Wireless LANs
2014
Physical Layer
รศ. ดร. อนันต์ ผลเพิม่
Assoc. Prof. Anan Phonphoem, Ph.D.
[email protected] http://www.cpe.ku.ac.th/~anan
Computer Engineering Department
Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
1
Outline
• Modulation
Modulation Techniques
Techniques
• Basic knowledge
• Narrow Band
• Spread Spectrum
• Physical Layer Architecture
• Physical Layer Operation
2/73
Modulation Techniques
• Physical Layer
• Basic transformations
• Conversion process from data in NIC to radio
waves
3/73
Digital to Analog Encoding
Data in NIC Airwaves
4/73
Basic concepts
• Carrier signal (carrier frequency)
• High frequency as a basis for information
• Sender and receiver agree on the frequency
• Digital data is modulated (shift keying) on
the carrier by modifying carrier characteristics
• 3 characteristics of carrier signal
• Amplitude
• Frequency
• Phase
5/73
Digital/Analog
Encoding
ASK FSK PSK
QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
7/73
Bandwidth for ASK
8/73
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
9/73
Bandwidth for FSK
10/73
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
11/73
PSK Bandwidth
12/73
4-PSK
13/73
4-PSK Constellation
14/73
8-PSK Constellation
15/73
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM)
16/73
8-QAM Signal
17/73
Bit Rate and Baud Rate
18/73
Bit Rate and Baud Rate
19/73
Freq. Spectrum & Bandwidth
• Frequency Spectrum of a signal
• Collection of all the component frequencies of
the signal
• Bandwidth of a signal
• The width of the frequency spectrum
20/73
Bandwidth
21/73
Modulation Technique
• Conversion process from data in NIC to
radio waves
• Narrow Band Modulation
• Spread Spectrum
22/73
Narrow Band Modulation
• Concentrate all Tx power within a narrow
band
• Frequency Spacing
• TV, AM/FM radio
23/73
Narrow Band Example:
FM Radio
• Analog/Analog Encoding
• Concentrate all Tx power within a narrow band
24/73
Spread Spectrum Modulation
• A signal’s power over a wider band of
frequencies
• Less susceptible to noise
• Trade-off between BW and Signal-to-Noise
Ratio (process gain)
25/73
Spread Spectrum Modulation
Amplitude
Narrow Band Signal
Narrow Band Interference
Spread Spectrum Signal
Frequency
26/73
Spread Spectrum Modulation
• Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)
27/73
FHSS
• A carrier signal
• hops from frequency to frequency as a
function of time
• Hopping code:
• frequency use and order to transmit
• Federal Communications Corporation
(FCC): Regulatory Agencies
• >75 frequencies / transmission
• Max dwell time is 400 msec
28/73
FHSS
https://www.okob.net/texts/mydocuments/80211physlayer/ 29
FHSS
Time
Hopping Pattern: E A C D B
5 B
4 D
3 C
2 A
1 E
2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 Frequency
(GHz)
30/73
FHSS & Noise
Time Hopping Pattern: E A C D B
5 B
4 Noise D
3 Noise C
Crash
2 A Noise Noise
Noise
1 Noise E
2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 Frequency
(GHz)
31/73
FHSS
• Achieve up to 2 Mbps
• Faster data rate high errors
• Reduce the interference effect
• Can operate radios with different hopping
pattern in the same frequency band
• Hopping code used is called Orthogonal
32/73
DSSS
• One of the most successful data
transmission technique
• Used in
• cellular networks (CDMA systems)
• Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
• WLAN
33/73
DSSS
• Combines a data signal with higher data
rate bit sequence
• Each bit multiple bits
• Actually sends XOR of a sending bit and n-
random bits
• n-random bit n-bit Chipping Code
• Processing Gain
34/73
DSSS: 5-bit Chipping Code
1
Data Stream: 101
0
1
Random Seq:
0 01101 11000 10111
1
XOR (transmit):
0 10010 11000 01000
5-bit 5-bit 5-bit
35/73
DSSS
• Spread the signal (n-time) across the
frequency band
• Reduce power concentration over a frequency
• Spreading ratio (Chipping code):
• # of chip bits / data bit
36/73
Chipping Sequence
• Pseudo random binary sequence (PRN or PN)
• PRN sequence properties:
• Balanced sequence (difference between number of
ones and zeros in the sequence is less or equal 1)
• Autocorrelation function of the sequence should be
close to 0 everywhere except at the shift 0.
• White noise properties
https://www.okob.net/texts/mydocuments/80211physlayer/ 37
DSSS
• Higher spreading ratio
• Better interference resistance
• Lower data throughput
• Lower spreading ratio
• Lower interference resistance
• Better data throughput
• FCC regulations:
• Spreading ratio 10
• IEEE 802.11 11
38/73
FHSS & DSSS
Power Spectral Density
FHSS @ time T
Jamming Signal
DSSS
Frequency
39/73
FHSS & DSSS
• DSSS can achieve much higher than 2 Mbps
• DSSS is harder to implement
• More expensive than FHSS
• FHSS is higher interference resistance
• DSSS transmits farther than FHSS ?
40/73
OFDM
• Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
• Use many sub-carriers (in parallel)
• Sub-carrier overlap
• Sinc (sinx/x) Shape
• Max amplitudes match the nulls of other sub-
carriers
• Each sub-carrier modulates at low rate
(sum is high)
41/73
sinc(x) Function
42
OFDM
• FDM principle
• more bandwidth efficiency
• Saving bandwidth by decreasing guard band
• Decrease the Interference among channels
(cross talk)
43/73
Regular FDM
Amplitude
Frequency
44/73
OFDM
Max amplitudes
Amplitude
match the nulls
of other sub-carriers
Frequency
45/73
Principles of orthogonal carriers
• Definition
• The cross correlation integral between two
orthogonal sine waves, over the symbol
duration Ts, is zero:
∫ A1sin(2πf1t + φ1) · A2sin(2πf2t + φ2) = 0
Ts
www.dziwior.org/WirelessLAN/OFDM_Principles.html 46
Principles of orthogonal carriers
• The amplitude (An) and phase (φn) of each carrier can have
any value, but must remain constant during the duration of the
symbol (Ts). These characteristics are used to encode the data.
• It turns out that f1 − f2 = n · (1 / Ts), where n is an integer.
The important fact about this orthogonal relationship is that a
demodulator "looking at" f1 over the period Ts will be
completely unaffected by f2 – without requiring an RF filter.
• You can have a set of orthogonal sine waves, such that fn = f0
+ n · (1 / Ts), i.e. a set of carriers at regularly spaced
frequency intervals, 1 / Ts apart. A demodulator "looking at"
one carrier will be unaffected by the other carriers – provided
it integrates over the period Ts.
www.dziwior.org/WirelessLAN/OFDM_Principles.html 47
Outline
• Modulation Techniques
• Basic knowledge
• Narrow Band
• Spread Spectrum
• Physical Layer Architecture
• Physical Layer Operation
48/73
Physical Layer Architecture
MAC Layer
PHY SAP
PLCP Sublayer
Physical
PMD SAPLayer
PMD Sublayer
49
PLCP Sublayer
• Physical Layer Convergence Procedure
• Communicate to MAC via primitives
through Physical Layer Service Access
Point (SAP)
• Prepare PLCP protocol data unit (PPDU)
(append fields to MPDU)
• PPDU provides for asynchronous transfer
of MPDU between stations
50
PMD Sublayer
• Physical Medium Dependent
• Provide actual transmission and reception
of Physical Layer entities via wireless
medium
• Interface directly to the medium
• Provides modulation and demodulation of
the transmission frame
51
Outline
• Modulation Techniques
• Basic knowledge
• Narrow Band
• Spread Spectrum
• Physical Layer Architecture
• Physical Layer Operation
52/73
Physical Layer Operations
• 3 State machines
• Carrier Senses: determine the state of the
medium
• Transmit: send the data frame
• Receive: receive the data frame
53
Physical Layer state
ตรวจสอบสื่อ
ส่งข้ อมูล รับข้ อมูล
54
Physical Layer Service Primitives
MAC PLCP PLCP MAC Description
PHY-CCA.indication (busy/idle : send every
channel changes state)
PHY-TXSTART.request PHY-TXSTART.confirm Start TX
PHY-DATA.request PHY-DATA.confirm Transfer Data
PHY-TXEND.request PHY-TXEND.confirm End TX
PHY-CCARESET.request PHY-CCARESET.confirm Reset Clear Channel
Assessment state
machine
PHY-DATA.indication Transfer Data
PHY-RXSTART.indication Received a valid start
PHY-RXEND.indication frame/PLCP header 55
Carrier Sense Function
MAC PLCP PMD
• Station is not in Tx
or Rx mode
• Clear channel
assessment
• Medium Idle
• Clear channel
assessment
• Medium Busy
• Check preamble
monitor header
• Try to synchronize
Transmit Function
MAC PLCP PMD
•Switch to TX mode
•Sending
preamble &
header to antenna
@ 1 Mbps
•Transmit data @
specified rate
…
…
…
•Switch to RX mode
Receive Function
MAC PLCP PMD
• Clear channel
assessment found
media busy
• Check preamble
monitor header
• Check Power level
> 85 dBm
• Check CRC
• Set octet counter
…
…
…
• Final Octet
Multiple Antenna Diversities
• Receive function will operate with
• Single Antenna
• Multiple Antennas
• Signal Degradation Factors
• Distance
• Atmosphere
• Barrier
• Multiple-path propagation
• Decrease the signal strength
• Use multiple antennas (diversity) to improve the
received signal
59
Multiple Antennas
Wireless Wireless
Transmitter Receiver SISO
Wireless :
:
Wireless SIMO
Transmitter Receiver
Wireless : Wireless
Transmitter : Receiver MISO
Wireless : Wireless
:
: MIMO
Transmitter : Receiver
60
Multiple Antennas
http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/img2/nea_0211comnet-1fig1.gif
61
IEEE 802.11 PHY Layer
• FHSS Physical Layer
• DSSS Physical Layer
• Infrared (IR) Physical Layer
62
FHSS Physical Layer
• Low cost
• Low power consumption
• Most tolerant to noise
• Low potential data rate
• Medium range (< DSSS)
63
FHSS Architecture
• FHSS PLCP Sublayer
• FHSS PMD Sublayer
• Primitives
64
FHSS PLCP frame
PLCP Preamble PLCP Header
80 bits 16 bits 12 bits 4 bits 16 bits 0-4095 Octets
Header
Start Frame
SYNC PLW PSF Error Whitened PSDU
Delimiter
Check
PSDU=PLCP Service Data Unit
Payload (MPDU)
Reduce DC bias, scramble
16-bit CRC
PLCP Signaling Field: data rate (1- 4.5 Mbps)
PSDU Length word
0000110010111101: define the beginning of a frame
0 & 1 alternating : synchronization purpose
65
FHSS HW
พีแอลซีพี
ฝั่งส่ง
การเปลี่ยน การกรองแบบ มอดดูเลชัน่
Data Whitener
สัญญลักษณ์ Guassian แบบ GFSK
Data
พีแอลซีพี ฝั่งรับ
Dewhitener
พีแอลซีพี
การกูค้ ืน
ช่วงการกระโดด
ปรับปรุงจาก 802.11 Wireless Networks, Gast, O’reilly
66
FHSS PMD
• Perform actual Tx/Rx of PPDU by hopping
between channel (hopping sequence)
• Provides FHSS modulation/demodulation
67
FHSS PMD Service Primitives
PLCP PMD PMD PLCP Description
PMD_DATA.request PMD_DATA.indicate Transfer Data
PMD_TXRX.request Set Tx/Rx mode
PMD_PA_RAMP.request Set Ramp up/down Tx
power
PMD_ANTSEL.request Select antenna (1..N)
PMD_PWRMGMT.request Put radio in sleep mode
PMD_TXPWRLVL.request Select power level
PMD_FREQ.request Tx Freq (channel ID)
PMD_RSSI.indication Signal Strength (0-15)
68
DSSS Physical Layer
• High cost
• High power consumption
• High potential data rate
• More range
69
DSSS Architecture
• DSSS PLCP Sublayer
• DSSS PMD Sublayer
• Primitives
70
DSSS PLCP frame
PLCP Preamble PLCP Header
128 bits 16 bits 8 bits 8 bits 16 bits 8 bits
Frame
Start Frame
SYNC Signal Service Length Check MPDU
Delimiter
Sequence
16-bit CRC
#microsec. To transmit the MPDU
Reserved
Modulation type: data rate
1111001110100000: define the beginning of a frame
0 & 1 alternating : synchronization purpose
71
DSSS
• Preamble and PLCP header are transmitted at
1Mbps
• Regardless of data transmission speed
• Payload prepared by the MAC layer is sent at the
rate specified in the services field
• The transmitter uses DBPSK (1Mbps) and DQPSK
(2Mbps) modulation
72
DSSS HW
ลาดับชิปปิ ง้
ฝั่งส่ง
ตัวกรอง มอดดูเลชัน่ แบบ
พีแอลซีพี ตัวกระจาย
Transmit Mark DBPSK/DQPSK
ดีมอดดูเลชัน่ แบบ
พีแอลซีพี Descrambler ฝั่งรับ
DBPSK/DQPSK
Correlator
การกูค้ ืน
ช่วงเวลา
ปรับปรุงจาก 802.11 Wireless Networks, Gast, O’reilly
73
Complementary Code Keying
(CCK)
• 1998
• Proposed by Lucent Technologies and
Harris Semiconductor (later owned by
Intersil)
• Achieve 5.5Mbps and 11Mbps Tx rates
https://www.okob.net/texts/mydocuments/80211physlayer/
74
CCK
• IEEE adopted the CCK and released the 802.11b
in 1999
• new option to transmit PLCP header with a short (56
bits) preamble
• only the Synchronization and Start Frame Delimiter
fields are transmitted at 1Mbps
• The rest of the PLCP header is transmitted at 2Mbps
(using DSSS DQPSK)
• data payload at either the same 2Mbps, or using CCK
at 5.5Mbps or 11Mbps.
75
CCK
• based on polyphase complementary codes
• not binary complex codes
• real component placed in the vertical plane
• complex component in the horizontal plane
76
CCK
• The modulator uses
• 6 bits of each byte to pick one of 64 unique orthogonal
eight chips long polyphase complementary codes
• two bits of the byte are used to rotate the whole code
word (0, 90, 180 or 270 degrees)
• real and complex parts of the resulted code go to
the I(in-phase) and Q(quadrature) channels of
the IQ modulator
77
More on Preamble Frame
http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/searchMobileComputing/downloads/CWAP_ch8.pdf
78
Signal Field (802.11b)
Data Rate Signal Field Value
(Mbps)
1 00001010
2 00010100
5.5 00110111
11 01101110
79
DSSS PMD
• Perform actual Tx/Rx of PPDU
• Provides DSSS modulation/demodulation
80
DSSS PMD Service Primitives
PLCP PMD PMD PLCP Description
PMD_DATA.request PMD_DATA.indicate Transfer Data
PMD_TXSTART.request Start Tx
PMD_TXEND.request End Tx
PMD_TXPWRLVL.request Select power level
PMD_ANTSEL.request PMD_ANTSEL.indicate Select antenna (1..N)
PMD_RATE.request PMD_RATE.indicate Select data rate
PMD_ED.request PMD_ED.indicate Energy > Threshold
PMD_RSSI.indication Signal Strength (0-15)
PMD_SQ.indicate Signal Quality (PN code)
PMD_CS.indicate Valid 802.11 DS
PMD_CAA.indicate Detect RF as CCA algo.81
IR Physical Layer
• Lowest cost
• Highest tolerant to RF noise
• Lowest range
• Need ceiling
• More secure
• No frequency regulating
• No product ?
• IrDA: Infrared Data Association Standard
82
IR Architecture
• IR PLCP Sublayer
• IR PMD Sublayer
83
IR PLCP frame
PLCP Preamble PLCP Header
57-73 slots 4 slots 3 slots 32 slots 16 slots 16 slots 0-2500 octets
Frame
Start Frame Data DC Level
SYNC Length Check MPDU
Delimiter Rate Adjust.
Sequence
16-bit CRC
#microsec. To transmit the MPDU
Specified for 1 and 2 Mbps
Data rate
1001: define the beginning of a frame
Pulse alternating : synchronization purpose
84
IR PMD
• Mostly use diffused infrared
• Perform actual Tx/Rx of PPDU, translate
binary to infrared light
• Provides IR modulation/demodulation
85
IR PMD
• Noise affects amplitude (not phase)
Pulse position reduces interference
• Pulse position modulation :PPM
• Vary position of pulse
• For 1 Mbps 16 PPM
• For 2 Mbps 4 PPM
86
Pulse Position Modulation
Data bits 16-PPM signal Data bits 4-PPM signal
0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 00 0001
0001 0000 0000 0000 0010 01 0010
… … 10 0100
1000 1000 0000 0000 0000 11 1000
87
OFDM PLCP Frame
พรี แอมเบิ ้ล พีแอลซีพี เฮดเดอร์
12 สัญญลักษณ์ 4 บิต 1 บิต 12 บิต 1 บิต 6 บิต 16 บิต ขนาดเปลีย่ นแปลงได ้
SYNC Rate Resv. Length พาริต ี้ Tail Service MAC Data
88
DSSS-OFDM PPDU
http://wireless.agilent.com/wireless/helpfiles/n7617b/dsss-ofdm_ppdu_format_short.jpg
89
Transmission Rate
บิตข้ อมูล ความเร็วที่ได้ (Mbps) ช่ วงความเร็ว
1101 6 1
1111 9 (BPSK)
0101 12 2
0111 18 (QPSK)
1001 24 3
1011 36 (16-QAM)
0001 48 4
0011 54 (64-QAM)
90
IEEE 802.11g OFDM
https://www.okob.net/texts/mydocuments/80211physlayer/ 91