed; ended
keq TA kaq-kis-a'l-ik fiois b

~
PT keq-k is-e't-cq fiois h
h TI kaq-o't -m fi ,\is~ with; use up
aq Al hq--oq-sj..t bu rn~ out
h q n kaq-oq-te-k bu r n d ou'
kaq n kaq-t aq:l.-ia· 1r. rea ch the en d
kaq Al kaq-ta qa· ie-t rea c h the en d
bq TA hq-te'-k fin ish striking
~ wear out o ne's root:'c :1t
kaq
" ~q3
Al
AI
kaq-tesk· m-a- t
kaqa-I:un..j..t , sto p brellthi ng <.
~~~~ <,
,
Al ki.qa-Iukw.e-t fiQls h ·working

. finis~giOg
I
'>
k~ PT kis-in-t-oq
k~ Al kis-ip ia-si·t d"rfcd out
kis n kis-ipia..te-k dr ied ou ~
kis . TA kts-tte' lm-k inv e nt
kis Tl kis-ite't -m inven t I

I
I
I

wesk
n.h
Al wesk-e-t l fish
.~

,
-r
fiv e

Al aea-cqs-ijik five eylindric:d

"
 w nju' o wnju'.o.- q lull
. w~j u ' AI waju'-e-t (ull
n
..v ·
. '\ / . waju' waju'·p.:a'-q hi!b (rull) tide
TA . wiju'-pek.a'l-tk fill up with.. liquid
w. ju'

\'\
 waju ' PT w3j u··pek-8't-oq ~ fill up witb a liquid
waj u TA Wl),ju-.'1-ik fill up with a no n-liquid
waj u PT waju-e't-oq fill up with a non-liquid

ru s'SYj sup er -lo r-

emt esk AI emtesk-atal-k eat russ h y

.e mte sk AI emtesk-i-t va iD; snobby
emtesk TA emtesk-ite'Im-k act sup e rior to
emtesk TI emtesk-ite't-m net supe rior 10

trom there (see: to bere)

wej TA w ~j-a·l-tk get ee br leg rrem

wej XP wej-e't-eke-mk Iecm ebe re ca
wej AI wej-a}eke-t get a sp ouse tro m there
wej PT wej-a't-oq gE!tor b rill( from
wej . n . wej-ie-q come Irom there .
wei AI wej-ie-t come from there
wet AI wet-apek-ai-t descend from
wet AI wet-lam-i-t breath from

gon e

jik TA jik-p.ik . e at all of ; toDSUme

jik ~ TI jik -t-m eat all consume
jik TI [Ik-taq-e-m " smooth out ,
jik AI [Ik-taq-awe-t s mooth sheells (fo t b:l3ketry J
'-

good

wei' AI 61~kut-a. t b e well-d ree ed

wei' . TA I'-:Pi-s-k he at up (Sroperly
wei' TI el'-pi-s-m he at up properly
wei' AI wel'opi-s-m a-t w etl-bee ted bcuse
wei' AI . wel'opi..si.t Dice and warm

r
' . \ . ( .. ", ~ , ..:~
r ·-···~ ' .: -,
160

we i' IT w el'·pi-te- k nieeand warm

-wel' AI w el'·pis-ta.li-t haYe a good snac k
w eI' AI wel '-ta's- i·t h appy; glad
we i' TA w el'· la'su · a1·k . happy fo r
we!' TI w el'-te'su -e t-m b appy Ior
we!' TA w el'-te'lm-k approve or
we I' AI w et-te't-eke-t j oyful
wet' 'n we r-te't-rn a pprove or
wei TA wel-am-k like the look or
wei AI w el-ap-i-t . a pxl vi ew
w ei TI w el-apt-m llke tbe look or
we i AI w el-e'-k fine; we ll ; healthy
w ei TA w el-eis-q take ~ Cll e Or
we i IT w el-ie-q good; useful
we i AI w el -le-r good; us eful
wei AI w el-ik-i-t ha ve a n ice shap e
w ei IT w el-Ik-k b ave a n ice shap e
we i IT wel -nw-e-k gr ow well

.
wei AI w et-tkw-e-t gr ow well
wei TA w el-im-k give goo d sdviee to
we i IT w el-ima'cq sm eUr;oo d
w ei AI w el-ima,'-t stp tJI good .
wei AI w el-ims-si- t b a.n a. n ice odou r
wei IT w el-im..-te-k h an .. n ice odou r
w·el IT w el-ie-..·-q we ll-groo ved
wei AI we l-in-a'·t w ell-rJooved .
we i AI w e l-iple-ei-t w ell -dried: kiln-d r ied
we i n wel-ip ie-te-k w ell-dri ed ; kiln dried
we t IT we l-itp-a'-q ni ce evenhi g or ni gh t
wei AI w el-kisn-e-t h ave nice shoes
10,1 AI w e l-ki-jje-t r ead pro p erly or w ell
we! AI w el-kum-e-t a person d rC53e:8 cl ea.nly
we i TA w el-kwij-a'l.i k r p ut in good humour
we ! TA w el- kwij.im-k I encoura ge .
w,1 AI wel-kwiHn~k in p>d h umour
we t
wei
TI
AI
wel-e't- m
wel-oqs-i-t
T t ak e good eare o r
g ood and round in size
10,1 IT wel-pes-te-k a lee and th ick
10,1 AI wel·pi-t nice; wen-placed
10,1 AI wet-pis-i-t well -dress ed
10,1 If wet-pm-le-q goormoveweU
. wel AI wel-pm-le-t go or mo v e well
" wet - AI we l-qamik-si- t w ell-natured
wel - AI we l-qwea-e- t . w ear proper clot h es .

..-
\
,
 e ..;;-.'1<

161

wel AI wel-qwan-e-t fO"f t he season

.J w,l TA wel-sit- e-q like th e sou n d or
wel TI wet-ea-rn like th e sou n d or
weI IT wel-ta'cq have II. good sound ( m usic)
wel AI wel-tnmi-t oibble sometbing
w,l AI wel-turni-t eat one's Ia vori te disb
wel AI wel-t aq-el-t (L good lengt h of rope

wel TA wel-t.e- k hit w ell; meet up with

wel TI wel-t ev m hit w ell; meet up wit h
wel IT wel-t e-k nice ; well-pl a ced
wel IT wel-t es-k a-good fit
wel AI wel-t esia-k a go od fit
wel rI wel-t esk-m meet up wit hen foot
wel TA 'wel-t eeke-q mee t up with on foot
w,l AI wel-t oqsl-t heve. a gcod sound [music]
well PI well- e's un-evq well dressed
weli TA weli-knu'tm-e-q lea ch well
weli AI weli- u qeaa'm - a -t dri n k moderately
well AI well- p un-si-t have a elce winter
well IT weli-t.p-a's-ik 5ere D dipilO~. bapp~n i ng
well AI well- tp -a'sl-t sere n dipito us happeni ng
weli IT well-tp-ima-q have lL certa in {nicc)smcJI
well AI well-tp -ima'ct. have ll. certa in (nice)smcll

go s s ip

lutrn NI lutm-a qan gossip

lutrn AI lutrri-i ke-t spread rumour s

ground; lan d \.
maqamlk NI maqa mik·ew bod ; ground
maqamik AI meqa mik-ew-a'a l-t turns to soil
maqamik AI m~qami\~w-a'si-t go by land

half

a'qa.t AI a'qat- ap-!-t

~ ~~.w.:"~\
.. \
't :, "
 163

hox

pu nt AI p un t-a-t ( ~ as p el1
/ punt TA punt-al-k hn ;ust aspell on
pun t TI p u nt-ai- m bU j c351 a spell on

h igh

".
esp AI esp-e-k impor t 3.Dt; high lip in r:m k
0 esp- e-k luk '
esp AI esp-e- r leek
esp AI esp-i'si-t use high sound ing langll :lgc
esp ] AI espi- pi-t - sit or se t up high
esp i 0 espi-p uk u -i-k sta nd up high: bo ld a hi gh
pceitioa
esp i AI ee pi-puku -i-t ,tand u p high; ho ld lL high
pcsitic n
espi . -es pi-te-k sit Or se t lip high

hither

pet- . TA pe t.a uji-m- Ir: . . drag he re

pe t PT pet-ee l l- t-cq drag he r e
pe t
pet
pet
TA
"T I
AI
p et- awl-el-k . '
.p et-awl- a t-m
pet-ewl-e-t
lug or c:ury on t he baek
lug ofcarry on th e beck
lug here 011 the b cek
•
h ollow

wa lqw NA walq w-a n rainbo w

wal qw 0 walqw-e '-k abollow
wa lqw AI w alqw-I'Laqan-a-t nape o f th e neck
wa lqw 0 . w al qw-Ia-q eeveln
wa lqw AI w alq w-Ie- t eave in

h ur tj v ery

'os TA kes-a'l-ik hurt

\

~;,:.
 164

kes i TA k esi-p-k burt b y biting b ard

kee i A! k esj. p i t- ~j.t n f ytaU
k esi TA k esi-te'-k hurt ba dly
kee l A! k es i-tesin- k ge.h u r t b&~ (r om .. fall
k esi A! k esl-tewi- p u-e-t
kesi A! k esi-ksin u kw-a-t ""'"
be eer y sitt

Imme rs e

ket ap' U k et ap-a'-9 sink

keta p A! k e tap-a'<t sink
ket ap Ai k et ap-a'a i-t subme rge
ke t ap A! k e tap-e-t din
/. ke tl.p A! k e tap-d .es in-k dive
o.
' ..
., In the wa7
\

lJ,'j e l' A! a 'j el'.pu~ i.t stand in the wa y

a'j el U a ' j el-a's-ik " become a binde ruace
.a.'je l A! a.'j el•• 'si-t> become a hinderan ce
a'j el A! a 'je l-isiq, k lie in' t h e way
a'je l U a 'bl-pi.t sil in the way
(l,' j e~ U a 'j el-puku- i-k stand .i n the way

India n

I'~
~-NI l'n-epskw l:odian r oc k
-=-"ou NA· )'ou Indian
" DU- A! l'nu-i'si-t • speaks Io dian
" DU NI I'nu-ipi Indian p ad dle

Insequence

en k TA "a n k-em-k
an k NI a n k-am-s-u ti
. -

..
 \
, ac k TI an k-apt-m
165

look at; vie w

ank TA en k-ite'lm- k t hink abo u t
'ok TI ank : ite't-m th ink abo u t
\

~ In sti gate

TA as-I kw-al-k shore 5Ome thiog in to W:l l N

with all. ins trumen t
TA
Tm
.k instip,te. geed, inci te

in sum clent

nutkw TA nutkw-a'l-ik put te en ioSllrricien t amo unt

eutkw PT nut.kw-a't-oq put in llJ) insutllcl e nt amount
eutkw AI nut kw-e-k immature ; undeve loped; ll."miOOf

kn ow how

n:faw PT · ua t a w-ie-e-cq know how to sing

netaw AI cetew-e-t a good ta lker
eer ew AI eeeaw -cq-se we-r know how to rook
uet a wi AI net a wi-a't uk w·e-t know bow to tell s tor i~
nat awi AI na t 3wi-tplu '-t-tke-t ha ve poor ju dgemen L

large

maq n maq- a'-q ______wide and ro und

maq TA maq- a'Hk e nlarge
maq PT ma q-a' t-oq e nlarge
maq AI maq-alq-asi-t have a large hole
maq-alq-lkw- a-t
~a~~: 1::rr~~~J
maq AI
maq n mu q- apsk-e- k
maq
maq
mag
maq
/ AI
AI
n
AI
meq-epsk- us u-e-t
ma q-u pski-ai-I
meq-enw- l-k
maq-etp-e-t
ha ve large testicles
lar ge and r ound
big waves; heavy"s ees
have a big head .
maq AI maq-ij j-lkw- e-t ha ve a big bowel movement

,.

, ,, , -,
r r .: ' .
 m. q AI maq-ik - tul-i-t ·
'" hav e a large bo er
m.q AI maq-ik j -a..t bave big but ~ks
msq AI nl.:.q-ip t n-a-t ha..-e lar pban<b
have a brge n ose
.~ _J:~:~::~:~_t
m. q
m-.q-, have (art! { lonK ea rs
n aq , AI m.1q- it o ·a·t have large I w ide nos trils
maq Al maq-o q- lptu-a- t have large a r ms
,. maq AI meq-oqs- i-t wide and rou n d
ma q II meq-c qsk-e-k it is b ig and r o und
maq AI maq-ai t -a-t hav e Iargll teet
maq AI maq-t un-a-t have a large m outh
mnqi AI meqi- w -il nu-i- t, halve a large to ngue

la u gh

we kew AI weske w-e'-k laug b

l.
li sten

j ik AI [ik-lsta.qan-e-L • eaves d rop

j ik TA [ik-eit- a - q liste n to
jik TI •.a.-{ jik.sit-m listen to •

\
r
lc b eeee

j ll.h j filA jabj lobste r

j ll.k~ju AI. ' [akeju- e 'ke-t trap lo bster

' .
IQn g In ti me

_pe~ij II pekij-e' - k a lon g time

. pekiji TA pekiji- e ekm-al- k wait a long time for '
peklji- TI pekiji-eskm-at-m w·a.i t a long time for
pekiji AI pekij i~ p n·e-t sufCer Crom a lo ngtime illness. ~
pet it AI -, pekit-aw si-t live a. long liCe
p el:,. AI pekit-ew c'kwe-t talk a longtim e

\
.. ~

. ..i:.
. .. . .
 "'.'
I
167

pek it AI P'k;~t_k sh ,y lo r a loDg t ime

p e kit AI pllkil em -i-t
, weep IODg
pe kit AI p ekit- m -i-t t l')' for IS long while

_.
lo~
"-
pit AI p it-epek-i -t erawl un dernea th
p it . AI pi t-ce-pi- t sit-or set unde r n eath
p it n pi t-oq-te-k sit or !let undt'r n l'lllh
p it n p it. a'.q 10"
pit ' AI pl t-oq-si- t l.1.U; lo n g
pij AI p ij-istaqac- e-t long eare d

'<,
<,
loud ] fast
~ t"
k esik aw n k esikaw- a'si-k move last
k esi kaw AI ~es ik:t.w-a ' s i- t moee las t
k esika w AI k eeikew-atp-e'p i-r ; run last with b ead hob bi ng
k esik aw AI k esikaw-ew o'kwe-t spe:a« lo udly
k es ikaw AI k esikaw-i' pi-t r UB fas t
k es ikaw n k esikaw- ia-q go fast
kes tkew , NI keslh w- ia-q.ew-e i automobil e
kesikaw AI k esikew-i e-t " go fast
k esik aw
') n k esikaw-it-k a swilt eu rrea t
kesiksw AI k esiksw-lam-i-t ' breat b bud or be,1Vy
k esi kaw AI k esih w'..to qsi-l . • make a loud no ise wit b tbe
eciee

~
k est kew k esikew-tu kw-it-k trott ing; move up and d o wn
k esi ksw k esikew-w-e- k ta lk lou dly
kesikaw AI k esikaw-w-e-t talk loudly
keslkew n k esibw-t a.:-9 . make a loud noi se
r

make vibra te

.. mauaq NI 'm att aq. :r t- mk. ew-el telepho ne ..

mauaq l 'j ,PT , ~att:lq-a 't-oq
.s-:
pull on to mak e a w oo d like
a bel!
( . , mattaq U TA n'bUaq-t e'-k pluck 3.5 a str in g

... '.

.; --
~-
~ "
~ - -. . . j. "
 "-;.'

,.8
AI m.1tt.1~te'-h-t send a wiee or a te legr am
Tl m.1t t3.q-t~'.m plue k &S a string

j i'nrn NA jl'nrn man

ji'nm l NA j i'nm-j i'j ' you n&, man
ji'nmu AI . ji'nmu -i-t beco me a m an
ji'nm u AI ji'nm u-qam ik-si-t act like a man
ji'n m u '. NA e-Ii'amu-m my mao.

-1' .", :-
mark

,. . .. ju PT · jjJoa'ki-t -k,q mark wit h a saw

':-ji l AI . jil-e'- k ' inj ured; hurt
j il TA j il-oq-s-i'k bla se with a knife
jil TI jil-oq-s-m blaze with a kni te
jil TA [ il-cq-te-k blaze with a n axe
jil TI[il-cq- tevm blaze ·with an axe
j il TAjil-s-ik knick with a kaile
jil • T1 • [tl-s-m knic k with a !:coite
. iil , AI . j il-sa.w ';t mark or scar with a kn ite
jil o .
jiJ-t-a 'si-k . m3.fked ; scar red
jil AI jil-t-a.'si·t , mark ed; scarred
j il TA . j il-te'-k mark or sear with an axe
.. "jil TI [il-te'<m . mark cr.sear with an ILl!
. jil TA [il-s'ki- pul-k mark ~ith a saw .
jil AI jil-pi-t marked ; spot l ed
j il n jil·te-k marked ; spo tte d
...j il . PT -__ j it-apo:a't-oq ma.rk; scrape;·scratch
jil pT. jil:-ap-t ·oq make footprints
jil TA jil-ap tLq-te '· k ma rk with a line e r st ring
jil 11 j il-aplLq-le'-m mark with nee or st ring
jil TA' jil . ap-a.'l-ik . . mark; serape, r:Lteh
jil ::-\1 . . lil.a.~.,a't-eke-t ' mark

-. ~ m eaaure.me nt

TA • enk·ll-k · scale; meuuui weigh

'. enk

.... .
...• .
 1.39

onk Nl eak -eqcu ffi tlasl£,fl'm cnt

, enk TI ea k-at-m scnle; me asur e; weigh
. enk AI eak -e-t wood
I eak NI enk-emk- ew-ei measurin g instru ment

[inew TA [ine w-nl-k mC!S5U p

- , [Inew TI jlnew-ut-m mess up •
[ Inew AI jinew-i-t messed up

meSSYi d ir t)'

WiD AI win-ap-i-t see poorl y

WiD AI win-apew-i-t ugly; homely
WiD D wia-i-k ugly in epp eeran ee
WiD AI wia-ik-i-t ugly:in appea ran ce
WiD AI win-ikw-a'si-t scowl; makc e runny Ieee
WiD TA wte-lkw-et-e-q squint at
WiD
L1 AI wia-Inu-l-t grouchy
WiD . n win-ji-k slbe is in bad condition
• W iD AI win-ji-t s]beis in bad condition
win AI win-kat-a-t be poorly drcsse'd
win AI win-me-t messy bou se
win AI wla-eim-a-t be messy; sloppy
win AI win-po-e-t "I • have a venereal diseas e
win AI wia-qamik- si-t ha ve a bad ehe racte r '
win AI win-si-t . ! fbe nets bad ly or improperly

MIcmac

m i'kmnw spcnk'MicnlllC "

"' .:
m" ilk

milakeJ NA milll.kej-k milk

'i I

' \ '\ , .. \It

 '~'j
170

i'ol milakej-u'mi butte r

ilakeju AI milakeju-a't-a -t add milk to hot dr inks
../
m iss

pesq.q TA pesoq-tela-q miss

peseq
pesoq
TI
AI
pesoq-tesk-m
pescq-tes k-rn-a-t
miss
stumble
~
I
II
tia,m
moo se

NA
( moose
tia 'mu'
tie'mu
NI
AI
tla'mu'emi
eia'mu-e'ke-e
moose lat or tallow
hunt moose
r
tia'm u AI tia' mu-i'si-t moose call; speak moose
ti n'm u NI tia ' mu-api moose thong

m ovement I'~ward
'---

.
~7'".)
wee u IT we"u-a'-A sink in
weau \ AI · wesu- e'a sink in
TA wesu-e'l-ik take hold.of
AI .weeu-e't-eke-e ~:~ein ~:e pot, in a p: k,er
wesu AI _~ a't.eke- t
we' ll PT -a't-cq . ta ke hold ot
IT , "
:::::~:::~
wesu sink in
wesu ' AI - sink in
wesu TA wesu-eteii-m-k dr ag
ween !"T wesu-a teji-t-oq drag
'AI
.,
weeu wesu-eke-t je rk
AI weeue-lem-l-e inhale
weeue 'PA . wesue-pll-k pull in by' rope \
. weaue TI wesue-pll-m pull in by ~ope .

Diu~
. sisku ~ . sb ku mud

, I\. " .... \'

.; -, .. .
 .1
171
...
sisk u l'ol sisku· a,pu muddy Idi tl y) w3.t er
alsku o sisku-i-k muddy

mu shr oom s
•
I

l'k~tu NA J l' ketu mushroo ms

l'k ttu; ~ AI I "l'ke'tu-eke-t gather mushrooms

\
'~ n~~e , .1 ' .~
ewi't \ TA. eWi~ \ '.
ewt'r . ', ~ TI eWi'l- m : ~
\ ~ I -
' \, • - ~. - <, ,-----... .

nea tl y \ <, ~ -.........

pekaj \ TA pekej-e'l-ik do neatly ~ . '
peka j \ AI pekej-e't-eke-t do -obrrectly . . ~ ,
pekaj \~T pekaj-a't-oq do ently
peka] 11\ pekej-evk neat
pekaj TA: \ ;ekajoeilL.q keep i~· ~. d ehnpe; conditi on
pekaj TI pekel-o't -m keep in goo shape. .
' . pekaj AI ekaj-e'·k neat

\' ~
(

e'pl . AI .'pi-eot fISh with a eer

- a'pi AI a'p i-moi-t ba ...e a Det
. a'pi NA n-t-e'p l-m mr eet

", .
o ld

kisiku' 'g:~ ~td

kisiku' get old
.'

.... .-:-
 -'-,""
172

kisiku ' AI k is·i ku '~ltk.a'.t walk like an old person

kisiku' NI kisiku t-lkw old canoe
kisiku ' AI kiaiku 'cqamik-si-r act like an old person
kisiku ' NA kisiku'eskw, old Iemale anima l
kisiku' NA ktstk u'-skw-e'[ " spinist er
. kisiku
kisiku
, NA "kisiku
NI klsiku-ei
old man
someth ing old
kisik'u NA kisiku -I'skw old woman
kisikw n klslkw-e-k Cullgrown ; mature
kisikw 'AI kisik~-e-t full grown; 'matu re
kisikw TA kisikw-en-k grow; raise; rear
_ TI
kisikw. kieikw-en-m grow; raiJe; rear

on boar d .>
rep TA tep·a.'I-ik p~~rli -
tep AI tep -a'si-t . get on; get aboard
tep PT t ep-a't -oq put aboa rd
tep n tep-c't -es-ik loaded up
tep AI tep-o 't- asi-t loaded up '-. ~
tep AI, tep-pi- t aboard ; on or in a vehicle
tep , TA tep-pil- k b.oist ab oard
tep TI tep -p il-m ho1slabcia rd
rep n . tep -te-k aboard; o~a.....a vehicle (

~.
on t op -of

ke'k PT ke'k-c' t-cq place atop

ke'k AI · ke'k-cq-pl-t lie.atop .
ke'ku AI "ke'ku-pl-t sit or set atop
ke'ku Al ke'ku -puku-i-t st and atop .
ke'ku II ke'ku -te-k sit or set atop
ke'ku AI ke'ku-t esin-k ••..'..,' ',.-" lend at op
ke'kw AI ke'kw-e'si-t get'atop .'
ko'kw n ke'kw-evk "r up above
ke'kw NI ' ke'kw-ei upstairs ,
ke'kw AI " ke'kw-i'pi-t run atop
., ke'kw tJ i ke'kw-iain-k , lie atop
ke'kw .TJA ke'kw-iem-e'l-lk lay on top <'
. .ke'kw : PT ke'kw-ism-e't-oq lay on top

.'
.\
 ~ " .
173
\

new t XP newt one (in counti~g)

newt AI cewt-elq-Ikw-e-r have one-eye
newt D newt-am-u'-k one colour; D. nusb in poker
, AI
new t
newt
newt
newt
AI
D
AI
newt- llm-uk·'si· t
newt-anq-asi-I
newt-enq-e-k
newt-apsk-isi-t
ODe colour; 0. Ilush in poker
ODe thin and nnl thing
one thin and nat
thing
one of someth ing round an d
.
sojld
newt newt-epsk-e-k ce e er something round nod
solid
new t AI eewt-e'l-l-t one: iLlone '
newt D newt-e'l-k one: alone
-newt AI newt-ik at-e-t have one leg or foot
' newt AI . newt-i ptc-e-t have one haod .
newt D newt-i tp-a '-q l · ooe nigbt - ' .
newt AI cewt-oq-si-t • O~ ol something long-end
nnrrow;'cylindricnl
newt , D newt-ui'k-es-ik have nsingle mar k: ace card
pewt AI uewt -ui'k -asi-t have a single mark; nee card
cew ee' XP eewte' one (with inanimatenouns]

- newti
newtu
AI newri-uqcc e' m-e-e
TA newtu-n -k
drink alone
have one

'---.
newtu NA _ newtu -nem -ivk- l or on e kind ;
.,.
I ,
~ ___ ~pen

"' pan TA pen-a'l-ik open

pan D pe n-a'e-ik ope n up
pan AI pea -e'el-t open up
pan PT pan-a't-oq open
", pan TI pan-e-m cut open; ~ pera t~ on
.. pan · ' TA pan-t-a 'l~u;' open up
pan PT , pan-t-a't-oq open up
pao , AI • plln+ epi-t open
pan , AI pan-tun-a.:si-t open one's mouth
pan AI pan -tuu-epi-t \ .ba,v e·one's mouth open -

oPPolllte d l~e etioD

,
" j
.. • J
, TA
"
enm-a'l-lk
, -, take or bring bcme

,. '.\ .~

- - ~;. ~';
'$
;I. " -
 ' (: ',; """",,:' " iT~
\
17'
\

<om PT enm-a't-oq take or brin g home

<om TA eam-a'ul-al-k carry home
<om TI enm-a'ul-at-m carry home
<om Nl enm-alq-ei hole

\
'Om Nl enm-a qq-ei hole
'Om AI enm-atej-a'si -t hurry home
'Om AI eem-eje-pi-r ' face the ot her direction
enm, .IT enm-eje-te-k face t he 'other direction
I ... . ,enm AI : enm-le-t go' horne; depaf't...
, ' en~ AI enm-u'[In-k bent back facing in tbe
enm AI enm-u'[In-k opposite.direction
en-in TA enm-ukkw-al-k follow along berne
" nm TI enm·ukkw.at-m follow along home
eaml AI enmi-kat-e'p i-t trot or scoot along
enmi AI enm;'kat-e'pi-t horne; hea t it home
enm, . AI enmi-lik-a.'·t . wal k away
enmi TA eumi-tesk a-k chas e aft er

ot he r

," '" AI nesp-a tal-k eat .while otherwise occupied

-nesp TA aesp-ateji-m -k drag along wit h"
nesp PT' nesp-ateji-t: ?'i( -k , drag along with
nes p AI/ Imp-i-t temporarily sub sti tu te for

out o f
. () tow TA tew-a'l-ik take or put out
? tew PT tew-e't-cq tnke or puroue .
tew TA tew-alq-a'l-Ik removelrorn
tcw P,T tew-alq-a't-oq, remove lrom
le w o tew-elq-etes-k dislocate '
tew AI ' tew.alq-a tesin -k dlslocet e "'>of
tew TA tew-elq-etesm-lk shake out; dislocate
<. . tew PT ' tew-elq-eteet-cq shake out; dislocate
tew
tew
tow
tow
.0
o
AI
AI
tew·alq-e'-k
tew-etc-le-q
. tew-nlq-ie-t . ·
te.w-~p-i-t
disloca te
ooze
ooze out
out .
•
'! .
.lcc k ~ut from t h,e iqside .. . .
.

,.... . 1.

"
 .\

175
te w - TA tew-aqq-e'l-ik remove h om
<ow PT te w-aqq-e' t-oq remove ho m
t ew TA tew-aqq-ates m-Ik shake out
tew
t ew
<ow
t ew
t ew
\i. _ PT tew -aqq-ates t-oq
te w-at -tesk a-q
tew -et el-k
T~ 'tew-ateji-m-k
PT , te w-et ej l-t -oq
.
shake out
chase out
ee t c utstde
drag out
drag out
, ,~ . AI te w-eke-t th row out
t ew AI . tew -ie-t go outs ide; exit
tew D tew-ik.i::t.-q curveoutwa rd
. tew AI tew-Ik-le-e .curve outw ard
<ow AI tew-lu kw-e- t - 1'V0rk away Irom home.
te w
te w
te w
te w
tew
.AI
:..1-' 0
i! AI .
AI
TA
tew-oq-pi-t ·
te w-cq-te-k
te w-puku-a 'ai-t
tew -puku-i-t
tew-ukkw-al-k
stick ou t
stick out
stepcutslde
stand outside th e door
rcllcw outside
.
:, ; .

tew TI tew-ukkw-at-m rollow outside

tewi TA tewi-ksm-a' l-ik p~9b out
tewi PT . tewi-ksm-a't-cq push-out
tewi AI tewi-ws-i-r' , vac ate; move ou t
-tewu AI tewu-lam -i-t . exhale

a', n a's-e- k ' beyond

a', NI' a'S:ei ' t he ot her side or a
" . partition or o~st~cl~

over "In lin e or s igh t

a'sis AI a'sis-a'si-t go over
a'"" AI" a'sls-apek-i-t climb
e'sts AI e'sls-eke-t th row over
e'ele AI ' . a'sis-pi -t ove r; beyond ; across
a'sis AI e'els-pi-t ac ross
s'els D • e'ets-te-k over; beyond ; across
e'eis o e'els-te-k ac ross

,. . .. . i :
 /) °176

Ip.~ddle
ji'm A! [ I'm-e- t pad dle or row

partir

TA am-ipu-l-k ru b on ; rub in . _.'-.

( • am PT em-lpu-t-cq rub self aga inst

am A! am-istaqan-a..t be hard or
hearin g
nmi n ami-pi-te-k warm orth e weat her
. A!
~:::
am-ipu-si-t rub on ; rub in
A! ami-tk-i-t coolish
n .. ami-kJu'-J..k sort orgood; so-so
~.
ami
am i A! ami-klu',sj..t sor t o lgood; so-so
. . am i n ami-tk-i-k coolish
ami A! ami-pHi-t slightly warm'

. ami
ami
ami
n
n
A!
am i-sisku-apu.a . q
ami- tk-e '·k
ami-ns itu-e' ·k .
slightly mudd y in color
somewhat cold weathe r
p~rtJy sane

peel
r: I~
pelk TA pelk.a,'I-ik peel; husk
pelk PT pelk.a't-? q peel; husk
pelk TA pelk-cq-e'l-ik pd"- by hand
· pelk · .PT . pelk-cq-e 't-cq peel by hand
pelk
pelk
) TA pelk;oq.s-ik. peel with a hire
T1 pelk-cq-s-m peel with a kni fe
pelk A! pelk-oq-sawe-t - peel
· pelk TA ,.pelk .oq.le'.k str ip or{ with an loXe
· pelk TI pelk-oq-te" m st rip orr.with an axe

~ Iant

ika.'taq TA lka' taq.. al~k plant j,sow

..
' ~,
i ka' h ,q TA ' . ib'ta q-al.q plantj-sow
lka ' ta q' Nf ika 'taq-an .,. cul tiva ted lant; gard en
~ka' ~q " .T A oika.'taq-ew:k sow or_p lan\. ror "'- -
<
.. .i· ,/
.I .' ~ ..
'.- #>-.
". .,
,
. ..
. '.

~:i;L~ ·. .
.''.'; ,.
... ..
 1~7 .
ika 'taq AI ika't aq-uk plant ; sow; put in a g'Ud:y
'
ika 't'aq ·T A ika't aq-ul-k plnnl ; sow
ika 'toq TA ib 't aq-ul-k plODt; sow
i ka ' t~qu TI ike 'ta qu-t-m pla nt ; sow .

..J
pl ent)'
/
mek . X1' . meJt.· a' t-eke-tI do much .
mek TA mek-ite'lm- k thi nk hiKhly of
mek D ' · mek-ite't-as-ik highly p r ais~; hono ured
mek AI ' mek-ue't-esi-k highly praised; honour ed
mek TI mek-ite't -m t hink highly or
mek AI mek-itel-si-t beve a high opinio n or
/ mek AI mek-it el-sl-t o DeseU
mek TA mek- u-k K:at her ; eolleet; pi~k
mek TI mek-n-m l{atber i,Colled j pick
mek D rnek-o't-i-k - expensive , ...
mek AI mek-c't-i-t expe ns ive ",
meke ·T A mek e.n-k ( _" e:at plen ty of \
meke TI mek e-t-m ea t plenty of '
meke TA meke-tevk ga t her, eolleet: pick pICD['y or
, melee Tl rnek e'k- m gath er; collect ; pil'k plen ty or .

/
. poor
r
mal ' AI mal-a's i-t a slowpoke
mal - AI rnal-ap-i- I see po6rly
mal AI mal-atal· k ea t littl e 1 .:
mal / AI mlLl-e'·k lu y
mal AI mal-i'si;t speak poo rly
ma l AI mal-ikat-a- t w:l.lk poorly
mal AI mal-ikw-s-t be mentall y lazy
ma l D m al-ikw-e-k grow slowly "
mal AI mal-lkw- e-t grow slowly
mal AI mal-j-a'.t slow; back wards
ma l AI mal-kusi-t light sleeper

• .poo r; bad
·, ewl

i
./ .,,'..
 -, 178

,w i AI ewl-e'j.i-t POOfj poo r condition .

ewl D ewl-e'j-k poor; poor condition
ewl NA ewl-e'j-uinu poor person
ew l NT ewl-e'[u-aqan har d times'
ewl AI ewl-tam i-t nib bli ng something you
ewl AI ewl-eaml-e I .do n 't tlgink is very good

position '

kesnt TA -. kesm-a'l-ik push

k" ,j[ PT kesm-e't-oq push
kl!Sm~apew-i. t
:~:
AI look strange or weird
TA- -kesm-aq-al-k shove
kesm ' PT kesm-aq-t-oq shove
kesm AI kesm-eke-t ' shove
kesm AI. keem-i'si-t speak in an odd or unsual way
kesm AI kesm-ik-i-t well-built; well-pro portioned'
'<, kesm TA keem-cq-j-e'l-jk push on, in or by a vehicl e
"k es m PT . kesm-cq -j-e't- cq push on, in or by' a vehicle
kesm AI kesm-cq-j-eke-r give a boost
kesm AI kesm-pls-l-t well-d ressed ; fanci ly dressed
kesm TI kesm-tesk-m bump into
kesm ' 1'A kesm.t eska.-q . bu mp into

prep a re

i1ll.j AI i1aj-i-t prep ar e for

Hnj TA ilej-uk-t-e-q pr epa re for; get r.ea dy Cor
.~

pro mI se

te plu TA teplu-m-k promis e

pr op erly

TA U-a'l-ik adjust;. ~ eti fix

'"'>- - ' .,'

) ': : : . ~
 179

AI i1- :l.'sj. t gel well, recover ~'"

PT il-a't- oq 3.djult; set; Iix .
TA il-am-k excmtne; look OVN
TA il-an q-u'j-ik (old righ t; fold properly
PT il-anq-a't -cq fold right; fold propcriy
TI il-a'\lt-m examine; look ove r
AI il-ik-si-k pb oing; resur (lI.ce , .
AI il-ism·a 's i-t chllo'ge position while lying
-dcwa
il· tie up proper ly
iI tie up ptop e·rly
iI gt \ flrop eriy d ressed
n n and into pQ:iitioll.• •·
iI • shu\; close ...
iI sbut; close
iI sbu\ (jrm ly
iI hi\eb u p 11 borse
iI , prep:l.fe; org3.oize; set up
iI prep:l.fe; org3.oizc; set up
iI guide o r direct a horse by'
iI th e reins

pro s t rate

kew TA kew-a's- al-k topple

kew TI kew· a's-3.t-m top ple
: k ew n: ke"",-aq-s-ilf blown do wn by 3.bellvy wind .
kew AI- ke w-a q-ain-k blown dowe by a bellvy wind
kew n ~ 3.· q rail ove r: topple
k, w AI ke w-ie-t (aJ[ over; topple
kew TA kew-s-ik topple; fell by culli ng
kew TI kew-s-m topple; fell by cutt ing
kew TA kew-te'ck knock down
kew TI kew-te-m knoe.k down

)
put a wa y

TA . m ll.Sq-a.'Hk P.utowo y; sta re: eave

AI . mes q-a't-esl-t jail ed; put in an instit ut ion
 \' - " -\
180

masq PT mesq-e't-cq put away ; stor e; save •

masq ~ masq-o't -asi-i se- ed up ; accumulated

put on ; ruteD

...'". TA
IT
Das-a'l-ik
nas-a't-oq
p~t' ~n; ~n
put -on; d OD

...'",
• es T1
D
AI

TI
nes- ap a q-e- m
,il:as- apaq- tes- k.
nas-eke-t
-TA , nas- k-a-q
ues-k -m
screw on .
eateeg ted
CaSten
wear
wear

p ut 'o ut

ueqesu' f, TA Iiaqasu '-putu -al-k blowout; extinguish 1<

naq asu ' , TI Wlqasu'· putu . at-m blow out ; ext f'nguish .
neqasu TI na qasu-a'cm putcut a fire with a water
hose
-neqesu , TA . Daqasu- a'l-i k pu",out ; extin guish
neqasu PT e eqese-e' t-cq . . put out ; extinguis h

:::::.:{:~:~-q
naqeeu TA stamp o ut a fire'
oaqasu T1 st amp out a lire
naqasue TA na qasue-te'- k beat out a fire
naqas ue TI naqasue-te'-m beat out a fire

quiet

-, wen teq ,
wantaq
weeteq .
AI
D
D
want aq-e'-k
wantaq-it-k
wantaq-p-a'.q
quiet
still wate r
ealm wa ter
"1\ wantnq D wa ntaq-pek-~t.k st ill water
weutoq AI waDt aq-pi- t qulet,
wan tnq D wa ntaq -te-k quiet ~
,.-----.. . .'
r aw or gr ee n
-"
"gi een of foliage; utleure d

: . ,
"
\ --;"
. " I ,' / ,
 181

AI esk· j-t · gr een ui !olbge;' u n<;ur~1 . "

TA f:$k ~ p-k eat raw .
TI tsk" t·rn eet r aw
.-\1 esb · t::l.mi·t 'eat .f3. W rood
"

. . ·r';~J

AI mcku '-l-a-t ~'~e dre~~d ;n j-ed :

Il meku-upuq-te-k ', ~ . with red ,t rtqk.s
TA ' m9. w-a.'I.i k" ffinke-ref
AI mekw-e't-ec put on reu ge
Nl mek w-e ' t-aqen rouge
PT mekw-a' t-oq make red
IT mekw-am-u'vk reddeh
AI mekw-am- ek-si-t reddi sb
AI mekw-apsk-isi-t round and red
n mekw -epsk-e-k round !lod r~d
D mekw-a t-etes4: ', nash red O D altd orr •
n .. mekw-ates-k ; n ash red, ~rlb e tD ti,g b t ~
· A'.I . mekw- at esin-k ·.nllSb red-
AI mekw-evk ~_~ed '.
· D • mekw-evk r ed '
NA ' mekw-e'[- i-t .. s eet
II ' 'mekw- j-k ' swollen •
, ,AI
Nl
mekw-tl- t
mekw-ulkw
'~lIen~ ,. ....
.r eeaoe; l\lly:r:ed .boa t; c::ar
AI 'ffiekwe'.saq.-a'si-t t n red; blush . . '
AJ mekwe'-saq-si;t red- laced .

· TA men:a' l-ik remove: ta ke off; pluck

· PT men-a'q- a't -oq t ake out of p.» ilion (Iik ~ :t
~ genN ticltl
TA mee-e'q-Ikw-el-k pr y loose; pry off
TI mec-e'q-Ikw-et-m pry loose; pry err-
AI men-a'q -ikw-e-t 'fll up ¥eg~t:tbl~ or weeds- .
PT men- a't-oq . remove; tak e offj pluck,·'
TA rnen-ikw-el-k pryout with 'b~nd5 6't tool

, "
:. " ~
 , '-
-- "

-,
!
I
men
men
men
men
"-..T !

PT
1 lSZ.

meu -ik w-et- m

TA - me n~i D.a· l.ik
men-In-a't-oq
Al . mes-j-e'el-r
--...,
< .

_j .,.
.
("-T
PrJ -ou i- with hands-or tool
tip ' or teaf-OU or out
. 'r ip or tent orr or out
get up from a prone position
men
men ·
TA men-s:tk
TI men-s-m '
TA men -t et-k ~
I - cut crt

~:~:~r ~C11iovc
orr; by str iking !'
men T! meu-t e'cm I . kn ock orr; remove by strikin g' .
men Al men -a'pi-e- f -s, remove (ish tram II. net
TA men-a'q-ikw-al-k pr:r:.loo~,c ._,;
I'
, /

ee tq remove Irom the wate r f"-:

:::l~:~~~ ~~:mw~~:r\~r
netq
natq
natq re move Irc m the wa ter
caeq " pu ll out of the water b}: rope
netq pull out or the water ~l rope
natq pull'out or the!water Y rope7

r em over ba re

musik TA - ra usik..a'l-i k s!l;il1; at ri p j.ele a n

musik AI mus rk-a'si- t u ud resa "
musik PT muaik-a't-oq skin; strip; elenn
musik AJ musik-ev k be re: empt y; clea r
°musik IT musik-evk ba re; em pty ; clear
musik TA musik-o'l-ik st rip i
musik 'I'A musik-o't-l-k u ndr ess; an tri m
musik . ~ .. PT, musik-o't-oq st rip
musik AI rnueik-te'<kc-t clear the br ush o r th icket
~--
~- -
re st

AI atlasrn-l-t r est
TA atlasm-u'l-ik reekglve a r est to
AI atlasm-u't-eke-t take a break
, '". t-
 . :.. .:. . . . -, . /
"/ -:
184, ' ,
"-----wenaq TI wenaq-pil-m hoist. by rope or ~3.b.le ...
wenaq NA wenaq-p m-aqua lacross e stick __
weuaq AI weo3.q-tesk-a-t Itusb (as a bi rd)
> weaaq
weneq
AI
AI
weD3q-tesk-ui-t
weueq-to'ei-t
sprlr.g
5ki~ rope; move-up in the world

rock; swlo'S
0
nanam TA 'nanam-a' l-ilc rock a beby
.;
\
nanam TA oaoam-a'Hk rock
lJanam PT Danam- a' t-oq fock
ueuem 0 . nanam-ia-q rock; swing
nanam Nt nana m-ia-q-aw-ei . rocking chnir; swing
\ nan em Nt nan am-ie-q an swing
Nt naeem-le-mk-ew-el ro ~king chair ; swing
AI ' - nenern-te-t rock

/
rou nd

piptcq AI piptoq.ops+t round (eyli.ndrial . tub ular]

piptoq ·0 piptoq-opsk-e-k is round
' jt
pi ptoq 0 . plpteq-opsk-e-k round ; !Io bula r .
piptOq AI piptoq-opski-si-t . rcand: t:lobul:u
,
,~ ': o'
J 0,;
'.«
I ,
/------..
c l8S'

eale w n saJaw-e' -k salty

aalaw Nl selew-et ~lt

eer-ep e ' ~ '.

,
"
.. ' . / . ,(
I ~SiP , TA keslp-e'l-tk scrat~h
, kesip PT keslp-a't-oq scra~h

... kesip
kesip
kesip
Nl
n
AI
fts ip. ie-mk-ew· ei
kealp-ku-e-k
keefp-ku-e-t
itchyness
scra tchy ; itch y of a garment
scra tchy; itch y of a garment
kesip AI · . kesip-cqw-a-t scra pe
kesip TA keslp-e-e'l-ik skin
keslp TA kesip-t e'-k scratc h ~ith an instrume~t .
'.' . kes ip TI · keetp-te'- m scratc h' wit h an ins tr u~e n t
kesip AI keeip-tc'e l-t scratch oneself
<,
:
................. ~, ........

'. <: ./
\ ./sear ch ,;

~i1'
~·k.w il'
TA kwll-e-q ~Chf<ii" '
~:::~~a'si-t
. search for
kw.il.u :s-, searc h about

kim AI kim-evk sneaky

kim AI . kim-elm-i-t smile to6neselt
kim AI, kim-elm-uk -t-asi-t emile to oneself
klm AI kim-ewo'kwe-t , ~al~ softly
kim 'AI klm-Ie-t . saeek aroun d
kim --' TA kim-tele-q ambus h- ._
11m AI kim-tern-i-t cry insi de; cry silently
kim " TI kim-je ak-m snea k' up on
klm , TA kim-t eska-k sQe~ upon
kmut TA kmut-a -el-k., : stea l

~~~:J
TI. kmut-n-et-m
AI - krau t-n-e- t
.steal
stea l ' \
" ,
 . .... .:.....- -; : .

" .
186

t ern TA '
tem-a'k i-pu-j-k . SIlW down
t om PTt em-a'ki-t-t-cq " down
.511
t om TAt em-a'Hk break in two
~m n . tem-a 's-i k -brck eu orr
't ern' AI . te m-i.'sl- t broken o rr
tom PT t em-e' t-oq break In two
tom TA t em-alu- a'l-ik break orr at th e tail
tom • PT te m-elu -e' t-oq brea R ofCat the tail
tom AI te m-alu-e ce-t - sa ep orr at the ta il
tom TA tem-alu -et esm-ik break orr ll t the tl1i1 end
by slamming
tom .T
TI~ t em-8pslc---is-k t ut into atrnents 'or chunb
tern . t em-apsk-e-m cut into segments or ch unks •
tom AI tem-ek e-t ' - snap in twp
tom , AI _ tem-ikat -a-l ' have a root or Icg cut orr
tom AI t em-in-a '--q in
split bit .
jem AI tem- ip tn-.~ t have a hand or 'arm cut ofc
tom TA tem-isqon:. 'w k break or( 4t t he !lOse end
• tern P1' tem-isqc u-e't-cq break orr at t he nose end .:
tern ..... TA t em-kw-a'l"k . break orr at the neck .
tom AI ' tem-kw-e'ck he~d less •
tom n tem-kw -e-k heedless "
tem TA te m-kw e-p-k , . 'bite th e heed part ,orr
tom TA tem-kwe-e-k cut or' slice oCc Il t the neck .
te rn - . ._ -1'1 tem-kw e-s-m - -~t----Or-slice-off-:rt-tbe: nec ~
tem ' TA tem -kwe-tevk chop orr it- the neck ,,;... '
tom TJ· tem-kwe-tevm • chop-ort at the neck
tom TA tem-p-ik _ bite e rr
tom TA tem-s-i k slice; sever by h ire
. tern TJ . tern-e-m ........ slice; seve r hr, knife
, tern n . tem-t-m " bite err,:
"m
tern '
TAtem-te '-k
.n tem-te'-m >
chop in.two
chop In' two

~~:~::i :.~:~
tom n tem-tes-k
tem AI tem-tesia-k
tern TI te m-tesk-m brea k by stomp ing on .
tern TA tem-teska-~ br eak by ~ to m pi n g on
' t ern TA tem-team-k- ; /~ rea.k; rr a~tu r e '
"m
tm
PT 'tern-teet- cq
NI ' tm-a',ki- t- t-aqan
break; rr actu~
11 saw ,
'; . ~:

. ' ,.
,"",:; ," .; . :~ . .' -'.:. : ~ . : ",
It ':

187

• sheep

ji jk luewj NA ji jkiuewj sheep

ji jk luewju N! j ijk luewju-a pi wool; yarn
ji jkluewju N! ji jk luewju-a pi-ei woOIen material

shy; b.a.shful

eetqq TA netaq-a'f-ik embarrass

n et aq
n etaq
n etaq
AI
AI
AI
neteq-e'sl-r
netaq-asi-t ,
n etaq-e'ek
asha med; embarr assed
shameful
shYi bashful
---
?
slck '-'

kesinukw
J AI k esie ukw-e-r be sick
\
"k esinftkw AI ke¥nukw~am-uk~si-t look sick
. k~idukwe AI . kes inukwe-toqsi-t AloUll d sickly
ks~uk_ .N! I ksnuk-c'kuc m hospit al

OJ A
side orbod)'
upm AI up m-eelc-k lie on one's side
up m - A! u pm-esm- a'si- t lie down 0 0 one's side

.It

ep TA ep-e 'I-ik seat

ep . A! ep- a'si-t 'sit down
ep TA ep- e'eu-e t-k ~it on : .
• ep TI ep-e'su-et-m sit on
ep n ep-e-k ' seate d; placedi localell
ep ' A! ep..i-t seat ed: placed: located
- epf TI epi-t-m - sit on; brood ; ba t ch

~~
~ y.

' .··';~f:
 . "'-
,;
;--..-.
.._.
-- ,
,- ' .;' ..
188 .

's k tlled In•••

'. -- ,
DUj TA nuj-at ej.o'l.'ikA. " pull- '
nu] ptJ' nujsa tej-o't-oq pull .

.~~- ~~j:~;~::~ :. ' '"the

:' ;~~;:ibDnI
DUj
nuj run ner
au] TA . ' nuj-im-k O D~
who advises
O~~!.j NA nuHJtl·t-oq 0. singer '
nuj r NA nuji-el- ap-i-t 'tl. watchm an '
O11j i NJ\ uuji-ewj-c't-asi-t hauler
nuji NA nuj i-mil-a't- eke-t . a joker;p;3nkstur ; jestee
huj i NA ~ nuji-mil-am-ukw-u't-eke-t mngieill.o'; ODe who puts things .
in every direction .
uuji > NA nuji-taqt-e-t aprolessicn nl bake r
nul NA nut-ap t-eke-t a coroner .
nul NA nut-a.tej i'-pu-t-ek ~ t a deliver y IllilD
nut NA nu t- cq- te-t e eook , ."

-'. !

pa/
slow '
-. rr paw-a'~k move slowly
paw AI pew-e'el-t mcve slcwly
- paw AI p aw-natq- a'~i.t get out of the wat er slowly

: ~ .l~wly
' ekw 11 kekw-e's-i k move slowly
ekw AI kekw-e'el-e move slowly ·
kekw, AI kekw-et-k slow
kekw 11 kekw-evk slow
kekw " AI kekw- i'pi- t run-elowty

sankew
eankew
_. TA san kew-e'Hk -
11 . sank ew-a's- ik
do__slowly and cal"e-tully
saul1ierirloll~
sanke w AI 'eankew-a'sl-t saunt er along - I
seakew - PT eeakew-e'e-cq do slowly and cer elu lly
sa nkewi AI " san kewl-aak -ita'sl- t thiak slowly

. '.

;: .. ' · .
 ... .
1 89

? .. sma ll
. apJ AI npj-oq-ji'j·i-t small and round
apj . Il a'pj-oq-ji'j-k small and rou nd
. aps TA . eps-a'l-tk make smaller
'P' PT eps-e't-cq make smal ler
AI aps-alq.-ikw-a'- ji'j-i-t have tiny eyes
'P' AI 'aps-alq-ikw-a.-t have small eyes
' P' AI epe-elq-o'm -e-e have a small mout h
'P'
a ps" AI aps-8 Jii-utn-a-t have a small-mouth
AI - eps-aqq-utu-e-t have a sma ll mout h
' P' AI aps-at p-a-t have a sma ll bead
:~:" ( TA aps--j's -ik alte r clotb ing
'aps
P' TI ape-t's-m alte r clothi ng
. AI . aps-lkj-a-t have small buuceks
'P' AI aps-ipt it-a-t hav e small hand s or paws
aps '- At eps-lakuu-e-t tin e-weave; knit
AI aps-isqon-a-t have a sma ll or Darrow nose
'P'
-eps n.", ape -kw-It-k form an ,eddy , •
aps - n" aps-oqsk-e-k it is small and round
a psi . 'I'A apsi-s-k cut into n a rro~ s"tri'ps
apsi TI apsi-s-m , cut into narr ow strips
aps! TI epsi-te '-m '\ ~ut-·small

. shovel sn ow

qalip NA .qalip-uti snow shovel

. qalip NA qo.Jipu caribo u ie. the one who shovels sbciw :

sort /

nuk TA Duk-s-ik "-

-cUtlntopieces
auk .. TI ' auk-a-m \ gut'into pieces
nuk TA nuk-t e ;~k smash to bits
nuk TI nuk-t e'~m smas h to bits

.'=~~ TI
TA
nuk-t esk-m
nuk-tes ke-q,
crush or soft en with the Ieet
crush or ecrte n with the feet
nukw
nukw
FA
,PT
&uk\Y<'a ·k i.pu.l~k
nuk,, -a'kl-t-t--oq
grind
grin d
aukw TA nukw -a 'l-ik - $Olte; ; crumble
nukw
p~
e ukw-e'j-o q ' J $O r~elij crum ble
 ' ,",,7" j_
I 1 0

k", 'fA kut -e'l-lk PO"'

kut
k ut '
kut
PT
TA
PT
kut-e't-cq
kut-atesm-k
kut-atest-oq
pour
spill
spill
' ,,-
, _, - , . ,\,,>
-.: -,
--.)
kut "AI kut-eke-t spill

sp r ead

ee's
se'a IT se's-a'sl- k sprea d
-AI.
:::: ' ~
se's-a's i-t -spreed . "
PT "' se'e-e't-cq . spread cut
<; . AI se's-altu-k we-pi-t have messy hair
~ "~ ITA se'e-ikw-a l-k . spr eas! Il~ound
.ee'e
\1' ::\-~1m .'" spread around

__ ::"-8t a\-t

poqt TA poqt-it es ka-q cbase;startatter ...,'

poqt TA poqt-e'ul-el-k sta rt to lug
poqt TI poqt-e'ul-ee-m sta rt to lug "
, poqt AI poqt-a'ul- e-t sta rt to lug -,
poqt TA poqt-am k- a'l-i k shu t to carry afay
.poqt AI poqt-amk-a'si-t ....' sta rt ott J
pe.t PT poqt-emk-e't-cq start to carry away
poqt n, poqt-amk-~a-q begin; start out ...
poq t , AI poqt-am k-Ie-t begin; start ou t
poqt AI poqt-amk~:e 'ke-t start ott poling io a boat
, poqt -TA RO<lt-a.teji-:m.k . ' start to drag
pcqt . " AI pcqt-ewc'kwe-t ---begiD to spea k
poqt AI. ~oq~l,"kJ.'-1-' start ott by boat
poet PT poqt. uk-t- q ' start to back pack .
poqt' TA pcqt-ukk -al-k start to follow
po qt TI poqt-ukk, -at-m start to fellow
,'~ o qti TI poqti-t esk -m ehese: start alter
l poqj AI ' poqj.j-t I · elope
poqj PT poqj·in ·t-oq start to sing
poqji .. AI ~qj i.wsik~w.e' ••k • start t~l lI. ii gh

I ,
I
\,~
 sta.rt to move or va~ate .
begin or st u t to rlsb

~tar t j le t out

naj AI naj-ijj-ikw-a-t dere~p. te

naji AI naji-i1aj-H sta rt . to pack; go get ready
naj i AI Da.j i-kt an-t-eke-t star t-out to bunt and kill
nllji , TA nuji-ne' f-am-k »>: go visit
nllji AI . Dl1ji-np-a-t .--:-' go to sLtep
na.ji AI . naji-tia'rnu -e'k e-t . , set out to hunt moo'se
naji AI naji-wsk-e-t f tar t out to fisb

s to p '

pun TA pUD-a$.i k ~ -quit; 1~~Te; desert ; aba ndon

pun AI pU1H tal--k . ' ( ease eating
pu n AI pun-elm-i-t stop la ughing · " ...
pun AI p u n- er'~[Fr-- stop- ta lking " , f ' ,"
pun P1' pun-ewis- t-oq stopIecturing.or- prea ching
pun AI . pua-ewc'k we-t cease lecturing
pun TA pue-tukw-ew-k stop working for r:
" . P UG AI pun-qat-k cease living t here
\. pun AI pun-te rn-i-t stop ~rying

&'tukw ' AI e'tuk w-e-t , te ll a. story

a'tukw TA ' a'tukw-ew-k tell a story

n ~aq-i-k ' straigbt

AI ' te t p"q- ik- i;;,t- ~ -- straight
AI , '- tetpag-pi-t straight
TA tetpaq-qam-s 'H k plaee straig bt ,

r
r)
'. :.
" ..
~ '" '
. ....
, ' .- - .., ..,:
':.:.. ~:
 /' " I
, ,

192

" terpaq . , . PT tetpaq-qam-a't-o q place at ruight

~
tetpaq tetpaq-qam -i-k stand st raig ht up
, tetpeq tetpeq-qam -i-t stand st rs igbt up '
, tet pa q
te t pa q
tetpuq
TA
TI
AI
tetpaq-s-ik
tetpaq-s-m
tetpaq-si-t
strnight
straig ht
st raight
~
./
r-
tetpa q ,.... U' tetpaq-te-k strn ight
te tpeq n tetpeq-te-k slrnigh t

stretch out
(
I
, sip TA slp-taq-a'I -ik ~retch
.:;~ " .'
• U • sip-taq-e's-lk
, AI slp-taq-a'ai-t
st retc h
str etch >
si p • 'liT slp-taq-a't-oq stretc h
..>sip , AI sip-taq-esin- k st retch ou t

st ri ke

me' TA met-tet-k st rike

me" / 1'1 nievte vm st rike
me' TA in;':-teb ,-q hit wh.h a bullet I a r row
me' TI , " m e'-tel-in hit wit h 11 bullet f a r row

',,11
5t ro'ttg ; h~rd

melk TA melk -a'l-ik bj1~deo

me lk U melk-a's-Ik harde n; solidffieJ
me lk AI melk - e'si- t harden; solid ified
,.:. . melk 'PT melk-e't-cq harden
me lk AI ' melk-a pj-i-t ha ve a stro ng grip
me lk AI melk-aqan-atp- a-t he bald headed
me lk
;' AI melk-et-k ha rd
me lk /. U' melk-e'ck bard
me lk / AI melk-i'te qe e-e- t have a. strong neck

~~i ~
AI melk-ik -i- t solidly built
AI melki-j-a-t ecn stipated; have a ha rd stoo l
htel ki NA melkl-ji'nm s tron g man ; SQIiJ mau
,' ,

.r. .... \.

,~- /~" "' "" \

-..1 < ...-' .' ....
<
193
- t':
stuck

amjlm AI arrijim-oq-pi-t st uck

amjim D amjim-oq-te-k st uck
amji m D amjim-oq-tes-k caught;'stuc k
arnjim AI amj im-oq-tes in-k caugh t; !ltuck
amjim TA •amjim-oqw-n'I-ik , get st uck inside
amj im P1,; amjlm-cqw-a't-oq get stuck inside

sw e at ('
te kn D tekn-Ia-q swea t
tekn AI tekn-Ie-t sweat "..
tek a AI . tekn-ma-t - ecld house

take Ont i move

ket TA ket- elq-a'I-ik tak e out of

ket PT ket-elq -e'e-c q - -take o!J.tof
ket TA ket'=hlq-ikw-a l-Jf' pry out
ket TI ket-~ikw- at~ m p:ry out
ket TA ket-epj-e'l-tk ta ke with o~e'5 bereh and s
ket A,I ket-a pj-s'ei-t do sbmeth ing bar eha nded
.ke t PT ket-e pj-a't-cq take with one's bare ha ods

temporary
,
maqat PI maqat- a'-q lend to
NJ maq at-ew-ei_ ' tempora~y thi n.g .
m~f~~
~i ,

thick

AI '\:; pas·aliu-kw: a-t have thick hair

AI pas-:atp:-a' -r thick headed '
AI pas-e'-~ "' thick
D ,M· ,'.k ( thick

:.\.
 195

lei n eel-tk sha ped like; dressed as such'

lei AJ te l-ik-i-t sha ped like; dressed as such
tel TA tel-im-k • te ll ".
lei o te l-im a;-q " have su ch a smell or taste r
lei Af tel·im :J,'-t • have such a smell or las ee
lei AJ tel-tst:J.qan-ew-a: si· t imagine one hears solpe thing
' lei n tel-I.ulr.w.e-Ir. do such -and such work
. ' .-:j' . tel AJ t.rl-Iulr.w·e-t do such and such wor k
lei Tl tel-o't-m trea t so; treat &SoNch
"I TA tel-oq-s-ik . too k in sueh a man ner I
" I TI tel-oq-s-m cook in such a manne r I
lei AJ te l-oq-si-t cook in such a man ner .
tel o " tel-oq- te:.k coole. in such a meaner
le i TA tel-p-.jlr. paw on
te l n tel-p it-a '-q . have such a length or height
AI te l- pit-oq-si-t have such a length or beight .
I"
le i . : . tAJ tel-qamik-si-t act tb us; ~c t in such a' manner
: tel TA tel-s-ik cut in to .-
1" TI tel-e-rn "cut inlo <:8
, " tel 'fA , tel-si1-a-q hear; sound like
tel n -, tel-su- m hear ; sound like
t el TI t"'· t· m . paw On
I" o te l-ta '. q .scued like; soun d sc
1,1 TA tei-te~.k ,cut or chop
1, 1 . T I " '~ te1- te'- m . cut or cho p . "
"".Ar 'sound like; sound so ,.":
1,1 ' te101oqSi-t"
"I " ,4 0 telouisi-l: . named or called thus
tel , _"AI te louisi-t' name d or called th us
teli PT~' te~i-t--bq make as such ; ma ke so ,

. th us j SOj t here

ttl' TA ' etl'-t e'-k beat

-etl' ' .TI etl'-te'- m . beat
etl' AI eU'·tem·i · t "y
one got i~iu ted
:::~::=:~ " ~
etl'
t· ' et l' , g
AI · etlvteeln-k ,
bert"'m' move ry t bmicall y
ODe got injur ed- .
etl'
eU' AI et l'·tesin. k ' beat or move ryt hmicall y
, 1I Al' etl-atal-k ei),t
, II
"etl ,. .( -.
' ~ ,:~t:~:~~q
laugh
talk
 190

etl AI etl-ikuu-ie-t bleed

- 'atl PT erl-in-t-oq sing
etl TA etl-iple-s-k dry
etl TA etl- tpo-l-k rUb
etl TI etl-Ipu -t-m rub
elr TA etl-ite'lm-k think
et l TI etl-ite't- m think
~;1 TI etl-lpia-s-m d ry

thu9j thi ther

.1 PI el-c-q sw im toward
.1 PT el-e'ki -t-t-oq saw wood
.1 TA el-il\l-tk take; bring toward in n group
.1 PT el-a't-oq take; bring toward in a group
.1 .AI el-ap-i -t look towa rd
.1 D el-eq-e-ik Oy toward
.1 AI el-eq-sia-k n y ~t9w ar d
.1 AI - - el-es u-kwe- t wade toward in Uu:, wafer
.1 AI el-as um-t-e ke-t wade toward through the snow
.1 AI el-atej-e'sl- t go over,to quickly
.1 AI 'el- utp-o'[I n-k lean one's bead toward
.1 D ei-nt q-e-k dense (ee a thicket)
.1 AI el- i'pi-I" rush towa rd '
.1 AI el- i'pu kwe-t stagger toward
.1 AI el-i's awe-t crochet
.1 AI el-i't u-a-t bave., a beard'
.1 D el-ia-q . go
.1 AI el-ie-t go
.1 AI el-ik u'n -le-t bleed toward
.1 TA el-jkw-al-k move something towards with
an instrument
.1 TI el- jkw-nt-m move something towntds with
an instrument
.1 TA J-i~knu-al.k braid, knit
.1 11 el-isknu-at-m braid, knit
.1 AI el- isknu-e-t knit, weave, spin
.1 AI el-isu kw-e-t I paddle toward
.1 AI el-k-o'[In-k raced toward
.1 TA el-o'l-ik take; bring toward lleparntely
.1 PT el-c't-cq take; bring toward-sepa rat ely
.1 AI el-paq-n-to'sl-t spltisb oneself

'-,
~.
",
.
. r .~
 197

.1 TA el-pil-k send ac ross by rope or ca ble

e! TA~' el-pil-k send across by a rope.
.1 Tl el-pil-m send across by a rope
.1 AJ- el-sit-a's i-t inst ep
.1 TI el- taq-a'cm shoot tow ard
~.I TA el-taq-a 'l-ik , string toward
.1 PT el-taq -a't-oq string toward
.1 AI el-taq-sa we-t cut sheens for basket making
,I AI el-taq-te '·ke-t weave
,I II el-taq- te- k line o r road (rom A to B
,I n el-taqe-ia-q ) reach or stretch towar d
,I AI '$t. taqa-k!-t reach or stretch toward
,I AI el-taqa -n -ew-e-t spin t hread
,I AI el-tukw-it-k run towa rd
.1 AI el-u'jin -k bent toward
,I PT el-uk-t-cq carry towa rd on one 's back
,I TA el-uk-t-uf- k carry tow ard on one's back
,I TA el-ukkw-a'l-k follow toward
,I PT el-ukkw-e't-cq foUowtoward
eli AI - elr-nis-iku'p-ie-t bleed down towa rd
eli PT el-ipu-t-oq . \shovt:! toward _

TA es-ipu-l-k gr ind
PT . es-lpu-t -oq . grind

ti red

kispn AI kispn-npew-i-t look ti red

kispn II kispn·e-k - tired
kiepn AI kispn-e-t tired
kispn AI kispn-ie-t feel ti red
• kispn TA kispn-ul-k mak e t ir ed
kispne AI kispne-toqsi-t sound ti red

t o do ... ~galn

mlnu' #fA minu'·pi-'s-k reheat

vminu' TI minu'epi-s-m rehea t
minu TA minu-a'l-ik revive; dup licat e
minu PT rninu-e't-oq revive ; dup licate

J
 minu Tl mi n~.i'~m rep eat wha t is said
minu TA minu-cq-s-ik recook
minu TI miuu-oq-s- m recook

to oxtln,tlon \

ketm TA <II ke t m-a·q c1eaDou t (or f~ )

ketm TA h tm- e'· k • ~~o.Dout (oCfood)
ketm , AI ke'tm-cq-si- t burned eom plele1y out
ketm D ketm-oq-te-k b urned eompletely'cer
ketme TA kerm e-te'ck wipe out; 'finish o rr
ketme Tl ket me-te'cm wipe out ; Iinish o rr
%etm e AI ketrne- te'cm-a-t wi ped ou t; finished off

. l

together

maw
maw

maw
maw
XI ma w-a't- ajik
D ' ma w-amki-t e-k-l
T l . me w-lukw-ee-m
NA mllw-amki-p i-jik
T A maw-c'l-ik
AI maw -o't-esi -t
sha re; ch ip 'in loge t hef
pi led toget her
include in t he repnira
pil ed togethe r
gnt her up
gnlher; eo lleet
)
maw PT mew-c't-cq gnth er up
maw AI maw -pi-si-t b undled
maw AI maw -pi-t bu nebed tog ether; placed with ' .- :

; maw TA ma w-te'ck collect; sa ve "

\ maw Tl me w-te'cm co llect; save
maw AI maw -evk-ik live toget he r; t:lt h cred
maw AI ma w-ki-jje-t CO Ull t ; add up
maw AI maw-ki-Ij e-t . figure; ca lc ulate
TA maw-ki-m-k inclu de in t he cou nt ; call
toget her
. TI . m~w-ki.t'-m incl ude in th e eou n t; call
toge ther
TA maw-lukw-al-k . tp elude in t he rep a irs
maw D , maw-pi-te-k ' ti ed or bundle d to gether . , .
maw n maw -te-k bun ched tog ethei';. placed w ith .
mawi AI maw l-a't-ijik gllt her; swa rm lIS bees
mawi AI maw i-klu'-si-t pr ett y good
mawi D mawi- kla-l-k pr ett y good

....
. . .......
 199

mawi AI mawi-wi n-ji-t , pretty bad

mewi D mawi-win-ji-k pretty bad

to here (see: trom there)

wejk AI wejk-u'jln-k bent toward

~ .
wejku ' wejku t-a-q . ap p roach; co me
wejku' AI wejku-e-t app roach; co me
wejkr AI wejk u- puku-l-t sta nd facing to ward
wejku AI wejku-tem-i-t come crying ' .
• wejku AI wejku- tu'kw- i'ek come runnin g
wejkw TA wejkw-e' l-Ik brin g or come with
wejkw PT wejkw-a't-cq bring or come with
wejkw AI wej kw-aj e-pi-t sit o r set facin g towa r d '
wejkw ·n wejkw-aje-te-k , sit o r set Caci n g towa rd"
wejkw n wejkw -ap-a'cq incomin g or ri sing ti de
wejkw AI wejkw-a p-i-t sit Cacing
wejkw n wejkw-apn-ia-q day b reak

~~:=::t:~~
wejkw AI • come sailing on
wejkw n hurrY. this way
wejkw AI wejkw -atej-e'ei-t hurr y th is way
wejkw AI wejkw-eeell-m-kwe-t ridin g a veh icle
wejkw AI wej kw -etp-o'[in -k bent toward Ircm the head
wejk.w AI wejkw -I'pulue- t come cu bor seb ack
wejkw AI wejkw- lsukw-i-t come paddlin g towar d
wejkw n wejkw-i tp-e'cq app roac h.or co me ni ghtrall
wejkwa n wejkwa-pane-ta'eq clea r up of t h e sky
wejkwi PI weikwl-kwlta-evq come by ca no e .
wejkwi AI wejkwi-t u'kw- e'pi- t • . come with. pound ing feet

t~ .larer . <,
i
j weskit
weskit
D
AI
weekit -pe k-a's-lk
weeklt-pek-e'st-r
" '~"" Ilow over
Row over '
weskit II weekit-pek-ie-q eoej ed ,
weskit AI weekit-pek-le-r- coat ed
weskit AI weskit-pi·t . sit or set on top
weskit ".Il weskit-qc'w e-k Roat .
weskit AI wesklt-qc'we-t Roat ,
weskit D. weskit-je-k sit or set on to p
V
zoo
weskij TA weskl}-inv·a'l-ik give \lirth to
weeki] AI weaklj-iuu-i-t born
weskiji TA wesklji- um-a'j-ik COlLt; paint
weskiji PT weektj t- em-e't- cq coat; paint

to s kIn or'
pes TA pes-a'f-jk skiO a fish
-

to th e ,end

apt TA apt-Iam -a'l-ik smot her-

apt PT a,t. lam.>a't-oq -smot h er
apt U apt-lem- i-k ' suffocate
apt AI apt-lam-i-t surrocllte
apt AI apt-lam- sin-k lose Qtie'.s pr~·atb i~ a. gale
apti U !l-ptt-tes-k stuck
apti AI apti-tesio"·k, stuck
apj AI apj-iku'u-ie-t blee~o del'l.tb
'apj TA apj-Im-k out alk ,',
apji XP apji constantly
apj i PT, apji-toq out of breath as -the
result ?! h::LViog a tant rum

truck (Engli sh )

truck truck-j i'j-a'Ia-q a truck lol tu Jl

.
t ry

kwej TA ' kwej-a ' l-ik

kwej PT kwej-e't-cq
kwejl
kweji
kweji
. kweji
t AI '
TA
PT
AI
kweji-natq-a'sl-t
kweji-nem-i'-k
. kweji-neml-t-oq
kweji-paw-natq-avt

;:.. ' ... " , ,

 ~ ..'.\
-~

202

u nder; b ottom

AI nek-oq -pl -t lie underneath

•
I n nek-oq-te-k . lie underneat h
AI . nek-ul-pi-t sit. iii the bott om ()r l\ canoe
n aek-u l-te-k sit in the bott om or n canoe
AI 0.nek-u lq-ipi-t sit or set in a canoe
n nek-ulq-lte-k sit or set in a canoe
TA uekw-as-a'l-lk put under neath
P'P a ekw-es-e'e-cq put underneath
TA . eekwi-ksm-a'l-ik push underneath
PT nekwi- kem-e't- oq pus h undernea th

un derstand

nest nest-ik understand

nest . . nest-a-q 'v understand
nestu nestu-e'-k norm.:1l; sensible; or sound mind
nestu nestu-Ita 'sl-t reco llect; remember

)
Up.' "

toqju ' toqju'vki-m-k send up

toqju' toqj u' -ki· t· m send up
toqju' toqj u 'epil-awe-k hoist
toqju' .tcqiuvptl -ewe-t hoist
toqju' :toqj u '-pil· k hoist up
toqju' toqj u' -pil -m hoist up
toqju tcqj u-a'eq go ups ta.irs
toqj.u tOqju-a'-t go upsta.irs
toqju toqj u-apek -i-t crawl up
toqju toqju-e-k up a bove
toqju toqju -itukw -i'-k run upsta irs

ama l-am -k glance at

emel-emk-uk where the re are many
 . 203

. 6· a m.a l XP ~al-amk.uk var ieti es of sand

amal AN amal-amkw fine sand
amal . TI amal-apt-m ,,: - glance at .
-nmnl TA ama l-ik-e-ik whit tle
amal TI ama l-ik-e-m whittle
eme t AJ ama l-ik-sswe-t carte; whi ttle - -
nmal AI ame l-iskn u-e-t . • crochet
ernul TA amel-lukw -e l-k decor a.te .
emal TI ama l-lukw-et-m deco ra te
amal
amal
amal
AJ
AI
TA
::t::::::
amal- tnq-a'J- Ik
~ - he is cutting tor the
sake ot cutting
put a design on; decorate
amal NJ· emel-teq-e't-eqen st illng decorations
emal . PT amal-taq-e't- cq put a design on; decor ate
amal TA amal- ta~k ­ embro ider
emal TI ama l-1aq-i's-m embro ider
-~'- : - AI · emel- teq-i'sewe-t embr oider
amal . AI amal -t aq-aawe-t etching .
amal n · amal-taqa-wi'k-as-ik embroider ed ; a mixed design

~ .

mil n
i
mil-em-u'ek \ all-kin ds or; vari~ty or
mil AI mU-am-lIk-si-t all kinds oC; variety .o t
mil AI · mil-it e'si- t ~ think abou t aU kinds
. mil 'AI · mil-kusl-t - . have aU kinds or dr eams
mil AI mil-lukw-e-t db ditferent kinds oCwork
mil · n · m.,il-pek-It-k . " ' now in a.ll directions
mil n mil-qarnik-e-k . I uneven; hilly gro und
mil TA - mil-s-ik on:bit tle
mil TI il-s-m whi ttl e
mil TA il-ui' t-ik h ave 1I'aoy nam es for
mil TI il-u i't-m h ave m any n ames COr
mil AI mil-uisi-t have many n ames

.:». AI mil-Ita'si-t - oCthi ngs

" eskm
walt

AI wait
, "' /
\. 204
wak e up

t ukw TA tukw-a'Lik weke up .

tukw TA tukw-eia-q ' wake up b.y. sh hing
liu kw AI ~kw.ie- t wake UPi awaken

waites

waltes NA waltes weltea game

w altest NI waltes t-a't-imk dice game playi ng
.waltest AI weltest-a-t pIIlY dice
w altes r NA wefteet- e qen-ei waltes bowl o r plate
waltest NA wettes t-eqen-ek waltes bones or dice
. kesie AI
205 '

kesls-e-eqan-ew-e-t wash clothes

W&t: r '-, <,

samqwa n NI s~qwan wate r
wat e ry,
. samqwe n 0 samqwan -epu-a t-q
sumqwa n NA samqwan-i'j , toad; a heavy drinker
eamqwe,n 0 samqwa n-i-k watery
samqwe c 0 samqwan-k w• ..."

we e J

. saqp 0 eeqp-e'ek wet

,.qp AI saqp-et- k wer
I
I .aqp 0 saqp-ia- q get d a mp
.seqp AI seqp-te- t get d amp
/ aaqp AI saqp-ikj-e-e have a wet-bott om

what!

,tal 0 tal-am-u'ck Wha t colour!

ta l - - AI tal-am· uI:si -t Wha t colour?

~ hl te

wn.p Il wap-a 's-i k turn white; o pen one's eyes

w ep Al wep-a'sj-t turn white; ope n one'}eyes
wep n wep-em-uvk look white \.
wa p Al wep-em- uk-si-t look white '
wa p Al wap-e '-k white
wep n wep-e'ck whit e
w ep : n wap-e'j- i-k whit ish '
w.p Al wep-e'j- i-t whit ish
wap Nl , wap-e'j· k Ilour
wap . Al wep-l-t awake; have one's eyes open
we p .n wep-k dawn; dayligh t

, I ... :

\
.'.~ "
 2 07

elukw TA etuk w-ew-k work Ior

lukow
lukow
Nl
A1
luk cw-eqen- e'kmuri
lukcw-aqan-j-t ~:~~~~~a:lt~~:blesome ' i "
lukow NA lukcw-lnu w orker ~
luko w • NT lu;kow.aqan w ork
-n r \'

ace
, ~
' ."
c'p l' TI o'pl'- t.:-'m bit wr oDg; chop wrong
c'p l TA o'pl-a'l-ik .do ~ roll g
c'pl :
o'pl
o'pl
A!
PT
A!
~'pl. a 't-eh.~
o'~l: a.' t-oq
o'pl-atal-k
::::::'
ta t w rDlIg
,
o'pl TA . o'pl-ui't-ik say o-,"Dame ineottec tly
. o'pl
9',1
TI
TA
e'pl-uit-m
o'pl-wi't-ik ::~ ~: ::: ~;:;;~ t1y_ , .
e 'pl TI o'pl-wi't- m SIlY o rll:l.m-t" wr ong

you n g m;an

l'p a'tu NA I'pll'tu young mac 11B-18yrs o f ngc)

I'pa'tu'
l'pa'tuj ~~ .::~::~:~-ji'j small boy
boy ""' ,
.I;pa'tuju AI' .' l'pa'tu ju-l-r become or be llboy
l'pa'tus ~A' l'p:L'tus youug mec

\~

"

"- \. v'
. L...

~: ... . .r,
 .~'

200

'. APPENDIX 8.1

MICMA C MEDIALS AN D NOUN FINALS
.: ~.

M -a'ki grina
M -a'q ' ~ e out or position'

M :3'uJ- awl back of body .

M -l1je- -eje

. M -elq-c- eqq bole . < ' a.Oak (bole)

M-altu hai r

M -nlu .< "a.lwtwe. (ta il)

,.
-M/ NF -amk . 5ll;i:Jd I bank < ~a.me bk ~eatth ) •

noun final

M -anku . trade
•
I sell door• to door
• r
'

M -nnq
.} ,
't~i~ i nat
M-ap l. see < ' a.p (see)
2. ·wa ter < "a.pu (wa~e r)
l- M-apaq · st reaked
I>-./
crawl -

appearance

net /. st ring < ' a.py(e.)(k) (stri ng)

see med ial -a'pi

..... .. .
",\
} ...... ~~
.
 210

M ·apj grip / barehand

M ~ap n dawn < roo t: wepn - (dawn)

M/NF ~apsk(w)_-opsk(i) _FOUlJd / glo bu la r < '"lI..peOk{w)
.
M/ NF -apu water containing particulate
materia l
~rock / metal]

< "n.pu (wate r)

M -aq movemen t th rougb ait

NF-aqan noun fina l

M -ask directioua ! movement - -

M ·:1'!u wade t broug b wat er'

M-asum wade th rough SD.OW

M ·at ej.......-atij ", swilt movement

M·atej i drag

NF~tk(~) bandle I post < fa .h te kw (tr~l!)

M / NF -a tp bead

M-atq busby (or woods or racial hai r)

M / NF : awti path

container

N F -e'skw-c-i'skw .......ekw woman < "ea kwe.w (woma n)

' I ·

. N F -ei noun fina l•

M ·ek direci ional moveme'nt

M-elm.....- eam laugh

--- - -- \ ,.\
 211

M · eskwew < "eokwe.w (woman)

M ·esm- - ism p rone

M . ewis/ ta lk

M · i'tllqan ' neck < possessed stem : nj i'taqa n

(my neck)

M ·i 'tu hair on lace: beard , mustache, etc . ,

noun final .'

M ·ij j defecate

M -ik __ ikw ahepe

bu ttocks

M ·iku'n-·ikun bleed

M·ikw 1. sha pe
2. eyes < "i.nkwle.] (eyes, lace)
3. instrument

M :i1nu to ngue <: possesed stem: nilnu (my tongue)

.< · i.Oan (to ngu e)
M ·imll.......-ima' sme ll/ taste

M-iI' 1. rip as in strips or apa rt 2. sing

N F -idu ........winu person

M/NF ·i pi pa ddle r ,
M -Ipia , - ./ dr y

MiNF .iPtJ hand < possessed stem : npitn (my han d)

han diwork (weave , knit, braid, ete.]

..
:
'.
 M.isqon < possessed stem: nsisqon (my noseI

M vistaq au < possessed stem: osit~aqao Imy car]

) Mvisukw

M-itn nostril < possessed ste m: uitn (my 1I0'strill

M·itp night

M -j.-t movement against transverse surface < °t

M-k(wJl.) bead I face < "exkwe. (bend)

M·kisn ebce < "axkeseu
,
M·ki count l read I send

M -ku-c- ku m-c-kut ~Iothes < "a koh m (blanket )

. M · kwij ·

M ·lik

M ·lam breathe

M·lukw work < root: elukw- (work)

Nli' .m all:-min berry

to shoulder '< -nik (to s houlder)

M -nim lifestyle

N F -o'kuom......... ukucm dwelling

NF , -c'rai-c-u'mi rat or grease

M -o'tn -c-tue.........uto mouth < °eton(e·)linoutb)

M -oq(';) soli~J horizontal p osition
 f.
213

rou D d/c~ ~ rieal '

M-p wate r! liquid . < · epy(e.)(k)

M -paq water I liquid

M-pek , fuJI (o.t liquid),' , :,,'

M-(a.)pil str ing : also TAf T! ver b final (strin g)

• , M·pis

M :{i)pu
dr essed

rub
..
M -puku st and

M-qam in relation to th e ground

I
i
M-qamik character
..:
" . M - qWll.D clothing

- M -sit

M -t ll.q.......taqa
foot / feet

line,
< possessed stem; osit (my loot)
\
M-tem

M .(i)tukw"'-'-tu'kw
cry < "a twe.mc
tr ot (mov e by liftin g feet high)
l
M -tul boat < *0.0 (canoe / boat)

M-ui'k mark I ~ < root: ewi'k - (writ e)

M :J kkW follow

NF-ul"<:;:;lk canoe " .- < "· o.(Jak (canoe I hoat)

M-ll SU t esticle < possessed ~tem: oulsu (my ~ estica l)

NF -uti nou n final

.... , .
 214 .
. AP PENDIX B..J - . ...._
DAT A , MICMA C ME DIALS ANi! NOU N FINA LS ~

M· - e'kt grind

.N1 tm-a'ki+t-aqo.n' a saw

TA j il-a'ki -pu-l-k mark wit h a saw
_T A . te m-a' ki-pu-l-k saw down
TA nukw-a'ki-pu-l-k gr in d
TA pepk-a'k i-pu-l-k gr ind down
PT [il-a'ki- t-t-oq mark with a saw
PT tem-a'ki-t-t-cq saw down '
PT nukw-a'k i-t-t-cq gr ind
PT pepk-a'ki-t- t-oq . grind down
PT el-e'kl-t-t- cq saw wood

M . -e'q eekecue of position

AI ewen-e'q- ie-t un certain , unn.war~

AI men-e'q-lkw-e-t pull up vegetables or weeds
TA"l men-e 'q -ikw-al-k pry loose; pry orr
TA men-a' q-ikw-al- pr y loose
PT men-e 'q-a't-c q k e out or posit ion (like a gear-stick)
TI men-a'q-ikw -et-m pr y '-llryorr

AI
-e 'ul .........awl

al. aIUI-e-~ · 'S:

, back or body

carry around on th e back

~A '
TA
.• - ~~:~~:~t~
enm-e'u l-al-k
. start to lug -
carry arou nd on th e back
carrybome
.'

TA poqt-a'ul-al-k st ar t to lug
TI . al-a'ul-at-m carry around' on the back
TI eem-e'ul-et-rn car ry borne"
TI poqt-a'ul- at-m start to lug
AI pet-ewl-e-t lug here on the back
TA pem-ewl-al-k . c ~r ry along ,o n one 's back
.
\ TA
TI
TI
.; pet-awl-el-k
pem-awl-at -ra
pet-awl-at-m
215

lug or carryon the back

carry ' along OD one's back '
\ lug or carry ODthe back

M - eje -c-eje fa cin g

AI
n
wejkwa-j e-pi. t
wejkwa-je-te-k
~ it or set lacing towa rd
. sil or set lacing toward
)
AI eame-je-pi -t lace, the other direction
n eume-je-te-k face the othe r direction

M - a lq-c--a qq ' ho le < ·a.Oak (ho le )

AI meq-elq-eei-t have a large h~t

•
AI maq-elq-ikw-a-t have large eyes
AI cewt-elq-lkw-e-t ha ve one-eye
AI tew-elq-eteeln-k dislocate
AI tew-alq-Ie-t Oozeout
AI aps--alq:ikw-a.'-ji'j-.i-t have tiny eyes
AI epe-etc-Ikw-e-t hav e small eyes
AI epe-elq-c'm-e-t hav~ a small mouth
AI aps-alq-utn-e-t have a small mouth
n tew-alq-etes-k dislo cate
.~ tew-alq-e'-k dislocate
tew-elc-te-q ooze out
n sep-alq-e-k pass tbroug h as a tunnel"
NI
:t:::~:t~
. small hole
TA ie~ove'· Irc m
TA tew-elq-eteem-lk shake ~ ut ; dislocate.
TA ket.alq-a 'l-i~ take out of
TA kee-elq-lkw-el-k pry out
TA - eap-alq-ate'vk .steb
PT tew-elq-e' t-cq remove from
PT
. P'r
tew-alq-atest-cq
ket-elq-e't-cq
.;~:~:~/isIOcate
TI ket-elq-lkw-et-m pry out
>.J' TI eep-el q-etev m pierce
TI sap ut-alq-at-m dig th rougb
M
NI
eum-alq-ei
enm-ai tt ei
hole
bole
.,.
AI epe-eqq-utn-e-t heve a small mout h

-"
-.. ..
 H6

TA tew-aqq-a'I -ik remove trom

TA 'te w-aqq-atesm-ik shake out
TA sa p-aqq-etet-k stab
PT tew-aqq-s't -oq remove from
PT tew-aqq-atest-cq shake o ut

M -eteu haIr

AI se's-altu-kwe-pi-t have messy hair

-(
AI pas-altl.l-k...,a.-t have thick hair

M tall r-) . < ·~.Iwl w~ . (t all)

AI te rn-alu-eke-t . soap\ f.r..at 4be tail

TA tem -alu-a'l-ik breaf ol e at the tail
TA- tem-alu-e tesm -ik 1'-' break orr at the,.tail end by sla mming
PT tem-elu-e't-cq br eak off at the\ail .

\
sand/ b a nk < ·a.m ehk (e arth)

IT kwesaw-e mk-le-q Sandy Point

IT nuk -ernk -iavji'j-k Sandy Harbour
IT qa pakw-a mk-i t-k rapids
XP_ ama l-a mk-uk where the re are many ~ ari e tj es of sand

(
NF
~n'l
-an,

NA
M";>
M
waiqw-au
mem-kw-an
ika'taq-an
rain 0
t I of the head
ttl . a ;d, land; garden
-r J
M wep- kw-an grey or white hair

M -e nka t'hde / sell doo r to door

AI pem- anku~ lr t trade 0 1' sell door to door
 217

TA al-anku-al-k tra de or sell door to doo r

PT el-a eku -et-o q tra de or sell door to doo r

",
\
M -a nq th in J flat

AI aewt-en q-asi-t one th'n and nat

thi ng
n
1
.Anewt_anq_e-k one th in and nat thing
TA 'Il-anq-a'l-ik Cold right; fold properly
PT il-anq-a't- oq fold righ t; fold prope rly

f
" .M

AI ,
- ep

el-ap-i-t
1 . s ee
2 . water

look arou nd
<
<
- a.p (se e)
a .p u Jw ~ter)
olI

AI lkan-ap-i-t look ·s.t raigh t ahe~d

AI win-up-i- t see poorly
AI wapn-ap-i-t st ay up all night
'AI
, AI
wel-ep-i-t
a'qat,;~
a good vie'w
b alf shot from drin king
r
' ll ,j il-ap-a't-eke-t
tew-ap-i-.t
mark
look out from the inside
AI mal-ap-i-t see"poorly
AI ewl-ep-l-t poor vision
AI matu -ap-et esin-k glance
AI welkw-ep-i-r sit facing
AI , el-ep-l-t look towar d

~:~~~:t:I'5i-_
AI take a spo nge bath
n cryst al clear water
n weikw-ep-e- q inco ming or rising tide
NA euji-al-ep-i-t II. wat chm an
PT [il-ap- t-oq m ah footp rin ts
TA j il.ap-:a.'I-ik mark; scrap e;.scra tc h
TA kesis-r>-ap-al· ik prewash; hose down
PT j il-ap-a't-oq mark; "scr ape; sc r8tc~
TI keeie-p-ep-et-u q. pr ewash ; hose down

.
-
M
AI
-apeq

pem~apaq-tesin-k
streaked

streak ed

,".t,
v
 218

n pem-epeq- tes-k st reaked

U maqtew -epaq-t e-k with black strell.ks

U
n
TA
-.::::;:~~~st.~k
j il-apaq-te'-k
with ted streaks
ent angled
mar k with a line or st ring
T! [Il-epeq -te t-m mark wit h a line or string
TI nas-apaq-a-m screw on ~.

M - a p ek cr a wl

AI asikom -apek-i-t craw l across

AI pem-apek-i-t craw lalong
AI eset- ek-j-apek-i-t craw l backwards
AI pit-ape k-i-t craw l uuder ueatb
AI
· AI
e'sls-apek-i-t
toqju-apek-i-t
clim b
crawl up
'\

/: -e pew appearance
I
oj
AI wiu-apew-i- t ugly:; homely
AI .m ej ik-e pew-i- t have a dirty race
AI kesm-apew-l-t look-s tr ange or weir d
td kispu-apew-l-t ' Ioo~ tired
AI wap i-sta q-epew -l-t look pale

~.

-a p i net f strI ng
NI tle'mu-epl moose thong
NI j ijk Juewju-api wool; yarn
NI jij kluewju-a pi-ei woolen material

'" --.-)
M -ap] gr ip / barehand

AI melk-apj-I-t. have a ~Dg gri p .

AI ket-apj-a'si-t do .some thing beeehanded _ .
NI tepu-apj -imk -ew-ei tool or object requiting use or both hands
..: .

/
 -:..---
219

TA ket-apj-a'f-ik- "take with one's bare hands

.,
-:
PT ket-apj-a't-o q t ake with o ne's bar ebaud s

M -apn dawn < root: wapn- (dawn)

wejkw-apn-ia-q dayb reak

M jNF ~ a p s k ( w)""""'ops k- round I globular < · a. peOk(w)

reek / solid

AI rnaq-apsk-ueu-e-t b~ve large testicles

AI eewt-apsk-isi-t one or something round aod solid
AI rnekw-apsk-iei-t rou nd and red .
AI tel-apsk-isi-t big and round or oval shaped
II peml-mq-epsk-e-k become large and round
II maq-epsk-e -k lar ge and round
II newt-apsk-e-k one or something round and solid
II mekw-epsk-e-k found and red
II tel-epek-e-k big and round or oval shape

,A
II tapu -apsk-e-k-l
tem-epek-ie-k ~;
two of something globular or round in sha pe
cut into segIIMfl'ts or chunks
TI tem-apsk-ia-m
~ I' n. aps k w
~:~i~nnto,::m'Tts or chunks
N1
' AI piptoq-opskj-si- t rou nd; globu lar

'\
M jNF - ap u water conta ining particulate
mater ial < -a.pu (water)
,
AI kas-apu-e-t wash awaYi rut> -
II aml-aiaku-epu-e-q slightly mu ddy in color
II . kas-oapu-e-k wash awaYi rub

J
( II
N1
N1
N1
sisku-ap u
eelew-epu
.
' samqwan -apu-a'.q
mjik-apu
watery
dir ty water
mudd y ·(d ir~y). wate r
salt water

M" -eq ~ovemeDt through all"

pem~aq-sin·k carried by the wind; slang for
that pet:Jon.goes'fiying:by
 22'

Al pem-ec- t-eke- t sOail along

Al pem-eiew-aq- t-eke-t sail along by
Al ' ke w-aq -sin-k blown down by a heavy wind
Al el-aq-sin-k Ily tow ard
Al "wejk w-aq-t- ek e-e come sailing on
n pem-aq-s-ik "I ly along
n kew-eq-s-Ik . blown down by a heav y wind
n
TA
TA __
TA
el-eq-s-ik
nis-aq-al-k '0
paq ua-aq-al- k
kesm-a q-al-
ny towa rd
shove down
.

th row in the wat er; la unch

shove
PT nis-aq-t-oq shove down
PT paqas-aq-t-o q th row in th e wat er; Ia.urn:~
, PT kesm-aq-t- oq shove

NF

Al
Al ·
-eq an

melk-aq an-atp-a-t .
keais-t -aqan-ew-e-t
J ncunTlnal

be bald headed '

wash cloth es
Al ; lukow-a qan-i- t both ersom e; troublesom e
, NA ~enaq·pm·aqan lacros se stick
NA walt eet-eqeu- ei waltes bowl or plat e
NA walt est- aqan- ek waltea bones or dice
NI al-apil -aqan knapsack
NI assu-t-aq an owners hip
NI waq-aqau-ikn croc ked knire
NI lasukw-aqan game of cards
NI ki-t -m-e qec-k waItes count ers

/~~~cab~n;t; cupboa rd
yNI ept-aqan , ~
Nt-
NI ~f~:;~:~' fence
· NI --l'lut-aqan-atkw fence railin g
'"" NI
NI
lutm-aqan
kt an-t-aqen
gossip
hatr ed,
NI wasoqon-aqan-atk candlestick
NI wasoqca-m -eqan candle; lamp; lantern
NI wascqw -e't-eqen tap er .

:~~::'1:~aqa~
NI measu rement
NI hard times
NI mekw-a't-eqan roug e
NI tm-a'ki-t-t- eqan a saw
) 221

NT amal·taq-a'toaqao strung deco ra tions

NT lukcw-eqe a-e'kmuti tool kit; tool box
NT laq-pil-aqan . wooden hoop support ar ound inside or wigwam
NT lukow-aqan
"""k

M -ee k directional mo vem ent

AI wesu-uk-ie-t sink in
AI sap u t.-ask· i~t penet rat e thr ough
D wesu-ask-la-q sink in
D saput-ask-ie-q penetrate t hrough
TA kitt o 'q-as k-. 'l-ik tur n around to point in a difterent directio n

M w ad e t hr ough water

AI el-aeu-kwe-t 'wade aroun d in th e water

AI eecqcm-esu-kwe-t wad e across
AI el-asu-kwe-t wade towa rd in t he water

wade th rough IDOW

AI ll.J.uum-\-eke4 wade around through 1M- SDOW

AI . el-eeum-e-eke-t wa de towa rd through the SDOW

M sw ift movement

eam-et el-e'el-t hurry home '

el-alej-a 'si. t go over to quickly
wejkw-atej·a 'si-t burr y, th is way
' wej kw-at ej-a's-ik ~u rry this wa y
nuj-at ej-o'l-ik . pull

~:~ry about
nuj. a tej-o' t-oq
al.atij '~·8i.t I....

M ": at~ 1 cya.s

AI ~ej~i.teji-m-kwe-t riding a ~ehlelfl ~

-' .".- . \ . :
 , - . ;~.~
\.
2:.12 ) ,J

TA pern- ateji-m- k drag alcag

TA pet- ~~j i·m·k drug here
" 0
TAO wesu-ateji-m-k drag
PT nesp-ateji-t-oq dra g along with
TA tew-a tej i-m-k drag out
TA
PT
poqt-at eji-m-k
pem-steji-t-oq
start to drag
dra g along \
PT pet-eee jl-t-oq drag here
PT
PT
wesu-ateji-t-oq
nesp- ateji-t -oq
d,llS
dra g along with
•
PT tew- ateji- t-oq dra g out
.-

NF . : tk (w) han dle I p os t < "a .htekw (tree)

Nl
. 7m~,~~l~~~~n'lLtk c3n~;~~)
N1 axe handle
Nl l' iu~iqan.atk';" renee railing'
Nl ma ltejju-ei-atkw hammer btndle

M / NF -a t p h ea d

AI pem-atp-e'pi-t run along with head ebobb ie g

AI mem k-at p-a-t he bald
Al o ewc-eskw-etp-etestn -k dizzy from a blow on th ~ head
AI a'qat-atp-a'<t half witted
AI maq-atp- a-t have a big head
AI keeikew-etp-e'pl-e . , run fast with "bead bobb ing
AI apa-atp-e- t have a s mall bead
AI melk-eqsn-atp-a-r be bald headed
AI pas-a tp-a '-t thick beaded "
AI el-atp-o'[in-k lean one'sbea d toward
AI wejliw-atp -o'jin-k bent toward Irom the he~d
Nl jej uej kw-etp steeple " "
TA ewn-eekw-etp-e'l -Ik make dizzy;· make SOt~·head turn
°Nl a pia'jij kew-atp Iiddleh ead ...

/
M ~ at q b u~hy (of woods o r re elal ha ir )

AI " pukw- ~tq- asi-t bushy (whiskered )

~
o ~
,.
 223

n bu;by (whiske red)

n thicket
n dense (as a thicket)

M / NF -a;"'U pat h

" tkec-ewu-k e-r bl~l.Z e a trail

w-kat- swtl -. footpath .

NF -e'km~t1 container

NI lukow-aqan -e'kmuti too l kit ; tool box

,< ;eOwe.w (woma-~ - ~ - -r--'- ,

NA mui'n-e'ekw she-bear
NA kopi t-e'skw Cemale beaver
NA kisiku-I'skw aid-woman .
NA kisikut-skw dld~remale animal
NA kisiku'-skw-e'] . sp i nsler ~
,.
-ei noun nnal

NI ep-si-mk- ew-ei .rever •

[',1 maqat-ew-ei te mporary tb ing
' NA . waltest-e qec-ei waltes bowl or .pfate
NI el-epil-ew-emk-ew-el - stretcher;b-iie(case
NI _ lam-e'k-ew-ei -.-:'"- slip'(undergarine nt)
NI meqiew-evq-ew-el . ·penny
NI [e' w-el chewing tobacco
NI nep- ui'k-ik-emk-ew-el carner'll .
NI maltejju-ei hammer ~ '.
Ni . malt ejju-el-atkw hammer handle
NI keelkew-Ie-q-ew-et automobile .
mattaq.a't·mk-ew-ei telephone •
'''i:l, enk- emk-ew-el " , measurin g instr umen t
-s--

224

NT k islku-ei somet hing old

NT a's-e i the other sjJ:le or a. p artition or obstacle
NT ee nem-Ia -q-ew-el rocking cha ir; swin g
Nl na nam-ie-m k-ew-ei rocki ng.cha ir; swin g
NT salaw -ei salt
NT kesip-ie-m k-ew-ei . itchynese
NT t ap u-apj -imk-ew-ei tool or obje ct requiring use of both bands
NT j ljkluewju- api-ei woolen mat erial
NT ewi'k-ik-emk -ew-ei writing pad
NT mj ik-ei dir t
NT ke'kw-ei t he upstairs
NT enm-alq-ei hole
NT enm-a qq-e i hole

M -ek~ d ir ect ion a l movement

)
AI eset- ek-j- apek- i-e craw l backwards
AI eset·ek+ eke-t . shove back wards ,

'-- . - ~A_ _'_::~:~:i=-l!'~'Si-t ~~ ~:~~::~~:

Tk. ese~ek-j-i-kS~~~- ._
TA eset-ek-j-l-ps-a'f-ik s kin inside c ut
TA nls-ek-e'l-ik pull down
TA k awask-ek-a'l-ik tur n over
PT
PT
PT
eset -ek-j-e't-cq
eset-ek -j-i-pe-e't-o q
nie-ek-a't-oq
skin inside
bri ng backwards

pull down
out

PT k ewask-ek-a't-oq tur n over

•
\~ Ieug h

AI' , pem-siaw-elm-i-t pass by lau ghing

AI ,\ peqsipk-el m-i-t , burst cut laughi ng
AI \ kim -elm-i-t , smile to caeself
AI \ kim-elm-uk-t-esl-t smile to one self
' ..:AI .pue -elm-l-F stop laughin g
AI et l-enm-l-t lau gh
AI . me tew-enm-i-t -~ -heard laughing

"
 225

M -eekwew • < - eO kw e.w (woma n)

AI lu'eu-esk wew-e'sl-t perform the duties of a

prospective daughter· in-Iaw
AI lu'su -eskw ew-j-]... adJi ke a daughter-in-law

M · es m- Is m prone

AI upm-esm-e'ei- t tie down e n one's side

AI . taqamoq-ism-a'si.t lie down.crossways or across
AI Il-ism-e 'el-t chan ge position while lying d~WD
AI kinaw sk-Ism-t esln-k t urn over while prone
AI kewaek-Iam-e'ei-t turn sell over
TA .le' kw-ism-a'l-ik lay on top
PT ke'kw-tsm-e't-cq on top

. M -ewls . -tal lc.

", PT
PT
erl-ewls-t-oq
pua-ewis-t-cq
.tal k
stop lecturing or preaching

<,,
M , . i' taqan neck < possessed 'st em:
ajl'taqan (m y- neck)

AI walqw- aqan-a. \ nap e of the neck

AI melk- i't~q -:a-t have a strong neck
\

M · I' t u ha ir on fac e : beee d .mueeae he, et c.

AI meqtew-I'tu-e-t have a black beard

AI ' el-I'tu-e-t . have a beard

.'

. . ,-;'
 .;'
22.
-'

NF ·1 nou n n nal

:< a'q at-i h~r

M . 1Jj defec a te

AI maq- ijj-ikw-a-t bave a hig bo wel movement

AI naj· ijj· itw .'a.-t defecate

M -Ik (w ) _ llha p e (see -l k w]

AI win-lk-i-t ugly in appee runee

AI istu-ik-i-t crooked; une ve n
AI waqju·ik.a 'si · t warps ; droop
AI waqj u-ik-l-t . bent; crootec;l.
' AI nep- ui' k-ik-e- t, a photograp he r; ~raw p ictures ~.
-<J we'w-lk-e-t lay egp
AI wel-ik-j-t have a Dice shape
AI maq- i ~tul-j...t have a large' boat
AI tew-ik-ie-t curv e outward
AI kesm- ik·i-t well-built; wel l-p roportioned
AI il-ik-si-k plani ng;resurTllc e
AI tetpaq-ik-l-t, stralg h t
AI melk· ik· j..t . solidly built
AI teJ.ik - j..t shaped like; d ressed as such
.- AI
AI
&mal-ik·sa.we--t
ewi'k-ik-e-t
carv e; whitt le
writ e
IT waqju-ik-a'si- k ' warps ; droop '
IT wel-ik-k have a nice shape .
IT rew-lk-le-q curv e outwar d
IT ewl' k-Ik-e-k write
NI nap-u l'k-ik-em k-ew-ei
NI ewi'k-ik-emk-ew-ei · tr~~:: pad
TA wa qju· ik.a'l-i k bend
TA am al-ik·l-i k 'whittle
PT waqlu-lk-e'e-cq bend
TI smal-ik-s-m whittle

~
~;~.':
 '. 227

M -lkJ buttocks

AI al-lkj-a'<t sbow one 's but tocks

AI maqtew-ikj- a-t have a b lack bott om I rear -end
AI rnJlq-ik.(-a.-t have big buttocks
, AI aps-ikj-a-t have sm all butt ocks
AI saqp-ikj-a-t have a wet-bott om

" M

AI
~lku'n--lkuD

apj-iku' n-ie-t
...
bl eed

bleed to death
AI el-iku'n- ie-t bleed toward -
AI ell-nia-iku'n-ie-t bleed down toward
AI etl-lkun-le-t ""eed

M 1. shape
. 2 . eyes < ·i.n~w (e.) (eyes , face)
3. instr ument

AI ' win-ikw-a'si-t scowl; mak e a {uDny lace

, AI wel-ikw-e-t grow well
' AI meq-elq-Ikw-e-t have large eyes'
AI mll.q-ijj·ikw-a.-t hee e a big bowel movement '
AI cewt-elq-i kw-e-t have one- eye _ '
AI , rnal-ikw-a-t be mentalty lazy
AI mel-ikw-e-t grow slowly
AI meu-a'q-Ikw-e-t pull up vegetab les or weeds
AI aps-81q- ikw'a'-ji 'H~t h ave tiny eyes
AI .,.ps- alq- ik~v-a- t h ave smal l eyes
AI liaj·ijj-ikw -a-t , defeca te '
n wel-ikw-e-k grow well
n mel-Ikw-e-k grow,slowly
TA wla-lkw-et-a-q squint at
TA as·.\kw-al-k sh ove somethlDg into wat er with an instru
. TA men-a'q.oik'w-al-k pryloose; pr.yott ~
TA men-ikw:al-k pry out. with hands or tool
TA . mea-e'q-tkw-el-k P.ry loose
. .orA se'rikw-al -k sp r,ell.d 'arciund
"
 22 8

TA k et-alq-ikw-al-k pry out

TA el-ikw-al-k move somet hing toward, wit h an instrument

i~ , ::::~~t~~::t-m pry loose; pry ort

pry out with bands or tool
TI " se's-lkw-et-m sp rea d around
TI k et-elq-ikw-et-m pry out t1'!'
Tl el-ikw-at- m move somet hing tow ards wit h an inst ru ment

M -linu t ongue < possessed s t e m:

-( nllnu (my t ongue)
< 'I .Oan (tongue)

Al maql-w-ilnu-i-t have a larg e tongue

.. M - ' ~ ; -Ime-c--lma' smell/taste

AI w e~a-s i- t ha ve a nice odour

IT we~a-te-k ha.v e a ~ee odour
AI met u-ima'-t smell bad; tas te bad
AI . wel-irna.'.t . smell good
AI weli-tp-i ma'·t ha ve a certain (nice) smell
AI t el-lma'-t hav e such a smell or. taste
IT metu-lma'eq smell bad; taste bad
II ~ wel-Ima'cq . smell goolj
II weli-tp-ima'eq hav e a certai n (nice) smell
II tel-ima'cq have such a Sj o r taste

M - In- \
Al wel-ie-e'< well-grooved"
Al naskw-in-e'<k split
Al t em-Ie-ev q . split in ha.1f
IT wei-iu-et-q well-grocved :
IT nask w-in-e'ck spli t
NA ouj ·in·t-oq a singer
PT pem-ia-t-oq ,ing a.long
PT wa pa-in-t-cq , ing unt il dawn
PT etl-in-t-cq sing
PT k is- in;t-o~ finish singin g

..
- .' ..
-~
~.,-~ :,- . "

229

PT nataw-in-t-oq know ho w ,tp sing

PT pcql-ia-t-oq .' st a rt to sing
TA naskw-jn-a.'I-ik sp lit
TA men-in,a'l-ik r ip or tear off or ou t
PT ' naskw-la-a't-cq spli t
PT men-in-a't-oq r ip or tea r off or out

M / NF - ln u""':'wlnu per son

AI win-inu-i-t . gr ou chy
AI weekij-Inu-i-t bor n
NA lukow-iau wor ker
TA weeklj-lnu-e'l-ik give birt h to
NA ktan-t-eke-wlnu h un ter, p erson who hat es

M /NF -lpl paddle,

AI pem-lpi-e-t p a ddle

'" M I ' n u~ipi In d ian paddi~

.\

M - Ip la qb dry

AI kis-ipia-si-t d r ied out

/ :
AI wel-Ipte-et-t well -dried ; kiln-dried
D kis-lpia-te-k d ri ed out
D wel-ipla-te-k . well -dried; kiln dri ed
TA . j aqal-ipia-a-ik . ~~;Ck.~ry clo~ng
.TA etl-ipie-e-k
TI ja qal-lpia-s-m qu ick-dry clothing
TI etl-jpia.-s-rh
, dry

M/NF ..I p~n hand < po s s essed s t em:

np ltn (my han d)

AI t ek-lpta-e-t h ave ecldbeads

AI · maq-Iptu-e-t ha ve large hands
AI n.:aaq-oq-ipt n-a-t .heve I,arge 'arms

,.: ::
.... .,

\
I. 230

AJ aew t-Ipte-e-t beve on e hand ••<

AJ
AJ
NI
tem- ip ta-a-t
aps-i ptn-a-t
lam-iptn
beve a h and o r arm cut orr
hll.ve sm311hll.I41sc\J;aws
palm o r th e ha nd
d eform ed band o r arm
_
...
NA saw- ipt n

M -e k n u
•
h a? d lw ork (weave, ,kn it, b retd , etc.)

AJ ups-is k nu-e-t fine-wea ve; h i t

AJ el-iskn u-e-t knit, wea ve, sp in
AJ emel-isknu-e-t crochet
TA el-iskn u-ul-k braid, k ni t
TI el-,isk nu-at-m br aid, k n it

M •
-!sq o n < p ossess e d ste rn :
ns lsqon .( my n o ae]

AJ maq-isqcn-a-t have.a large nos e

r AJ aps-Isqca-e-t ha ve a srqa ll or harrow nose
TA tem-is qcc-a'l- ik break-orr at th e nose end
PT , tem-is qon-a't-oq break o rr at the Dose end

M . ist a1fan ears < p c eeeeeed st em :

n eltueqen (my ear)

AJ maq-istaq an-a-t heve lar ge J. lon g ears

AJ jik-ist aqan-a-t . eavesdr op
AJ pij-is taqan-a-t lang ear ed
AJ em-Ieeeqen-e-t be hard of heari ng ;I
AJ tei- istaq~n-ew-a'sf-t ' imi!-,gine one h e ~rs sometbi ng

"'\.
M -leuk w p addle

AJ pem-isukw-i-t paddle a long

AJ pempjajik-is ~kw-i-t paddle a long th e shore
AJ pcqt-Isukw-l-t start oct by boa t.
. AJ el-tsukw-e-I. paddle tow ard
 '. ~ ",

231

AI wejkw-lsukw-i-t come pa ddling t oward

AI
AI -
>/:l..
-Itn

usqJ tn~a- t
meq-itn -a-t
no stril

-
be pug-nosed
<

have lar ge I wide nostrils

possessed ~tem:
n it n (m y nostril)

M - Itp night

wel-ltp-a'eq n ice evening or rl:ight

.wes-ltp- ev q d ear nig ht
newt-it p-at-q O De night
wejkw- itp-a'-q' a pproach or come nightfall
tapu-it p-a' cq two nigh ts

M ~J"'-t '\ ' mo vement aga in st tra~sverse su~~~~ < ·t

.!
AI pem-j-a '-t le ap along; hop a!oQg"
AI eset-ek-j-epek-i-t 1 crawl backwa rds _______ '
AI eset-ek-.i:eke-l
" I shove backwards ________
AI eeet-ek-j-l-pij-a'si t go in b~~WafdS
AI k ~ tk ll-i- ete5in-k tal ~n e ~
AI
AI ~~I~};:{·e5in-k 1_ ~;6~;~:: k.o~::de~ belly .
AI kesm-oq-j-eke- give a boost .
AI mee-j-e 'sl-t get up Iro m a pro ne position
AI wenaq-j- a.'-t skip .
AI melki-j-e-t constipat ed; have a hard stool
U elm-j-oq-t e-k set (as a t a ble)
U ketku~j-etes·. k: Iall prone
TA eset-ek:'j-a'l-ik br ing backwar ds
TA eset-ek;j -i.ksm-a'l.ik push back "
TA
TA
PT
'.. eset-ek+ i~ps-a' 14k
keem-oq-j-e'l-tk
ese ~e~-j-a' t-oq .
skin insid e out
push on, in or by a vehicle
. bring ba.ckwards
l\
_. PT "eset-ek-j-l-ps-e't -cq s kin insid e out
PT k esm-oq-j-a'~oq or
push on, in by a vehicle
NI tm-a.'ki-t-t ·aqao" a saw •
PT jil- a'ki-t..+ oq mar k with a saw
PT t em- a'ki-t-t-oq saw down
PT n u kw-a'kl- t-t-oq grin d
PT pe pk-e'ki- t-t-cq grin d down
PT el- a'kl-t-t- oq sawweed

M -kten Shoe < "ex ke sen (shoe)

AI wel -ksn- e-t have nice shoes

;' \
M oil count I read I send

AI ewan-ki-jje- t (ca d pccrly

AI w ~l·k i-jje-t reap properly or we ll
AI m aw ·ki-}je-t !count; add uP ' .
AI me w-d-lj e- t n:(Ure; caloulate
Nt ki~ t- rn-aqa.n.~ wait es coun ters
TA maw-ki-m-k incl ude in th e count; call ;,
TA m aw-ki-m- k tos e{her
TA to qj u'-ki-m -k send up
TI maw-ki-t-m tog ether
TI 0 maw·ki~t-m incl u de in t he couot; call
~

"
TI toqj u'-ki-t-m send up

M -ku.......kum.......kut eloehee < "akchm (blanket)

AI keeip-ku-e-t scra tc hy; it c hy or a garment

IT "kes lp-ku-e- k scra t chy; it chy or a garment
AI m ejl k-kum- e-t wea r dirty c lothes
AI w el-kum-e- t a pe rson dress es cleanl y
AI win-kut-a.-t be P9Qrly _d r essed
AI w el'.ktit-a- t be well-dressed

M -k (w)(e) bead tra.ce < "exkwe, (h ea d)

AI atuas-kw-esin-k lie on one's ba ck

AI eeues-kw-etesla-k tall bac kwards
 233

AI tem-kw-e- k b eadles!
AI p as-altu-kw.· a.·t b eve thlek h air
AI a p te-kw- ..t bave Jreck les
AI w e p-kw. ..t have_wh it e hair
D tem- kw· e '· k beedlea
D a p,.k w-it- k for m an edd y
NA atua'l-a '·k w an imal no a t in( on iu ba~k
-----... NT m em-sw - ee .umple of th e head
NT w ep-kw- ee grey or .whi~
PI a t ua',.kw. a'..q swim'ca t he back
PI a tu u- kw;.a'.q swim on o ne ', hack
TA t em-kw- a 'l-ik b reak off a t the nec k
TA te m-kwe-p-k bit e the he ad part orr
(TA re m-jw e-e-k . eu t or slice orr at t he n ,~k
TA t em-kwe-t e'-k ch op orr a t t he e eek
TI t em-kwe-s-m cut or slice orr at th e neck
TI t em-kwe-t e- m - chop orr at t he , ne ~ k
AI ejikla ·k- o'jin· k hen t;bead part awa y
AI ' ketku-k-j-eeiu-k lie proue o n the bell y

V'
M .k~1J h u mour

AI ,,!,el-kwij- in·k in good hum our

TA , w el·kw.ij- a 'l-tk put in good .humou r
TA w el-kwij.im-k encourage

M -Ilk , w al k

AI p e m-I lk-a -t wal k along

AI elm-Iik· a-t go away Iro~ on Coo t
AI a p at.lik- a '. t waJk or stride back
AI k b ikul·lik-a'·t walk like a n old p ersce
AI enm~ljk- a'- t wlllk away

~ - lam
I'
b e ee ehe

AI kaqa·lam· i-t stop breathing

AI k esikaw-Iam· i-t breath har d ort a vy
AI ' w~ut-I am-i·t inh ale . .

'"
~'
, ...
"
,.' ',>,> ' - .. - ~ . - -T~,~
 AJ waqem-eim-l- t DJl~; ti dy
AJ mst u '-nim-a-t be frugal
AJ wel-nim-e-r tidy
· AJ tel-ai m-.a-t co hi!l liCestyle is t hu s

· NF ·.o'k u o m......- u kuem dwelli n g

Nl . ept-aqan-o'kuom china cabinet; c upbo ard

Nl kseu k-o'kucm hospit a l .
Nl , hm - u kuom interior or
the d w elling
XP lam-u kuom-k inside th e house

NF -c'm !__ ll f m l ~rease or rat

Nl mui'n -o'mi . beq.r gr e3Se'

Nl milake j-u'mi" but~":"

M -c' m ........-t un-:- -utn mout h < " eton(e. ) (mou t h)

/~ .
aps-af q-o'tu -a- t. have a small mo uth
"", - maq-eu n-e-e have a lar ge mo uth
AJ pea-t un-e'ei-t opeDo ne's mouth
AJ pan-tu n-epi-t have one's iiiOut b-op en
AJ· a ps·.a lq-.u tn~B.-t have a small mouth
AJ ap~q-u tll-a.t beve a sm all mouth
AJ tel'-kis- utn-a-t sound t he voice in such a manne r

-"-.. . M .o ~(w ) solid / hor izontal position

AJ ascqorn-eq-tesfu-k Call across

AJ jajik-o q-pi-t lie along side
AJ memk- c q aev ke-t, makea clearing
AI meqtew-cq-sl- e darkened; naned
AI sewis-k-cq-ei-t brea.k up in a fire
AI nis-oq-p i"t pclat.dowe some t hing o r length
AJ niw.oq-~i. t drled ou t Irom heat
 236

AI k eq-cq-si- t burned ou t
AI kesi-pit-o q- si-t very tall
AI nataw-oq-sewe-t k now how to cook
AI m aq-oq-ip tu- a-t h ave large (urns )
AI pit-cq- ei-t tnll;-Iong
AI pi t-oq-pl-t sit or set u ndernea t h
AI ke'k -cq-pi- t li e atop
AI n ewt-oq-si-t one of some thing lo n g and narrow ; cylindrit'a l

~~:~e-t
AI sti ck out
AI p eel
AI kes m-oq-j -e ke-t give a bOos t
'/ AI a pj-oq-ji'j- i-t s mnlland round
AI a mjim-oq-pi-t stuck
AI amji m-oq- tesin-k caugh t; st uck
A! tel-cq -el- t cook in such a ma n ne r
AI tel-p it-cq -si-t h ave such a. lengt h o r height
AI ketm-oq-ai-t b urned co mple tely out
A! w esam-oq- sl-t ove reocked
t Al ,~:~:~t~ ~
lie underne at h
A! Iaded Cram the sun
[J as iko m-oq-te-k lie across
[J ascqom-oq- tes-k ra il across
[J jajik-oq-t e-k lie along side
[J elm-j-oq-te-k set (llSa. ta.ble)
[J m aqtew-oq- te-k d arkened; t anned
[J sevQ:;~k.oq-te-k b reak up in a fire
[J nis- oq-te- k point down somet hi ng of length
[J nl w-oq-t e- k d ried out Crom heat
[J ka q-oq-t e- k bur ned ou t
[J ' y-
p lt-oq-te- k sit or set un dernea th
[J te w-cq-ee-k s tick out
[J a pj-cq-j i'j- k sma ll and rou nd
[J emj im-cq-t e-k s tuck
[J a mj lm-oq- tes-k c aught; st uck
[J t el-cq-te-k cook in suc h a m a n ner
[J ke tm-oq-t e- k b urned com pletely o ut
[J wea am-oq -te- k ov ercooked
[J ne k-oq-te- k lie undern ea th
[J ~ ep-cq-e- k light and w arm oC a br eese
[J w ap-oq-te-k fad ed from the sun
TA nes kw-cq-e-ik s lice in hai r
TA [ll-oq-e-ik b laze with a. kniCe
", TA
TA
ji l-oq-te'vk
pel k-cq-a ' I-ik
bl aze with an axe
p eel by hand
TA pe lk-oq-e-ik peel with a kaire

. ~-- .
:-,,",
 n ep-p -a'eq wa rm liquid
n ep- p-ete-k lukewar m wll.l l)f
N1 kesis-p-e't-eke- mk-ew -eiwas hlng ma chine
TA
TA
kesis-p-e'l-lk
kesis-p-ep-el-ik
wash
peewnsh; hose down
. ,
PT kesls-p-a't-cq , . wash
TI keels-p-ap-a t-u prewash; hose dow n

_paq water I liquid

AI pem-peq-tc'si-t splash along

AI el-paq-n-tc'si-t splas h o nese lf
AI ep- paq-si-jlk warm of a liquid

M -pek fuU (or liquid)

AI pajit -pek-a'si-t overflow

AI weskit- pek-a'si- t flow o ver
AI weskit -pek -le-t coa ted
n pem-pek-a's- ik st art to rise 01 th e tide
IT pem-pek-it-k flow along
U pejlt-pek-e's-ik ove rflow
D waneaq-pek-It-k st ill wa te r
D . weskit-pek-a'e-ik now ove r
D wesk it-pek-ie-q coa ted
o mil-pek-it-k now in all dire ction s
TA w3iu'-pek-a'14k fill up with a liquid
TA [im-pek-en-ik wrin g out .
PT -rw ej ut-pek-a't- oq . li1lup with a liquid
. TI jim-pek-en:m wr ing out

M -(a)p ll 8t1'lng I a lso TAITt ve r b fin a l (atrh" q)

/'
AI pem-apil-awe-t carr y by means 01 0. rop e
AI . natq-epil-awe-t pull out 01 the wat er by rope or fishing line
Nl al-apll-aqan knepeeek .
NI al-apil-aw-emk. ew-ei ' str'etcher; briefcase
Ti\. pem-epil-k carry alorig by hand ,.
TA '-"'" natq-apil-k pull ou to~ the water by rop e or rl5hing ilnc
 239

1'1 pem-apil-m carry along by rope

1'1 natq-epil-m pull out of the water by rope or nsbing line
AI jJ·p il·s i.t get properly dressed
AI toqju'· pil.awe-t hoist
n toqju'cpll-awe-k hoist
NI laq-p ll-aqan wooden hoop suppor t-around
inside of wigwam

M -pl e dressed

AI wet-pis-i-t wen-d ressed

AI keem-pia-i-t well-d ress~d ; fancily d ressed
NI l ~~ p is- u ti a.pron

M .(I) pu r ub

AI em-lpu-ei-t rub on; rub i <,

e»
TA
TA
TA
jil-a'ki-pu-l-k
ern-ipu-l-k
. te m-a'kl -pu-l-k
..
mark w a saw
n; rub in
saw down
. \

TA nukw-a'k i-pu-l-k grind

TA pepk-e'k i-pu-l-k grind down
TA etl-ipu-I-k rub
'fA ee-lpu-l-k grind
PT em-ipu -t-oq rub -self ll.pinst
PT el-ipu-t-oq shove toward '
PT es-ipu-t-oq grind
NA nut-atejj'· pu-t-ek e-t a delivery man
TI etl-ip u-t-m rub

M -puku stand

AI tkaa-puku-l-t sta nd at the head; lead er

AI . pem-puk u-e's l-t . start to get back on
AI pem-puku-a.'si-t one's le.et
AI : ne' ia-pu ku-a.'si-t on foot
AI ne'ie -puku-a'ei- t - make a brief appearanAl;,
AI espi-puku -i-t st and uP.high; hold a high position
, ,AI a'je l'-puk u-i-t stand in the way

..i->:..
M - qw en e1othln,~

AI wel-qwan-e-t wear proper clothes

tor the seasc n ,
NA la m-qwan und ershir t

M -s it . foot I teet < pce eeeeed steDJ'l ~

Dslt (m)' foot}
s~qa-sit-a-t
"'} be nat-footed
 241

Al m uq-sit- a-t ha velarge feet

Al ' el-slt-e'et -t instep

M
,- I
Al wel-taq-si-t a good length of rope
Al [ik-taq-ewe-t smoot h shee ns (for basketry)
Al aip-taq-a'si-t stretch
Al , sip;taq-esin-k st ret ch out '

S' Al
Al
Al
el-teq-sewe-e
el-teq-tevke-e .
amal-taq-I'sawe-t
cut sheens for basket making
weave '
embroider
Al amal-taq-sawe-t etching
U etp-teq-e'e-lk st retch
U el-taq-te-k line or road froin A to B
NI amal-taq-a't -aqa n st rung decorat ions .
TA Il-taq-el-q hitch up a horse
"\ TA slp-teq-a'l-ik st retc h .
TA el-eaq-a'l-ik string toward
TA emel-teq-s 'l-Ik put a design on; decora te
TA amaJ-taq-i's-ik embroider
TI jlk-req-e-m smooth out
PT ' sip..taq-a't-oq ~stretch /. .
TL el-t eq-evm . shoot toward
PT el-teq-e't-cq , ring toward
PT amaJ-ta q-a't.-oq put a design on; decorat e
TI a mal-taq-l's-m embroider
Al pem -taq a-ie-t slit her along:
~

~1~~~:~7;~t ~::~ ~~es;r~~ch tow~ \~

Al
Al
AI el-teqe-e-ew-e-t spin thread
U keq- taqe-Ie-k reach the end ~ .
"- U el-te qe-Ie-q reach or stretch toward
U emel-raqe-wt'k-es- lk embroidered; a mixed design '. . .
TA tl-te qe-n-e'w-ej-q prepare; organize; se~ Up. :.
TA Il-t eqe-a-k guide or direct a horse b t he reins -
TI' , il-ta qa-n-e'w-ut-m prepare; organize; set up

\"
M' .< · atwe.m o (cry)

AI p em- te~l-t · go by cryin g

 242

AI pemi-siaw-tern-i-t pess by crying

AI paqaipke-tem-i-t burst out crying
AI atki-tem-i-t wee p
A! etl'etem- i-t cry
A! pekit- tem -i-t wee p lo.n g
AI pekjt-tem-j-t cry for a long while 1
AI kim-tern-i- t cry inside; cry silentl y

:~o,:ec~~~~:g
.A! pun-tern-i-t
A! wejku -t em-i- t I

TA atki-tem-u'l -Ik "m ak e cry

M trot (move by IIrtin g reet high) .

A! wejku -tu'kw-I'-k come running

A! wejkwi-t u 'kw-e'pi-t come with pounding feet
M' pem'-tukw-i'-k \ ;Ub along
A! keeikew-jukw-l'-k trot'ti ng; move up and .down
A! el-t ukw-iv k n towar d ).
AI ;tne 'si-tukw -i'·k incapable of runoii:lg
. A! roqju-itukw-I'ek run-u pstairs "

M -eul- boat < '0.0 (canoe / boa t)

A! maq-ik-tu l-l-t have a large boat

)
!'! -u i' k- m ar k I w rl~e . < r oo t : ew"I'k- (wri te)

AI aep -ui'k -e-t qra~ a picture, tak e a photo

AI nap-ui'k-lk-e-t a ph otograpb er; draw pictures
AI aewt- ui'k -asi-t have a single mark; ace card
n
NI
newt-u i'k-as-ik
nap. ui'k- ik=emk.ew-ei .
have a ~i ngl e mark; ace card
camera
,
NI nap- ui'k-ikn . pbo~ograph; pictu re
TA ist u-ua p-u i'k-Ik dn:w; trace unevenly .
TA na p-ui'k-ik draw ; trace; take a picture or
TI lst u-na p- ui'k -m dra w; trace unevenly
TI nap-ui'k-m dr aw; trace; take a pict ure of
 243

NF

IN
NA
l"
assu-s-uti
qalip:uti
noun nos l

authority
, caribou
NI auk-a rn-e-uti mirrOt; looking'glass
!N1 laq-pls-uti: apron
 APPEND IX Col
MICMAC .AI/n VE RB FINALS

AI -a' U -a' verb nu]

AI -a' la U -a'lll equwaleut in volume to...

AI- a'~i""""' a'su -- ui renexive; midd le voice

n -a'si __ a'sq__ a's__ as retles lve; middle voice

A1 -, n« verb nnal

AI ~ ai verb final
,. AI -al ai ..t

\.
'.
AI -aw e n · a.we verb n~a]

AI -awsi live.

\ A1..- n -e' verb nnll1

AI -e·k e ·
,
1. hllnl 2. .........eke: indefinit e obj ~t
-
AI ·e·p i......... j·pj

A1-, n -, ver b final

ind efinite object

~ -ew en t alk

Al -ewo'kwe ta lk

AI-i'kwe' swimjOOlll
~'~': ~

245

AI · i'pukwe stagge r

AI -I'pu lue ride a horse

AI · j's3we

AI · j'si to speak

AI ·i n -t ver b final

AI·ie ' n -ia movement

AI -in verb final -,

AI -isin ........ esin lie down

AI -ita'si think

n -u ."now

AI -ji IJ -ji verb final

' AI · kil U....ki' big

AI -kusi sleep

AI -kwe verb tinal

D ·I ver b final

AI -lje......·jje f verb final

AI -rna pertaining to bouse

.. AI -o'jin.......u'l ln bend
.,
AI -(e)pi D -te to place -pi < · api (to place)
-t e < · ate·. (to place)
AI .': qo'{q)we n · qo'(q)we noat

·..·., ·0··.: ... ,,'·: ·

 ""," 11

Al -, rerlexlve

AJ-sawe D -sawe tu tti ng

AJ -si D -{e)t e by be:l.t -{ejte< t ete, (by heat )

-si < "eswi (by heat)

AJ -si- s D- te middle Yok e

AJ -sin U -. movement through air

AJ -t ami snack; Dibble

AJ-tesin D-tn
-ateein -et es
-etesin -et es

AJ-toqsi n -e: sound; make noise

AJ-to'si baek on sel!

AJ -uisi n -uisi < root: ewi't- (n"nme)

:i ·:"
~b, :;~ : . .,.\
 247

APPENDIX C.2
DATA ' MICMAC AI/II VERB FINALS

AI - & D-R.

AI pern-anku- a-t trad e or sell door to door

AI pern-lik-g-t . walk alon g
AI elm-Ilk-a-t go away from on foot
AI apc t-te'vm-e- t win back .
AI win-ka t-a-t be poor ly. dressed
AI win-aim -a -t be messy ; sloppy
AI. memk- atp-e-t be beld
AJ maqtew-i'tu-a-t have a black beard
AI meq eew-ikj-a -t ha ve a black bottom / rear-end
AI [a'w-a't- a- t chew toba cco ........./
AJ tek-iptn -a-t .' have cold.h ands
AI tak-ik ut-a-t have eold feet ..-' .
AI maqnu -a-t "co nfused; bettled
AI eeamuqw- e- t drink
AI . naq si-up-a -t . sleep easily
AI keq-t eek-m-e-t wea r out . one 's fOQtwear
AI sasq-itn-a-t be pug-no sed
AI sesqa-su-e-e be flat- toot ed
AI eeeq-lkee-e-t be flat-tooted
AI wetvkut-e-t be well-dr essed
AI weli-nqene'm-e-e dr ink modera tely ,
AI punt-a-t east a spell \
AI
AI
walqw-i'taqan-a-t
keel-keiaukw-e-t ::Pvee;: ~~c~ neck ,J"
AI maq-alq-ikw-a-t have lar ge eyes (
AI maq-apak-usu -a-t . hav e large testi cles
AI maq-atJra~t " have a big head
AI
AI -
AI
, maq-ijj-ikw-a:t
muq-ikj -a-t
maq-lptn-a-t
hav e a big bowel movement
have big buttocks
heve large h:nds .
J., -~
,
AI maq-Isqcn-e-t have a large nose
N. meq-bteqee -e-t have large.! long ears
AI maq-itn -a-t have large I wide nostrils ._.._~_. '
AI maq.oq-iptn·a.t have large arms
· AI rnll.q-sit-a-t bave large teet
AI rnaq-tuo-a-t have a lar ge mouth
',;0:." .

24B
J"" ~
A! jik-istaqaa-a-t eavesdro p
A! pij-istaqan-a-t Jong eared
AI ,:,iJakeju-a't-a -t add milk to bot drinks
AI pesoq-t esk-m-a -t stumble
A! uew t-atq-ikw-a-t - have one--eye
AI newt-ip tn-a-t have one ban d
A! uew t-ikat-a-t have one leg or foot
A! new ti-nqana'm-n-t drink alone
A!
A!
am-ist.aqan-a-t
mal-ikw-e-t
be hard of bearin g
be mentally lazy ./.
A! mal- ika t-a-t walk poorly
A! meku '·t- ·a-t be dressed in red
A! mekw-a't-a-t put on rouge
A! /enaq-tesk"p.-t Ilusb {as a b ird )
A! sala w-a't- s-t add salt
A! kesip.o~w-a-t scrape
A! tem-iptn-a-t have a hand or arm cut orr
AI tern-ikat-a-t have a root o r leg cut off
A! - kesinukw-a-t be-sick a
A! aps-alq-ikw-a-t have sm~1l eyes
A! eps-alq-c'ta -e-t have a small mouth
A! apa-alq-utn -a-t have Ii. small mouth
A! aps-aqq-utn-a-~ ' have a small mouth
A! aps-atp-a-t '. have a small head
A! .• ps-ikj -e-t \ have smal l buttocks .
A! aps-iptn-a-t have small -hands or paws
A! aps-isqQn-a-t . . have. a sm all or narrow Dose
A!
A! ::~i~~;~~~-a-t \ :~f;;~~:ep
A! melk-aqan -atp -e-t \ be bal d headed
AI melk-i 'ta qan-a-t . ~~e .a s tron g neck ' -" ' 0_
A! melkH -a.-t t ooshpated; have a hard stool .
A! ma tu' -nim-a-t . be frugal
A!
A!
pas-aku-kw-a-t
tel' ckie-utc-a-t
have thick blair
. . sound the voice in such a manner
---
A! ketme-tevm-e-t wiped out ; fio~h ed orr
A! apte-kw-a-t have freckles
A! el-i'tu-a-r bave a beard
A! eskm-a-t wait.
A! waltest -a-t play dice
A! saqp-ikj-a-t have a wet-bottom J
A! wep-kw-a-t have white ha ir
A! wept-np-e-t sleep with eyes open
 ".~

249 r:
0 waju: oa_q tu ll
0 kisik u'-a-q get old
0 am i-sisk u -ap u- a~q sligh tly mu ddy in color
-0 wejku '-a -q approa cb; co me

-"
(
XP menaq- a earefully

\ AI -a' ll-a' verb li n al

A! al-ikj- a' -t show one's buttdcks

A! pem-j-a '-t lup along; bop along
A! ap at--lik. ..'-t walk or stride back
. A! jk-a'·t - arr ive
A! istu-ikat--a'-t have a club-too t
A!
A!
ee'j -e't- ev q
wet-Ic-ev t
• shine thr ou gh
well-grooved
A! a 'q at-atp. a'~ t halt witt ed
-AI ketap-a '-t sink
A! weeu-a'-r sink in
AI kis~ku'olik.a'.t walk like an old person
A! enm i-Iik-a '-t walk awa y
A! mal-joa·.~ slow; backwards
A! wenaq-j -a '·t skip
A! tem- in-a' -q split in hal t
A! aps- a1q-ikw-a·.ji 'j-i-t have tiny eyes
AI pa,S..:"atp-a'. t th ick head ed
A! sap ut-a '-t have diar rhea
A! Itwej i-pa w-natq- a'-t try to get ou t or a thicket
A! toqj u-..·. t go upst airs

o pem-p-a ·.q rise otthe tide

o apat-p-a'-k reversing t ide
D- ik-a'-q • arr ive
O wes-ep-evq crystal clea r wat er
o
~i:l~_~~~:~de
waj u'.p-a'.q
o weJ-iD-a'. q --:,
o wel-itp- a'-q nice evening or nigh t
o ketep-evq 'sink '
D maq- a'oq wide and round
o wes-itp-sv q clear night
o pit-a '-q long
o . wesuoa'oq sink in

's-"'... . ..: - 0 newt- itp-a 'oq one night

C' ;:
t; ;

i~~~~;~r.i~~~,;.: _ .;
 ~~ .
. . ~~--- -
250

D wantaq.R-8'. q ealm water

D lel- pit.-a."q ha ve such a length or height
D wejkw-ap-a t-q ineomiDgor rising tide
D wejkw -itp-a'<q a pp ro:u:ib or come nightfall
D tap u-it p-a'-q two nie ts
n toqju-a"q go upsta.irs
D
D
NA
ep-p-evq
samqwan-epu-a'-q
atu&'t- a'·k w
wer mllquld
watery_
an im~ noat ing OD its bad,
..
NI maq t ew-a'-q-ew-ei penny
PI ascqom-e'eq swim aercss
PI pe m- a' . q swIm along
PI ah~..kw-a'-q swim 0\ , ODe's back
PI kwitl1:'a.:'q go by canoe
PI 'makot-a'· q wear t d r ~5 .
PI wejl-e'e ue-ev q well dressed
PI D aqan~ a" q di p odt
PI maqat -a'<q • lend to
. PI el-evq swim towo.rd
PI wejkwi-kwitn-a'eq come by ca noe

.. ,-
AI · . ' 1& equival en t in vo lume to •..

la 'ta q, un-a'la-t equiva lent fin volume) to a. bucket

bcx -a'le -q a box tull

....
. la' taqsun-a'la-q equiva lent (in v,S)lume) to s bucket
truek -jl'j -a'Ia- q a truck load tull

<,
)" .
AI -e 'et........ e's u........ u r en exl v e; middl e vo ice

re n exive; middle ve tee

AI ja qal-a 'si-t go or move s uddenly

AI al-a tij -a's l-t scur ry about
AI asikom-a'si·t go acrost
AI asoqom -a'sl-t cross OVer
AI
AI
taqa moq-ism-. 'si.t
ll ikan-a'si·t
lie down crossways ar ac ross
walk ahe3d
.'
AI pem-PlJ.ku-a'si-t start to get ba ck on o ne's teet
AI ' pem-qam-a'si- t get tc c ae'e teet ,

_ . .. \ ' ..'.,;
 251

AI pem-eiew-e'el-t pMS by
AI pemi·j aj ik· a' si-t move-or walk along the shor e
AI pemi-t m-e'er-t star t to bre ak
AI "ejikl-a.'si· t go away. ; depart . . . ,. ".,. ,'
AI ewenve-e'et-t tor get
AI eset- a\si- t move back
AI eset-ek -j -l-pil-a'si- t go in back ward s
AI eseti-p ij-a'si- t ent er backward s
AI ap aj-ll.'si-t come back; retu rn
AI wie-ikw-e'si-t scowl; make a tunny face
AI waqju-lk-a's i-t warps ; droop
AI ee'i- a'si-t app ea r; show up
AI ne'ia -puk u-a'si-t make a br~ef appearance on foot
AI kitto'q-a 'si-t tu rn around; go ar oun d
' AI mesqan-a'si- t go down alte r being shot
AI s iaw- a'si~ t continuous
AI kekn-a's i-t d ressed up
AI nls-kusu- a'si-t to ste p dow n '
AI niw-a'si-t get or become dry ; evapora te
AI Iu'eu-eskwew-a's i-t perfo rm th e duties or a pros pective
dau ghte r-in-law
AI p Q.q~ a·si. t ent er the wat er
AI pajit-~k- a 'si-t overflow
AI weli-tp-e'si-t . serend ipitous ha ppening
AI maqamlk-ew-e'si-t turn s to soil
AI maqllmi k"~-ll.·si-t go by lan d
AI keta p-a' si-t sub merge
AI " 'j el-a'si-t . become a hinderan ce
' AI • kesikaw-a'si.J.. meve tas t
AI · jil- t-a'si-t . • mark ed: scarred
AI paw.a 'si-t move slowly
'A! tep-a 'si-t get on; get aboar d
, A! ke'k w-a'si-t get atop
<AI · pan-a'si.t · open up
AI. pea -tu n-e 'sl-e open one's mouth
A! • enm-a tej-a'si-i hurryhorne
A! tew-pu ku -e'ei-t st ep cu talde
A! a's is-a's i-t go ove r
, A! mal. a'si. t e slcwpc ke .
A! iI-a ', j-t get well; recover
A! i1-ism-a'si-t change position wbile lying down
A! il-puku-a 'al-t stan d into posit ion .
A! mekwe '-saq-lI"~i-t turn red; blush "
,A! men+a'si.t get _up from a pron e position
A! natq-a'si-t get .but of ~he water
 ·. ", : i

.' 252

AI mu sik-a'si-t undress
AI sesp-a'si-t restless; fidge ty; squirm
... . ,,", p . "
AI weu aq-a's l- t rise
AI kw llu-e'si-t search nbo ut
AI tem -a'si-t broken orr
AI ceteq-e'st-e ashame d; em barr assed
AI upm-esm-a'si -t lie down 00 one', side
AI ep-a'ai -t sit down
AI paw-a'ei-t movJs . ly
AI pa w-net q-a's i-t gel out of the water slowly
AI kekw-a'si-t move slowly
AI sankew-a'e i-t saunter along
AI se's -a'si-r I spread
AI poq t-a mk-a'si-t J sta rt orr
AI sip- tnq-a 'si-t stretc h
AI melk-s'el-t harden: solidified
AI ket-apj-a's i- t do something barehanded
AI matu -a'si-t wan der of( unintentiona lly
AI sa put-a'sl-t pass through ; go through
AI tel-a'si-t behave in such .1 ma nner
AI
AI
AI
tel-lstaqep-ew-e'sl-t
weskit-pek-a's i-t
el-atej-a 'si-t.
-imegiue one hears something
now over
go over to quickly
------------
AI el-sit-e 'si-t instep
AI wejkw-et ej-e'el-t hurry this Way
AI · kweji-natq-a'si -t . _try to get out of the water
AI kte ewsk-e'si- t turn back
AI kin awski-pu ku-a'sl-t t urn ar.ouo~· while stD"llding _.-
"'-
-., , AI
,AI
kawask-isrn-a'si-t
kawask -a'si- t
' tu rn eelrover
turn over
AI wep-a'a i-t turu white;' o pen one's eyes

pemi-tm-a'el-k sta rt to break

wa qju-ik-a'al-k warps; droop
/
kesikaw-e'si-k move Cast
jil:t.a'si.k ma rked; scarred
se's; a'si-k spread

TA swan',• • ,. _ \ roegetebe ut
TA ep-e'e u-el-k sit 00
TI awa n'-t -a's u-et- m lorget about
TI ep-a'e u-et- m sit 0 0

-,, -,; ,
, "" I
.~ . ".
 ·.' ;

// 253

n asoqom- ~'s-tk it erosses cve t'

n pem- pek-a 's-i k sta rt to rise of the t ide
n ne'i-e's-ik ap pear; show up
n kitto 'q-a's--ik t urn around; go aro und
n elew-e'e-Ik continuous
n niw-a's-ik get or become dry; evaporate
n pajit- pek-a 's-i k overflow
n weli-tp-a 's-ik sere ndipito us happen ing
n a'jel-a's-ik become a hinderance",
n pew-e'e-lk move slowly
n pan-a's-ik open up .
n te m-a's-ik broke n off
n pew-a'e-ik move slowly
n
n
u
kekw-e'e-tk .
eenkew-e'e-lk
sip-taq-a'e-ik
move slowly
sa unter alcug
stretch
\
n melk-a's-lk ha rden; solidified
n eapu t-a'e-ik pass through ; go through
n weskit-pek-a'e-ik flow over
n wejkw-atej-a's-ik hur ry this way
n wep-e's-ik tur n white; open one's eyes
TA kew-a'e-el-k topple
TI kew-a's- at-m to pp le

n pem-aaq-as-ik wa ll \.
n tep-c't-ae-ik loaded up
Jl1. newt-ui'k-aa-Ik have a single mar k; ace card
D' rnek-lte' t- es-ik highly' praised; honou re d
n a mal-ta~-wi'k-as-ik emh roidered; a mixed design
TA nekw-es-e'l-tk put unde rneath
Tl nekw-es-e't- u put underneath

Al puk,,!-atcrasi-t bus h)' (whiske red)

Al jip.a.si-t seare d; frigbt ened
Al maq-alq-asi-t have a large hole
Al tep-o't-asi-t loade d up

· ····_·r
Al newt-anq-ea i-t one thin- an d n at thing
Al aewt-ul'k-esi-e
Al / mek-ite't-asl-k highly pra ised; hon ur ed
Al mas q-a't- asi-t jaile d; put in an ins itut ion
Al masq-o'.t-asi-t sav ed up; eeeu mule ed
Al weeeq- teek-esi-t . sp'ring - .
Al r kim.elm. uk-t-asi-t ( sm ile to oneselt '.

...
 : ':}~

254

AI netaq-asi- t shameful
AI mew-o't -aci-t gathe r; collect
II pukw-a tq-usi- k bushy (whis kered}
NA u..;i-ewj-o't-asi- t hauler

AI -atal eat
- ",,-
AI pern-atal-.lr: eat O D the move
AI emekw-a tal- k eat imp roperly
AI etl-e ta l-k eet
AI emtesk-atal-k eat Fussily
/
AI uesp-ata l-k eat w hile ot herwise occu pied
AI tew-eta l-k eat 'ou tside
AI
AI
AI
mal-a ta l-k
pun-a tal -k
metu -at al-k
ea t little
cease eating
have a snac k; ea l poorly
. ('
AI wasam-atal-k over ea t
AI o'p l-at al- k eat wrong

AI -awe ll-awe v erb fina l

AI pem-epl l-ewe-t ear;y by mea ns or a r~pe

AI wasoqon-aw e-t rad iat e; give orr light
AI natq-apil-awe- t pull ou t or the wa ter by rope or fishing line
AI jik-taq -awe- t smoo t b sheens (tor bask et ry)
<" ' '''AI toqju'epil-awe-t hoist
~ .

II wesoqon-awe-k radia te ; g~ve ort light

II toqju'. pil-awe-k hoist

AI -e wel liv e

AI pem-awsi-t live . ,
AI pekit-e wsi-t liV e~IOngl ite \
AI sap-awsi-t surv ive

./
 2~S

L
AI ~e ' D -e' ve eb Ilne ! ~
AI awan-e'ck a wkwar d
AI memk-e'ck b are
AI Iem-evk u n derneat h; below ; inside
AI istu-e'·k . d iUeren t ; strange
AI maqtew-e'c k bla ck
AI waqam-a'-k cl ean
AI mejik-e'<k di rty
AI -emekw-evk ac t imprope rly
AI niw-e'-k d ry
""-' assmej-e'ck fan cy; elegant
AI snsq-e'-k n at
AI wel-e'-k (ine; well; healthy
AI neskw-in-et-k sp lit
AI taj ik-e'-k b ealthy
AI metew-e'-k b eard st irri ng abo ut
AI esp-e'-k important; high'up in rank
AI nunw-evk immatur e ; undeveloped; a mi nor
AI weekew-ev k la ugh .

~~;~j~e'~k .
AI inju red; b urt
- AI C' n eat
AI ~mi~nsitu-e,'-k pa.rtly sa ne
AI mal-e'· k . la zy
AI w antaq-et-k quiet
AI mekw-et-k rod
AI musik-evk bare; em~ty; clear
AI seep-evk D 01SY
AI setew-e-k sa lty
AI kim-evk sn eaky i
AI
AI
t em-kw-et-k
netaq-e'ck
he adless
shy; bash ful I
AI kekw-evk slow
AI poqji-weikew-evk start le lau gh
Al _ melk-evk hard
Al matu-evk p a n-time worker
AI pee-evk t hick
Al- tel-e'-k a ct like th at
\, Al tel-evk ha ppenj take place ; such tim e
Al . m aw-evk-ik live togetheri gathered
Al nestu-e- k Dor malj sens ible; of sound mind
Al saqp-e'ek we t

\
\
\
"

I
2~ 6

AI wa~e·· k wh it e
AI wapi-s~k pa le

0 peini-lk·e·~k gel cold o f the weat her

0 me tu-ev k d ifficult; b ad
0 memk-e'ck bar e
0 I:un-e'·k u ed ereear h: below; inside
0 b t u-e'·k diHerent; st range
0 maqtew-e'· k bla ck
0 ew a-evk b lue; foggy
0 waqam-e'. k clean
a lek· e'· k cold of the weath er
n m ej ik-e'-k d ir ty
n niw-evk dry
0 ulw-p-evk low (dry) ti de
n asarnajc~'·k fanc y; elcgo.Dt
0 sas q-et-k n,t
0 naskw-in-e'ck spli t
0 walqw-evk a bollow
0 pekij -et-k a long tim e
0 p ekaj-e'·k neat
0 ke'kw-evk up above
0 tew-allt e'-k disloco.te
0 . am i-ti -e'·k scmewha eecld weat her
0 m ekw-e'- k red
•0 m usik-e'-k bare; empty; de ar
0 ses ~··k DOisy
0 -.I alaw-e'-k salty
0 tem -kw-e'c k JC head less
0 hi'wot'.le slow
0 melk-e'-k b",d
0 pu-e'-k t hi ck
0
0
te l-e'· k
wa.umi·ksk-e'·k
ad like t bat
too wide .....
0 sa~e ··k _ wet
0 wap-e '-k white
XI' a 's- e'·k beyond

1. h yn t 2. .......ekel lnde~nlte obJect .taee ~c..~e}

AI
Ai
kc p it-ew-e'k e-t
ka 'tew .e')(e-t r bun t Cor .beaver
hUDt lor eels
 :-"..
257

AI
AI
AI
jake;'u-e'k e-t
tia'rnu-e'ke-t
naj i-tia'rnu-e'ke- t
tra p lobste r
bunt.moose .
set ou t to hun t moose
AI e'pi t-ew-e'k e-t seek / hunt for a wom an

'\
AI -e ' pl - -l ' p l

AI pem -a tp-e'pi -t . tun a long with head abob bin g

AI pern-i kat-e'pi-t tro t along
AI kesik aw-atp- e'pi-t tun fast with head bobbing
AI ee m i-ket-e'pl- t trot Ot secot along
AI eemi-ket-e'pi-t bom e ;beat it home
AI wejkw i-tu' kw-e'p i-r com e with po unding feet

AI ' eetkc m-l'p t-t run a cross

AI pem -i'pi-t run alQng
AI pemi-k ekw-l'pi -t run"alon g slowly
AI
AI
keeik ew-l'p i- t
ke'kw-i 'pl-t
run 'fas t
run a top
,
AI nuj- i'pl-t a runner
AI kekw -i'pi-t run slowly .
AI el-i'p i-t rush toward
NA ' . nuj- i'pi-t a professional runner

AI -e n -e· verb final

. AI
AI
AI
AI
[aqali-pa-e-t
al·a'ul-e-t
pem-lpi-e-t
pem-ji'm -e-t ,
fall sudde nly ill

pad d le
paddle or row along
T
(
car ry around 0 0 th e back

AI pern-mk-e-t .sbou lder pac k

AI aw"a n-Iukw-e-t a p oo r worker
AI , ewani-wek-e-t an 'u nskilled flsherman;
AI win-pD-e-~ have-a vener eal diseas e
AI . ue'l- emk-l-e-t 'appe ar as or in a.blese
AI leeukw-e-t pley eerd s
" AI
AI
'. mej lk-kum-e-t
'; nis-kusu-e-t ~~:bdJ~~ne:lothes.
, AI
AI
nep-ul'k-e-t
nap-ul'k-ik-e-t "
draw a 'pic"tu r e, rake a photo
a phot.Dgrapbe r; draw pictures
 2~ 8

we'w-ik-e-t
~
l:1.y eggs
tnatn-e-t fig~ t; struggle
AI h qa-lu kw-e-t finish w or king
AI W"Ie-tot ....... r. h
AI waju'-e-t rull
AI wel-tkw-e-t grow well
AI wel-kisn -eot h;.Ye nice shoes
AI wel-l1 m-e-t a perso n dresses d u .nly
. AI wel-qwan- e-t WtU p ro per d ot bK ror th e seaso n .
AI keueu-e-t spitefu l .
. AI esp-e-t luk
AI · pet-ew l-e-t lUI!: here ODth e bad .
AI keei-tewi- pe-e-t groan
AI keup-e- r ,I dive
AI eeu wi-e'tukw-e- r know b ow to t e ll stories
AI nen w-e-t a good .talker
AI pekijl-pn-e-t surrer Ir om a longtime illness
AI kesikaw-w-e-t talk lo u dly
AI - eDIe-e-t wood
AI a'pi+ t fish with "a net
AI kisiku '- e- t get old
AI jdsikw-e-t full grow n; mat ure
AI t ew-luk w-e-t .work away from home
AI : j i'm.... t pad dle or f<!W

~
rnal-ilcw.e-t ' grew slowly
meo-a' q-ikw.e:.t pull up vegetables or weeds
AI men-a'pi-e-t remove rL!h from a net
AI natq-a.'pi-e-t pull a n et from t he water
AI Ieu- .pu-e-t . ..u sh awa y; rub . "..
AI kefip-ku-e-t • scratc h y; itchy of a garment
AI kraut-n -e-t steal" . •
AI ape-aknu-e-t Iine-weave; kn it
AI poqji-wsk-e-t begin o r ,start to r~
AI poqt-I.'uJ. e-t st art to lug .
AI n il.ji-w sk -e-t start o ut to fiSh
AI e'tukw-e-t tell a stor y
AI · matu'vlukw-e-t do odd join; a 'h andyman
: AI tel-lukw-e-t do sucb and such work
AI klapa-e-t tired "
AI el-lskau- e-t knit, weave, spin
AI el-lsukw-e-t "paddle to ward
AI el-u qe-n-ew-e-t spin thr ead
AI w~jku ·.e- t approa ch ; come
·AI amal-is k nu· e-t croehe t .
. AI mil-lukw-e-t , do-differellt ~i nds of wor k

..
 259

Al k esis-t-aqau-ew-e-t wash clot hes

Al e lukw-e-t
'!.·.vi'k-lk-e-t
work
wr ite
J
Al
if - -
a
•
p emi-rnq-apsk-e-k
eset-e-k
become la rge and round
backwar ds
a p ukw-atq -e-k thicket . ~
a a e'l-amk- l-e-k appe ar as or in a blaze
a nis-e-k dc wewerds
a n :ul-oqs k- e-k.1 five cylindrical sha ped objects
a w el-ikw-e-k gr ow well '
a eep-e-k lea k
a m aq-apsk -e-k Jar ge and round
a ma q-oqsk -e-k it is big and round
a w asoq-e-k ligh t of hue
a keshew-w -e-k t alk loudly
a k letkw-e-k Cullgrown; matur e
a n ewt-ee q- e-k one tbin and fiat .t hing ,
.n , uewt- eps k-e-I o ne atsometbing raund and solid
a. m al-iltw-e-k gr ow slow ly '
a rne kw-ap ak-e-k rou nd and red
a in aqan-e-k rig htwar d s
a p iptoq-o·psk.e-k it is round
'a piptoq-op sk-e-k rou nd; glob ular
a k as-epu-e-k w a.sb awa y; rub
a keslp-ku-e-]; sCMiteb , ,; itchy or a. garmen t
a e p -e-k I seated; placed ; loca ted
n epe-cqsk- e-k it is small and rou nd
a aap-elq-e- k p ass .throu gh as a tunn el
a ; t e l-apsk· e-:k b ig and round or oval shape
a t el- lukw- e-k do such and such work
a ,l:isPll:e-* ti re d
a e l-a tq-e-k d ense {as a thIcke t )
.n eep u-epsk-e-k-l tw o of soinetliing globular o r round in shape
a t.e pu-oqsk -e-k-l t.~ar so methi ng cy lindrical"in sbape
a t o qju-e-k up above
, ' \ a mil-qsmik- e-k u neven; hill y groun d
a e.p-oq-e-k · ligh t and w arm of a breeze
a elu kw-e-k ' w ork '
a e wi' k-ik- e-k . ... w ri te . ,
l'IA. nUjj..toqt-.~t a p roress.!onal baker

lndennate .o bJed ..

.AI' . . al~asll~t,... eke-t ~'~d~ around thro u gh the ~now

 260

AI pem-e't-ese-i n pall bea rer

AI pem-aq-t-eke-t sai l nlong
/ AI pem-siaw-aq-t-eke-t sai l a long by
AI ejikl-eke-t tbrcw awny
AI ewani-tplu'ct-eke-t have poor judgement
AI eset-ek-j-eke-t shove backwards
AI elaqp-a't-eke-t bind; lace
AI emek-o't-eke-t treat people ba dly
AI eis-eke- t - hurl down
AI kaq-e 't-eke-t finish; end
AI wej-e't-eke-t get a spo use from ther e
AI welt-te't-eke-t joyf ul
AI ketan-t-eke-t hun t; spite ; strive; hate
AI natawi.tpiu'-t-eke-t have poo r judgement
AI jil-ep-a't-eke-t mark
AI weeu-e'e -eke-e ha ul in the pot in a poker
AI wesu-ek e-t je rk.
AI wesu-e't-eke-e · game
AI l'ketu-eke-t gather mushrooms
AI pekej-e't-eke-t do cor rectly
AI tew-eke-t th row out
AI a'sis-eke-t th row over
AI mek-a't-eke- t do much
, AI ~ kesm-eke-t shove
AI kesm-oq-j-eke-t ' give a boost
AI tl-t-eke-r shut .firmly .
AI ees-eke-t Ias teu
.'
AI atlasm-u't-eke-t take a br eak
AI teeapu-e't-eke-t ' do t he righ t way
AI -swen aq-eke-t th ro w up in the lI.ir; ,lIip
AI tem-a lu-eke-t . snap orr at the tail
AI tern-eke-t snap in two
AI kce-e k e-t spill
AI naji-ktan-t-eke-t start out to hun t and kill
AI tel-a't-eke-t do someth ing; at lImit
AI el-esum-t-eke-t · wade tow ard through the snow
AI ' wej kw -aq-t-eke-t come sailing on
AI keweek-eke-t turn something ove r
AI kese-p-e't- eke-t · was h flee rs, etc,
AI mes-e ke-t swa llow
AI c'pl-a't-eke-t do wr ong
NA ktan- t-eke-w ln u hunter, pereon.whc hates
Ii: tel-e't-eke-k be at lault
NA nuji-mil-Jl t-ek e-t a j ok e~ ; prankster; jes ter
 261

NA nu ji _mU_a m _ukW_ll't- eke-tma giciaD; o ne wbo puts things

in every direction
NI kesls- p-e't- eke-mk-ew-el washingmachinc
XP wej-a't-eke-mk Irom there on
NA n d-atej i'-p~. l,: ke- t a del ivery man , \

AJ pern -amkw -e'k e-t pole along

AJ tmcqu'w-e'ke- t cu t beams o r logs
AJ pcqt-emkw-e'k e-r start off po ling in a boat
AJ elke-t-e 'ke-t cult ivate; hoe

J AJ
AJ
AJ
' a.soqomu. t e '. ke-t
ika n-swti-ke-t
me rnk-cq- eev ke-r
rerry' across
blaze a t ra il
ma ke a clearing
AJ soq-t 4e-t chew as a c ud
AJ mattaq-te '- ke-t send a wire or a te legram
AJ mu sik- te'ck e- t clea r the brush or t hicket
A} el-eaq- tevke-r

AI - ew en talk

AJ met-ewee-k heard talking

AJ puu-ewee- k stop talking

AI -ewo'kwe ~ talk

AI met-eWO'kwe:J ov erheard talking

AI peki t-ewc'kw e-t ta lk a long t ime
AI kesikew-ewo'kwe- t speak loudly
AI .sesp-ewo'kwe- t ta lk on and on
AI kim-!!wo'kWltt . ta lk ,softly
AI pcqe-ewc'kwe-t begin to sp eak
AI . pun -e we'kw e-t . ee.ase lectu ri ng

AI -I IT-I verb fiIl)"

AJ al-ap.i ·t l09 k around
"
--f 262

AI a.vkom-apek- i-t crawl across

AI ikan- ap-i- t look st raight a head
~:. AI lkan- p uku-l-t stand at the bead; leader
AI pern-apek-i-t et awl aloug
AI pem- is ukw-i-t pad d le along
AI pem-ai aw-elm - i-t pass by lll.llgh in g,..
AI pem- t em-l-t go by erying
AI pemi-j a jlk-isu kw-i-t paddle along t he shore
AI pemi-s taw-t em-i-t pass by eryin g
AI ejikli- ws-l-t move "away; m ove ac ross tbe river
AI awan - e'[ -i-t do or perform awkwa r d ly
AI eset-e k-j-apek-i-t crawl backwa r ds
AI wia-ap-i-t see poorly
AI wia-a p ew-i-t ugly ; homely
AI win-Ik -i-t ugly in appea r ance
AI win-i n a-i-t grouchy
AI ietu-i k -i-t crook ed; uneve n

~
waqju -Ik-i-t bent; crooked
mal'Lew-l-t blood y
AI paqaipk-elm-l-t. burst out laughing
AI peqstpke-tem -i-t burst out cry ing

~~~~:~~:~i-t
AI excha nge; sw a p
AI neat ; tidy
AI tek-i- t cold ,
AI atki-tem-i-t weep
AI wepu -ap-i-t st ay up all n ig h t
AI mena q-e'j-i- t fragile ; delicate \
AI mejik - ape w-i- t have a dirty Ia ce I.
AI etl-en m -i-t laugh '
AI eel'<em-t-r "y
AI lu'su-e sk wew- i- t act like a da u ght er-in- law
AI tlaqsi-.n ijk-i- t heal qu ickly
AI kaqa-Iam-i-t . sto p breath ing
AI emtesk-i-t vain; snobby
AI wel'<ta'e-i-t happ y; glad
AI wel-e p-i -t e gcc d view
AI wel-ik-l-t have a nice s h upe
AI wel-oqs -i-t good an d round ill size "-
AI wel-pis-i-t well-d ressed
AI e'qet -ep-l- t bill( sh ot from drinki.ng
AI metew -eum- l-t heard laughing..
AI espi-puku-i-t stand up high ; hold a. h igh posit ion
AI a'jel'- p uku-i-t stand in the w ay
AI maq-ik - tul-j-t . have a large boat

,. ~
' ,-
 263

AI maq-oqs-i- t wide an d round

AI '" meqi-w-llae-i- e
-, have a lar ge ton gue
AI peklt-t.em-i-t weep lo n g
AI pekit- tem-l-t _ 'cry tor a long w hile
AI pit-ape k -i-t \ trawl u ndernea th
AI kesika w -Iem-i- t breat h h ard or he avy
AI [i'nmu-i- t ~
become a man
AI [fnew-i- e messed u p
AI
AI
wesue-lem- l-t
e'pi-m- i-e
=1 inhale
have a net
\ AI ke'ku-p uku-i- t stand atop
AI newe-e'j -t- t one; alo ne

'. AI
AI
AI
AI
eeep-l-r ,
tew-ap-i-t
tew-puk u-i-e
tewi-ws - j-t
-tempor a r ily subs t itute Ic r
look ou t [rom t he inside
stand o utside the door
vacate; moveo u t
exhale
AI tewu-lam-l-t
AI a'ais.ape k-~t climb
AI aml.tk - i-t coolish
AI mek-o't-i -t expensive
AI ffillt-ap;H seepoor ly
AI ewl-ap-l-t poor vis io n
AI ewl-e'[-i- e peer: po o r condi t ion
AI keem-epew- i-t look str a nge or we ird
AI kesm-Ik- i-t well-bu ilt; well- p roportio ned
AI kesm-pls-l- t well-dte1ssed; Ian ci ly dresse d
AI , Ua.j+ t prep30re. tqf
AI esk-i-t green of folillge;,uncured 1:'
· AI mekw-i- t swollen
AI etlesm-i - t test
AI piptcq-o pe-l-r . round (cy lindrial , tubu lar)
AI kim-elm-i-t smile to oneself
AI klm-tem-i-t cry inside ; cry s ilently,
AI ep-i-t - seated ; pl aced; lo cated
AI apj-oq-j i'j-i·t small an d round
AI aps..alq-i k w-a'.ji 'j -i-t hi ve tin y eyeS
AI poqki-'t elope
,AI ~ poqt-isu k.1.x.-i-t start off by boa t
' AI poqjj-ws-i. t stllrt to m ove or- vacate
AI Dllj i-ilaj-i- t sta rt to , pa ck; go get read y
AI pun-elm · i. t " stop lau ghing "

AI , pun· tem-i-t .. . stop .cryi ng

-;
>\l tetpeq-ik- ..- - - - str aight "
AI tetpeq-qem-i-t stand st raight up
AI meJk-apj-i-~ .- have a s trong gr i p

.\

' -": ': , ..

"
 264 .,

Al
\
melk-ik-i-t solidly buil t
Al pepk-e'j-i-t. thin
Al te l..ik-i-t . s haped like; dressed as euch
Al kispn-apew-i-t look tired .
Al weskij-juu -i-t born
Al apt-lam-i-t .. su rroc'ate
Al wl}\u -puku-i- t stand facing toward
Al wejku- tem -l-t come crying
Al wejkw-ap-i-t sit lacing
Al • wejkw-isukw-l- t come padd ling towa rd
AI el-ap-i -t look toward
Al tcqju -apek-i-t craw l up
Al wap-e'j-i-t whitish
Al wap- i-t a wake; have one's eyes ope n
Al wap l-steq-apew-l-t look pale
Al e'pit-ew-i-t bezcrne a woman
Al lukow-aqan -i- t bothersom e; troublesome
Al l'pa'tuju-i-t bec ome or be a boy

n win-i-k ugly in appearance

n istu-l-k crook ed; uneven
n waqju-i-k bent; crooked
n mal'tew-i-k b!opdy
n tek-i-k . co ld
n neqsi-nijk-l- k heal quick ly
n espi-puku-i-k ..." stand up high; hold lL high position
0 - a.'jet1pu~_~-i-k • , stand in the way
n maq-atkw-i-k big waves; heavy seas
-0 sisku-i:k m uddy
n ami-tk-l-k
)
coolish
n mek-o't-i-k expensive
n esk -l-k green of foliag e; uncured
n
:'::i.~ ·
swollen
u straight
n tetpaq-qam-i-k \. stand straight up
n , ept-Iam-l-k '" su Uocate
n eamqwan-l-k watery
n wap-e'[-i-k whitish
NA nuj ~·ap-i- t a 'wateliman-.
NA ,., rnekw -e'j-i-t -beet

r
U
- A1 oti'kwe' lIwlm / noat

Al lisikom-i',kwe'·k swlm eercse

" .' .
 " " ."

AI pem-i'kw e-k swim along

Al ejikl-i'kwe'-k swlm ccroes
Al atua's-i'kwe'ck swim on th e back

Al-l'pu kwe stagger

AI pemi-alaw-I'pu kwe-t sta gger alougby

',u pem-i'pukwe-t ' s,t agger along
Al el-I'pukwe-t st:J.gger to ward

.r ide a hors e

AI al-i'pulue-t ride ab out on a horse

Al pem-i'pulue-t ride aloll g on ho rseback
AI wejkw-I'pulue-t . come on horseback

AI -l'sewe

Al et-I'sewe-r crochet
AI ernal-taq-l'sawe-t embroider

' ,. ' .
AJ ~ I~I spea~

Al ak lnsi-ew-i'si·t spellk·Englis h
Al I'nu·j'si·t · spell.~s Ind ian
. AI ml'kmew-l'el-t speekMlcmae
. ' AI sa'se'w :j'si·t change lao guage .
.AI .. esp-i'si- t use high sounding.languo.ge r-
, AI tia'mu-i'ti · t .' moose call i speak moose

~
mal,j'si ·t . -sp\"ll.k poorly . \
keem-l'sl-t speak in an odd or
unsuaf way

n-Ia .m o v em en t

. ...•' . . p~m.atqa.ie-t

...
" .. ;, .
\ '- ,'.' j
go'thf9ugb the thicket .
 266

AI pem-ie-t go or move a long

AI pern-t aqa-ie- t slither along
AI peml-t k-ie-t get chilly
AI ejik l-am-uk w-ie-t bee away
AI ewsn -e'q-l e-t u ncer tain. unaware
AI 'mal' tew-ie- t hleed
AI ki tto'q-ie-t spin
AI tekn-ie-t swe at
AI slaw -le-t keep going
AI ewu-askw-le-t mind is going in 3.11 directions
AI
AI
AI
nia-ie-t '
etl-ikun-ie-t
tep-Ie-t.
-falldcwn
bleed
"enough; sufficient; adequate
.
AI pe qes- le-t fall in tile wat er
AI ka q-ie-t finished;' ended
AI keq-taqa-ie-t rea ch tbe en d
AI wej-le-I corne Irom t here
AI wel-ie:t good ; useful
AI wel-pm-ie-t go or move well
A! -walqw-ie-t cave in
AI kesikaw-le-t go ras t
- AI wesu-ask-ie-t ' sink in
AI enm-ie-t go home; d ep ar t
AI tew-alq-ie-t ooze out
AI tew-ie-t go outside; exit
AI tew-ik-ie-t curve out wa rd
AI kew-ie-t jell.even toppl e
AI wea eq-le-t j ump '
• AI nanam -le-t rock
' AI kim-le-t sn eak around
AI poqt-a mlt-ie-t begin; start out
AI eapu t-aak-ie-t penetr at e thr ough
AI klapn-le-t,
AI
AI
AI
weekit-pek-ie-t
epj -iku'n-ie-t
el-le-t
~~::~t~:d~eatb
go -
AI el-iku 'n-le-t bleed ward
AI el-teqe-le-e reach r 's t rett h tc werd '
AI eli-ni5-iku'n -ie-t , bleed down toward
AI me'ai-pm-Ie-t incapable or walking
AI tukw-ie-t wake up; awak en I •
AI eeqp-le-t get damp "
NI naaam-ie-mk-ew-el roeking ebll.ir; swing
. NI "keei p-le-mk-ew-e! Itchy DtSS

. \
 • 267
, ....

n pem-te-q go or move along

n pemi-tk-ia-q get chilly
n
:~~~~::ia~q
return
n I bleed
n ewn-Ia-q turn blue ; get roggy
n kittc'q-ie-q spin
'0 iekn-le-q sweat
n "':,a~ n.am.ukw-ia"k dayb reak ; become dawn
n DlS-II1 -q raUdowo
n tep-Ie-q eno ugh; sufrlcilm t; ad equa te
n kaq-ia-q . finished: ended
n
n
n
kaq-taqe-Ie-k
wel-Ie..-q
,we!-js:q
reach the end
come Irom there
'good; use rul
(
u w el-pm-ie-q go o r move well
n ~a.lqw.ia.q .. . cave in '
n keeikew-la-q go last
n wesu-ask-ia-q sin k in
n te w-alq-ie -q ooz e out . '
n
n
n
U
n
o .
j
t::t :-
, neq-ie-q
q

. oll.m-ia--q _
.

t-emk-ie-q
eepue-eek-le-q
euree outw ard
rail over; topp le
jump -
rock; swing
b egio; start out '
.- penetrate throu gh
J
n tel-Ia-q ;' true ; happ en
n weekit-pek-le-q coate d
n el-le-q . . go . .
n el-taqe-le-q
~:~c:r::ka_~htoward
n wejkw-epa-i e-q
Il
NI
NI
t, eaqp-ia-q
keelkew-le-q-ew-ei
nenem-le-q-ew-ei
::~:~~~le
rocking d iair ; swing
•
NI . o8oam-ia._qan awing

AI -In . ' ve rb,,n na l

I ..
AI ekwij-in-k - . _sit or set in,the WAter .
AI wel-kwlj-Ie-k in good humour ,

\ ..
..', .; . ',. ; ..,
',!
 '(
....
".
bo

AI -lel n ..........eel n He do wn

'--- AI
AI
a'je l-isin-k
ke'kw-isiu -k
lie in th e way
lie atop .,
~- ~ etues-kw-eeln-k lie on one's back

,
AI . ke tku -k-j-esin-k he pron e on the ~!lIy
AI . u pm-esin-k lie on one', side
AI elp-taq-esln-k strete hout

( n ,u now,

II). pem-n-k flowi ng

n Pf m-it-k flow along
n pem-p ek-lt- k now along
n qe pskw-amk-it-k rapids
n kesikaw-It-k a swift cur rent
n wan~aq•.it-k • st ill water
n wan taq-pek-It- k st ill water
n aps-kw-lt-k Ior m an eddy
n mil-pek-it-k flow in all directio ns

AI -It a'at th ink

AI . saakewi- ea k-ita's i-t th ink slowly

AI . ~nestu.ita'si.t recollect; remember
, AI . mil-it a'si-t th ink about all kinds oCthi ngs
I

AI
,
verb nnal

be inbll~
Y -'
I

AI win-j"t \
p.j;ji·w;n.j;.' _~ . extremely bad
AI mewt-wle-jl-t \ pretty ba~ .J

\
 ~. ;

26'
'--iI win.!i-k be in bad condition
n pejiji-win-ji-k extreme ly bad
n mawi-win-ji-k pre tty bad

AI -kit II-kl' big

,\g
AI
AI
mes-kil-k
wesam-kil-k too big ,-
) ,J AI
0--
tet u-kll-k

mes-ki'ck -
' ro ~
big'
" n
n
/ wesa m· ki'.k.
tetu- ki'· k
too big
so big
....

AI-kusl sleep

AI wap~ sleep until dawn

AI ' mel-kuei-t ligbt sleeper

-,
AI wesam-kusi-t eve r-sleep ('
AI mil-k u'si-t
,
have aU kinds o] dreams

ver b n n a l

AI ;. . al-esu-kwe-t wade around in th e wa te r

AI esoqcm-eeu-kwe-t wade across
AI
AI
el-asu- kwe-t
. wejkw-at ejl-m-kwe-t
wade towa rd in 't he wate r
riding a v e h ~ l e \
11·1 verb nnal
-'., 4
II ' pajiji· klu ·l-k extr emely good ; nie'e
( II
II
eml-kluvl-k .
:weso:m-klu' -l-k
sort ot good; so-so
too good - .
II
II
mawl·kfu-l·k
kelut-l-k
pretCy good
good ',. \/
" '~
 270

v erb n nal

AI' rnaw-kl-lje-t figur e; calculate

AI aVtIILn-ki-jje-f reed poorly
AI _ wel-ki-jje-t re':"d "p roperli or well
.~ -,
ma.w-ki-jje-t
ek i-jje-t
eount ; add up
rea4.; count

j . .. .
Al ~ma per t aini ng t o hOUlIil! ' \.

AI . win-ma -t messy house

AI teka -me-e cold house
AI weI'-pi-s-ma-t well-h eated house

Al -e'jtn-c-u'jtn be nd
' - -- AI
.\, "".
. AI
ejikle-k-c'ji n-k
el-atp-c'[ln -k
bent, head part away
lean on e's hend tow ard
AI el·!t"·o'jin-k raced toward
AI "------.wejkw-at p-o'jin-k bent t owa rd Irom t he Eead
AI ejikl-u'jin-k bent away at the waist
AI elm-u'[in-k bent away Irom " , " . ~
AI eum-u 'ji n-k bent back racing in t he opposit e dire cfion
AI . el-u'jin-k bent toward
'. AI wejk -u'[i n-k bent toward

AI-(e)pl n Ate . ' to place -pt < - apt (t o pleee}

-te < - at e' ,(to pla ce)

AI lie ac ross-or athwnrt

AI ebeed
AI lie alongs ide
AI alongside
AI crooked

,
AI crooked
AI closed up
,. .
-. "
,
 AI \oq-pi-t ,
in
close by
~.
. "

'.
' .
AI . nis-oq-pi-t point downsomething or lengt h
AI sasqa-pi-t n.t
AI wet-pi-t nice ; well-pla ced
.AI espi-pi-t sit o~ set up high

r'
AI plt-cq-pi-t sit or set underneath
AI . jil;pi-t marked; spott ed "

' (.
AI
AI
AI
tep-pl-t
ke'k-cq-pi-t
ke'ku-pi-t
abaard; on or in a vehicle
lie atop
sit oeeet atop
..
..·AI enm-ej e-pl-t race the.otber-direction
AI . tew-cq-pl-t "stick 'out
AI s'sis-pi-t 'even beyond; acr oss
AI a'sis-pi-t ,c~oss

AI wantaq-pi -t quiet
AI ee's-ehu-kwe-pi-t have messy. hair
AI tetpaq- pi-t straight
AI amjim-oq-pi· t . i7.. stuck
(\I weskit-pi-t . sit or seton top
AI m"aw-pi-si-t ' bundled
AI maw-p i-t bunched togeth er; placed with '
AI · welkw-ale-pl-t sit or s:e t racing toward
AI aek-ul-pl-t sit in the bottom 01a canoe
AI ~n e k-oq-pj. t lie under neath ~
AI e'[el-pl-t sit in the way
AI mesqee-epl -t crouch
AI pen-t-epl-t open
AI , p'aD -tun~e~i-t have one 's mouth open

J!c.. eeikcm-cq-te-k lie acr oss

U taqamcq-te-k lie acr oss or athw art
U nikea-te-k ahead
U jajik -oq-te-k lie along side
U' jajik~ te-k alongside
U . elm-j-cq-te-k I se~{as a table)
U lstu'-te-k " crooked
U ,":aqju'-te-k crook ed ..
U eepuee-te-k closed up
·u weqem-te-k , . ·it -is nea.t
U scq-te-k' close by
.r U
II-; '
cis-cq- te-k
eeeqe-te-k
point do.wn som eth ing or length
n.t
~
. . . --.
, .. . '
... ,:..
U :
U
wel-pes-te-k
wel-te-k

\.
nice an d thick .
niC8jwe.lI-place.d
, v :
[
 272

0 espl-te-k sit or set up high

0 pit-oq-te-k sit. or set underneath
0 j il·t e-k " marked; spott ed
0 te p-te-k " a~r in a vebicle
0 ke'ku -te-k sit or p
0 face th
V 0
enm-eje-te-k
tew-oq-t e-k sdck out '
her direction

0 a'sis-.\e-k ove r; be:(ond; across

0 ajis-te-k across
0 t etpeq-te-k str aight
0 tet paq-te-k stra ight
amjim-oq-t e-k stuck '.
0 ",

0 weskit- te-k sit or se] on top

0 mew-emkl-te-k-l piled toget her
0 mew-pl-ee-k . tied or bundle d together
0 mew-te-k hfln ebed together; placed with - ,
0 el-t aq-te-k line or read from A to B
0 wejkw-e je-te-k sit or set facing toward
0 nek-oq-te-k lie underneath
0 nek-ul-te-k sit in th e, hotto m of a can oe

". AI -qo '( q)we IT -qo '(q)we noat

AI el-qo'w e-t n oa t 'about

AI pern-qo'w e-t Ilcut along
AI w esk it.q~' w e- t float . I

J O.0 al-qo'w e-k

pem-qo'we-k
n~at about '
Iloat along
0 pem- staw-qc'w e-k hoat by
O· weskit-qo'we-k float
0 pem-qo'qwe-t float along
0 pem-eiew-qc'qwe-k nOllot by

A ]-saWfl Il ceewe cut t ing

AI ner ew-oq-eewe-t .kucw bow to cook

AI jiJ-Sll;We-t mark or sear with a knife
AI .pelk-cq-eewe-t peel •
\. AI el-teq-sewe-t eut.~be ~Ds rcr blLSket mnking

! '.'
.':<.:. :. ,.,., \.1
: .., .

AI amal- ik-,&w~t ca rve; whitt le -

AI· am31-sawe-t t he is cut ti n g fer the sake &r cutt ing
AI . ama~t a~saw~. \ etching
AI ep-sawe-s. .' [.adiate; give orr heat
AI elke-sewe-e-- plow
... \ -.
IT ep-;s3.~e-k . radia tei give orf hu t
( ;. ,

'. '
· At ~1l1":""1I D -se . ~
AI . al-aDku '· si-t
m id dl e velee

t rad e or sell door to door '

--.
-:::AI pemi-mq-apake-si-t become lar ge and roun4
AI . aaeu-si-t boss
AI metu-am~ uk:s i-t \ look .bad
'AI wia-qarnlk-ei-t h ave a bad character
• AI win-si-t act badly or improperly
AI mm'n-ew-qnmik-si-t act like a bear
AI maqtew am uk sl ·t b~ahi da r.kisb
AI ' kekne-a~t -, .: - d ed '
Ai ! mejik-am- uk-si-t I k dirt y "
AI ! pajlji-klu··, i-t extremely good; nice -
AI wel-ima-si-·t . bav e a nice odour
AI . wel-qamlk-si-t ~eJf.;ui:tured
AI · wel-taq-si-t agood length 01 rope
AI .wefi..p un-si. t .. h ave a' a leewinter
AI . . tajik- am-uk-,i- ~ . look health y .
AI kesi-pit-oq-ai-t ' / very tall
AI maq-apsk j..si-t _ 0 larg e and round
AI · pli-»q•• i.' 'a1l; 10.11< .
AI ji'nmu·q am ik-si-t act like a." ma.n
AI kisik"u'-qam lk-si-t ad lih I.n old penoD
AI Dewt-a.m-\1k-si-t one colour : a nusb in poker
'AI newt.oq:sl. t one or somet hing long and narr ow; cylindrical
Al ami·klu'· ili-t sort or good ; so-so .
· . AI mek-h el-el-t hav!l a hlgh"opin ion or oneself
AI il-Ik-si-k . planing; z:esurrace '.'

..
. J '
AI iI-pil-si-t' get prop erly'dreseed
· AI mekw-em- uk-sl-t . ~-,redd~b- I
AI mekw a~-saq-ai-t. :
AI - plptoq..opski-.si-t · '..
r ed-l aced
rpund i glob ular .> •
'.:j

. .
.~ . ~~~e~::~~~~m-uk.~i:,~ .. .::i:~~k · .

;I~L:';L::.:, · :.;:;, :. ... ".

j.
" i..
j, '. '. "
;'..:o.::- i
 274

AI tel -pit.-oq-s;-t have such a length or height

AI ---. tei-qamik -ei-t act thus ; act in such a ma nner
AI maw-pi-si-t bun dled .
AI mawi-k lut-si-t • pretty good
_
~ ~:~~;:I~;~_I;t
all kinck of; variety or

::~: : ~:~:ge bath

~
keats-p-ap-al-si-t J
AI tal-am-uk-si-t What colour !
-: __ AI wap-am- uk-si-t I~k white ' . If
.> AI wapi-st oqon-em-uk -si-t pelegjeeu
I AI e'pit-ew-qemik-ei-t act like a women
NA assn-si-t ' boss
.NI assu-~ut'y auth~rity
, Nl aak-am-s-uti . mirror; looking glass

D wel-im a-te-k .have a nice odour

D ap at-t e-k luck
D niwe-te-k dry t ide
D·
D .
wantaq-te-k · quiet
maqtew-apaq-te-k with black str eaks
D rneku-epeq-te-k with red st reaks

AI -sl n-(e)te by heat

" .(e) ~e < t et e . (b y heee]. "
-al < · eswl (by ,b e ~t )
AI rnaqtew-oq-si-t darkened ; t anned
... AI sewie-k-oq-ei-t break up in firea
AI niw-oq-.si-t dried ou t (rom beat
AI ,kaq-oq-si-t burn ed out
AI kis-ipia-si-t dried out
~.
AI wel'- pi-lIj-t nice and warm
AI 'wel-ipia.-si-t well-dried ; kiln -dried
AI arni.p~s~t slightl y-warm '
AI tel-cq-ei-t cook in such a manne r
AI ketm-oq-si- I • burned completely out
.AI wesam -oq-si-t overcooked
AI ep:"p.'~i.jik warm of a liquid
' J\! ep-sl-t ' ·. - hot '
AI wap-oq-a t . faded from the sun ,
Nt-_ ep-ei-mk-ew-ei fever
.AI k~oq-s i·t already cooked

if- -' . eewis-k-cq-te-k · break up in ll. fire .

t. . I
_.
'< ·A':.',.,: );.
 275

n ma qt ew-oq-te-k dark ened; tan ned

n niw-cq-te-k dr ied out from heat
n kaq -oq-te-k bur ned out
n k ~i pia-t e-k dr ied ou t
n wel'-p i-te-k nice and warm
n wel-ipis-te-k , we ll-d ried; kiln dri ed
n emi- pi-t e-k . warm of the weather
f ep-te-k hot [also used tor weat her)
ll " wep-oq-t e-k faded Ircm the sun ""
~ kls-cq-te-k already cooked
n tel-cq-te-k coo ked in suc h a ma nne r
n ketem-oq-t e-k • burned compl et ely o ut
n pit- oq- te-k burned 'underneath
n ep-p-ete-k lukewarm water

AI-sIn n« movement through ali

AI al-ain-k . ny about ~
AI pem- aq-sln-k carried by th \wind ; slang (or
that person goes flying by
AI pam-sin-k oy by in th e air alt er someone hi ts yo u
AI ejik l-sin-k flown awa y
AI kew-eq-ete-k blown down by a he avy wind

, .~ ept-l em-ela-k
el-aq-sin-k
lose one's br eath in a gale
oy towa rd

a. ai-s.ik Ily abcut -

I,
n . pem-.a.q-s-jk fiy along
n' pem-s-ik pass by in t he air
n kew-eq-s-Ik blown down by a heavy w ~~
n el-eq-s-Ik _. fiy toward \ ,o:,;'~

AI-taml snack / nibb le

AI sewis--tami-t gnaw
' AI soq- ~ami-t _ chew
AI - wel'-pis,.t ami-f have a good snack '
AI wet-taml-t' . nibble sOmething
AI wel-taml-t eat. one's favorit e dish .
AI e~l~tami-t _nibbling ~mething you

.. '. ~
 276

doo't thin k is very g~

, AI eskj-tami-t eat raw food

~
AI -t esin '. l" action w ith reet o r body
-ateeln ' ; -etee
-e t eein . -at ea ,

AI ~oqom.oq-te3io-k . (all across

AI pe m-epaq-teein-k st rea ked
AI epa t-tesin-k ~pri ng back
AI mal'tew-tesln-k bleed -as the result or
a fall
AI wa pn-teain-k da nce un.til dawn
AI erl'ctesln-k one got'in jure d
AI et l'-tes io-k beat or move rytb micalty
AI sesqe-testc -k fall n at on one's belly
AI wel-te eia- je- \ agood Cit *
AI kesi-t esin-k get hurt bad ly from a fall
AI wasoqc- tesin -k lightening; nas h ~
AI ke'k u-tesin-k land atop
AI tem-t esin- k broken in two
, AI amjim-oq- tesin- k caught; stuck
AI apt i-tesi n-k stuck
AI kin awsk- ism- tesin- k turn over while p rone
AI kawssk-em- teeln-k turn over while p rone
AI tew- elq-eteein-k dislocate
AI me kw-a tes iu-k nash red
AI pe m-a tkw-etesin-k move along OQdding'me's bead
AI at ues- kw-etesin-k fall backwar ds
AI ewn-ask w-atp-e tesin -k dizzy from a blow on tbe head
AI ewn-eskw-eteetn-k nod in-all d irec tions
AI ketku-j-eteeta-k fall prone
i ~
ket ap-etes in-k dive
mutu-a p-etesla-k glance

n escqcm-oq-tes-k fall across

n .I;~em·a:paq-te!l- k st reak ed
n epet-tes-k spring back
n mal ' tew-t es-k bleed as th e res ult of a r~1I
n etlveee-k one got injur ed
». n, etl' -tes-k bent or move rythm ica.Uy
n wel-tes-k a good fit
,n weecqo-tes-k lighten i n ~j nash
 ·" .1'
~>

277
.. ."

n tem-tee-k broken in two

n amjirn-oq-tes-k caught; stu ck
n apt i-tee-k stuck
iI aae-epeq-tes-k enta ngled
n tew-alq-atee-k d islocat e
n mekw-stee-k n ash red; northern lights
n ketku-j-etes-k rail prone
n mekw-et-et ee-k flash-red on and orr

AI-to'sl baek o n se lf
, '" .
AI pem- paq-to 'ai-t -s~h alo n g
AI apat- to'~i-t do:someth ing in reverse
AI wen aq-to'ei-t skip rope; move. up in th e-wor ld .
AI keslp-to'ei-t scratch oneself
AI el-peq-n -tc 'si-t splash oneself
"-
'-
AI-toqsl n -t a' sound / m ake no ise

AI pem-toqsi-t prattle or' gab 'alon g

AI wel-toqsi-t have a good sou nd [musie )
AI kesikew-tcqei-t mak.e a loud noise with t he voice
AI · eeepe-tcqsl-t make a coa tlnuous noise
AI kesinukwe-toqsi-t . sound sickly
AI t el-~oqsi-t sound like; so und so
~ ,
AI kiepee-t cqsi -t sound ti red

n pem-ta.'-q - go by making a noise-

n wel-ta.'-q hive a good sound {music)
n kestkw-tevq meke fJ. loud noise
.n -eespe-ta'-q make a conti nuous nois'e
n tel-t8'-q sound like; sound so -s
n wejkwe-p ene-t a' -q clea r up or thes ky
>

AI -ots1 t U-ulsl '

tel-uiei- t named or called thus

-mil-ulei-t have many names
tel-uisi-k D~ed or. calle~.~hus
 .'. : .>
.... 278

./ APPENDIX n.i
MICMAC TA fT! VERB FINAI.S

• TI -e' . verb finai

:rl -a ",i ~erb Iinal-

TA-al'l'"'~-a' i .
.~

'; TI·a t__ e't "do something in o ne continuous motion ...

as opposed to d<!ing something bit by bit

TA -affi Ti :apt . look I see .

TA-eia T I ·o'! take care of

TA-ew double (011.1 " 'lIo

.
, ... .,
TA ..i' verb final < t ih tclI.d.slI.t ivet . ,. ' :.• : ': :
, . .•. .'1
TA · i's ' ___" ' Tl -i's .

" TA · im.......,- ~ by speec h I by t ho ught i

)'
r
.'
TA-ite'l m 'f) -jte't t hink
-te'Im

TA -k ..., -te'e

T ]·k verb final

TA -l verb, final
"
verb riMl

TA-(e) n Tl "{e)n by hand

I
.T A ·o'I.......-u'l T I -o't- -u't do something bit by'bit 3S opposed' ' ''t
. to doing it in' one tonti nuous mottw.-

bite < "pw (by mouth) .

:.'
.' ,·.r
\.

. . ,:.; ' I "

 . -'.-_:.......::: -.. :

:r~ -(a)pil TI -(a}piJ .- stringf tie ; also medial inAI/ D verbs

TA -(ij" TI -is 1. cut 2.-he~t

TA -sit-a TI-sit sound

TI- t ..verl>f,inal

TI -(a )te' st Jikewi th an instrument

. ~

~A -ii l te l- a TI -t el 'sbot

TA~t esk-a • TI -tesk I actio n wit h teet or body

-etesk-a
::~:~ t
-tesm -t est '
~" -at esm -eeesv
-etesm - '--- -- .
_-:rA -ui 't TI -ui't ' 'name

/'
\
"'; -

--- .1 ._
 "\'280 \ r
I iP-PENI>IX ~.~ t

DATA , MICMAC TA ITI VEI\B FINALS

, '.
- -~

TA ':a' verb nnal

TA ketm-a' -q- d ean ob't

(of food ) . .,....
TI ueqeeu-evm put out a fire with a water
TI uaqasu-at-m hose
TI el-taq-a'vm shoot towa rd

TA-a . Tl-a ~erb final

'fA pem-k-a-q pass; gopas,tj pro mote ove r-- •

TA win-ikw-et-a-q squint a ~ •
'fA ' memkl-t e'm-e-q ..-c u t so~
eO D e ' h air Shor t
~'TA mesqana-tel-a-q take dow Ith a shot
TA~ ' < . Ms~ tel~ a-q , shoot OW lI
TA " wel-sk-e-q like the sound or
TA weli-kau'tm-e-q teac h well
TA j ik-sit-'a~q " Iisten.•to
TA pesoq-tel-e-q '<,-; ...... .miss
TA "ilaj-uk-t-e-q prepa re r? r j get rea dy for
TA nee-k-e-q wear .j ,
•TA neqesu-etesk-e-q stamp 'Ou.t afire
' TA
TA
. kwil-e-q
klm-tel-a-q
:~or" . o
TA me'-tel-e-q hi t with a bullet I ar row
TA keknu'tm-a-q teach to
TA se put e-tel-e-q pie rce with a bullet
TAo tel-slt-e-q liea r; sou nd like ' .,
TA aeet- e-q , ua ee rsrend . /"
TA ewi'k-m-e-q write to
TI uas-apeq-a-m scre w 0 0
TI jlk-taq-a-m . ~mootb ou ~

!.
"
T[ -et.........a·t do ,something In. on e continuous motion
as opposed ,t o doIng"something b,lt by bte .

TA ~l-anku-al-k tra de or sell door to doo r .

 \:
..... 281

TA al-anku~al-k trade or sell door to door

TA
TA ....
TA
TA
pam-awl-el-k
pem -ji'm-al:k
pem-nik-al-k'
eweav t-e'su-el-k
CtLrr Y 'lllong "oD ODe's back
padd le or row along
ca rr y on th e ~ho ll id e r
forget about
..
l'A apaj -ukkw-al-k Iollow back / .
TA ms-eq-el-k sho ve down
TA peqes-eq-el-k th ro w in the water ; laun ch
.oTA jip-al. k - "rear;"lIJ roid oC "
'c • TA wel'eta'su-el-k happy rOf ' ,- " •
\ . . TA ~ ,~. al. k·' · . hex;casta spe~- --- ·.
~\. <, . ~ ,: p ,~~ "ww .l-ol,k · ~ " lug or corry on the back . \ .;
,.\' " - TA. ~al-k shove som ething into waterwlth j;lninst rument
. . _ '~ T A- P ltij~km.a.l-k wait a loog time Ior .. I
TA -. al-am-k: look around Ior .
1'A enk;al.k scale; meas ure ; weigh
TA jinew-al-k mess lip
, TA enm: iL'u!-al-k "__ carry home
TA "enm-ukkw-al-k .rollo,,/ along .qome
. TA ' tew -ukk w-al-k (pllow outside
TA ika' taq-aJ-k plant; sow
_ ", , ' L,• •
TA , ika 'ta q-al-Is: ,.. p lant; sow
TA ' • kesm-eq-al-k '<shove
TA il-taq-el-k hitch up a horse
. : TA il-taqe-e-e'w-el-k 'p repare; o rganla e; set up
"TA ' . kew- a's-al -k . topple
TA naq~u'~put~-al.k blowout; exti nguish
TA putu-al-k blow 011
TA. men-e'q-ikw-el-k pr y loOse; pr y,o n
. TA men-lkw-el-k . ' p ry out with ban ds or tool
TA
TA ~
rneu-e'q-ikw-el-k
kmut-n-a l-k'
pry loose
s teal
•
,.
TA e~a'su.~I-k . sit on ' " ,'.
TA se's-ikw-al-k " • spread around
TA pcqt-a'ul-el-k statt to lug
TA pcqt-ukkw-al-k start to follow
'fA . ket-alq-ikw -al.k -prr out
TA mew-lukw-al-k . incl ude in' th e re pa!rs
TA .el-ikw-al-k move somethingtow ards witb anin strum ent
TA el-lsknu-a l-k br ald, knit
TA emet-lukw-el-k 'decorate
TA kesis-p-ap-al-ik prewash ; hose down
TA ' elukw-el-k repair; Iix \.

-:-,:
~' ,
.... .
""
--"-,/ . :. -

:, ;.;..:.
 'fA - ~j rl(ial- a ' l.ik do quick ly
TA asoqcmi-kam-e' l-ik pushil.cr~
TA taqamoqi-ks m-a'l-jk posh {Lcross .
' , ~~ nikanrksm-a'l-ik
pem-e'l-lk
push ahead
carry
TA ejikl·a'l·ik take away
TA ejikli.~~.a.' I·~k push !lway .' *.
,T A esekk~}a'l-ik ~ing backwa rds
TA ese't-ek+i.ksm~"a'I-i~ push back
' TA eset-,ek-j-jops-a'l-lk_ skin inside out
TA ' eseri-ksm-e'l-ik p tish back
TA eeeti-pe-e'l-ik . turn inside out
TA 'ap aj l· ksu-a'l-ik take back
TA . i k- ~Il-ik . re lease; place ; JNt
TA istu-"a'l-ik or
de: make crooked
, TA · waqju-ik.a'l~ik bendj - >
TA' elaqp-a.'l-ik . bi nd ; lace; entwine J-:
TA mal't.l!w-a'l-ik getblood on " " ' . -.
1
TA se~is-k. a·l-if · break 'UR:_break 'in a horse
\ TA . sepus-e'l-lk br in'g to' a -poio.t;'sea f
, TA " ·ne'i-am-ukw-a.:Hk . make creeuee to",appear ~.
TA , sa'se''!ra'l-ik ·..exc_h~n_ge..,"'. · , \ ~: ,

kltto,q-~k"'~
' , 1'A ' kttto'clia."-tk .. turn or swing erouud . ,
, TA turn ar ound to point -in a dirre rent direction
TA kttto'q " kem-a'l -ik push around ' .
, TA waqam a'l-tk clean ". .
TA mesqa,~:..a'l'ik . lai er put dow n
- TA
'I'A
maqa~tl-ik
kekn-a'l-lk
.
~~:~~:~e baene . "
ew~~asfw~atP-a.'I-ik "- ' make"dnzYi m~kl;! som eone's hea d turn
1ft': · nis.a'I.~k take down "
TA ais-a'l-Ik ~ , 6;io.g down
TA · nis--ek:.11·ik pu ll dow n

'~l'bl'
, TA push down :
mw-a'l tk dry out
-a'l-ik
• naqsl-o pl-a' l-tk easily hurt or harm
naqs l-t tapu-a ')-ik easily.please -
paqas- 'I-Ilc • put in the water ) t"'~
pajiJi-k m-iL'I-ik . push ,too har d " "
asamaj a'i-tic • do fancilYi elegantl y:. ".
kaq-a'l 'k finiSh; terminate; end '

~k;i~_:~r-~;'k . fiIiish ' ;'

put,Jn. t~ e wate r
\
jip-aq-a'J.tk ~ -.rrigh il! n .
'waju'-pek-a'l-ik fill up ~~th ' a liquid

"
 "

' . 283

TA weju-e'l -ik fill up with a ,Dltj.~liquid

TA wej-a'I-ik. get"o~ b-ring fr~m
,~ .T A "wel-kwi!-a'l-ik put in good humour
TA .paskw oa.'l.ik halve; divide in h:li!
TA naskw-in-,,'l-ik 'split
TA kes-a'l-ik hurt
TA nutkw-e'l-ik put in"1i'n insu[ffdent amount
TA maq-a.'1-ik enlarge
TA wasoqw-e'l-ik light u p
TA jil-ap-a'l-ik mark ; serape; scra tch
) TA
TA
wesu-a'l-ik
pekaj-.a'l-ik :
t ake hold of
do neatly
· 'fA tep-a'l~ik . put aboard 1',
TA ke'k w- lsm-a'l-ik . Iey cu top
TA pen-a'l-ik open
: TA ' . paa-t-e'l-ik open up
'fA enm-e'l-ik . take or bring home
TA , ' ~w-a·l-ik .. take or' put out, .
,. .
.
"
TA tew-ulq-a'l-ik remove from
TA tew-aqq-a'l-ik . .' remc ve trcm . J '
"
TA tewl-ksm-e'l-lk puslr out
T,J\ "pelk-a'l-ik ." - peel; husk
TA pelk-cq-e'l-ik peel:by band -
·.T A . . kesm-e'l-ik . ' push
" ,' TA . keem-c q-j-e'l -Ik " push O,D, in or ' by a vehicle
TA i1.:a:l-ik adjust;. set; Ilx - r ..'·
· TA -: il-anq-a'l-ik fold righ t; fold properly
TA
~~~:;;:~ne; save-~~--'----,-'---'"
il-t-a '}·ijt
~ . TA-:--nra:sq-a'l-i k
TA • } as-a'l-ik put on ; don '
TA ueqasu-a'l-ik put. out ; extingui sh 0'7 ,_
'fA mekw-e'l-ik-c, . make red .' /
TA ... men-e'l-ik .: remove; take off; 'pluck '.
• TA mea-in-e'l-ik rip or tear' off or out
, ,\ TA . natq-a' l..lk. remove from the water
TA . ' m usik-a 'l-ik skin; strip; clean
TA tetapu-a'l·ik : satisfy; please' ,
TA
TA
wenaq-a'I,-ik
nanam-a'l-ik .~~ ~p~~~; .Ue~~A
· TA nanam-a'l-ik rock •
TA
TA
kas-a' l-ik .
kesip-a~l·iL
-- ':~~~:: rub off
TA . keslp-s-e 'l-ik skin
TA tem a'l·ik ·
4
brenk in tWIJ -
TA . . tem lu-a'I'"!k
4a break olfn t ,the tail ' ..
, \
...>:
 ·r·- . ;• .
284
«.

"'~-' "

. rr el-s'ul-et-m. . earir "around'o ri" th~ back '

TI
TI
' j pem-ewl-et-m
. pem-Ii'm-at-m
iarry along on one's back
paddleor row along
,-
TI , pem-ntk-et-m ", carryon the shoulder-
,TI . ,awan·- ~~'9.U · at- m : torget .about :. .
T!' -. ~paj.:ukkw. at-m r~qow' back:
>. '\ " j ' TI esamuqw-at-m ," : . d,~r

. . .b
"';m :
 '1'1 [ip-a t-m fear ; afrald or
'1'1 wel'-ta'su- at-m \ happy Cor ",
punt-atom .. hex; CllSt e epell on
:::: I- pet-awl-ai-m ~I u g or ca rry 00 the back
.TI pekiji-eskm-at-m wa.it a long time tor
·'1'1 eak- at-m • • .scele: measure: weigh
'1'1 [in ew-at-m mess up '.
'1'1. enm·a'ul-~t·m carr y home
• '1'1 _ • . eum-ukkw-at- m tollow aloog home
.•; '1'1 tew-uk kw-at-m tollow ou tside
'1'1 It-t eqe-n-e'w- et-m prepare; organ ize; set ' up
'1'1 - okew-a's-at-m. top ple-
'1'1 neqasuv putu -et-m blow'o uk extinguish
'1'1. · putu-at-m c blow on
'1'1 men-a 'q-Ikw-at- m pry loose; pr y 'ort
'f l meu-lkw-et-m pry ou t with ha nds or 'tool
Tr · kmut- n-a t- m ste al .,; , ,' . ' .
: 'n
:~r~:d ' a;~u6d ...:
ep-a'su-e t- m
TI sll's- i~w.~t-ni .
'1'1 · poqt-a'ul -at-m , start.-t~ lug
TI pcqt-ukk w-at-m st~rtto ,tollow •
TI ket-alq..1kw~~t-m -. ':' pry 'out"..-, · .
TI " -saput- alq-et -m dig through '.
TI maw-lukw-at-m " include !n't he re pa in . , ,
i{0. el-ikw-et-m
. "el-isknu-at- m
move somet hing to wards with
. braid', knit
an instr ument
1

11 amal-lukw- at-m decor at e

II kCSls-p-ap-at-u . prewash; hose down
'1'1 elukw- at- m re pair; Iix

AI pem-e' t-eke-t a pall bearer

AI
AI
elaqp-a't-ek e-t
ne'i-e'j-evq
blnd: la ce
shine thr ough
'0
Al', ja,'w-a't-i- t chew tob acco ...,.
AI . kaq-a't-e ke-t fin,ph; end , .
AI wej-a't- eke-t get a spouse tro m the re
AI naskw-a' t.atijik share . ·r "

~~~i1k't~
AI jil-ap..a't-eke-t..
AI milakeju-a't-a-t
AI wesu-e't-eke-t . baul in th e pot in a pok er - .
AI .... wesu-a' t-eke-t' game
AI p.1l'kaj-a' t-eke-t do corre ctly
AI . mek,a't- ek'll;t do much
'7\1 masq-a't- asi-t j ailed; put In' an institution
 . i :' ,
286 .

\:, AI ; ~ mek~-a't-a.-t . pu t 00 rouge -.;

. AI tetapu-a tt-eke-t do the right way
' .. II,'
AI sa.l~w·a't-a.-t . add salt • .' .
AI _t e l· a ' t- ek~ t do somet hing; at fault
AI mew-e't-eltk share; chip in toget her,

t
AI
.AI
mawi-a' t-ijik
- kesis-p-e't -eke-t
. gather; swarm as bees
wash noon , etc. .
AI c'pl- e't-eke..".t do wrong
· D- tern-eke-k be at' fault
NA nul l-mll-e't-eke-e - a joker; PTapkster; jeste r
NA nUji-mil-a m-ukw-a't-e ke-tmagieian; one who puts thi ng
, in every direction
Nt wBSOqw~a.'t.~qan· . tape r •
( NI mattaq-a't- mk-ew-ei . tefepho ne · ~
NI .' mekw-a"teaqan fliuge
NI .amal-ta q-a't- aqen str ung decorations
.J'I'l1 waltest-a't-imk : . dice game-playing
N1 ' , kesjg.p~a' t- eke- mk. ew~ ei washing machine .
PT · met~w-a.'t-Jq . beard -making a noise' -
· PT - j aqal.~ ' t-oq _ . .'. -. do quickly '
PT .~ lis~qoini-~s m-a"' t-oq ' push.ac rose . '",
PT . taqamoqi~ksm-a 't-oq ' , push across '
PT · , : nikani-ksln-a'koq " push ahead ' "
PT -: pem-e't-cq 'carry ,' - ,.
P T "' " ejikl-a' t-oq ' : ' take away
PT ' . ejikli-ksm-a't-oq push away
. PT eset-ek-j-e't-cq bring backwards
PT eset-ek-j-l-ps-a' t-c q " skin iriside out
PT eeetl-kem-e't-cq . push' back
pt , ' ap aj i-k,s u. a' t-~q take beck ,
PT . lk-e't-cq release; place; put
~.PT i9tu~a't-oq ., do or mak e c~ooked
PT w eqlu-ik-e'ucq bend \
" . PT elaqpoa't-oq , ' bind ; lace; entwine
·PT mal' tew-a'~q get blood en
PT sewi~,a't-ol:J. ,', break up; break in :a horse
PT eepus-e't-cq bring to Ii point; 'seal .
" . 1 PT ' ne'i-am-ukw-a't-Oq' . or
make ,cause to a~ pear
PT ': ee'ee'w-e'e-cq ~ exchange . '
PT · . kit to'q-a',t-oq turn c:',r swing around , .
• " PT , kitto.'qi-k'sm-a't-oq push around .
, . PT · waqam-a 't-o q . clean
, .,; . PT , , mesqen-e't-cq hi.y or put -down

~~"." '~~'i;' <:~;~' ..

 .
v, " : . : : ~: . -; . •
~: ,.

;187,

PT nis-e't-cq teke dowa ..4:

PT nls-ek-e't-oq pull down
PT uisi-ksm-a'f -oq . push down
PT ntw-e'e-cq . dry ouj,
PT
PT
eaqsl-c'pl- e 't-oq
uaqsi-tetapu-a't-oq
easily bllr t or barm
easljy please
- '.
. -PT · . " peqes-e't-cq put in,the water

~ I .J:~:.~:~.a't-oq pusb 100 hard' .

finisbjterminatej end
PT keq-kis-e't-cq rin i~h
FT ekwij-a'boq p ut in the water
PT wajuipek·a 't-oq rill up wlt h a liquid
. PT waju-e't-oq fill up with a ucn -liquid
PT I wej-e't-cq ge t or bring hom
PT neskw-e't-cq - --h alve; divid e in ha lf

~ !__' ~~~:-~~~'~o~ epllt :

put on a handle I
PT ;' Dut kw-a't- oq , ent
in ali insufricient amount
• .!o PT''-'1 . maq.,a't.oq ' : - - en large
.' PT I ~ ~asoqw-a't-o.q , , ligh t up- " . ,
pull OD to make a sound like Ii bell
, PT .. /•. ' ': .mat. ,.,aQ-
. • 't-oq ,
PT , [il-ep-e't-o q , mark ; scrape; scratch
PT . ~ wesu-a't-oq' take hold or
PT, : -pek'aj-a't-oq do neatly
.PT',
PT
tep-a't-cq
ke'kw-iem-e't-oq
_ 'p ut;{1board
lay on to p
,PT i pan-a't-oq open·
PT I . pan-t-a1t-oq open up

PT
PT I' enm-e't-cq
tew-a'~ , ~~: ~~ :~i:~u~,.~·
PT 1 tew-elq-e't-cq remove trcm "
PT' I tew-aqq -a't-nq . r8(Ilove Irom , ~
PT I tew i-kem-e't-cq 'push ou t .
- PT pelk-s't-cq peel; husk
\ :. , 4 PT
PT pelk-oq-e't- eq
kesm -a't-oq
, peel by hand
p ush
) PT keem-cq-j-e't-oq pus h on, in or by a vehicle
PT il-e't-cq a djus t; setj' fIx
PT il-an q-a't- cq .rcld right j Iold properly
PT . il·t- a't-Oq sbutret cse I .

PT . meeq-e't-oq put away; stor,ei-save

PT nas-a't-oq p ut .on; don ' -;
PT . , ' neqesu-a't-oq put cutr'extinguish
. PT \ mekw-j.' t.:oq "m ake red
PT . \ men-II'q-a't-oq t ake out or p~ i tio n (like a gear-stick)

\
I ~
\~ .
 'I '
'288
~ ,

PT mee-e'e-eq remove; ~ake ott; pJUfk

' ,-t'
PT mtn -in-. 't-oq rip .or tea r orr or out
c ' oa t «t , ~ remove lr om the water
~ musik-e't -cq _skiD; st rip; clean
satis fy: please
PT teta pu-a't.-c.q
PT tetapui-ltsu-~'kxI ta ke the right or proper way
PT wen aq-a't.:oq pick up; lilt up '
PT oa.n.am-a't-oq . lock
wipe or rub orr
, PT
PT
ku.a't.-oq •
kesip-a't-oq scra tc h
PT
PT _
tem-e't-cq
tem:alu•• 'kKj J
~;::: ~rt:tOthe tin"
PT teql-isqon-a't-oq . - break orr a t the Dose end
PT eeakew-e' e-cq do s)l?Wlr·8 nd carefully
PT aps- a't-oq · make smalle r
PT aukw-e't- cq soft en; crumble
PT . ku t~ ~' t-oq i · pour
PT ee'e-e't-cq ' I, spread out .':,
poqt-emk -e't- cq "J star t to carry away ,I:
cPT
PT .i tet paq-qamoa't-oq ! . . nrat e straight
,
PT . ..s ip-taq- a'~ ' : st retch
PT ' rnelk-e't -cq • . "
ll;lr4en
PT
P'r
. amjim-oqw-a 't-oq
ket-alq-a '\-oq · f:~:~U:;~~e ~
take with one's ba rebUids
PT ket- apj-a't-oq
PT tel-a't-oq do in such a meaner .
PT miau- ..' t-cq revin ; d uplicate
.~ .
PT ap~I:un-a't-oq smothe r
PT ' . el-a't-cq uke; bri ng:toward in a group
PT el-taq-a't,..oq string toward
follow toward
~~j:C~~,~
PT
' PT bring or come wit h
PT ~ k:w ej- a' ~ test; try ou~ .
' PT kaw.u k.a't-oq . overturn
. . ~ "
PT :. ka wask-ek-a,'t-Oq tur nover
PT nekw-es-e't-cq p ut u~ derneat~
PT ' , nekwi-ksm-e't-cq pus~ und erneath •
PT amll:l-.taq. a't,..oq pufa design on; de corate
PT .__ kesis-p-e't-cq ,.•. '_wash
do wrong
,, ~ c'p j-e't-cq
wel-e't-eke-mk from t here c e

loo k i see
. TA·am
,
AI fa.c!away

~ ~.

iii~6·~;:~'i:~. :,~,~,:,;>,. . ...' _.: ::,.. ;, : " ..~. .:. '.'

 / , '
289

.- .. AI
AI
AI
AI
metu -am -uk-sl-t
maqt ew-em-uk-si-t
mejik-a m-uk-ei-t
tajik-am-uk-si-t
look bad
blackish; da rkish
loa ~ dir ty
look healt hy
AI newe-am-uk-si-t one colour; 0. flush in poker
AI mekw -a m-uk-ei-t reddish -1
AI kesin ukw-arn-u k-si-t look sick r·
AI
A(
~(
mil-am- uk-si-t
tal-am -uk-ei-t
wap-am-uk-si-t
all kinds or; va riety 6f
What colour?
look white .
,
wap j-stoqon-ejn -uk-si-t pale green
n metu·a~ look bad '
n maqte~m-u '-k blackish; dar kish
n wep n-a m-ukw-Ia-k dayb reak; beco me da wn
n
n
n
newt-em-uvk
mekw-am-u'<k
mihm-u'· 1t
one colour; aIlush in pok er
reddish
ali kinds or; va riety or ..
~ /
tal-am-u'ck What eolourj
wcp- em-uvk look white
n / : wapi.stoq~n-am-u:.k pale gree n
Ni'- nuj i-mil -am -u kw-a't-eke-tmagiciaDjODe who puts thill g'
I in every direct ion
M ank -am-s-uri mirror; looking glass
iTA
, TA
al-am -k
ue'l-am-k
look aroun d Ior
ebeckup a ll; visit
/ ]:A ne'i- em- ukw-a'l-i k make or cause to appea r
/ TA wel-e m-k like the look or .
/ TA enk-em-k . .' look at; view
/: TA al-am-k ". t;t look around Ior
. TA .. il-a m-k . examine; look over
. TA naji- ne'i- am-k go visit
TA amal-em -k glance at
Tl ae'i- am-ukw-a' t- u make or cause to appea r
Tl weskiji-am-a't-u coat; paint

TI • el-ep t-m ' look aroun d Ior

TI _. ne'l-apt- m . , check up 0 0 ; visit
TI wel-ept-m like th e look. or
TI ank -apt-m look'ati view
TI il-ep t-m examine; look over
'. TI am al-ap t-m glance at

'.
»,
 ·f~ -·
- ( ,
29Q '
,J
J ,

TA -e le . ' TI -o ' t' take cere of

TA pem-ela-q operate
TA awan-eia-q op erate or ha nd le poorly
TA eme kw-eia-q treat badl y •
TA ' we l-eia -q . take good care or
TA "pekaj-eia-q keep in good s hape ; cond ition
TA sesp-eia-q bother wit h h ands ; seduc e
;' TA te l-eia- q treat so; t reat as s uc h
TA tu kw-eia-q wake up -by shaki ng

Al em ek-o 't- eke-t t reat peopl e badly

TA , eea mu q-c't-l-k grve a dr i rik trr'
TA- musik-o't-l-k . ./" :Ondres!!; unt rim
TI .pem-c't-m- . ~ operate
TI ewan-o't-m __operata pr hand le poor ly
TI ernek-o't-m treat badly
TI wel-c't-m - take good care or .
Tl • pekej-o't-m . keep in 'good shape
TI - -eesp-c't- m both er wit h b.a.nds ; seduce
TI , tel-c'e-m-e. treat SQi trea{ as such

by epee eh I by thoug h t

,disturb or bother'~y talking abo ut

" TA
TA
ses pe-rri- k
. '- maq nn-im- k . out-tiLl!'; belittl e verbally
TA wel-im-k give gOO? adv ice to
'TA wel-kwlj- lm-k enco ura ge
TA . as· im·k · iD'Stig at e, 'geed, Incite
TA nuj-lm-k the one whc adv ises
TA tel-im-k tell .
TA . aPi-i m-k . . out ta lk

T A -ew ~ouble goal

-T A jke'teq-ew-k s:~:or pl~nt tor

TA pu u-lu kw-ew-k sto p workin.s t<!t
',',
 - r- ,'
,':-: '. r. ". :'. '.; :-: :/ -',

291

. Tit e't ukw-ew-k t ~l astor)'

, TA, »lukw-ew-k work rOT

T A..-l' verb n nal <: · i h (causative)

TA
TA
tel-i'-k '
kweji-ce m-i-k
:;kl :::ucb; ~nke so
TA tapu-uam-it-k have t'\10p:l.irs,or n," kin<\,

TA.l's . T I -I's .

TA sepus--i'rtk a
sew; darn potmd article such
a.,;.,a sock or 'a mitten
TA tetepu-i'a-ik sew rigbt"or corr ectly
TA ~ aps-i's-jk alter c1otb"ing
TA emal-taq-l's-ik embroider
, ' ( ..
TI sepus-i':ffi sew; da rna po inted ar ticle such
as a sock or a mitt eD
, TI teta pu-i's-m sew r.ight or correc tly
Tl "aps-i's-m alte r clothin g
I Tl am al-ta q-i's- m embroider

TA ·. lt e'lm TI -i te't t h(n ~

-t e'lm -t e 't

TA etl-·ite 'lm-k . t hink • v.

, TA kis-ite' lin-k •• ' i n ven t' ~·
' 'fA emte sk-ite'lm- k ecesu perlc r to .
'f1 ank-it e'lm -k. - , . . think about
· TA : mek. ite'Im-k -. I think highly or
TA ' seep e-te'Iem ... worry about '
,.· :rA .. wel'.le 'lm-k , • " approve or
TA tel'- te ' l~-k ' th jnk about ..

~
mek-Ite't-aa i-k highly. prnised; honoured
mek·it e't- as-ik _h!ghly pr.i:
..lsed: honoured

..,.
'~.r:.'
 .: . , ~: '. : . :':._.

...._292

i l ikti.o·ite't--m read en trails pr edict

TI etl-lte't-m think
TI k is- i~e't-- m invent
' TI emtes k-ite ' ...m aet' superior to
1'1 ll.bk-i(. 't--m . think about
TI mek-ue't-m thin k highly or
TI sespe-te't-m wor ry about
AI wel'- te "t--ek e-t [cy ful
TI : wel'- te't-m ) appr ove or •
TI . tel'· te't--m" 't hink about

~' ,

I T A ·k . TJ -k . 've r b nn al
)

TA pem-k-ik go or kick pasl in time

TA pem-k -a-q . pass; go past; promot e over
TA l;Io;s·k-lL-$l w~ar '
TI ' nee-k-m wear
TI pem-k-m pass; go past
'.; '

T A-I .. ver~ rm ~ 1 ;
.; . ...
.. TA '; k~kn-o't--J.k~ _ trim.~ a Ch ;is tmas tr ee:'" .
TA ~ · .~ u ctd '~ l- k . " : ,. •- give a'dtink' to .
· '. T A · musik-Q't--I· k . . und ress; ucu-im
. ,. TA j il-.'ki-pu·t:k f mark wit h a saw
" TA em-ipu-l -k rub on; rub in
,T A ' tem-e'k i-pu-l- k saw down
TA nu k.w-a'ki-plt; l-= k grind :
. TA pepk-a 'ki.pu- I-k . grind down
TA . ·etl-ipu-J.k · rub
'fA ~ es-ipu-}· k gri_nd

". '.
.' "
-.
TA -m verb fln al

: TA . · pem-aleji·m-k dr ag along
' TA . auu-ln-k . own
' TA ' . pe t--a teii-m- k dra g here -
; " TA . wesu-atep- Jn: k . ' • . dra g >.

..... ..• • =
 293

TA nesp-ateji-m-k drag a long wit h

TA tew-ateji-m-k dro.g'out
TA teplu-m-k promise
TA sec u-m -k Dag about: fuss 3.bout
TA poqt-a t eji-m-k sto.rt to drag, to
TA maw-ki-rrr-k includ e in the count; ca ll
TA maw-ki-m-k toget her
TA toqjut- ki-m-k send up
TA eki-rn- k recit e; read; count

TA -(e)n T I -( e)n by hand

AI kmut- n-e-t steal

AI , el-paq-u-tc'sl-t splash onese l ~
AI el-taqa-n-ew-e- t spin t hread
TA nis-n-k hoist down
TA newtu-n-k bave o ne
TA Itu;k-n-k gather; collect; pick
TA jl-taqa- n-k guide or direct a horse byth e r e ins' ,.
TA kmut-u-al-k steal
TA mes-n- k receive; get; ca tch hold of
TA kisikw-en-k" p O,wi raise; rea r
TA , [im-pek-en-lk wring out

TI nis-n-m hoist down

TI mek-n-m g:l-ther; collect.,.-pick.
TI il-teqe- e-e'w-e t-m prepar e; organize; set u p
TI kmut-u -et-m steal •
TI mes-u-m receive; g·et; c~t e b hold of
TI kisikw-en-m grow: raise; rea r
TI jim-pek-eu-m wring out

T~ -o't-":"u't do somet hing b it by bit as opposed

to doing It IJl ODe ecne tnu cue mo tion ~

I, ~a::1 ~~c1f. and rortb

'FA ~ elaqp-o'l-ik
TA' ewj-o'l.ik
TA n uj ~atehl~ l· ik pull
TA musik-o 'l-ik st~i p
TA maw-o'l -ik gnthe~ up
 . _ .~

29 4 . .....
TA el-o'l-ik tak e; bring toward 5~parately

• j~
TA a tki-t"em-u' l-ik . mu e ery
--'FA a.t1asm-u 'l-ik res t; (iYe a rest to

tl!"JR)' t,..i:.ii=T" • lo adtJ 'op

mek-o't-i-t expensive
m:uq- o't.LSi-t sa ved up; a ccumulat ed
mew-o't-eei -t ~atber; collect
rep-c 't-es-Ik loaded up
mek-o't-l-k . expensive
Duji·e wjoO'i::lI.5i. t baul er ....
kek e-e't-l-k tr im as a. Ch riJtma.s tree
ela qp-c't- oq lace up •
keq-c't-m finish with; use up
ewj-e't-c q haul back and forth _ -
ke'k ;o't-oq place atop_ _ _ _
nuj- atej-o't- oq ~
In';1sik-o't-' stri p
_. . rna gatli eru p
el-o '~ take; briog towud se p~ra telr .. t . .
.: - _ .
~. . -~ -
AJ .atl asm-u't-eke-t ta ke a break

TA-p bite

A· ··,
. TA -
TA
jik-p-ik
.lloq..p-ik
..;;~:U of; c~~um~. ---------
TA kesi--p-k hurt by -Liting bard . .. .
TAo meke-p-k : ; eat plenty of . . :

.:
TA ellk i-p-k eat raw /" '.,
TA tem-kwe-p-k . bite the"bead part orr
TA tem-p-ik I -bite orr
TA .ma tu'. p-ik ~ at the scra pes
TA tel-p-ik ~! KDBW OD
.;

TA ~(.)pll T I -(a)pJl 8tr~s I tie .: .I~o aiedl ~i · w.lth Al/D Y"e~hS

. TA pem-pil-k- to'w ~n£ ....,
.... . -, .....~
>-,
~~~)f}~. ; . :~, . ~~ s-:' ...e -: . ;•.• i·' · -:.. ::: . ~')<~~:~
 29'
TA . sepuse- prl-k, «Jose by tying with :1 rope
TA kiuc'q-pil-k Wfll.P around
TA wesue-pil-k ...-pUIfin by rope
TA tep-pil-k ~oist. aboard
TA ll-pil-k tie up properly
TA el-pil- k send acr oss by rope or cable
TA el-pil- k send acrossby ll. rope
TA toqju'-pil-J( hois't up
'JA pem-ep il-k- carry along by band
TA natq-apll-k pull o~t or die ,water by rope or rishihg l ~nl?

TI pem-pil-m tow along ,

TI eepuse-pil-m close by tying with e rop e
TI kiuc'q-pll-m wrap..around
TI wesue-pil-m pull in by rope
TI tep-pif-m hoist aboard
TI ll-pll-m-. tie up properl y
TI weeaq-pil-m heist by rope or cnble . ., "
TI el-pil-m send acrossby 11. rope . . . \ .
TI ~qju '.piJ..m hoist u p ' .. : ~
Xl' laq-pil-eqan woden boop supp ort aro und inside of. W i~Jm
TI ' pem-apil- m carry' long by hand .•' . " _:
TI natq-apil-m pU,1I : t or th.e ~~ter by rope.or fisbiog lin

TA ~(i)s TI-is i. cut 2 . heat

TA tem-a psk-is-k cut in to segments or chunks

'l'A jaqal-Ipia-s-ik . quick-dry clothing
TA peii- nuk-e-ik ' slice up accidentally
TA peji~ tm-s-ik cu\ in twoaccideo'tally
TA istu'-s-ik . cut ttnevenly .
TA mal'tew-s-ik cut causing blood to now .
'fA etl-ipia -s-k , . dry --
TA wel'epi-s-k - heat u p properly
TA naskw-cq-s-Ik ~ slic e in blLlr
TA jil-oq-s-ik blaze with a kn ife
TA jil-s-ik knick witb a kn ife
TA pelk-cq-e-ik peel w ith a kn ire ,-:........
TA kew·s-ik topple; jell by cutting' "
TA mea-e-lk ~ut ocr
TA tetap~ '-s-ik cut ri g ht10r correctly

"
'~k
"- - ~' ' .: . , _. . ( '" .
.' . ,' ,,-: .. ,.:
. ..
 296
-: ,

TA keslp-e-e'l-lk skin
TA tem-kwe-e-k cut or $liceorr at the neck
TA tem-s-ik slice; seve.r by knife .
TA apsi-s-k eut into narrow str ips
'T A nuk-e-ik cutlnto pleees r _
TA tetp aq~.s--ik straight
TA tel-cq-e-ik cook in such a manner
TA tel-s-ik . cu't into
TA min u '~pi-s-k rehea t
T A' mlnu-oq-s-ik ~ecook
TA wesem-cq-s-lk- overcook
amal-ik-s-lk whittle
'~1 mil-s-ik whittle

.\
TA ep.s-jk heat; warm' up
, "
'

TI tem-epsk-e-m . CUtj~t9 segments or e,Ji1i't'lks

TI
TI~
[eqel-lpte -e-m
peji-nuk-s-m \ quick-dry clothing
slice up accidentally .
'PI peji-trn-s-m cut in t wo accide ntally

~ ~:
lstu'cs-m · cufuneveIily
mel'tew-s-m cut causing blood to now
TI etl-Jpie-e-m dry·
TI wel'-pi-s-m • heat up <p10pel1y
'T I eeskw-cq-s-m . slice in hair
TI - jil-oq-s-m . blaze witll a knife
'TI jil-s-m ' \ knick with a k~ire
,T I pan-s-m. · cut open ; opera te-on
TI pelk-oq-s-m .peel wit h. a knife " !
TI ,
TI
TI
kew-s-m
men-e-m
tetapu'- s-m
topp le; feUby cutting
eutorf
cut rig~ t. or correc tly
II

TI tem-kwe-s-m cut or,slice orr.at the tl. ck

TI rem-e-m slice; sev er by k nife
TI apsi-s-rn cut 'in ~o 'narrow st rips
TI .aak-s-m cut int o pieces
TI ' . tetpeq-s-m- stra ight ' :. \
TI ' tel-oll;5-1J1 a
cook in such manner
'Il.I -tel-e-ra -. cut into
TI . minu'· pt-s-m reheat ' ,
TI ; mio1l,-oq-s-m .recook
TI , "weeem-cq-e-m overcoo k
-n : nmalq~·s-m . whittle.
TI mil-e-m whit tle '
' ,' T I ep-e-m heat;,warm hj>. ".
\'
 297

TI elke-e-m . ' . p low the lan.d

T A -eu- e TI -sit Bou nd

TA wel-sit-e-q lik e the soun d or

TA Iik-sit-e-q liste n to -
'TA tel-ek-e-q hear; sou n d like

TI wet-su-m like the so und or

TI j tk-ek-m lis t en to
TI tel-{it--m hear; sou n d like'

TI -(l!)t ve r b fin al- "

AI a l-asum-t- eke-t wade aro und th~ough the sn ow

/ -'At p em-eq-t-ek e-t sail along
pemi-siaw-aq-t--eke-t / ~ ilalongby
-- AI
AI awadl-tplut-t-eke-t " h a ve poor judgemen t .~
Al - keteu-t-eke-t : ,- b unt ; spite ; strive ; bate
AI _ .Jl 8 t awi-tp lu '-t-eke-t have poor judgemen t
AI p an- t-epl-t o p en' '
AI il-t -eke-t ' sb ut firmly
AI m ekuvt-e-r be dressed in red
AI kim-elm-uk-t-esl-t smile tc c ne elr
AI el-aeum-t-eke-t wade toward thr ougb the sno w
AI wej kw.aq::'t.eke-t ..., com e saili ng on
AI s keels.t-aqe n-ew-e-t w as h clothes
n .j il-t-I'si-k mark ed; s catt ed
NA n uj-ln-t-cq -a ainger
NI assu -t-aqan owcereblp
NI ,.•ki-t-m-aqe n-k waItescounters
~ .. · k:t a'n·t-aqan
tm-a~ki-t.:t-aqaD
hatred

PT p em-in-t-oq -
,.: . : PT W.apiHio-t-oq
PT etl-ewis-t-oq
PT et J.i~I·t-oq

g: kis-in·t-:oq
nataw-la-t-cq
PT j il-ap-t-oq
 \. . 29 8 .

PT PQqj·itJ.4-oq ~ start to sing

PT pue-ew is-t- cq • stop lecturing or prea ching
PT . .apjl-t-cq ou t of breath as the
r esult of baving a. tantrum
Pl: ,. ...-lpu-t-oq r ub selr against
PT e l-ipu-t-m mb
PT es-lpa -t-cq _ grind
TA llwan'-t-a'su-a!·k forget fbou t
r TA
TA
P' pan.t- ~'I-.ik
ilaj-u k-t-a -q
open Vp
prepare fOf; get re ady for
[. .... TA il-t -a'\·ik shut; close
TA el-uk -t-ul-k carry toward on on e's back
TI erl-lpu -t-m rub .
PT pem.ateji-e.:oq drag along
TI aasu -t-k ow.
TI, [Ik-t-m eat all consume
TI .eweevt-a'eu-at-m . for get about
TI scq-t-m . chew.
PT . nis-aq-t-oq shove down
PT " peqas-eq-t-oq throw in t-he"water; launch
PT ketea-t-cq strive to obtain; hate; spite '
PT pet-ateji-t-oq drag here
PT . jil -a'.ki·t-t-oq m,ark with a saw
. PT . ' wesu-eteji-t-oq · drag .
PT pan-t- a't-oq . open up
PT neep-eteji-e-cq d rag along with .
PT tew-atej l-t-oq d rag out
TI ·ika ' taqu-t· m plant; sow
TI meke-t-m eat plenty of
PT kesm-eq-t -oq shove
PT i1-t-a't- oq shut; dose
TI eski-t-m eat raw
TI eespu-t-m nag about; fuss abou t
PT tem-e'kl-t-t-cq saw down
TI t ern -lorn . biteort , 4 "
TI " epl-e-ra si.t on; brood ; batc h
PT nukw-e'kl-t- t-cq · gr ind . .~ .
PT pcqt-uk-t-oq ' . sta~t to beck pack
TI mat-u'-lom ea t the scrap es
PT : pe pk-a'ki-e- t-cq · grind-down
TI tel-tom . gnawoD. ; .
PT teli-t-oq make as such ; make so .
TI mew-ki-t-m -"'- tagethe,f; include in theeouut; call .
PT el-e'k i-t-t-oq saw wood
~T el- uk-t-cq carrY to~ard on one' s back

~ ..

. '
 \.

PT ~ kw ej i-nemi-t-o q try to see

TI toqjlI"·kf·t-m send up
TI ekt-t-m recite; rend; count
XP la.su"ku·t.imk card plnyiBg
PT ~l-anku.e·t.oq . trad e or sell d oor to door .

TA . , ( T; ., strike with an Instrument

.AI asoqo mu-te '- ke-t rerry acrOss

AI aI!.. t.;;t e '- m-a~t • win back
AI rii~Itik.oq-te ·-k e-t make a clea ri ng
AI ec q- t et-ke-t chew as aecu d
AI met taq-te'-ke-t send a wire"or IL telegra m
AI musik-t e'-ke-t d ea r the brush or thi cket
AI ket m e-tevm-e-t wiped 'out; finished orr
AI (!!- taq-te':ke-t weave • . _. _ '';"1! '
TA ja qa l-te'. k make a quick killing; meke mone y quickly

..
TA pet-tet-k str ik e or ~it aceidentnlly .
TA ejik l'-te'-k drive ll.Wo.Yi knock awll.Y
TA
TA
TA
tmi' k n-te'· k
apa t- te'· k .
'mal'tew-tet-k
:~::; :\~ ::c~e
hit causing blood to
.now "
TA eU'-t'e'.k bea t
- TA ' keq-eevk finis h striking
TA wel-tevk h it ~ell;lllJ!et.u pwith
TA kesi-t e'-k · hurt badly
TA wescqo jevk polisb ; shine
TA mattaq-te'-k pluck as a string
TA [il-oq-te-k bla ze with a n axe
TA iil-te'.f " mark or scar with an axe
TA jil-apaq-te'- k mark with a line or s t ri ng
TA pelk- cq-te-k strip o ff with an axe
TA meke- te-k gat h e r; collect; pick plenty or
TA kew-t e'-k knock down
TA eeqesue-te'ck beat o uta Iir e
n

~
. ~~ k..neck off; remove by ~ t r i k i n g
men-te'ck
keeip-te-k .scratch witb all instr ument
. TA kmut-te'·k beat with a stick
- TA tetskwe-te'-k . _ ~hop 0(( at the neck
- TA tem-te'·k · chop in two

~j ~~
nuk-te '· k smash whits
me'- t e'-k , strike '
TA tel-te-k . cut-or chop

...•
:. : .': ~' -" :: :,
 300

.,- . TA k@tme- te'·k - - wipe o ut ;fi nisb orr

_ TA maw-te'·k collect ; save
TA o'pl'· t e' -k bit wr o ng; ebc p wrong
TA
TA

TI
u p.a lq- ai\ '. k
.u p-aq q-at@'.k:

jaqal-te'-m
stab
, lAb

f&
t ·.I~

m,b quick k ilJiIlg;make money quick ly

.' .".
TI pet-eevm strike r hit ac cidentally . _..
TI . ejikl'· t e'-m dri,ve a1; kn ock away
.. T I apit- t e'-m cbu e; wid bac k
TI memk-cq- te- m d ear o u t.Lm.ak e bare
TI {Ilu'te w.te '.m hit ca us ing blood to now ... ..
TI etl'· te' -m · beat
TI · paqas-te'·m launch
TI wel-tet-m bit we1!i nm t up with

;~:~;ll::::
polish; shine

'I:TIT:::I jikiq .te ·m,·

jil-te'-m
pluck as 'a.strin g
· blaze with,an ax e
mark or scar w ith an axe
...., -'l'l j if.apll.9 tevm · mark w ith a lin e or string
TI . -pelk-oq- e-m s.triporr. with a n axe
TI meke-:te m -wthe ri collect; pickple.utyof
TI ktw~ te'·r6 knock QOW lI '
TI Daqasu e-le '·m b~at oqt a fire
TI . rnt l1-te'-m knock Qlk remove by strikillg '
. TI kt:!llp-t e'-ni stratch with an instrum en t
TI kmut- tevm beat w it h &Stick
TI 1'~W~le'-m chop erC at the neck
TI tern- e' -m , cbop in t wo
TI a,* e'vm cut sm a ll
TI nuk-te' ·m smash to bits
TI me'-t e'-m strike '

I
TI
TI
TI
T I. ·
. TI
sapute- te '·m
tel-te'-m
ketme-t e'-m
mew-ee'en
o'~l'- te'-m
piereeth,rough
cut'or c hop
· wipe out; tiDiS b orr
. collect; $Ive {
bit wrong ; cbop wro g
t
TI sap-alq-ate'·m pierce

TA -(I)teJ.,;a n -eel s hot

( TA ' m.~Q.Q_.. tt1-a..q : t~ e d o wn wit h ~ aho\
'l
1 :
.-, )
;:.i,: .: t '

~~ti~~;~!:;; d~~~.~·;~~~:~;~;:~:~·;_ ~:·) ;: :,:. ~:~:,i:: \ ~ '. ':;..},.

 I ;" ~ ~Ol

TA Q ~ ....el-u-q sh oot down

TA pe scq-tel-a-q
TA
TA
klm-tel-e-q
me'ael-e-q
:m1sh'
bit with a bullet / arrow
TA saplite-t~·q . plereewlth a bullet
TA p a qsipke' -it,el-a-q - kill instantly

TI eepute-tel-m pierce witb s bullet

TI n is-tel-m shoot-dow n
TI me'eel-m bit with a ~ullet / arrow

I
>, T A · tesk:'a TI -t esk action with feet or body
-et esk-a -eeesk . , f'
\ -at e ek
-t eam ll -tes t
-ates lD -atest
-etesm
TA pet.tesk~a-q accidentally bum p into
TA p11ein-tesk-a -q kick along ' ,
TA wel- tesk-e -q m eet up w ith on Coot
TA eumi- tesk-e-q chase aCter
. TA . t ~w-at-tesk-a.q ch ase cut
• TA kesm-tesk-a -q bump into
TA kfm-tesk-e-q s neak up on
TA tem-teek-a-q bre ak by stomping 011
TA uuk -tek -e-q cr ush or soften with the feet
TA sa.tesk-a~.q kick th~o u gh ; run throu gh
TA neqasa-etesk-a-q
TA mal'tew -tesm-k get ormake bloody
TA t em-tesm.-k · b realv!--lJi!:cture
'fA tew -alq-atesm-ik sh llke ~islocate
TA tew-eqq-eteem-ik shake o~t; dislo cate
TA kut-atesmxc • spill
TA tem-alu-etesm-ik, bre ak oCC 'a t the tail end by sfamm iog
/ )
AI kaq-tesk-m-e-t wea r out one's , footwea r
AI pesoq-teak-m-a-t stumble
AI we aeq-tesk-e-r fiush (as a. bird)
AI weaeq-tesk-esi-t . spring
TI -p e m-tesk-m kick alon g -........

.. :- ;.
 302

TI wel-tesk-m meet up with o n toot

I TI peecq-teek-m miss ' ...
Tl keem-tesk-m bump into
TI kim-tesk-m sneak u p on
.... ~~: t em-tesk-m
auk- tesk-m
break by stompi ng OD ,
crush o r soften with the teet ,,\
. TI
TI
AL
poqti-tesk-m
a eqssu-et eek-m
k it te'q-atesk-at-ul tljik
:~~~ ~~:~~~~:r "\
~base eac h ~ther around ,(n a. ci~le
PT
PT
m al'tew-t eet-oq
eem-test-cq ~;~::; ~::;u~~oOdY / \
PT tew-alq-atest-cq sbake out; dislocate i \
PT t ew-eqq-e test-oq- shake out; dislocate :' \
PT ku t-ateat- oq
w spill l 1\ :
TA-ul' t "TI -up t nake ' . <: root': ewi'~ ~e)
TA
TA
TA
t el-ui't-ik
mil- ui't -ik
o' pl:ui't-ik
:~~:~:~;\:~:sm;or
say or n am e inco rrectly
\
\

TI tel-u l't-m call by s uch a na.me","

TI k awesk-ui't-m eey beckwerde
. " TI mil-ul't-m have ma n y names for
TI o'pl-ui't-m say or n a m e incor rectly

~ . :