-

STANDARD DATA BOOK - PART III ( P A G E i OF

DaUM STZING

TAELE OF CONTEXTS
.
I ---- *
J F C ~ ~ Is-!
C ~ ~ ,

Ptc5

Sunma ry ex,Pmr3 R , i \ l,N@, k . z1 z I

D e s c r i p t i o n and S e l e c t i o n o f Process Drums R ZX. 1
1
.- -~ -. -
I
2
Liquid Surpe Crux D ~ s i ~ n 2 .
Liquid-Liquid S e t t l e r Cesign €
L1apor-Liquid S e p a r a t s r Design - c
Vertical Separator 1G
Vaoor and Two I m i s c i b l e Liquids ?2
vzpor and One Liquid Phzse I n c l u d i n g Knock-Out Drums ..
-- _L
'1
I
H c r i z o n t a l Seoara t o r -
-cI -

Vzpor and Tho I m i s c i b l e Liquids 15

S c g a r z t o r w i t h a Eeavy Liquid P o t 17
Vzpor and One tiqu.id Ph<ss I n c l u d i n g Knock-Out Drums 212
Prccecs S t ~ z nDrums 27
.tux: 1 i a r y E c u i ~ ~ e nandt Drum I n t e r n a i s 2:
Ui re-?*.esh E n t r a i n z e n t Se7ara:or 2;
Fes? and g u t l e : koz:les --
Drains and Vents --
LZ
2L
Draw G f f 5 c z z i e S i z i n g - Vortex Breakers 32
tieads T:

k s i g n Cri i ~ r2 i f o r S-c- c i f i c Process An?! i c z t i o n s

L i g u i c ? - ? S F 5 b r z ~l i c e
---..-----
-..-
4-
czt;-g- L / 3 2 a t i c f c r P r o c ~ s sCrgns 7.

7*,
us ,:,I
- .---*.'=:
, I C?:~CC~
:,-c.-. -- -
- *+

TEZ??1 : isj'i Caztcir:f and Surf2ce Area of C y l i n d r i c a ; Orucs 2nd S:ar;dard 3rLim i;iedds LC

Tc>le 2 : Se5~en:al Arezs f c r Chord !dicth/Diane;er R a t f c s Uc t o 3.5 - --

F
dd

Ficjure I : P z r t i a l C a p a c i t y f o r 5 - 5 0 X i q u i d Depths i n C y l i n d r i c z i S h e l l s ( p r f: o f
1 enor: ) - --
d"

--
F i g u r e 2:

FSpsre 3 :
P a r t i a l Capecity f o r 5-50:
P a r t i a l Caijzci t:; f c r 5-50",tiql;id
Liquid D e ~ t h si n Hmis;heric.i
Eeo;hs i n 2:;
Hezds
E l l i p t i c i i &ids
cz

62
I
F i c u r e 4: P a r t i a l C z ? a c i t y f o r 5-50': Liquid Depths i n Dish?? Seads (KRuckie
Radius = 0.06 D) 6:
Fi5uI-E 5: P a r t i a l C t ~ a c f t yf o r 5-5GXL;quid Gepths i n Standzrd Dished Hezds 62
Fictrre 6: P r e l i n i n z r y Diamzter o f fiori:or;tal Vapor-Liquid S e ; a r a t c r 63

F i s u r e 7: S u b n e q e n c e C h a r t f o r D r z w O f f Nozzle S i z i n g 6 3;

. I
CCNFISE1<TIhL COCLjKEI;T - N c t t o be Re;r~ducitd
 ---. - S J A N O A R r B - + & ~ ~ *--PART III P A G E 1 OF 63
C"
"u LUMMUS DRUM SIZING January, 1972

The purpose of t h i s chapter i s t o provide t h e design methods and c r i t e r i a t o be generzlly

applied f o r s i z i n a t h r e e b a s i c types o f process drums: l i q u i d surge drums, l i q u i d - l i q u i d s e t t l e r s ,
and vapor-1 iquid--s e---p a r a t -
o r s , i n c l u d i n g process steam drums. .

The methods o f f e r e d i n t h e chapter r e p r e s e n t a good design p r a c t i c e f o r s i z i n g the mzjority of

d r b ~ sfoi.ind iti process desigr: work. Hawever, nzi m e rnetbcd or c r i t s r i c ? rhou:.? t e csn::'&-d tc
be a p p l i c a b l e t o a l l c a s e s . Design cases such as t h e ones l i s t e d below may r e q u i r e c e r t a i n depar-
t u r e from t h e s t a n d a r d methods given i n t h e chapter.
* Separation o f two l i q u i d phases of very c l o s e density.
* Separation of two l i q u i d phases when one l i q u i d i s i n t h e form o f very f i n e l y d i s p e r -
sed d r o p l e t s .
* Renoval of a small amount of f i n e 1;iquid -.m i s t from a vapor phase.

These and o t h e r s p e c i a l s i t u a t i o n s may be b e t t e r and more economically handled w i t h devices

such as v e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l b a f f l e s , coalescing pads, and s p e c i a l wire-mesh arrancenents.
which may be i n s t a l l e d i n o r d i n a r y process drums t o achieve a more e f f i c i e n t separation. Tho
s i z i n g techniques required f o r designing t h e s e more complex drums can be developed a f t e r consider-
ing t h e s p e c i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of each case.

I DESCRIPTION AND SELECTION OF PROCESS DRVYS

I
!
I There a r e t h r e e main types of process drums coimnonly used by Lumus f o r which s i z i n g procedures
and d e s i ~ nr e c c m e n d a t i o n s a r e given i n t h i s chapter. They a r e
Liquid Surge Drums-
I
* Liqtrid-Liquid S e t t l e r s .
* Yapor-Liquid Separators.

The s e r v i c e L+at each type of drum gives i n prscess p l a n t s and same t y p i c z l pmcess a z s l i c a -
t i o n s f o r each type a r e dercribed i n t h e f o l l o w i n s subsections.
I
Liquid s u r s e drums a r e used t o provide s t c r z g e o r surge cspacity f o r l i q u i d s t r e w s w h i d a r e
s u b s t a n t i a l l y f r e e o f vapor. As running s t o r a ~ ef o r t h e feed t o o t h e r precessing u n j t s , they
provide a convenient way o f a s s u r i n g r e l a t i v e l y c c n s t a n t o r r a t e - c o n t r o i l e d flow. Surse dmrs may
be bujl t i n e i t h e r h o r i z o n t a l o r v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n s .
'There i s no o o e r a t i o n a l a d v a n t z c ~fcr ~ i t h a Dr O S- ~* -i o n . The drum i s positioned bzsed on the
a v z i i a b l e space acccrding t o p l z n t l a y o u t , the c o s t o f supporting s t r u c t r r r e s , e t c .

I S e t t l i n g tanks a r e used t o s e p a r a t e tuo i m i s c i b i e l i q u i d s of di-rferent d e n s i t i e s which a r e

e s s e n t i a l l y vapor-free.

To achieve aood s e 3 a r a t i o n i n a
s e t t l e r , t h e hold-up time f o r a
I
l i q u i d phase should be l a r g e r than
t h e time required by the d r o p l e t s
f ;/I\
il
o f the o t h e r phase t o s e t t l e o u t Light Liquid
from t h i s phase. Horizontal drums
p m v i de higher hol d-up t i m e / s e t t l i n g
- Interface
time r a t i o than v e r t i c a l drums. There-
f o r e , s e t t l i n g tanks a r e normally h o r i -
zontal a s shown i n the f i g u r e .
,-------L-
Heavy Liquid - 11
1 Typical proc2ss a p p l i c a t i o n s r e q u i r i n g l i q u i d - l i q u i d s e t t l e r s a r e
** K-+-
Caustic-wash hydroczrbon s::s:e?s.
I
a , r r - ~ a s h hydroczr5on sysEens.
Sol vent e x t r a c t i o n sys t e a s .

:t~t-
CO,,:F--n . .-l ! l k KC:J.U.EICT
i - :to1 to be Reproauced
 B 0 6 ~ " - P A R Ti 1 1 - P ~ G E2 b~ 67
r* LUMMUS
STANDARD DATA
DRUM SIZING January, 1972

I Vapor-Liouid S e o a r a t o r s
I
main f u n c t i o n o f t h i s t y p e o f drum is t o s e p a r a t e v a p o r - l i q u i d mixtures and d e l i v e r sub-
/ si nt a enThe
t i a l l y l i q u i d - f r e e vapors t o o t h e r process u n i t s . The v a p o r - l i q u i d s e o a r a t o r s may be b u i l t
i t h e r v e r t i c a l o r h o r i z o n t a l p o s i t i o n a s shown below.
- -- _ - . _-- - _ - - -.*- - --. .- - -- -- --

I
VERTICAL

Ti/([)
HORIZONTAL

L i g h t Liquid

Interface
- -
Heavy Liquid

Y e r t j c a l v e ~ o r - l i ~ z i ' sde z a r a t z r s a r e p r e f e r r e d f o r h a n d l i n g m'xt2res w i t h h i s ; va~3r/:i<:iC

nzss flow r a t i o zna u s u a i l y oniy one l i q u i d phase. In c e r t a i n c z s e s , :he v z o o r - l i q u i d s e z ~ r < = S c n
may t z k e p l a c e simultaneously with t h e s e t t l i n g s e p a r a t i o n o f two l i q u i d phases. i n :he c z s e s
where only a small amount of heavy phase i s p r e s e n t , v e r t i c a l drums may s t i l l be used.
Typical a p p l i c a t i o n s o f v e r t f c a l vzoor-l i o u i d s e o a r a t o r s a r e
* R e f l u receivers.
* Flash drums.
P m c e s s compressor knock-out drums.
. Fuel gas knock-out d r m s .
Continuous blowdown drums.
Horizontal vaoor-? i o u i d s e o a r a t o r s a r e p r e f e r r e d t o handle t h e f o i lowi ng c a s e s :
Kixtures with low v a p o r / l i q u i d iilzss flow r a t i o and o n l y one l i q u i d phzse.
Mixtures c o n t a i n i n g vapor and two i n m i s c i b l e l i q u i d phases.
An a t t a c h e d p o t may be used i n c e r t a i n c a s e s t o c a t c h t h e heavy phase o u t s i d e o f thedr;lm.thuS
p e r m i t t i n g b e t t e r c o n t r o l o f t h e o p e r a t i o n and p o s s i b l y r e d u c i n g t h e d r ~ ms i z e .
Typical a @ p l i c a t i o n s o f h o r i z o n t a l v a o o r - l i c u i d s e o z r a t o r s a r e
Overhead condensate r e c e i v e r s on crude o i l d i s t i l l z t i o n u n i t s .
Water disengaging drums.
* Reflux r e c e i v e r s .
* Steam Drums.
* I n t e m i t t e n t blowdwn drums.

C) &,TOGID SURGE DRUM D E S I G ~

Des i on P r i n c i ol e s

( 1 ) Surge t i n e to be s e l e c t e d from i n f o r n a t i c n on Pace 35, o r a s p e r s p e c i f i c p r s c e s s consicer::~ons

issned by Process Design Mznzger o r L ~ a dI ~ D CEngineer. ~SS
 -- --- -*.- --+ :-- ,- . ' -- - ?-.
LIQUI D'*WRG€ DRUM DESIGii DRUM SIZING

HORIZONTAL SURGE DRUM Notes

L i q u i d Feed The h i g h and low l i q u i d

Nozzle Vent
- l e v e l s indicate the
1I- e f f e c t i v e measuring range
- II
1
of the-gauge' rJlXs~s'?eV@l. . - -
F..;r zczz?25 i n s t a ! 'e.5 cfi
- -High L i q u i d Level - - -- t h e s h e l l , t h e minimm -
dimensiori from the t a n g e n t
.l i n e t o the center l i n e of

t h e nozzle is
(6 + d ) in.
Low L i q u i d Level- -- -
where d = n o z z l e diarneter
i n inches .
I L i q u i d 1- I
3 I O u t l e t Nozzle I
I I
Tangent Tangent
Line Line
-LA
i h and hb = 9 i n . o r s e t by s t z n d a r d p r a c t i c e %
or- .c C J Z U ~ C g l a s s E e l -i n s t a l l s t i o n .

I
I Ve
- n r_
I 1
I
I Too T a n g e n t L i n e

I
I L -i-q u i d - -
- - - HighLevel L i Nozz
q u i d 1eFeed

t!
1

i c D-

-- -Low
- Level
Liquid

hV and hb = 6 i n . or set& standard p r a c t i c e s

I
I
Eottcm T a n g e n t L i n e for gauge g l a s s l e v e l i n s t a i l a ~ o n .

I
! Liauid
I O u t l e t Nczzle
I
I
 STANDARD DATA BOOK - PART I11 P A G E 4 OF 63
E* LUMMUS DRUM SIZING January, 1972

(2) roe volurpe, corresponding t o above, ~ h o u l dbe e q u i v a l e n t t o 8 0 - 9 E ~ f t- h e t o t a l drum volume,

% t e r accounting f o r useful head volume.
(3) See discussion on Page 36 f o r suggested L/D ranges.
-
( 4 ) See drawing cm Page 3 f o r additional design - r e c o m n d a r i e n s . i -

Examole. A horizontal drum i s t o be designed f o r holding l i q u i d e t h y l e n e a t -110°F and 90 p s i a . .

Ethylene flows i n t o t h e drum a t a r a t e of 35,000 'Ib/hr. having a d e n s i t y of 33.2 1 b / f t 3
a t t h e above flow conditions. The drum i s feeding a r e a c t o r , and i t receives t h e l i q u i d
ethylene from o f f - s i t e storage.
(1) S e l e c t a surge time, TS = 12 minutes.
Since P > 50 p s i g , a standard s i z e i s not a v a i l a b l e .
S e l e c t an L/D of 3 .
: .. j Yo1 m e t r i c flow r a t e :
u1 =
1
j
Q1 = q 35*000
T60)(33.2)
=17.57ft3/min

( 2 ) Surge volume required:

(17.57)(12.0) = 210.8 f t 3

CONFIDENTIAL D0CUYE:iT - Not t o be Reproduced

v

EE LUMMUS - STANDARD DATA . 8 0 0 K - PART 111 P A G E 5 O F 62

DRUM SIZING January, 1972
1 ( 4 ) According t o recornended values f o r horizontal drums. I
hv = 9 inches
A - - . - L . - .-
hb = 9 inches

( 5 ) Since t h e mechanical design p r e s s u r e w i l l be above 100 psig f o r a drum with an o p e r a t i n s pres-

s u r e of 90 p s i a , s e l e c t 2:l e l l i p t i c a l heads f o r a 5 f t diameter drum.
(6) Consider the a d d i t i o n a l volume contributed by t h e two heads i n order t o o b t a i n a more ecsncmi-
cat s i z e .
I

X Depth a t 9 inches: (9)(100)/60 = 15% (Low l i q u i d l e v e l )

% Depth a t 51 inches: (51)(100)/60 = 85Z (High l i q u i d l e v e l )
Fjom Figure 3:
- - --
- -
(a) Caoacity of 2 e l l i p t i c a l herds a t 85: depth with 5 f t diameter: 231 g a l s . /
- /

(O) CapacSty of 2 e l l i p t f c z l h e 2 6 a r 15% dept? w f t h 5 ft diaaeter: 15 g a l s .

Then s u r q e vo'ime i n t h e tdo hezds:

vo 1ume 1e f ime,m:

(a) Capacity o f a 5 f t d i a m e t e r s h e i l a t 85% d e ~ t h :135.L-gaj/ft per f t of s h e l l

(b) Capacity of a 5 f t diameter s h e l l a t 15% d e ~ t h : 13.8

--- g-a I / f i p e r f t o f s h e l l
Surge v o l u m p e r f o o t of s h e l l :

Lenqth o f s h e l l :

- Say: 11 - 5 f t (saved 2 f t i n s h e l l l e n g t h by accounting f o r volume o f heeCs.)

(7) Final dimension;: u=
L
11.5 ft
a
3 Fr --.
L/D = 2.3 (Low, b u t a c c e p t z b l e ) '!\

hv = 9 inches /.
hb = 9 inches
h i = d i s t a c c e between low a n d high l i q u i d leveis = 42 i n .
Two 5 f t d i a r e t e r e i l i p r f c a l hezds ----
- -- --
r

E< LUMMUS
STANDARD DATA BOOK - P A R T 111 P A G E 6 OF63
DRUM SIZING January, 1972
!

6
.- 'blltFR Earn
1 In -the-seprration by s e t t l i n g of two l i q u i d phasis o f markedly d i f f e r e n t d e n s i t i e s , The dmp-
l e t s o f t h e heavy pnzse have a tendency t o fa11 down and o u t o f t h e l i g h t phase under t h e i n -
fluence o f g r a v i t y These heavy-li?~lid dmnlets a r c ~ ! e r z t e u n t ? ? :kc f r ' c t j ~ c s ! d r a g force
1 balances t h e g r a v r t a t i c n a l forces. A t t h i s p o i n t , t h e heavy d r o p l e t s continue t o phase o u t o f the,
l i g h t l i q u i d a t c o n s t a n t v e l o c i t y . This i s t h e terminal o r f r e e - s e t t l i n g v e l o c i t y . An analoaous
mechanism a p p l i e s t a m e s e p a r a t i o n of t h e l i g h t - l i q u i d d r o p l e t s t h a t may be p r e s e n t i n t h e bulk of
the heavy phase, except t h a t i n t h i s case the d r o p l e t motion is upward, and t h e f r i c t i o n a l drag
force created by t h i s m t i o n is opposed by t h e buoyancy f o r c e s i n s t e a d of g r a v i t y .
Desfcn P r i n c i p l e s
--
(1) The o b j e c t i v e of t h e s e t t l e r is t o achieve an e f f i c i e n t l i a u i d - l i q u i d s e p a r a t i o n , and n o t t o
provide surge vo7ume. Once t h e l i q u i d - l i q u i d s e t t l e r has been designed, c e r t a i n mechanical
arrangements silch as b a f f l e s can be i n s t a l l e d t o provide s u r g e v o l m e w i t h i n t h e sane drum.
(2) For t h e p a r t i c l e s i z e s comonly found i n i n d u s t r i z l l i q u i d - l i q u i d s e t t l i n g o p e r a t i o n s , t h e
following equation based on t h e Stokes Law gives t h e f r e e - s e t t l i n g v e l o c i t y f o r t h e d r o p l e t s
o f one l i q u i d o u t of t h e o t h e r continuous K q u i d phase.
= ' ks .hid, b u t n o t t o e x c ~ e d-1
uc
1A, 2 4 r ? / k M '1
where ph = Densjty of heavy l i q u i d phase, 1 b / f t 3

I PI = Density of l i g h t l i q u i d phase, 1 b / f t 3

cc = Viscosity o f continuous phase, c e n t i p o i s e

/ ' I
I f t h e rninimua p a r t i c l e s i z e f o r a given d i s p e r s e d l i q u i d phase is known, t h e following eqlra-
L ~ , R is used:

where d i s t h e p a r t i c l e s i z e i n inches.

'I Since d is not generally a v a i l a b l e , t b e foilowing titb'le can be used t o s e ' r c t a value f o r ks:

Assumed
I
L i o h t Phase 45
-
Heavv Phzse Hininun Drcpiet S i z e
Hydrocarbons
Sp.gr. et 60PF < 0.85 L a t e r o r Caustic 0.005 i n . = 123 z'crons 0.333
Sp.gr. @ 60°F > 0.85 Water o r Caustic
Water Furfural
MEK Water
Sec-butyl alcohol Uater 0.0035 i n . = EQ n i c r o n s 0.163
Methyl: isoburyl ketone Water n
Nonyl a1 coho1 Water \ O m'.w-s 3 c L
q
:

\---,--- 2
( 3 ) The s e t t l e r design should comply with t h e requirement t h a f o r each continuous l i q u i d phase
$he$e&-a@ i s l a r g e r than t h e s e t t l i n g t i r n e , b needed by t h e d r o p l e t s o f t h e d i s -
persed l i q u i d t o s e t t l e out. Therefore, according t o t h e accompanying f i g u r e ,

the r e t t l i n o veloc; r i ~ s2 the l i c n t q n d he~vv--. T&c.%

are i n feet.
I
*A -- -----
--- -

LIQUID-LIQUID SETTLER D E S I G N

.-- - Lf ght Lfquid - - - -

Ltquid Feed (see d e t a i l below) Drawoff Nozzle
I

I
h, ( 1 f t minimum) NOTES

1. For nozzles jnS:l!e? sn

t h e s h e l l , the ti;^::,-
Interface -- dimnsion frog the tzacent
l i n e t o the cent57 i : r ~
hh ( l f t minimum) o f the nozzle t s

(6tdl fn.
Heavy Liquid 1 where d = nozzle C:~-e'-er
Drawo f f Nozzle fn tnc$es.
I
! I
Tznaeni Tangent 2. The nozzles f o r <?;%-
Ljne Line g l a s s :evels, t n c @,
m o l
cet
r c a t 2' e ! e v z t ~ o n
!
L L

Detai1:Feed Pi;e Nozzle Arrz~gernents (Front v i e w ) F u g e glass level .ir.s-.Ila:ic.r..

Feed frcr, TCD Feed f m m Side

Feed t h r c u ~ hHead

-
-
I
\,
- -Interface
-
in
G
7
 '. I L C L I . F . - --

rI LUMMUS
' STANDARD DATA BOOK - PART 111 PAGE 8 OF63
DRUM SIZING January, 1972
(4) See discussion on Page36 f o r suggested L/D ranges.

(5) See drawing on Page 7 f o r additional design recomnendations.

Limi tations - . -L
%% .-..
The p r i n c i p l e s described above should not be applied f o r designing s e t t l e r s t h a t handle
-
-
Systems where one of t h e phases i s f i n e l y dispersed and amounts t o l e s s than 2:
t o t a l flow r a t e .
of

S y s t e m where t h e d e n s i t y d i f f e r e n c e amounts t o l e s s than 10% o f t h e heavy l i q u i d den-

sity.
tk
. I
Systems where an excessive foaming tendency i s expected.

In these cases, o t h e r separation equipment nay have t o be considered.

Exam~le. A 50.000 l b / h r strean.containing 80% by weight of aromatics and t h e balance as water, is

t o be delivered a t 100°F and atmospheric pressure t o a s e t t l i n g drum t o recover t h e a n -
rnatics. Desion t h e drum as a horizontal s e t t l e r . A t flow c o n d i t i o n s t h e physical p n ? e r -
ties are
Aromatfc phase: p1 = 53.0 lb/:t3 Water: ph = 62.0 I b / f t 9
p1 = 0.550 cp ph = 0.682 cp
(1 Preliminary design data:

(2) Volumetric l i q u i d r a t e s :
01 = 40,DOO/ii50i(55.0)l = 12.58 f t 3 / n i n
-\
Qh = 10,000/[(60)(62.0)] = 2.69 ft3/min

Both values s a t i s f y : . v s e t t l j n g < 10 inches/rr;in

~ r e 1 i n l n ; t r vmay be estimated from t h e expression

D = 2.3
Ql V l + Qh Vh
, f t , where Q i s i n f t 3 / m i n and v i n inches/rzin.
a s s m i n g L/D = 3. \
Then D = 3.30 f t -
L = 3(D) = 3(3.30)
/9.90 = ft
Rounding o f f , D = 3.5 ft
L = 10.0 f t
L/D = 2.86. This i s O.K.
Proceed t o detennine t h e s e t t l i n g h e i a n t s of t h e l i o h t and heavy phases. Rake necessary a d j u s t
rnents t o comply with t h e i l l u s t r a t i o n f o r l i q u i d - l i q u i d s e t t l e r des<gn on P d g e 7.
 us- -- L E%ELUMMUS
I ' . STANDARD DATA eoou - PART- 111
DRUM S I Z I N G Decenber. 1975

3.5 = 0.62 f t

Then a c c o r d i w the recornended value, - &.A=. 6

!
hh = 1 f t [m;~imum h e i g h t )

i and hi = D
9-

- s
(6) Check t h a t the
- hh = 3.5 - 1.0 = 2.5 f t = 30 inches
do n o t exceed t h e residence times.

-
12 (hh) -
i th=
Vh
12 (1.0) = 2-73 minutes
4.39

3
u.. Fmm Table 2 f o r #= = 0.286, Ah = 0,236
7r
and Ah = 0.236 ( ~ / 4 ) ( 3 . 5 ) ~= 2.27 ft2

Then Eh = Ah = 2 2 . 2 7 ( l o ) = 8 - 4 4 minutes
Qh 2.6%

Therefore eh > q,
' -'
,I
Then A1 = A - Ah = 9.62 - 2.27 = 7.35 f t 2

and 91 = A7 = '7.35 (10) = 5.24 minutes

91 12-58

Therefore > t.1

(7) F i n a l Dimensions: D = 3.5 ft
L = 10.0 ft
VD = 2.86
h i = 30 inches h i = 2.5 ft
hh = 1 2 inches
Liquid

Interface

hh = 1.0 ft

I POR-LIOUID SEPARP.TCR DESi

I
V e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l drums a r e cornonly used tc seDarate v a p o r - l i q u i d mixtures. When o n l y
one ' l i q u i d phase i s involved, t h e f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g t h e desion a r e the vapor v e l o c i t y and, ifre-
quired, the- l i q u i d surge time. Whenever two i n m i s c i b l e l i q u i d phases a r e present, the desiori
becomes more complex because t h e s e t t l i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e two l i q u i d s be teken i n t o
account. I n a d d i t i o n , process considerations may d e t e r n i n e t h a t an attached p o t or t r a ~ o u tboot
be used t o c o l l e c t the heavy l i q u i d phases.
1 ---
The f o l l o w i n g sketch s u m a r i z e s the desfgn methods f o r v a ~ o r - l i q u i d s e p a r z b r s :

CONF!DEBTiAL WCUt?ENT - Not to be Reproduced

 ce LUMMUS
--
S T A-
N D-
A R D-DATA.
DRUM
B..OOK---P,ARf
SIZING
III . . P A G E 10 OF 63
January, 1972

(-I I
I I [VAPOR-L IOUID S E P A ~ T O R S
i

TWO LIQUIDS
~?L ONE LIQUID

k d , 'rj
K.O. DRUMS
l& J+
K.O. DRUMS

:I
I
1
I I L3
-tfca1 S e ~ a r a t o r
Lfz!roor and Twu i m i s c i b l e Liquids
i
I t i s not c o r w n p r a c t i c e t o use a v e r t i c a l drum t o s e p a r a t e a vapor and two l i q u i d s beczuse
2 u x i l i a r y i n t e r n a l s a r e generally needed t o e f f e c t a s h a r p l i q u i d s e p a r a t i o n . This e x t r a
~ ~ 2 f ; a e n tfrequently makes t h e c o s t higher than t h a t of a h o r i z o n t a l vesse7; a l s o t h e v e r t i c a l
d r m i s f r e q u e n t l y l a r g e r i n diameter.

1
.
L-nslder a feed t o a v e r t i c a l drum consis-
t'ng o f gas, o i l , and water. The vzpor
? dire-"gas fmm the l i q u i d s . The b*. Vapor
-__

u
+'
I
a
l i c d i c s f a l l through t h e drum, accumu-
l a i t , and eventually build up i n t o two T

;a:.,ers. %e b o t r o m ? t y e r can be w i t h -
crzwn w-ithcct carryirig o u t any of t h e
c:l. However, i f the vessel does n o t Feed
ka-e the aopropriace i n t e r n a l s , t h e o i l
i a y c r i s f i l l e d w i t h water d r o p l e t s
w n i ~ ha r e s e i t l i n g t o t h e bottom. Con-
---..
2=7Uent1y, i t w i l l be d i f f i c u l t t o with-
- ' ) Crzv u a t e r - f r e e o i l . Several cases m y Light Liquid
Interface
I be considered then. Drawoff

Z ) I f th'e t o t a l q u a n t i t y o f water is
very small s o t h a t t h e amount with-
drzwn with t h e of 7 w i l l have no
e f f e c t on t h e process,.then a s i d e
-I

drawoff f r o n t h e vessel w i l l be Heavy Liquid Drawoff

s a t i s f a c t o r y , as i l T u s t r a t e d ,

(b) :1 water-free o i l i s required, then Vapor

a p p r o p r i a t e i n t e r n a l s w i l l be neces- T
s a r y t o achieve t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e
two l i q u t d phases. Consider f i r s t
the case where t h e o i l q u a n t i t y i s
r e l a t i v ~ l ysmall and t h e s e t t l i n g
v e l o c i t y f o r t h e water o u t o f t h e
o i l phase is much l z r ~ e rthan t h e
s e t t l i n g velocity f o r the o i l out Light Liquid
o f t h e water phase. In this i n - Drawoff
s t a n c e , t h e o i l can be withdrawn
through a hood, as shown.
The v e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y o f t h e o i l
r i s i n g through the hood must n o t
-L
exceed t h e s e t t l i n g v e l o c i t y f o r Heavy Liquid Drawoff
I
N o t t o be Reproduced
 -
I t
EKE ~UMMUS S T A N D A R D
(c) When t h e o i l v c l m e i s s o ? a r g e t h a t
DATA BOOK
DRL! STiIAG .
P A R T X!I . PAGE 11 O F
1 2sntikrv. 1572
63

a simple hood c a n n o t be u s e d , t h e
I f q u i d m i x t u r e i s a?ioweb t o d r o p
--
T Y F ~( c j

on a b a f f l e p l a t e and e n t e r i n t o a
d d n s p l j u t which ends r b o v e t h e i n t e r -
face.
'The main d i f f i c u l t y w i t h t h i s d e s i g n
I s t h a t t h e c m o l e x i t y o f the i n t e r -
n a l ~i n c r e a s f s the c o s t . I t I s the Light
Ljquid
desf gn o f t h i s type c f s e p a r z t s r
t h a t i s discussec! 5elow. Drawcff

(1) For the vapor-Itquid

Brown equztion ~ i v e n

where 01 = h s i t y c f t\e l i g h t l i q t f C F ~ O S C , 1 b / f t 3
py = kr6itjr ~f the vzcrsr g.?ase, ;t/ftZ
I -
--
,K = O . a f c r a v e r t i e f drrrs withad wi& mesh, cr
d m a- nrr msh

I
(Zj For +A?ar=fcle sties cz.mzzlv f:rr?5 ir, inc'lrstrial l i q u i d - l i q u i d s e t t l i n c c p c r a t i c n s . u e
follcdric eqsacfan t.crfd on t k e Szskes Lrr $vet "&t f r z e s e t t i i n g velocity f o r t+,e drap-
lets of one licuic o c t of :Ae car.tfrm*s ~sF'.%ie-
':er:?irg ks <;~-;!:.'.Jc but not to :J inc!!s/mir:

1 Tre ; r a i k e TZ >$ t c ~ : c - , e i :- --
~ r ; . r----3-*
.2c-oL- k, a r e d i s c ~ c s e ic;n F ~ S P6. Vtlctes of kS for
ssre m r : s j ~ - s t e - r 2 2 g:;-er! t~c10~;

( 3 ) The desicr; s h c u i l ccn;;!_v w i ttr the r e c u i r e c e n t L!?t f o r ezch c o n t i n l r c c ~phzse, the m i l e n c e

t<rr;c, 3 , i c i a r c e r t c a n the settifng t i r e , t,
F C P by ~ ~',e d r x i 2 + - s of t h e dissersel l i r u i d
to set:'le out. nerefcc.re, a c c a r d i r g t o the
a c c ~ ? a n yncf figure,
- e l > tl = -I. ? h: , nffiates -I
ri

" > th =
vh
. ninutes
kt,
n
!
r--?
i
uhere v l and vh a r e Lbe s e t z l i n g v e l o c i t ' e z i n t!e
l i o h t a n d heavy ,!ieses. T6e se:t:ing n e i ~ 5 z r .h l 3-& - 1
acd h h , a r e f n f e e t .
I
p - D-J I
31 ---
11
7 - -

' /
I - - - * -
VERTICAL VAPOR-L IQUIT, SLrJARATOI( IIC5 lGN
--
___q,
- --.
(One o r Two L i q u i d Phases; W i t h O p t i o n a l Wire Mesh)
-
p

c.
4 *

#
?
k
--

J l --
-- tS
'...
-- - - --- p.+3-- -

,@
b
- -- - - -.. ----. .- -
I-"\
I
I

'->
Kt\= If t h e r e
thcn ht.0.
i s no wire-mesh e n t r a i n m e n t s c p a r a t o r .In t h e drum,
I f a w i r e mesh i s used, p k e h + = l f t r n i ~ ~ i n a ~ r i .
As f a r as the vapor-1 i q u i d s e p a r a t i o n soes. a l a r a< c. vaoor
Vapor Nozzle - -
s p ~ c cabove the w i r e mcsh i s u n n e c e ~ s a ~' ~ .
-r I
(9 = T l ~ i c k n ~ sosf t h e wire-mesh entrainment s e p a r a t o r , r e f e r $0
I

I'agr! 29.
I
1 I-
l c i g l i t .o f t-h e vapor
- - space,-_ s e t I
i

ItV =.-0.5- D + 1/2(upper

- -.--
n o z z l e ---
diameter) 1'
b u t n o t smal l&than drum u f t l l o u t w i r e mesh) o r I:
r c mesh)
I
hn = 1 / 2 ( l o w e r nozzle dlameter) + 1/2(upper n o z z l e diameter), I
. 1 Fced Nozzle a 1 t;Iiougli a minirnc~rno f hn=O can be used.
Gll~cri I1ot:li feed nozzles c o n t a i n t h e same r e l a t i v e vapor/ '
11

1 i q 1 ~rl1 lodds, the III~n i ~ n ~ r hnm i s recosm~ended. The nozzle's

s l l o ~ r l dI)? l o c a t e d a t thc same e l e v a t i o n b u t o r i e n t e d :
.2 Feod Nozzle allout 90' from each o t h e r . I

For feeds o f d l f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , i t may be advan-:

tdqcous t o space feed nozzles an a d d i t i o n a l 18 inch?s
a l l a r t . Locate n o z z l e w i t h the h i g h e r v a p o r / l i q u i d r a t i o ,
on tlie top.
I f t h e r e i s o n l y one feed n o z z l e , then hn=O.

Ilbn(l,lln) 1/2(lower n o z z l e diameter) + . G r e a t e r o f ( 2 f t o r h S )

hs T h i s dlmcnsion s e t s t h e maximum h e i g h t t o which t h e I i q u , i d

l e v e l w i l l be penni t t e d t o r i s e . I n c e r t a i n cases, such
as i n compressor f i r s t stage knock-out drums, l i q u i d s p i l l s
Froln p r e c e d i n q u n i t s can happen. I t i s then a d v i s , i ~ b l et o
pr*ovlde a ainim~rnihs e q u i v a l e n t t o 5-10 a d d i t i o n a l ~ n i n u t e s
o f surge time based on l i q u i d r a t e n o r m a l l y p r e s e n t i n t h e
Feed.

ha = U i s t a n c c from l i q u i d l e v e l t o t h e bottom s u r f a c e o f
I ~ a f f l c , s e t Iia a t a l~iinintumo f 6 i n . i n c l u d i n g thickness
o f b a f f l c plate.

Ill. - Distance from hottom face o f t h e b a f f l e t o the c e n t c r

l l r i t ? o f tlic l i g h t l l q ~ r i dnozzle. Tliis d l s t a n c e i s !;et t o
s a L I s i y the rcquirenlcnts o f surge tillle f o r the l i g h t l i q u i d
IIIIJSC. I f t h e r e a t e no r c q u i r c i n e r i ! ~ f o r surqe t i m e ,
til-~O in, l / ? ( l l < ~ l i l .' i i ( ~ \ r i r ln o x z l c d I , t ! w t e r ) ,

Ill, till = S e l L l i r t g h c l ! l l i t ~ I'or l i ! l l r t and Itcavy pliases.res!)ectlvcly.

hi) " 6 inctics o r s e t by s t a n d a r d p r a c t i c e s f o r gauge g l a s s l e v e l

installation.
Eg LUMMUS '
' STANDARD DATA BOOK - P A R T I!i I P A G E 1 3 O F 63
DRUM SIZING ( Januzrv. 1972 ,

(4) The v e r t i c a l s e ~ a r a t o rmay be designed t o provide a surge volume f o r the l i g h t l i q u i d

phase a t the expense of an increased vessel height.
(5) See Page 36 f o r suggested L/D ranges.

(6) See drawing on Page 12 f o r additional design recomnenda tions.

Examole.
1
In an ethylene unit, cracked gas containing a benzene-type hydrocarbon and water i s
cocled t o 90°F, and t h e -li~~id'phas$"esre-to'-b'erFc;3bered-?~'a%i~r-lfqwi.j'se~ira-
t o r . A v e r t i c a l drum with a wire-mesh mist e l i m i n a t o r i s s p e c i f i e d . Operatic5 pres.
S"re f 3 T C Z ,J - < - . -, a , 2:ld <; f 5 nec;.~:?i'jr TC ,,,f rcrge t i c ? f o r +he h v d r @ c d r h ~phase
h - 1 n
of 25 minutes .
(1) The given i n f o r n a t i o n ,
Mass Flow
Rate, l b / h r P, 7b/ft3 U, CD

Crzcked Gas WV = 415,000 p v = 0.6973 ------

Hydrocarbcn W l = 16,500 pl = 53.95 PI = 0.630
Hater Wh = 1,300 ph = 62.11 ph = 0.764
TS = 25 minutes f o r l i g h t phase.
There i s no s p e c i f f e d heavy phase s a r c e time.

K = 0.35 , s i n c e a wire-mesh s e p a r a t o r i s recuired.

(2) Vo?unetric flu4 r a t e s :
Vapor: 0, = Wv/(60 9,) = 415,000/ (60)(0.6'373)] = 55;"fi3/min
L i g h t Liqufd: Ci = 'kl((60 p l ) = 16,509/ (60)(53.95)] = 5-10 f t 2 / n i n
Heavy Liquid: C.h = bib, (60 p h ) =. 1,300/[(00)(62.11)~ = 0.35 f t 3 / n i r .

(3) grun d i s z e t ~ rk s e d on allowable vapor v e l o c i t y :

Round o i i t o n e a r e s t 0.5 f t , D = 8.50 f:.

, The vapor cross-sectional a r e a is A = 0.7853 (D)' = 0.7853 (8.50)' = 56.75 ft2.

(4) S e i t ? f n s v e l o c i t y o f t h e heavy I f q u i d d r o p l e t s c u t o f t h e l i g h t phzse, vl.

S e t t l i n a v e l o c i t y o f t h e 1 i g h t l i q u i d d m o l e t s o u t of-the-heaugshase, VJ,.

(5) S i z i n o of t h e b a f f l e p l a t e .
* S i z e the area Ab with t h e a i d o f t h e c h a r t below on P2ge 14.

With the above (o1-oV) vaiue and an assumed (ho - ha) = 24 i n . , G = C6CO.

Calculate another Ab f o r w = 4 incnes.

w/D = 4/[(12)(8.50)) = 0.0392. which corresponds t o Ab/A = 0.0130 i n Table 2
Ab = (0.0130)(56.75) = 0.737 f t :
S e i e r t t 9 e l a r c e r one, fib = C.7c ft' -
CSNFiDENT:AL CGCL!Yi;ii - Not to be Reproduced
- I

STANDARD DATA BOOK - PART III PAGE 14 O F 62 - -.

E=I LUWUS .- , ,
I' DKUM SIZING J a n u a r y , 1972
I .C

* Then, t h e s e t t l i n g a r e a for t h e l i g h t l i q u i d p h a s e . A l , i s
A1 = A-Ab 56.75 - 0.74 = 56.01 ft2

i
I MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE DOWNFLOU

. .
,OOOL 8 . 8 : I , [
1 ,
,, ,/', .
,
. ,,
,
6 4 '

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,
.
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. , , I . , .
i .
, ,
.
-
,
4
' , . ,,
,,.,,,.
,

,.
.
.
.
a
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,
.
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s .
: . . . . .
1
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1 : . '

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,C25
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1 (6) Assume h l = 1 f t . The s e t t l i n g time r e q u i r e d f o r t h e heavy l i q u i d d r c p l e t s t o s e t t l e

through this d i s t a n c e i s
ti = (12 h l ) / v l = ( 1 2 ) ( 1 ) / 2 . 1 1 = 5.7 m i n u t e s
(7) Assume hh = 1 ft. Tne s e t t l i n g tine r e q u i r e d f o r t h e l i g h t l i q u i d d r o p l e t s t o s e t t l e
throuoh t h i s dis'cance i s
I I t h = (12 hh)/vh = (12) (1 )/I -74 = 6.9 m i n u t e s ,

(8) The residence t i n e o f esch phzse based on the vo1urr.e~ o c c u ~ i e dby t h e l i g h t ar,d hetvy
phases a r e

V1 = h l A1 = 1 (56.0) = 56 f t 3 Vh = hh Ah = 1 tC5.75) = 56.75 f t Z

el = 56/5.1 = 11 minutes eh = 56.75/0.35 = 162 minutes

I I T h e r e f o r e , €1 > t1 and eh > t h and t h e r e i s no need t o i n c r e a s e the d i a m e t e r .

I
I 1 (9) S i n c e a s u r g e time of 25 minutes i s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e hydrocarbon phase.

I
1 I \
h r = Q1(2S)/A1 = 5.1 (25)/56 = 2.28 f t = 27 i n c h e s

(10) Drum dimensions a r e s e t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e c a m e n d e d p r a c t i c e s a f v e n on Fage 12. ~ o w -

-- e v e r , s i n c e t h e r e i s a l a r g e mass of vapor t o b e h a n d l e d , and o n l y a sr,ail ancunt of
l i q u i d , be-jenerous i n s e t t i n g v e r t i c a l dimensions t o o b t a i n a f i n a l druir; o f r e z s o n a > l e
shape. - Use a 24-inch d i a m e t e r f e e d nozz!e.
! I 2
, C3:;FiDEKTIAL DOCUMENT - Not t o b e R?-,roduced
 r
- PART
Ez LUMMUS
LuMMUs 1 STANDARD D A T A B O O K
u SI~I.M
DRUM
nm - -. .- : +
1I 1 1
. -I -1
1
P A G E 15
15 OF63
Januzrr: 7972'" '
hr = 1 f t
s = 0.5 f t ( s e e Page 2 9 )
hv = 0.5D + 0.5(Nozzle d i a m e t e r ) = 0.5(8.5) + 0.5(2) = 5 . 3 f t
hn = 0
hs = 0
hbn = O.S(Nozzle d i a m e t e r ) + 2 = 1 + 2 = 3 f t
ha = 0.5 f t
. h r =_2.25-ft .-
hl = 1 f t
hh = 1 f t
ldn = ii.5 i t
~ i n ~ e n t - t o - t a n g e nlte n g t h , L. Surrning up v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e s , L = 15 f t . Tnen
L/D = 1.8.
II The L/D r a t i o f a l l s w i t h i n t h e recornended r a n g e of 1 . 5 t o 5.0. S i n c e t h i s i s a c a s ? o f
high p r e s s u r e v a p o r - l i q u i d s e p a r a t i o n , P = 165 p s i a , none o f t h e s t a n d a r d tank s f i e s I s
s u i t a b l e f o r t h e j o b . I n g e n e r a l , f o r P > 50 p s i a an L/D r a t i o o f a b o u t 3 t o 4 is
favored. However, i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r c a s e t h e drum d i a m e t e r is f i r . 2 6 a t 8.50 f t due to a
vapor v e l o c i t y l i m i t a t i o n and c a n n o t b e reduced. S i n c e to f n c r e a s e r,'le drum fenst!! w i l l
o n l y w a s t e drum volume, a n e c o n o m i c a l l y a c c e p t a b l e d e s i g n i s probably t h e above c n e , even
though the L/D r a t i o is somewhat on t h e low s i d e .
B. Vaoor and One L i a u i d Phase I n c l u d i n g Knock-Out Dwms
A v e r t i c a l v a p o r - l i q u i d s e p a r a t o r w i t h o n l y one l i q u i d phase i s designed w i t h t h e metkod de-
s c r i b e d i n S u b s e c t i o n A, Page 10. However,

I (a)

(b)
A l l r e f e r e n c e s t o a l i g h t l i q u i d p h a s e , s e t t l i n g t i ~ ~ and
s e t t l i n g b a f f l e a r e d i s r e g z r d e d . Hence, ho=O.

The l i q u i d h e i ~ h tis e s t a b l i s h e d by
The r e q u i r e d s u r g e volume.
s s s e t t l i n ? V E - ~ o c i t i e s tnd
,

A minimin h e i g h t o f 24 inches: e x c e p t f o r knock-out drums where " L i j d i s t e c c e rrsy

be reduced t o a minimrm o f 1 f t .

I H u r i z ~ f l t a lS e o a r a t o r

I
A. Vacor and Two Immiscible L i a u i d s
h'crizontal drums a r e f r e q u e n t l y s m a l l e r t h a n a v e r t i c a l v e s s e l f o r t h e s a z e d u t y .

I The hezvy l i q u ' i d phase c a n b e withdrawn e i t f b e r d i r e c t l y from t h e s h e l l o r through a pot o r

t r a p o u t b o o t welded t o t h e v e s s e l .
-

throuoh a n o z z l e i n t h e head. ( 2 ) f r o n b e h i n d a b a f f l e , o r (3) through a downpipe o r f i o o l

n i p p l e . The c h o i c e o f t h e s e is o p t i o n a l .

(1) F o r t h e v a p o r - l i q u i d systems conanonly e n c o u n t e r e d i n p r o c e s s a p p l i c a t i o

fg&&- ti g i v e n below i s used t o c a l c u l a t e t h e a l l o w z b l e vapor v e l o c i t y

(2)
Hence, the u s e of a w i r e mesh i n a h o r i z o n t a l drum i s o n l y j u s t i f i e d t o a c h i e v e h i ~ hl i q u i d
renova1 e f f i c i e n c y , s i n c e t h e w i r e mesh does n o t r e d u c e t h e vapor space.
For t h e p a r t i c l e s i z e s comnonly f o u n d i n i n d u s t r i a l l i q u i d - l i o u i d s e t t l i n g operatf;t;s, t k e
I
f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n based on t h e S t o k e s Law g i v e s t h e f r e e - s e t t l i n g v e l o c i t y f o r t k e crsp-
lets of one l i q u i d o u t o f t h e o t h e r c o n t i n u o u s l i q u i d phase:

C!2rrF!CENT!AL DOC!Jr.tNT - Not t o b e Reproduced

 STANDARD--D.AJf-At-80.0K=PA&'CI1I . [ P I A G E ~ ~O F 6 3
DRUM SIZING 1 Jznuary, 1972
I
I
I

I v s e t t 1 j n g = ks ( P ~ - P ~ ) / V ~ , not t o exceed 10 inches/min

but
+)
- -ie
5'
where ph = Density of heavy l i q u i d phase, 7 b / f t 3 tt8
p1 = Density of l i g h t l i q u i d phase, l b / f t 3
=
,3%'
w..L+fl
'
oc,= Viscosity o f continuous phase, c e n t i p o i s e
A
- - s -
c5
A5GJ --\o
The values t o be assigned t o t h e constant kS a r e discussed on Page 6. Values of ks f o r
sene trmnr, :y:rems s r e ;ivel: b e l w

Liaht Phase Heavy Phase

Hydrocarbons
'---.
-.
Sp.gr. @ 60°F < 0.85
Sp.gr. B 60°F > 0.85 =.
Water
MEK Water
; Sec-butyl alsohol Water
Methyl isobutyl ketone Water
Nonyl a1 coho1 Water

I (3) The desilgn should comply with t h e requirement t h a t f o r each continuous l i q u i d phase, t h e
residence t i c e , 8 , is l a r g e r than t h e s e t t l i n g time, t , needed by t h e d r o p l e t s o f t h e d i s -
persed l i q u i d t o s e t t l e out. Therefore, according t o the accompanying f i g u r e ,

el > t l =

c h > rh =
12,
minutes
VI
12,
minutes
vh
Vapor

Light
Interface
tie~vy
---+
1 hl

hh V
9

I
w h e ~v; and rh a r e t h e s e t t l i n g v e f c c i t i e s i n the l i g h t arid heavy phasz;.
h s i g n i s , i-11 and h h , a r e i n f e e t .
Ser'L:ic~
I
I (d)

(5)
The hcr:zsn:al s e x r a t o r xay be designed t o provide a surge volsne f c r 3 2 l i ~ k : 1ic;zic
phase a t t h e expense o f an increzsed vessel d i m e t e r .
See Page 36 f o r sugpested L/D ranges.
I
(6) See drzwings on Page 16 f o r a d d i t i o n a l design r e c o m n d a t i o n s .
B. Horizontal S e ~ a r a t o t - sw i t h a Heavy Liouid Pot
In a d d i t i o n to t h e design p r i n c i p l e s l i s t e d under Subsection A on P a ~ e15, t + e boo: design c u s t
s a t i s f y these c r i t e r i a :

(a) Dcwmard flow v e l o c f t y f o r t h e hezvy l i q u i d i n t h e p o t , v is no* ~ x c e t dv k t h e

s e p a r a t i o n v e l o c f t y o f t h e l i g h t l i q u i d d m p l e t s o u t o f e$ heavy9ase.
For design p u r p o s e s , m i s l i m i t e d t o a maximum o f Q inches/ein,
- - -+ - - .--..-- . -.. .
h - T
(b) i a n ? ef u s )1 f th: T t h e dthedrun diameter. :

(c) See drawing on Page 18 f o r a d d i t i o n a l design r e c m e n d a t i o n s .

Examole. A f t e r cooling off t o 100°F a t 25 psig, a process stream of hydmcarbon vzoor contains
some condensed hydrocarbons and water. Design a horizontal s e p a r a t o r with a pot to
e f f e c t t h e recovery o f t h e vapor phase and t h e s e p a r a t i o n of t h e two l i q u i d phases.
Process c o n s i d e r a t i o n s r e q u i r e a 15-minute surge time f o r the hydrocarbon phase-
(1 ) Given i n f a n a t i o n :
W, I b / h r p. l b / f t 3 U. CD
Vapor w, I 235.0~0 = 0.190 -----
Hydrocarbon U ? = 45,030 01'40.5 u1=0.24
Water Wh = 7.50@ Fh ' 62.0 pt, = 0.682
W t O t 2 j = 287,520
 . --
,-,--.-. .. +__1---.- -- - - -- --

(4'
SEPAItATOR IITSICN Wf_TtlIITAVY 1.1 -&,I- (L,, t.
I -
(Two L l q u i d Pl~ascs Optional Wlro Mcstl) .--
PlOTES

eed (see d e t a i l below) For nozzles i n s t a l l e d on t h e s h e l l , t h e ml~rlmumdlmenslon from

the tangent l i n e t o the ceritcr l i n e o f t h c n o z z l e i s

( 6 + d) i n . ,
I

where d n o z z l e diameter i n inches. Thls r u l e applies also t o 1

the p o t l o c a t i o n .

Ligllt h t " I f t h e r e I s no wire-mesh entralnment s e p a r a t o r i n t h e drum,

Liqclitl
--I----

then h t - 0 . I f a w i r e mesh i s used, nuke h t - 1 f t minimum.

Drawo f f As f a r as t h e v a p o r - l i q u i d s e p a r a t i o n goes, a l a r g e vapor
space above the w i r e mesh I s unnecessary.

s Thickness o f t h e wlre-mcsh e n t r a i n m e n l s e p a r a t o r , r e f e r
t o Page 29.

l i w = Distance from t h e maxlmum l i q u i d l e v e l t o t h e entrance o f

t h e wire-mesh separator, hw=2 f t miniaum. I f an e n t r a i n -
ment s e p a r a t o r i s n o t used, hw=O.

hv - t l e i g h t o f t h e vapor space s e t by t h e l a r g e r o f 1 ft, t h e re-

q u i r e d vapor space, o r ( h t + s + hw).

Dlstance from the maximum l i q u i d

Baffle T
llr
l e v e l t o t h e c e n t e r l i n e o f the
l i g h t l l q u i d nozzle, Thls d i s - --- High Liq.Leve1
tance I s s e t t o s a t i s f t h e r e - L
---
-- -.
-

qulrement o f e l t h c r (a7 a s p c c i - Llght

f l e d surgc time f o r t h e l l g l i t
l l q u l d o r ( b ) minimum submergence <' Llght =r Phase
t o a v o i d v o r t e x formation, whlch- Phase
e v e r I s c o n t r o l l i n g . Ilowever,
sometimes i t i s more advantageous
Tanqcrt t
4
Tangent t o b u i l d a surge compartnlent by

d
Llne
-
OCTATL
Llne I n s t a l l i n g a b a f f l e as shown.
111, hh = S e t t l i n g h e l g h t s 9f t h e l f g h t and heavy phases, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
I
f --
Feed Hozzl c Arranqemcnts
Illo a Olstance from $he ilciJ_tnm o f t h e k u m s h e l l
d
fare ICVEI, I .e., Lib. p o i n t f o r l o c a t l n g t h m
Feed tiozzle Throuqh Top Feed Nozzle Through Slde ~ c o n t r o l l c r ,h l o = 0.5 f t mrnirnllt,
Olstancc u o m the bottom o f the p o t t,* t h c ~minimtrmi n t e r f a e
l c v c l I.c.,
t ~ pe o l n t f o r o c a t i n g the lower t a p - f o r t h e I n t e r -
mlontrolle:, b12.5:t mini mu^. v
I' P
..
L7
f.1

I -.a

Marirn~rrnI.irl~rld m
a
, Lavol l cvul -*
0,
W
.EE ummus /
STANDARD DATA BOOK - P A R T 1x1 P A G E 15 O F 6:
DRUM SIZING January. 1572
-- - - - - - -- T . - -. -
TS = '15 minutes, as s p e c i f i e d
kS = 0 . 3 3 3 s i n c e the hydrocarbon material - i s f a i r l y l i g h t ( l i g h t e r than sp.gr. of 0.85)
(According t o Page 6)
K = 0.35, na wire mesh w i l l be used. (According t o Page 11)
(2) Set ht-0 , s=0 , and hlp=6 inches = 0.5 f t (minimum).

(3) The volumetric f'ow r a t e s a r e

3, = w,!l6o>,J
' =235,~)0~1/[&1(0.1a)I = 20,614 f i - 3 ! ~ i n
Q1 = W]/[69 p l ] = 45,000/[60 (40.5)f = 18.52 ft3/mln
Gn = nn/isz ~ " 2= 3,5;;j;Gz ;&i.c;; = ;:2; fz'/aic

(4) The allcwable vsDor v e l o c i t y i s

Calculate the minimum seamental-area r e c u i r ~ro-d' f3qw.

(Sj
P-
AV = Qv 60 va] = 20,674/[60 (5.10)] = 67.4 f t 2

S e t t l i n q v e l o c i t y of t h e heavy l i q u i d , vl , o u t of t h e l i g h t phzse:

Therefore, make

(5) S e t t l i n g v e l c c i t y of t h e l i ~ h lt i q u i d , vh, c u t of the heavy phzse:

in/nin (maxinun).
-~-
vh = k , ( ~ h - p l ) / v h = 0.333 (62.0 40.5)/0.622 = 10.50
-- fn/nin
- * 'O
L
A $

(7: A p r e i i n i n s r y drum diameter may be e s t f z a t e d f r o m Figure 6.

1.3 kV = 1.3 (67.4) = 8 7 . 5 , and

which aives a preliminsry d i z x e t e r of D = 10.5 f t

(a) wit! t h i s D ptcceed t o dinensicn o t h e r distances according to drawins on P a p 1.5.

* A = (a/4)D2 = ( ~ / 4 ) ( 1 0 . 5 ) =~ 86.6 f t 2 .

With AV/A = 67.4 D 6 . 5 = 0.778, obtain f m z Tzble 2 the value (hv/D)

Fpo@ M b F 2.

- -
( 1 0,274)
0.727.
II
Then, hv = 0.727 (10.5) = 7.63. it = 91 -6 inches. Roundins o f f , tttt=-9z.inchss.
Refer now to drawing on P a ~ e18. D - hV = (10.5)(12) -92 = hr
- -
+ h i - hip
-
Set hl = 1.5 f t = 16 inches- (minimm)
hl,, = 0.5 f t = @
= (minimum)
Hence, @= (126-92-186) = X j m 3 1 1 -

I ~ = A) - AV -
f o r holdina 15 minutes of ' l i q h t licvid zbove- t ! e
I
-
Area
( A ~ = ~86.6 ~ 67.4
up t o a height of 1 2 inches = h l
~ =~ 19.2 f t 2
- hip

CONFiDE?4TIAL DQCPEENT - Not to be Reproduced

 I-. STANDARD DATA BOOK PART - III [ P A G E20 OF63
- -- -
1 --
EELUMMUS. DRUM SIZINTr 1 Januzry, 1Si2

From Table 2: A1-lp/A = 0.0484

I

Area l e f t f o r hold-up above t h e l i q h t l i q u i d drawoff n o z z l e = 19.2 - 4.2 = 15.0 f t 2

.* .' --I- k -- .*- x*7 ."s- &+- -c -- --.- +-

= 18.52 f t . Roundino o f f , L z 19 f t

L/D r a t i o = 19/10.5 = 1.81

>J p~ ?efi ( QL)

!
I
1
(10) Check t h a t t h e t o t a l r e s i d e n c e t ' w

Total height o f l i g h t l i q u i d :
e oiln-oer

hr + h i = 22 + 1 8 = 40 i n c h e s .
than k e s e t t l i n g

4% inches = 4 minutes.
S e t t l i n g t i n e , tl =
10 inches/min
Total residence time f o r l i g h t l i q u i d ,

t
,I e l = A1 L /Q1 = (19.2)(19.0)/78.52
Design o f t h e heavy l i o u i d o o t
= 19.7 minutes. T h e r e f o r e . €1 >> tl

( (11)

I Downward flow v e l o c i t y f o r t h e heavy l i q u i d i n t h e p o t .

Try vp = 0.75 vh = 0,75 ( 1 0 ) = 7.5 inches/rnin
P o t d i a r z t e r , JL.
Dp
.-
= 3.9lJPh/vp = 3 . 9 l r ' . = i m i = 2.03 f t .
%
'
Rounding o f f , %= 2.5 f t
Volume o f htavy phase. S e t hh =

I Residence tiae o f t h e hezvy phase,

eh = Yh/Q, = 9._82/2.02 = 4.86 m i n u t e s

S e t t l i n g time,

I = 12 hh/vh = ( 1 2 ) ( 2 ) / 1 0 = 2.4 m i n u t e s . T h e r e f o r e , e h > tn.

1 (12) S u m ~ r yO f The Derian

hV = 7 f t - 8 i n
hr = 1 f t - i O i n
hi = 1 ft-6 i n
hlp = 6 inches
hh = 2 f t - 0 i n

b C. Y8zor and One Liquid Phase I n c l u d i n a Knock-Out Dru.zs

A h o r i z o n t a l v a p o r - l i q u i d s e ~ a r a t o rw i t h o n l y one l i q a i d phase is d e s i g n e d w i t h t h e nenetkcd
: d e s c r i b e d i n S u b s e c t i o n A on Page 15. However,

I[ II (a)

(b)
A l l r e f e r e n c e s t o a l i g h t l i q u i d p h a s e , s e t t l i n g t i m e s and s e t t l i n g v e l o c i t i e s are
d i s r e g a r d e d . Hence: hl=O, and hr=O.
The l i q u i d h e i g h t is e s t a b l i s h e d by
The r e q u i r e d s u r g e volume.
A minimum h e i g h t o f 24 i n c h e s , e x c e ~ tf o r knock-out drums where t h i s listanc2 r.2~ 5e
reduced t o a minimum o f 1 f t .

--

C2NFl2ES'TiFL 93C;'ME:;T - liar ts be R ~ 7 r o d u c e d

 - PART
r* LUMMUS
XTAND-TED'
DATA BOOK
DRUM SIZING
111 P A G E 27 O F 63
January, 1972

PROCESS STEAM DRUMS

I
Process s t e a m drums a r e b a s i c a l l y v a p o r - l i q u i d s e p a r a t o r s . They a r e an i n t e g r a l p a r t of any
u n f i r e d steam g e n e r a t i n g f a c i l i t y which u t i l i z e s w a s t e h e a t o r o t h e r h e a t s o u r c e s i n a p r o c e s s
pi rrht7- The ma)^ *nttfonsMof-process-steam drums%re=
To sepzrate t h e stearn from the c i r c u l a t i n g b n i l z r w a t e r . To a c h i ~ v ean e f f e c t i v e
I
s e p a r a t i o n , s p e c i a l d e v i c e s a r e u s u a l l y provided i n t h e drum. such a s a c y c l o n e s e p a r p t o r ,
a w i r e mesh, o r even a s e c o n d a r y v a p o r - l i q u i d s e p a r a t o r .
*
I
To p r o v i d e a s u r g e volume t o dampen t h e s u r g e s caused by v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e h e a t i n p u t t o
t h e system.
I
II
H o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l steam drums o p e r a t i n g i n a n a t u r a l o r themiosyphon c i r c u l a t i ~ nsyst2r;l
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h an u n f i r e d b o i l e r a r e d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s s e c t i o f i .
O o e r a t i n ~P r e s s u r e i n Steam Drums
The u s e s o f s t e a m i n a p r o c e s s p l a n t a r e s o broad t h a t i t i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g t o f i n d s t e m
I
g e n e r a t i o n a t p r e s s u r e l e v e l s r a n g i n g from a few p s i g up t o 2,000 p s i g . The o p e r a t i n g p r e s s u r e
l e v e l a f f e c t s markedly t h e steam drum d e s i g n , mainly due to mechanical and s t r e s s c o n d i d e r a t i o n s .
I Hiph P r e s s u r e Steam Druns ( P > 450 p r i g )
The d e s i g n of high p r e s s u r e s t e a m drums (P > 450 p s i g ) s h o u l d be l e f t to experienced s t e m
d r m d e s i g n e r s ; e - g . , Combustion E n g i n e e r i n g , Babcock and Wilcox, Borsig b b H , e t c . The respon-
s i b i l i t y OF t h e p r o c e s s e n g i n e e r i n t h o s e c a s e s i s l i m i t e d t o s p e c i f y i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o c e s s i n -
Fornation:

* Heat i n p u t t o t h e w a s t e t e a t r e c o v e r y exchanger and t h e r e q u i r e d steam g e n e r a t i o n

pressure.
* Drun! w a t e r h o l d i n g ttme a t normal cperat;ng: l e v e l .
* Drcm s u r s e c e p ? c i t y , i . e . , t h e w a t e r volu-e above t h e n o r a l o c e r a t i n o l e v e l . The
f o l l o w i n g t a b i e i s r e c c m e n d e d f o r s e l e c t i n g t h e s u r g e voluce:
STEAM CAPACITY, SURGE. SCRSE VCtV%. ft3
1b / h r 1 b Hz0 650 c s i c 18GO p s i c
Up t o 30,000 2,000 40 M
50,000 2,500 50 : 62
75,000 2,750 55 68
100,000 & o v e r 3,000 60 74
Note: The above t a b l e is g e n e r a l l y a p p l i c a b l e t o bundle-type exchangers.
However, i n t h e c a s e o f h e z t e r s w i t h a l a r g e v o ? m / s u r f a c e r a t i o
( e - g . , c o i l h e a t e r s ) t h e f i n a l drm dirnensi'ons s h o u l d s a t i s f y
Vdm 3 1 . 2 t o 1.4 (Volum of Exchanger Return P i p i n g ] +
Type o f c i r c u l a t i o n and c i r c u l a t i o n r a t i o , which is t h e r a t i o o f t o t z t w a t e r f e d t o
boi 7 e r / s t e x n g e n e r a t e d .
S p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r s t e a m d r y n e s s . T h i s is a l s o r e l a t e d t o t h e d e s i g n o f t h e blokdown
s y s t e m r e q u i r e d to m a i n t a i n a f i x e d d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s l i m i t i n t h e c i r c u i t .
The above i n f o m a t i o n s h o u l d b e e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h t h e a s s i s t a n c e of t h e a p p r o p r i a t e personnel i n
P r o j e c t Engineering,who w i l l a l s o c o n t r i b u t e t o mechanical s p e c i f i c a t i o n s and g u a r a n t e e s to b e met
by t h e vendors.

Low P r e s s u r e Steam Drums ( P < 450 osia)

Lcw p r e s s u r e s t e a m drums can be h o r i z o n t a l o r v e r t i c a l , w i t h one o r more down p i ~ e sgoing t o
t h e w a s t e h e a t b o i l e r , and u s u a l l y h a v i n o s e v e r a l r e t u r n s t o b r i n g back t h e t r o - p h a s e m i x t u r e i n t o
t h e drum. To i n s u r e s a t i s f a c t o r y s o e r 2 t i o n . t h e Steam drum must h e provided w i t h i n t e r n 6 1 5 t h a t
w i l l s e p a r a t e t h e m i x t u r e of s t e a m and w a t e r r e t u r n i n s t o t h e drum frcm t r ~ ew a s t e h e a t exchanger.
LOW PqiSSURE S7EP.M DRUM

WASTE HEgT EOILER

 - PART
r*
>
LUMMUS
STANDAR3 DATA BOOK
DRUM SIZING
I11 PAGE 23 O F 63
J a n u a r y , 1972
The i n t e r n a l s may be a r r a n g e d f n t h e manner shown i n t h e f i g u r e on t h e ~ r e v i o u spage t o promote
optimum v a p o r - l i q u i d s e p a r a t i o n .
Desiqn P r i n c f p l e s f o r H o r i z o n t a l Steam Drums

1. A v a p o r i z a t i o n r a t e f o r t h e u n f i r e d b o i l e r o r exchanger i s u s u a l l y e s t a b l i s h e d from p r o c e s s
c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . In g e n e r a l , 20-30% v a p o r i z a t i o n by w e i g h t o f t h e w a t e r f e d t o t h e b o i l e r may
be assumed. t
* I

2. The w a t e r hold-up time i n t h e drum is a b o u t 10-15 minutes based on f e e d w a t e r r a t e . In c a s e s

x b r e t h e de?i*:cry cf b o i l e r f e n d w a t e r i s re?ativc!v .zssu?ed, a hold-up a. Taw a s 5 m i ~ u t e s
may b e used. The feed w a t e r r a t e is equal t o ( s t e z m r a t e +-blowdown).

3. The hold-up volume c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e w a t e r hold-up t i m e occupies 40% o f t h e t o t a l drum

volume. This hold-up volume f s d e f i n e d a s t h e volume between t h e normal ~ p e r a t i n gl e v e l and
t h e p o i n t o f breaking t h e l i q u i d s e a l s , i . e . , t h e minimum l i q u i d l e v e l . The break o f s e a l s i s
assumed t o o c c u r a t a d i s t a n c e o f 0.1 D from t h e bottom o f t h e drum.
1 4. An VD r a t i o of 3-5 is r e c o m e n d e d .
I
I 5. A s u r g e c a p a c i t y is added t o t h e hold-up volume t o d e t ~ r m i n et h e maxTmrn l i q u i d l e v e l .
f o l l o w i n g t a b l e provides t h e r e c o m e n d e d s u r g e c a p a c i t ' e s :

STEA.hi CAPACITY, SURGE, SURGE VOLUME,

The
I
I b/hr l b H20 ft3
Up t o 30,000 2,000 35
50,000 2,500 47
75,000 2,750 52
100,000 & o v e r 3,000 - 57
Note: The above t a b l e i s a e n e r a t l y a p p l i c a b l e t o bundle-type exchangers.
Ho.niever, i n t h e c a s e o f h e a t e r s w i t h a l a r c e vo'lune/surface r a t i o
( e - g . , c o i l h e a t e r s ) t h e f i n a l drum dimensions s h o u l d s a t i s f y
Ydrum )/ 1 . 2 t o 1.4 (Volume of Exchanger + Return P i p i n s )
1 6. Tie v a p o r v e l o c i t y i n t h e s p z c e l e f t rbave t h e r a x i n m l i q u i d l e v e l shculd s z t i r 7 y i h a t e j t h e r
I
I
I
( a ) H o r i z o n t a l vapor v e l c c i t y , based on 1/2 o f t h e vapor f l o w , v~ < 0 . 3 5 / T ~ ~ - p , , ) ii ~n ~
f t / s e c , f o r d r u m w i t h impi ncjenent b a f f l e s .
OR
[b) V e r t i c a l vapor v e l o c i t y l e a v i n o t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e a t tkn n o r m ~ io p e r a t i n , " l e v e l does
n o t exceed vy <
1 f t / s e c , f o r low p r e s s u r e d r m s (P < 100 ps:'q) w i t h o u t b a f f l e s .
II
7. I n G r n a l s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e p r e c e d i n g f i g u r e . I n cases where the stem d r y n e s s is n o t
e s s e n t i a l , a s i n a r e b o i l e r h e a t exchanger, t h e impingenent b a f f l e may b e e l i m i n a t e d i f
P < 100 p s i g . For high s t e m q u a l i t y i t is r e c o m n d e d to d e s i g n t h e d r ~ mw i t h a w i r e mesh.
Desian P r i n c i o l e s f o r V e r t i c a l S t e m Drums
V e r t i c a l s t e a m d m can b e d e s i g n e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r i n c i p l e s o u t l i n e d p r e v i o u s l y f o r h o r i -
z o n t s l s t e a m drurm w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f the impingenent b a f f l e p l a t e which is n o t used. h w e v e r ,
t h e upward v a p o r v e l o c i t y t h r o u c h t h e drum s h o u l d n o t exceed
v = 0.20 ~ p l - p v ) / p y , f t J s e c ( f o r drums w i t h o u t a w i r e mesh)
and
v = 0.35 4 p l - p v ) / p v , f t / s e c ( i f a w i r e mesh is used)
R e f e r t o t h e f o l l o w i n g f i g u r e f o r a d d i t i o n a l d e t a i l s and minimum dimensf ons.

I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o mention t h a t i n c e r t a i n soecia'l a p p l i c a t i o n s , s u c h a s i n t h e v e r t i c a l d i l u -
t i o n steam drums f o r e t h y l e n e p l a n t s , a s m a l l amount of c a u s t i c is added t o t h e watrlr i n t h e drum
to p r e v e n t c o r r o s i o n . However, s i n c e i t is t h e n c r i t i c a l n o t to pass any c a u s t i c - c o n t a i n i n g mis-
t u r e o u t w i t h steam. s p e c i a l d e - e n t r a i n m e n t d e v i c e s , such 2s c y c l o n e s e p a r a t o r s and c o r r u q a t e d
b a f f l e p l a t e s , a r e i n s t a l l e d a t t h e t o p o f t h e drum. I n a d d i t i o n , a secondzrjl v a ~ o r - 1i q u i d s e p a r a -
t o r may be n e c e s s a r y , e i t h e r i n s t a l l e d i n t h e same s h e l l on t o ? of t h e primary s e p a r a t a r o r b u i l t
a s a s e p a r a t e drum f u r t h e r down t h e l i n e . T h i s l a s t a l t e r n a t f v e reco.mendea when s e v e r 2 1 s t e m
l i n e s f r o m o t h e r s t e a m drums may be t i e d i n t o a s i n g l e secondary s e p a r z t o r .

CONFIDENTIAL 00C3XE3T - Not t o be Reproduced

 IPAGE: 1
24 o f 63 DATE: Jan. . 1972 1
DRUM S I Z I N G 1r

Vertical Steam Drum

i

t
! Steam
I

i:
6 i n . wire mesh o r
other appropriate
/ de-entrai nment dew ce
I

B u t not l e s s t h a n 3 f t

,3
Max. L i q . Level
------
C a n t i nuous
Blowdown Lin
f
f

I
i 'Jol ume between normal
/ and m i n i m u m level is
acproxirnately 402
the drum volume,
------
6 i n . Ninimum o r s e t by standard
p r a c t i c e f o r l e v e l control
instal lation --

Intermittent
B l owdown Li ne
7
2
J - - *
*
STANDARD DATA 8 0 0 K - PART 111 )PAGE 25 0 ~ 6 3
DRUM SIZIIIG D e c c L r r , 1471
t

I- Examole. A b a f f i e d horizontal steam drum, i s required f o r a waste heat steam generat:'nc c i r c u i t

with a capacity of 110,000 _lb/hr of s a t u r a t e d steam a t 70 psia.
- I
11 I
~t p=70 p s j a , p l = 58.8 1 b / f t 3 and pv = 0.1611 l b / f t 3

1. Steam r a t e . WS = 110,000 l b / h r ,
I?
I WfiZ0 = WS + (Blowdown R i t e )
i

I Equivalent water volume,

I Choose 10 minutes of hold-un based on feed w l t e r r a t e . Then, t h e d r ~ r gha;ci-up is

3
VHzo = 10 ( 3 2 . 6 ) = 326 f t
2. Assuming t h i s i s 40% o f t h e t o t a l drum volume,

vdrum= 326/0.40=815 ft3

And t h e corresponding drum dimensions a r e . f o r an L/D = 4
D = 6.38 f t ; round o f f t o D = 6.5 f t
L = 4 (D) = 4 (6.5) = 26 f t
Drum cross-sectional a r e a , A = 33.2 fti
3. Volume of H20 atove the minimum l i q u i d l e v e l i s Vw = Y H ~ c ) f Surge V O ~ L I ~ E . . :,
For 2 st233 r 2 r ~of 110,000 l b / h r t h e surse vclume i s 57 ft'. men,

H ~ n c l ,t h e r e i s a c e r t a i n vclune of t h e drza require2 t o hold t h e s e

-
383 f t ' , CC-rez;cndisz b
an e f f e c t i v e a r e a , A 1 .

Maxi nun
Wzt=.r ie.ie?
f+ i gn t Necessary
Hol a 383 fi3
.Min i z m
Water Level

. The
I de3d area a t t h e bottom of t h e drum below the minimum l e v e l i s , f r c n Table 2 ,
0.052 ( 3 3 . 2 ) = 1.73 f t 2
. Total c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a of 1 iauid a t t h e maximux; 1 i a u i d l e v e l :
. - -
"- --.
A l j q u i d = 12.7 + 1.73 = 16.4 ft'

. Area l e f t f o r the vapor flow: AV = 33.2 - 16.4 = 16.8 f t 2

From t h i s , s u b t r a c t t h e vapor a r e a behind the b a f f l e , i .e., AB.

I based on an area r a t i o b ' f ~ A B / A = 0.1096 foi- a B a f f T e placed at (;/6)D f n n t h e w a l l

(See Table 2 ) .
.- --

CONF!DENTIC\L WC'JXEI:T - Not to be Reproduced

 STANDARD DATA BOOK - PART 111 ] P A G E 26 O F 6 3
I DRUM SIZING December, 1975
! -
Vapor space = 16.8 - 1.82 g 15.0 f t 2
I . Check t h e horizontal vapor v e l o c i t y only, s i n c e a b a f f l e i s used.

( ~ ~ = Qvapor/Vapor
) ~ ~ = ~94.8 ~/ I 5 . 0l =
~ Space b. 32 tt/sec

(vH)allowab7e= 0.35*1(58.9 - 0.1611)/0-1611 = 6.63 f t / S e c

The vapor v e l o c i t y i s OK.

4. B a f f l e design

1
k
'1+----- 1 ?
. The d i s t a n c e d should be
d = 1/4 f D ) = 114 (6.5 x 12) = 20 inches

. For the I e n ~ t n ,
1 = 26 - [ ( 2 ) ( 2 0 / ? 2 ) ] = 22 ft-6 i n

. Several notches t o k c u t a t t h e bottom edge t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e l i q u i d ?assage.

. For a r a t i o (c/D) = 1/6,frorn Table 2 (b/D) = 0.7455. Then, b = 4 ft-10 i n .

And f o r t h e d i s t z n c e a ,
 STANDARD DATA BOOK - PART Iii PAGE O F 62
27
EE LUMMUS 0RUI-I SIZING January, 1972

A U X I L I A R Y EQUIPMENT AND DRUY INTERNAL5

Vapor
Wire-Mesh Entrainment S e ~ a r a t o r s
An impingement s e p a r a t o r i s a mechanical device used t o
achieve t h e e f f e c t i v e s e p a r a t i o n o f l i q u i d d r o p l e t s from a
vapor-liquid mixture by passing t h e mixed phase stream
through it. One o f t h e most v e r s a t i l e impingement separa-
, t o r s f s t h e k n i t t e d wire mesh, which has a high l i q u i d
I removal e f f i c i e n c y (+ 99%) combined with low pressure drop.
C r i t e r i a f o r Usage
In v e r t i c a l drums, a wire mesh allows higher vapor
v e l o c i t i e s than those allowed without t h e wire mesh.
Therefore, whenever t h e vapor flow c o n t r o l s t h e s i z e
of a v e r t i c a l drum, i t is economically advisable t o
use a wire mesh t o reduce t h e drum s i z e . An analogous
reduction does not r e s u l t f o r horizontal drums.
In a d d i t i o n , t h e use of a w i r e mesh may a l s o be d i c -
t a t e d by the high l i q u i d removal e f f i c i e n c y required
In c e r t a i n processes. Removal e f f i c i e n c i e s
higher than 98% can only be obtained with a wire mesh.

The vapor v e l o c i t y thmugh t h e wire mesh d e t e n i n e s i t s c z p ~ c i t yf o r e f f i c i e n t l i q u i d r e m v a l .

As discussed on Page 11, t h i s vapor v e l o c i t y i s d e p e n d ~ n ton a constiint, K, according t o
VE = K J C F ~ - P ~ ) / Pf t~/ s, e c

I n przctic., t h e values of K i r e r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e des:gn ranpe s h s u ~:n t ! e f i g u r e below.

I
..'
2 I f t h e v e l o c i t y .through the' wire mesh I s t o o low. mlximum coalescence w i l l not occur. I f t h e
v e l o c i t y i s t o o high, coalesced l i q u i d w i l l be re-entrained from t h e wire mesh back i n t o the
vapor.
* I .

-
A value o f K = 0.35 is recornended f o r desianina drum w i t h a wire merh.

I CONFIDENTIAL IXCUMENT - Hot t o be Re7roduced

*-&--. k 2 7 - , a-
>.., ---.- .--- ,-a-3e1Lu:-:u d
.

-- -
-.-- ------ -
- -- -

STANDARD DATA BOOK - PART 111 PAGE 28 OF 63

E*! ,,,,US DRUM SIfIfiG January. 1972

C. Limi t a t i o n s *

In general wire-mesh pads a r e not used i f t h e r e i s a chance o f s o l i d s being d e p o s i t e d , s i n c e .

t h i s might lead t o clogging of t h e wire mat. This s i t u a t i o n a r i s e s when undue q u a n t i t i e s o f
r u s t , s c a l e , e t c . a r e present i n t h e f l u i d and a l s o when a hydrocarbon l i q u i d i s t o be sepa-
r a t e d a t a temperature a t which cracking may occur under t h e c o n d i t i o n of long residence t i n e ,
a s p r e v a i l s i n t h e wire-mesh mat. However, s p e c i a l types of wire-mesh pads a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r
d j r t y s e r v i c e s 2s djsryssed under "Specifications" i n t h i s s e c t i o n .

D. Pressure Droo
The t o t a l pressure drop through a wire mesh i s given by
+ AP1 ) / p l ,
AP = 62.4 ( A P ~ inches of h o t 1 iquid

APV i s t h e pressure drop of the vapor passing through a dry w i r e mesh and i s c a l c u l a t e d as
f o l l ows :
APV = 0.0236 f pv t v2
1, where APV = Pressure drop, inches of water
t = Thickness of t h e wire-mesh pad, inches (normally 4-6 i n c h e s )
pv = Vapor d e n s i t y , 1 b / f t 3
v = Vapor s u p e r f i c i a l v e l o c i t y , f t / s e c
vv = Vapor v i s c o s i t : ~ , cp
f = F r i c t i o n f a c t o r given below

1 .OJ t - - - - ~ ~ - r + ---+-

: %;4;: -
*-
1 1
_ _ t _ I ; : ' a , : t- - - 4 p - -4
, i 1

,.
0 .-- 6 . .- ", _ ! - L ------
I ' I . , , , , , ,
i Ll_- I
.i-
-A .- -
A.
--
--
--
- ~.-,
i
i
I f

i
!
I
ic
I
I
I
1 2 4 6 8 1 0
-
pvv
20 40 60 80 100

i uv
I
I A P l i s t h e pressure drop of the vzpor dye t o t h e l i q u i d hold-up i n t h e wire mesh as given
i n t h e graph,

0.4 , . - A . - :- ,..
~ .
- L z ~+
.:. ~--;.- =- ;--yz-z7 --:z=Fl
where AP1 = Pressure drop, in. o f water
=c--;P~ - - tiquiddenbi&, lbjft?, :- ,
hP1

,'

-
J
.-. ' 7 . . i -.-I - - f
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

L -I

A
c0::F:DENTIAL DOCUMEliT - Net t o be Reproduced
 . ' j . . ..-. :-. . --... .4.---- .-".
->-,+ ..,,.- , . - 2, .
& '--"U

- ]
Ez LUMMUS
. STANDARD DATA BOOK
ORU4X SIZING
P A R T III ) P A G E 29 O F 6 3
( Jacuary, 1575
Thickners
[E.

I '
A pad thickness of 4 t o 6 inches is s u f f i c i e n t f o r most vapor-liquid separzsion a p p l i c r t i o n s ,
with a r e s i d u a l entrainment estimated as l e s s than 20 ppm.
When t h e l i q u i d entrainment c o n s i s t s o f a very f i n e m i s t o r fog, as may occur when l i q u i d
I
d r o p l e t s condense from 3 s a t u r a t e d vapor, a pad thickness o f 1 t o 2 f e e t m y be required.
These r a t h e r t h i c k pads may be made with a very t h i n wire. In specizl cases where l i q i l i &
such as s u l f u r i c a c i d , glycol , e t c . a r e handled, f i b e r g l a s s elements sandwiched between wire-
mesh elements nay be required t o achieve high e f f i c i e n c y of jiqui: re~o';.ai.

To h e l p i n s p e c i f y i n g connnercial wire meshes, t h e following t a b l e sumnzrizes tlie p r o p e r t i e s

of a v a i l a b l e standard types.
Approx.Weicht Approx.Surface Approx-Mesh No m a 1
persqftfor persqftof Density,lb Percent Remval Typic21
4 in.tk.oad,lb pad p e r cu f t Voids Efficiency,% ADD^ i c a t i o n s
4.3 38.3 12.9 97.2 99.9 For very high
efficiency.
4 -3 35.7 12.0 97.4 99.8 Relatively clear, s e r v i c e
and m t e r i t e v e l o c i t i e s
3.1 28.3 9.5 98.0 99.5 General p u ~ o s ? .
2.4 21.6 7.3 99.0 99.0 For s e r v i c e s c r ~ r s i n i n g
*2.5 22.0 5.0 99.0 98.8 plus] solidr or d i r j
mater<als.
* Herringbone Crinkled Wire Mesh, 6 inches Thick

For s p e c i a l c r s e s t h e p e r c e n t voids c r n be derrezsed i f desired. The above i s bzsed cr, wire

having a diameter of 0.911 inches; however, f o r s p e c i a l a p s l i a t i o n s wire d i a x t e r s 5f 0.936
inches a r e sometimes used t o achieve low pFn residual e n t r a i n m n t .
-
I I
.,
As p a r t of t h e s p e c i f i c z t i o n f o r a w i r e r e s h , t h e przc?ss e ~ r ; i n e e ri s rec:cns;zie far S;PC:TY-
ing t h e f o ? lowi nc:
--
(1 ) Type of a r e r e y > red.
( 2 ) m m ~ a th~hknx?s_s d r e s i r e d for_ the sexvice,
..
(31 Recuired c r o s s - s e c t i o n z i a r e a and dimensions f o r the pad. I f t h e a r e ? i s i r c r s ? r s P , the?
chick t h a t t h e vapor v e l o c i t y throuch t h e mesh i s nor'be?cw m i n i n ~ i(A = 0.151.
( 4 ) Location o f t h e w i r e m s h . Locating t h e mesh i n t!!e d r m he2d i s j u s r i f i e d i f 3 i e
savings i n mesh a r e a and drum h e i g h t o f f s e t t h e c o s t of a d a i t i o n a i su?port.
( 5 ) C r i t i c a l i n f o m a t i o n a f f e c t i n g t h e mechanical design o f t h e mesh pad, Fcr i n s t a x e ,
' wire-mesh pads f o r ccnpressor s u c t i o n dl-~ms should be p r o c e r l y secured ti^ F r F v e n t
c z r r y i n g o v e r s n a l l l ~ o s ep i e c e s o f t h e mesh pad int:: t!!e mLqlnery. Ir: eL:y:ene ?;an's
t h e supporting arrancement shown i n Drming No. D2.357-0, Page 30, has beer, us& Z a m i d
t h i s problem. I t i s recornended t h a t LTC-HED be consulted on t h e mec5azical d e s i ~ r ,of
wire-mesh supports f o r c r i t i c a l s e r v i c ~ s .

I The above information is t o be given on t h e vessel sketch.

Feed and Out1 e t Nozzles
I
A. Sizins

- r - -%a s i z e s a.f t h e i c l e t and o u t l e t nozzles a r e n o n a l l y t k s m e as those ~5 the-wnner;:r,c

process l i n e s . However, t h e r e a r e cases where t h e o u t l e t nozzle s i z e may have t3 be l a r s e r
-
than t h e l i n e s i z e t o avoid v o r t e x formation. In these c a s e s , t h e t r a n s i t i o n p i p e canrezting
t h e o v e r s i z e d o u t l e t nozzle with t h e s m a l l e r s i z e process l i n e is t h i r t y nozzle d i a x t f r s long
(30 d ) ht_not f9__excee_dJO f e e t . If t h e i n f o n a t i o n on l i n e s i z e s i s not a v a i l z b l e wren t h e
v e s s e l s k e t c h i s prepared, t h e process e n g i n e e r must s p e c i f y prel iminary nozrle s i z e s s o t h a t
t h e c o s t i s r e f l e c t e d i n t h e vendor's q u o t a t i o n . To avoid a p r i c e i n c r e a s e over t h e c r l c i n a l
q u o t a t i o n , t h e s e preliminary nozzles a r e n o n a l l y s i z e d l a r g e r than t h e f i n a l noiz!es. The
following recomnendations a r e used f o r preliminary nozzle s i z i n g only:
Licuid Lines
-. --7- - - * - I

I Liauid feed, v i n l e t C 10 ft!sec I

CONFICENTIAL DOCUMEYT - Not t o be Reproduced
c w a NCL :r 3 sq
I
 STANDARD DATA B O O K - PART I P A G E 1.1 O F ~2
DRUM SIZING Dezs-zr-. 1575

Liouid drawoff such as from a v a p o r - l i q u i d s e p a r a t o r o r a l i q u i d - l i q o i d s e t t i e r .

Voutlet Q 6 ft/sec -
Check f o r v o r t e x f o r m a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o Page 32.
O u t l e t Vapor Lines

v < 6 i ) / c , f t / s e c where pv is i n 1 b / f r 2
1 Mixed Feed Lines i
Drums w i t h o u t a w i r e mesh

vmixed f e e d < 45/&, ft/sec

Drums w i t h a w i r e mesh

vmixed f e e d , ( ' 6 0 / G , ft/sec

where p, = pl A + p v ( l - A ) , l b / f t 3

1 = Q1/(Q1 + Qv)
Q1 = L i q u i d v o l u r e t r i c flow r a t e , ft3/sec
Qv = Vapor v o l u m e t r i c flow r a t e , fi3/sec
0. Lccation
( I V e r t i c a l Drum

Noizle l o c a t i o n s h o u l d be e s t a b l i s h e d based on t h e r e c c m e n c a t i o n s given i n 5': :e~:'cr;

retkcds .
.. .

I - I
.
If n x r e than one f e e d n o z z l e i s n e c e s s a r y i n 2 vapor-1icui:d s e ~ a r a t o r , cor.s::e- r e z z c : ng
~ n vr e r t i c 2 l d i s ~ a f i c ebetween t h e n o z z l e s a s much as possib;e by o r i 2 n ~ : n ; :-.E rrr:::~
a t an a n g l e and l o c a t i n g t h e n a t t h e s z n e e l e v a t i o n . -

I
( , (2)
Tie o u t l e t f o r l e v e l i n s t r u m e n t s a r e mounted on t h e same s i d e o f t h e di-2;; as L-5 IEST
n o z z i e t o avoid i m p i n g e s e n t o f t h e f e e d on t e e l e v e l i n s t m c . - n t i t s e l f w + i c rt, tzz.!se
t h e i n d i c a t i o n of f a l s e l e v e l s .
Hcrirontal D r m
II
f i e primary c r i t e r i o n t o b e . s a t i s f i e d i s t h a t i n l e t and o u t l e t n c z z l e s s h s u l i >r i c c e t e d
as f a r a p a r t h o r i z o n t a l l y a s p o s s i b i e , w i t h i n Lbe 1 imi t s o f m e c h a n i c ~ l cons:rx:zizn.
For small s i z e f e e d p i p e s , t h e i n l e t n o z z l e t o a h c r i z c c k l drurr, hzsd'linc 2 v s : c - - 1 i c ~ i d
m i x t u r e u s u a l l y ends i n a 90"-bend i n t h e vaoor s p a c e above t h e l i c u i d l e r e ? , =;:rting
I
towards t h e nest- end o f t h e drum. A l e s s exnensive a i t e r n a t i v e f c r l a r o e f e c r ;izes riy
be a d i p l e g i n t o t h e drum above t h e l i q u i d l e v e l , w i t n t ~ ecd e c z ~ 3 2 d2 ~ a6 ?::zr: czt a t
o f t h e p i p e w a l l . The minimum notch a r e a s h o u l d be t h e pice cross-sections: ar-ez.

I I f t h e h o r i z c n t a l drum h a n d l e s o n l y two l i q u i d pheses, t h e feed n o z i l e s h o u l c h 2 v f

t h e g e o m e t r i e s d e s c r i b e d i n the drawing on Page 7.
C ~ Eo f

I
Extending t h e l i q u i d o u t l e t n o z z l e i n t o t h e drum i s an o f c t n used p r a c t i c e f c r hyers-
carbon phase o u t l e t n o z z l e s a t t h e bottom o f h o r i z o n t a l d r u r s i n which wz:or czr, scrs-u-
l a t e . The o u t l e t n o z z l e s h o u l d then extend a minimum of 4 i n c h e s above the hi;? w z r e r
l e v e l o r a minimum o f 4 i n c h e s above t h e bottom of t h e drum i f a w a t e r se?zra:izr p c t
i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e drum.

7- -* -*. . I n p r o c e s s drums o p e r a t i n g c o n t i n u o u s l y or i n t e m i t t e n t l y a t h i ~ ht e m p e r a t u r e s , Lye u s e o f

a w a t e r - o i l s y s t e m i s n o t reconunended, because t h e h o t o i l G~FE-deposited-- *mwtber-=
l a y e r w i t h calami t o u s r e s u l t s .
1
CONF!DE!.ITIAL DOCUMENT - Not t o be Reprcc'uc~d
 STANDARD DATA BOOK - P A R T 1x1 P A G E 32 O F £ 3
E< LUMMUS DRUM SIZING Gec:mer,?975

Drains and Vents

In g e n e r a l , v e n t i n g and d r a i n i n g s h a l l be accomplished through v e s s e l a n d / o r equipment connec-
t i o n s . Drains and v e n t s may be l o c a t e d i n overhead o r bottom p i p i n g p r o v i d e d t h a t v a l v e s o r b? i n j s
a r e n o t l o c a t e d between t h e d r a i n o r v e n t c o n n e c t i o n s and t h e drum. Drains and v e n t s which a r e
not valved s h a l l be plugged only.
Drains s h a l l a l s o be provided on t h e low p o i n t s o f a l l p r o c e s s l i n e s . I
I
Drt-i:i; e;;;p:;j~c; i n t s o p e s rect;tar'gs sha'l r e - p i n ; : ~ 2 i;rtls ;:.;ye :he t;; sf th.:
d r a i n r e c e p t a c l e , and t h e d i s c h a r g e s h a l l be v i s i b l e from t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e d r a i n v i ' v e . .
V e n t s - s h a l l a l s o be provided on high p o i n t s o f p r o c e s s l i n e s , i f deemed n e c e s s a r y .
II
A. Drain S i z e s . Establish drain s i z e s as per Vessel Volune, cu f t Drain S i z e , i n . *
t h e following t a b u l a t i o n ,
based on t h e drum voluine: 50 and u n d e r 1
50 t o 200 1-1 ,!2'
200 t o 600 2
600 t o 2500 3
o v e r 2500 4
5. Vent S i z e s . Once t h e d r a i n s i z e h a s been determined, Drain S i z e , i n . Vent S i z e , i n .
t h e s i z e o f t h e v e n t can be o b t a i n e d
f r o n t h e t a b u l a t i o n given below f o r drums 1 3/4
operating a t e s s e n t i a l l y atmosaneric 1-1/2 1
~ressure. 2 1-i/2
3 2
4 3
F s r d r u m o p e r a t i n g a t P > 1 a t g , t h e v e n t s i z e may be c a l c u t a t e d from , d = CK
where d = Vent d i a m e t e r , i n c h e s
4 = S h e l l + heads s u r f t c e a r e a o f t h e drum, f t 2 -
P, o r i a -- C
C = A c o e i i i c j e n t r s l a t e d t o t h e o p e r a t i n o p r e s s u r e a s follows:
IE-SC 9.2:
60-290 0.?6
200-7C3 0.22
Crc*x O f f Nozzle S i z i n a
- - Vottex 5r??kers

The fom.ation o f a v o r t e x ir: 5 I r s r l s s t r ~ mc s s t be e v o i c e i b s c e v s e 2 vcrte?: c u ! d CE~;SS

?osr ;!:-ip performance, dzzaae t o the ;;uzp, p m d u c t c o n t z n i n z ~ on i and vf b r z c i a n s .
A . Vor'mx Formation

The niajor f a c - r a f f e c t i n g v o r t e x f o r z a t i o n is t h e l i q u i d head above L+e t o p o f t 5 n~o z z l e .

This l i q u i d head i s c a l l e d s u h m r c e n c e . Other minor f z c t o r s a r e , t h e l o c a t i o n o f t k ~n o z z i e ,
v a r i a t i o n i n l i q u i d l e v e l , d i r e c t i o n o f i n l e t vzpor, etc. Sukmroence, S , is the distznce
f r o n 'tie low l i q u i d l e v e l t o t h e c l c s e s t edge of t h e draw o f f r,ozz'le.

-- - - 1 - -

Low
- -Liquid
- - -Level
- -
--
1 Draw Off Nozzle
--------
Low L i q u i d - -,.rry .-4----.- - -.

The minimum s u b m r g e n c e (head) needed t o o b t a i n t h e d e s i r e d fiow of l i q u i d throuch a

n o z z l e i s o b t a i n e d from F i g u r e 7 on Page 63A. Tnis f i g u r e i s e s s e n t i ; a l l y a f l w nap which
d e s c r i b e s t h e f o l l o w i n g flow r e o i n e s .

* In drums with b u i l t - i n c c m p a r h e n t s , t h e combined t o t a l d r a i n a r e a s h a l l equal t h a t -of t h e

s i z e s p e c i f i e d i n t h e t a b u l a t i o n . I f t h e drum d e s i g n i n v o l v e s t h e u s e of a p o t , t h e p o t w i l l
have a f u l l s i z e d r a i n c o r r e s p o n d i n g tu the,vessel d i a w + ~ ~ d , l 3;C ~ ~ , p
t h e drum w i l l a l s o have a 1-1/2 i n c h d r a i n .

CO::FIDE!iTIAL D3CU>?ENT - Not t o be Re2roduced

 STANDARD D A T A B O O K - P A E T I!: IP A G E 2: O F € 3
DRI" STZING D~:~.:z~--,i~~~

I n Zone I,S e l f - V e n t i n a Pipe, the p i p e e n t r y acts as a c i r c u l a r w e i r and the l i q u i d fiws

down t h e p i p e w a l l s s u r m u n d i n g a vapor core througn which any e n t r a i n e d vapor mzy escrze.
Designs i n t h i s zone r e q u i r e very low hezds. Zone 2 i s a T r a n s i t i o n Recion where the vazor
and the l i q u i d a r e b e i n g drawn down i n t o tke nozzle by a v o r t e x i n g a c t ~ o n - a n d t + e v z r c r may
n o t have a chance t o f u l l y disengage from t + e l i q u i d . I t i s unsafe t o design i n t h i s r e s i o n
unless an e f f e c t i v e v o r t e x breaker i s used. I n Zone 3 , described as a L i o u i d - F i l l e e 2::e.
enough head i s p r o v i d e d t o prevent the vapor from r e z c h i n g the n o z z l ~ . The nczz;e z c x . as a
f u l l y submerged o r i f i c e and a h i @ head i s r e q u i r e d t o o v e r c m e the entrance l o s s in: tne
nozzle. Draw o f f n o z z l e designs i n Zones 1 and 3 do n o t r e q u i r e vortex breakers.

The vsc o f Fit-re ? w i l l be i l l v s t r a t o d i n :"ffo!!r.,!in~ everp_?ie.

Examole: A f l o w o f 1000 GPM ( ~ a x i r n u d i sr e < u i r e d through a nozzle l o c a t e d a t t h e bcf:x

c e n t e r l i n e of a process vessel. k i t h the a i d o f F i g u r e 7, pase 6 3:. select the
p o s s i b l e n o z z l e s i z e s and p i p i n g arrangeaents t h a t a r e acceptable.

Locate t h e f l o w (G?M) and move v e r t i c z l l y uswzrds t o i n t e r s e c t the v a r i o u s drzw o f f nozzle

diameters u n t i l t h e minimum a v a i l a b l e l i q ~ i dhead (nozzle subzergence), o r t h e require::
nozzle s i z e , i s reached. T h i s w i l l g i v e t n o;erating p o i n t i n oce of eke t P , r e ~ zones.

Zone 1 ( S e l f - V e n t i n a Pioe)

A l l nozzle s i z e l i n e s c u t by t h e 1000 G?!: l i q u i d f l o w abscissa i n t h i s zone (IS inches and

l a r g e r ) w i l l operate as s e l f - v e n t i n g a t t h e corresponding hescs read on the scC- ~..erge:ce
a x i s . A t h i g h e r heads t h e y w i l l operate w i t h o u t v o r t e x i n g , p r o v i d i n g t h e f l o w i s l i c f t e d
t o 5 1 0 0 0 GPM by t h e downstream p i p i n g conzr31 s y s t g o r equipment.

Zone 2 ( T r a n s i t i o n Region1

For a l l heads between 4 and 48 inches, t h e l t C O G?X abscissa l i e s i n tSe T r a n s i r i o n Ke;?on.

Vortex breakers would be needed a t these he?cs f o r any in:e-s~cCec! no:r?e s i z e ( 6 t s i S i n c h e s ) .
However, i f t h e nozzle i s then o v e r s i z e d to it;€ d e ~ r e et h a t i t would be i n Zone 1 ( e . ~ . , due
t o velocity limitations - 14 inches o r I z ~ e r ; , t h e l 2 v o r t e x brecker w o ~ l dn o t be netessary.
a l t h o u ~ ht h e a v a i l a b l e head w i l l exceed t h a t m q u i r e d and the nozzle u i i l n 3 t operste as s e l f -
velt'nc.

I f the a v a i l a b l e mininun l i q u i d head i s 2 X inches ( t h e i n t ? r s ~ c t i o r .o f the uzzer S ~ ; ~ c ? r y

l i n e and the 1000 GFM c z ~ a c i z yl i n e ) , the f z i l o w i n g a:;rcacf!ts w i l l g i v e ncn-vcr:exin< cecei-
t i o n s w i t h o u t a v o r t e x breaker:

a) Nozzle s i z e s chosen a t t h e intercezz:cn o f l G O O GFU and the a v a i ? a S l e hezcs re:-ired

i n Zone 3. such as a - i n c h ( a t 153-inc5 heiid). However, i n p r z c t i c e , t t i s i s u n i i k e l y
due t o t h e h i g h f l o w v e l o c i t i e s tkat r e s u l t .

b) Nozzle s i z e s chosen a t the a v a i l a b l e l i q u i d head ( 2 % inches). b u t t o the r i ~ t ;o f

t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n w i t h t h e l O G O GF3 f i o w l i n e . These nozzles nay be i n Zone I c r eve?
i n Zone 2. However, i f a nozzle s?z: i s chosen i n Zone 2 , i t would no: reqcit-e a
v o r t e x breaker, s i n c e t h e r e q u i r e d f l o w c a p a c i t y (1OGC G?X) i s below t h e c a p a c i t y a t
which t h e n o z z l e would vortex.

I S e l e c t i o n o f Nozzle S i z e

The nozzle s i z e should be s e l e c t e d o f t h e s i z e s i z e as t h e o u t l e t p i p i n g f o r nos: cascs, t h e

p i p i n g b e i n g s i z e d f o r v e l o c i t y o r pressure drop. Check f i r s t t h a t t h e nozzle i s l a c e e n o u ~ n
t o accept the r e q u i r e d m+ximum f l o w w i t h t h e 3 i n i r n u ~hezd availak:e, u s i n g F i ~ u r e?, t r e - cnezk
whether a v o r t e x breaker i s needed. I n t h e exaaz:e give?, a v c r t e x breaker w i l l be r r = ~ + r e idf :

I-- --- - ,~qenc+is.bet+ieen 4 and IE._?nches a n d n o z z l e ~ T i ei s l e s s than 15 inc?er, ,

II If,f o r mechanical r e l s s n s or o t h e r d i s e a vorzEx breaker cancot be accomodatzd, t h e s l r k ~ r c e n c e

must be increased (above 48 i n c h e s ) o r a 1 z r r e r nozzle used (12 inches o r biocer:.

Notes on S e l f - Y e g t i n o L i n e s

I n several s i t u a t i o n s where t h e hesd over a no=z?e i s u n c o n t m l l e d and may bec-,e ve-:, lcu, a
" s e l f - v e n t i n g l i n e " should be used, even t h o z j n t h e f l 0 n a l a v a i l a b l e he?d may no: call f c r i t .
T y p i c a l s i t u a t i o n s are tower s i d e strezm d r r u o f f s and o u t l e t s t o r e b o i l e r s . UnCe- these condi-
a ern, a vov€ex=wil.?never farm. - --+ -

II The drawoff p i p e should be c a r r i e d f u l l noz:!e

drawoff.
s i z e f o r a t l e a s t 5 p i p e d i a c e t e r s :el% t:e
I t can then be reduced i n s i z e . as d i c t a t t d by n0or;nal p i p e s i z i n g cri:eria.

1
tO!iFIDENTikL DOt2UE::T - Not t o be Re~rcduced
 STANDARD D A T A B O O K - PART I11 1 P A G E 34 O F 6:
DRJ5 S ; ? ! N G I Dece-3er.lOir
8. Vortex E l i m i n a t i o n
I
The f o i m a t i o n o f a w r t e x can be avoided b y one o f t h e f o l l w i n g methods.
a method depends on economic c o n s i d e r a t i o n s and process requirements.

(a)
l h e se1ec:ion

Design i n Zone 1 ( S e l f - v e n t i n g Pipe) o r i n Zone 3 ( L i q u i d F i l l e d Pipe) and p r u v i d e

t h e required head.or l a r g e r .
of

I
Lou L i q u i d Levea
(b) I n s t a l l a baffle a t the q o f the nozzle t o increase
t h e su3mergence as s h w n i n t h e a c c o n a n y i n g s k e t c h so
i t conforms w i t h t h e r e q u i r e d submergence f o r o p e r a t i o n
I
5
i n Zone 3 ( L i q u i d F l l l e d Pipe) o f F i g u r e 7. This i s u s e f u l
f o r side-connected d r a r o f f s .

(c) I f due t o process c o n s i d e r a t i o n s t h e draw o f f n o z z l e must be s i z e d t o account f o r opera-

t i o n i n Zone 2. then an e f f e c t i v e v o r t e x breaker must be s u p p l i e d along w i t h the n i n i m u c
head r e q u i r e d according t o Zone 2 i n F i g u r e 7.

C. D e s i m o f Vortex Breakers

Two types o f vortex b r e a k e r designs have been found t o be e f f e c t i v e . They a r e t h e f l a t p l a t e

I
and t h e g r i d type ( s u b a y g r a t i n g ) . In most cases t h e f l a t p l a t e d e s i g n i s s u i t a b l e and rmre
econonicai. Ciowever, t h e g r i d t y p e i s by f a r t'le m s t e f f e c r i v e vor:ex b r e a k e r and i s r e -
conmended i n s i t u a t i o n s where i t may be d i f f i c u l t t o f i t a f l a t p l a t e desigm s u m as w i t h
l a r g e d i a m t s r nozzles o r when m u l t i p l e draw o f f s c r e emoloyed.

Fla: P l a t e Vortex Breaker

A horizontal c i r c u l a r f l a t p l a t e i s i n s t a l l e d over the

nozzle as shown i n t h e a c c o . ~ a n y i n g sketch. The p l a t e
dia,ne*&r should be 4 t o 5 t i r e s t h e n o z z l e diameter f o r
a s i n g l e draw o f f . F o r m u l t i p l e nozzles. t h e p1a:e
should extend beyond t h e s m a l l e s t c i r c l e t h a t completely
encloses a l l o f t h e draw o f f s . by t w i c e t h e d i a m t e r of
t h e l a r g e s t nozzle.

Uhen the C i m e t e r o f t h e draw o f f n o z z l e i s l a r a e r than

15-23: o f t h e vessel d i m e t e r , a f l a t p l a t e v c r t e x -
breaker design may n o t be p r a c t i c a l and the gr:d t y p e
o f vorLex breaker i s then r e c c m n d o d . w

'a
If a v a i l b l e e*rance

... m?j
use G r i d Type

=
Area c;:Zcl -d3e ~i
?laze
Flow &re3 :?is

G r i-
- d :';rtex
- Ereaker !S:buav Grat;nc;!

The cr:d tv?e of v o r t e x b r e a k e r i s made up of t 5 r e e h s r i z c c t a l l e e o~f j r i d , m:c?ly

Sisare, o f t + e type n . m n l y known as subway graLin9 a r w a i k i n g p i a t f o n . it i s m e
expensive a flat p l a t e v o r t e x breaker. Eac5 l s y e r c r m s i s t s o f g r a t i n g raCe wi:5 one
i n ~ vi e r t i c a l fla: bars a t one i n c h centers. The bars a r e connected by c r c s s - i n m e r s and
each l a v e r i s a t r i g n t an?les t o t h e one n e x t to it. As w i t h t h e f i a t p l a t e tyw. these
g r i d s s n c v l d extend o v e r t h e nozzle b u t t h e s i d e of t ! e squire needs a be a x n t m of 3
n ~ z z l ed i k x z e r s i n s i z e and i t should be c s s t e r e d over t'.e n o z z l e f o r c s i n c i e draw s f f .
For m i x i p i e draw o f f s , t h e s i d e o f t h e scuare srid s h o u l d e x i e n c by one C i a s e r e r (of t h e
l a q e s : n o x i e ) past t h e c i r c l e t h a t c c x ? l e r e l y w c i o s e s a l l o f t h e d r a r o f i s . The stercnes
C e i w snow -A recs.mended d i r e n s i o n s f o r r o e c i f y i n ~ I b i s type of v c r t s bm'tor. Fo+ a
g r i d type v o r t e x breaker t'le n r i n i m l i q u i d l e v e i snouid be no l o - e r thm 3,e +coo l a y e r o f
g r j ds .

typical

l-
HeaAs

The c o m n types o f heads used i n process d r m s a r e

Standard Cished heads. d f s h r a d i u s = drum diare:er.

Dished heads. knuckle r a d i u s = 0.06 drun diametfi* .
,
2:1 e l l i p a c a l heads.
Heni s ~ h e rcia l heaas .
Caoacity data f o r 3xe rbove mentioned heads a r e crcsented i n F i g u r e s 2. 3 . 4. and 5.

L
~NFIDEI:TILLNCURXT - so: t o be Reorozuced
- . . _ _ _ _-_
. .. . .-
 -
r+ LUMMUS
STANDARD DATA BOOK
DRUM SIZIriG
P A R T 111 P A G E 35 OF
Januzry, 1072
53

The following recomnendations can be used f o r making a preliminary selection of the hezd type:
Standard dished heads a r e only used i n drums a t 1 atmosphere absolute.
Hemispherical heads a r e used in drums with a dizmeter larger than 15 f e e t resardless of
the design pressure.
Dished heads with knuckle radius = 0.06 drum diameter are used when

D < 15 f t , and P < 100 psig

where D = Drum diameter
P = Design Pressure
2:l e l l i p t i c a l heads are used when D < 15 f t , and P > 100 psig.
The f i n a l s e l e c t i o n of the heads i s made by Project Engineering.

I
The process engineer must have available the various desian paraxeters which e n t e r i n t o the
application of the drum design methods. General r e c o m n d a t i b f o r these pzraneters 2r2 given i n
this section.
Lfaufd Surge Times
Surge time i s the minimum t i n e required f o r providing rezsonable operetfn: f l e x i b i l i t y . This
time should be s u f f i c i e n t f o r t f ~ operatTn5
e personnel t o sense and correct a process u r s e i around
a piece of processing equipment such as a pump f a i l u r e . The lag t i r e between sensing 2nd ccrrec-
tin! trouble i s d e ~ e n a e n tuDon the experience o f the personnel o t e r a t i r , ~tbz g n i t z n ~tke dezree cf
s c p h i s t i c ~ t i c no f the instrcnentzrion.
Recamendations f o r typical liquid suroe t i n e s a r e given in the tzble beic.4. These rec:xenca-
tions a r e based on experienced operating personnel and a we;l i n s t r u z e n t ~ du n i t . Z e : 2 5 f ; ~ . 2 r
should increase these r e c ~ ~ m e n d esurge
d t i r e s by muitipiying the foilcwing f ~ c t 3 r s :
Personnel. Factor
Experienced 1.0
Fully t r a i n e d 1.2
Inexperienced 1.5

Se rvi ces Tc, min

Surge drum feeds a given process u n i t , but receives the
liquid f r o m another u n i t which is t i e d i n t o a segarate
control house

I- --
Same as above but surge drum receives the liquid f m m
a process uni-tt tie8 i**-,m-rtt!& heuse -

Surge drum t o feed a process u n i t , but receives the

l i q u i d f r o m o f f - s i t e tankage
Liquid fmm surge drum is t o feed a tower t i e d i n t o a
separate control house 12
Liquid from surge drum 1s t o feed a tower t i e d i n t o
-. .- the same-wntrol house a - - ---. 8

Liquid froa surge drum to off-si t e tankage o r d i r e c t l y

t o a feed drum f o r another u n i t (gravity f l o r ) 3
% (continued)
CONFIDENTiAL WCUXEYT - Not t o be Re?roducec!
 -
>

STANDARD DATA BOOK P A R T 111 PAGE 36 O F 53

E* LUMMUS DRllM S I Z I N G January, 1972
Services TS, min

Same as above but 'liquid i s pumped from t h e surge drum S

II Liquid from surge drum t o e i t h e r o f f - s i t e tankage o r t o

another feed drum. v i a a feed-bottom h e a t exchanger
Liquid from surge drum i s t h e s o l e charge t o a f i r e d h e a t e r 10
I
Liquiii from surge arum feeds a f i r e d r e b o i l e r ; t h e surge time
is based on t h e r e b o i l e r vapor expressed a s a l i q u i d (5 minutes)
l u s t h e appropriate surge time f o r t h e bottom product based
eh
on t e s p e c i f i c s e r v i c e

I Vapor-liquid s e p a r a t o r between a high-pressure and a low-pressure

separation unit

I D i s t i l l a t e drum a c t i n g as r e f l u x accumulators only 5

I
I
D i s t i l l a t e drums ( r e f l u x drums) which a l s o s e r v e rs product
r e c e i v e r s , the surge time is based on r e f l u x ( 3 minutes) plus
t h e appropriate surge time based on t h e s p e c i f i e d s e r v i c e

I Compressor suction knock-out drums, based on l i q u i d r a t e from

l a r g e s t s i n g l e liquid-producing u n i t preceeding t h e conpressor

I Additional o r ernercpcy surge f o r i n t e r s t a g e knock-out drums

(based on maximum i n t e r s t a g e condensate production r a t e )
/&#,pum I I D Rztio f o r Process ~t-4

I The s e l e c t i o n of a s u i t a b l e veluc! f o r t h e L/D r e t i o o f a process drum i n a p a r t i c u l a r j c b i s

effectso' by these f a c t o r s :

(1) P r o c ~ s sc s n s i d e r z t < c n s a r e a primary f z c t o r over c o s t c c ~ s i d e r a t i o n s , meanin9 t h a t i f

such 2 choice a r i s e s , t h e shape o f a drum nay be sonewhat f i x e d by requirements r e s u l t - I
i n s from soec-i f i e d l i c u - ~ ~ ' a e ~minirum v;cor i r e s , Z~I_+--~+-:D+ , etc.
Very o f t e n t h e r a r i o of L / D i s fixed by p i o z p l t n l i m i t a t i o n s and c l i e n t s a e c i f i c a t i c n s .
1
I ( 2 ) Drms w i t h d i z e t e r s l e s s then 2 f e e t nay be e i i f f a r l t t 3 b u i l d and o p e r z t e (mainrsnx.ce

(3)
prob1err.s). e s p e c i a l l y i f i n t e r n a i s such a s b a f f l e s , w i r e - n ~ s h pads, s p e c i a l l e v e l con-
t r o l l e r s , e t c . . a r e t o be used.
Optimum L/D r a t i o s a r e not as m a n i n ~ f u li n t h e czse of dr'ms with co,nplex i n t e r n a l s ss
I
they a r e f o r simpler d r ~ x s .
Cost consideratians d i c t a t o an optimum LJD r z t i o f o r any f i x e d drun voluiite.
offered next should l e a d i n most p r s c t i c a l cases t o "nezr nininuinn c c s t desigris.

(1)
The c r i t e r i a

The f i r s t general c r i t e r i o n t o be met i s t h a t t h e L/D r a t i o o f a l l process d r u m should

be within the ranoe: 1.5 ,< L/D <
5, except i n the c a s e o f s u r g e drtrrrs c p e r a t i n g a t 7
I
atmosphere absolute, when i t i s cheaper t o use s n a l l e r L/D r a t i o s .

I 12) For operating pressures equivalent t o design pressures between 50 and 603 ? ~ i ,t h e
optimum L/D r a t i o i s around 3 t o 4.
I
I
- =YYf-m? tfm~t
d e s i e s i i P e s above 6D0 p s i t h e recornended L/D r a t i o is around
4 to ,
5

I k'here a p p l i c a b l e , as i n Bloomfield Engineering, s i z e s should be a d j u s t e d t o t h e

standard ones given i n t h e d r a w i n ~ son Pages 37 and 38.
To keep engineering c o s t low, i t i s a d v i s a b l e t o s e l e c t t 3 e a v a i l a b l e standard drum
(4)
s i z e s f r o m t h e manufacturers. ( I n t h e 51oomiield Division, some s t a n d a r d drum s i z e s
have been developed and a r e given i n t h e f i g u r e on Page 37 f o r s u r g e d r u m a t 1 atm. and
- - iir the f i g u r e on Page 38 f o r process drums up t o a nom:nzl 50 p s i maxfmum allowab>k woric-
ing pressure.) . -

CONFIDENTIAL DOCUI'IEFIT - Not t o be Reproduced

 FGp
CHORD WIDTF!/GIAMETEi?
RATIOS UP TO 0 . 5

D = D r u c D1axe ter
B = Chorl S e i g h t
C = Cnord ieagrh
A, = S e , ~ e n t z l or Chord Arcs
A = D r m Cross-Sectionzl A r e a

H/D F r o n 0.0 To 0.1

-
H -
C -
A s g C & E
-
C
-
A,
A -
E -
C &
D D A D D A D D A D D d
 I
x --

TABLE 2 DRUM SIZING

H/D From 0.1 To 0.2

cD DA A , II
D
C
D A
K
D
C
D
- A
h ~
-
D
-c
D A
&
D
g
D
g
A
&
.I000 .6000 .05zO .I290 .6L?? .0680 .!LO0 .6?&0 .O851 -1600 .7?32 .I033 -1800 .7684 .I224
.I005 .6013 -0524 -1205 .6511 .O68t .I405 .6?50 .0@55 -1605 .734l -1037 .IeGS .7692 .I229
..
.I010
1015
1020
.6027 .05?8
.60LO .053i
.6053 .a536
.I210
.-12l5
.
1220
.6523 .C668
.&Sf(. :06+1
-65L6 .0654
GILIS .bi7I -9 .
.I410 .6?60 -0860
-1420 .b981 .0869
-1610
-1615
.I620
.7)51
.7?6C
.7369
.lOLZ
.I047
.
1051
.I810
.I815
1820
.7700
.?/a9
.77:7
.l23L
.I239
.12U
-1025 .6@66 .0540 .,1230
i2if - 6 5 5 ; .C701 . rL?S .l??! .3R7? .' 6 2 5 .7?7R . I056 .1825 .7:25 .Ilk9
.-1030 .6079 .O5tL
1035 6092 OSt7
..I045
IOLO :6105 :0551
.656"070S
.12LO .65?2 .0713
.I430 .7001 .0878 .16?0 .7387 .I061
.I h O .;022 .0666 .I645
.1640 .?LC6
.I830 .I733 .I253
.l2jj .6580 .07m .1&35 .7012 .08i?Z . 1635 .7136 .1066 .I835 -774: -1258
.I073 .IULO .??SO .1261
.tll8 -0555 .12L5 .660f -0717 .ILLS .TO32 .0891 -7415 .I075 .I845 .7758 .I268
 /

TABLE 2
-
H/D From 0 . 3 To 0 . 4
ItcAs
D D A
-HD C A ,
D A

/I' '
From 0 . 4 To 0.5
PS /'
 PAGE: 58 o f 63 IDATE: J a n . , 1572
DRW S T 7 T Y G
X Depth = 100 (h/D)
V ~ , , l l = 5.876D2, g a l l o n s / f t of s h e l l l e n g t h
B=* LUMMUS

77-
FIGURE 1

n
r1
- FOR
5-50: L I Q U I D DEPTHS I N
C Y C I I I 3 R I C A L SHELLS

DFaoecer of an.=. Pee:

..
 FIGURE 2
PFPTIAL CAPACITY FOR
5-56: LIQUID OEPMS I N
HEYISPHERICAL HEADS

Dlaceccr of D w , F e e t
 . .
3.-
1.964 D, C i i ~(For 2 E c a e )
VFuu '>
 FIGURE 4
PFRTIAL CAPACITY FOR
5-50': LIQUID DEPTHS It4
DISHED HEADS
-
(Knuckle Radius 0.060)
 FIGURE 5

PARTIAL CAPACITY FOF!

5-50% L I Q U I D DEPTHS I N
STANDARD DISHED HEADS

Diameter of S r r c . Fecc
FIGURE 6