FUNDAMENTALS OF  Athens - wisdom

POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEWER  Sparta - military; children are sent for

military training.
I. INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE
“Politics without history has no root, and that  What is Political Science?
History without politics has no fruit.” - John • The field of political science is a social science
Seeley that dates back 2,500 years with the works of
Plato and Aristotle, who defined it as the "study
 What is Politics? of the state" and were interested in the greater
- The word politics is derived from the Greek good of their citizens.
word “polis” meaning literally a city-state. Ancient • In its simplest terms, political science is the
Greek society was divided into a collection of study of the state and the government
independent citystates, each of which possesses
its own system of government. In this light, “Man is by nature a political animal.” - Aristotle
politics can be understood to refer to the affairs
of the polis-in effect “what concerns the polis”  Niccolo Machiavelli
- Father of modern Political Science.
• The modern form of this definition is therefore
“what concerns the state”. Interrelationship of Political Science with
• In its broad sense, is the activity through which other branches of learning:
people make, preserve and amend general rules 1. History
under which they live. 2. Economics
3. Geography
Development of Politics: 4. Philosophy
1. Ancient 5. Sociology
2. Medieval 6. Jurisprudence
3. Modern
 Philosophy
More definitions of politics : - A field in social science that is related to the
• There are several and competing definitions of study of Political Science which refers to the love
politics of wisdom.
- Politics may also be defined as an art and
science of government Scope of Political Science:
- The exercise of power 1. Political Theory
- The science of government 2. Public Administration
- The making of collective decisions 3. Public Law
4. International Relations
More on politics : 5. Comparative Politics
• Politics can inextricably linked to the
phenomena of conflict and cooperation.  Political Theory
• The heart of politics is often portrayed as the • This is a set of specified relationships
process of conflict resolution. encompassing political matters that focus and
Public Private organize inquiry to describe, explain and predict
political events.
The state : apparatus of the Civil society : • The entire body of doctrines relating to the
government Autonomous origin, form, behavior, and purposes of the state.
bodies-businesses, trade
unions,clubs,associations
Public realm : Personal realm :
Politics, work, art, culture Family and domestic life
etc.
 Public Administration II. STATE, NATION, NATION-STATES AND
• This is focused upon the methods and POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
techniques used in the actual management of
state affairs by the branches of the government.  STATE
• It deals with the organization, control and - A state is a community of persons, more or less
coordination of administrative machinery, numerous, permanently occupying a definite
personnel administration, financial portion of a territory, having a government of
administration, public relations and their own through which a great number of
administrative law. inhabitants render habitual obedience and
enjoying freedom from external control.
 Public law
• The organization of the governments, the ELEMENTS OF THE STATE:
limitations upon government authority, powers 1. People
and duties of the offices of the government and 2. Territory
the obligation of the states (countries) to one 3. Government
another are handled in this study. 4. Sovereignty

 International Relations Two types of Sovereignty:

• The study of the relations of states with each 1. Internal - power to rule
other and with international organizations and 2. External - freedom from foreign control
certain subnational entities.
 NATION
 Comparative Politics - A nation is a large body of people united by
• The study of comparative politics involves common descent, history, culture, or language,
conscious comparisons in studying political inhabiting a particular country or territory. The
experience, institutions, behavior and processes word “nation” can also refer to a group of people
of the systems of government in a who share a history, traditions, culture and, often,
comprehensive manner. language— even if the group does not have a
country of its own.
Importance of the study of Political Science
1. The function of Political Science is to discover BASIS OF A NATION:
the principles that should be adhered to in public A group of people who share:
affairs and to study the operations of the 1. Common descent or history
government in order to demonstrate what is 2. Traditions and culture
good, criticize what is bad or inefficient, and to 3. Common language
suggest improvements. 4. May or may not have its
2. The findings and conclusions in the study of own country
Political Science may be of immense practical
use to lawmakers, executives and judges for the Can there be a state without a nation?
better administration of the state. - No.
3. It teaches us lessons about cooperation, Can there be a nation without a state?
toleration and conflict resolution. - Yes.
4. The study of Political Science deals with the State Nation
problems of the social welfare, governmental 1. It is a political concept 1. It is an ethnical concept
economic programs, international cooperation (consider the elements of (common origin, history,
and other matters that are urgent concern to the state) language and race)
both public and private affairs 2. It must possess the 2. It may or may not
5. The study of Political Science is valuable for elements (people, territory, possess all the elements of
government and the state
creating good citizenship and securing unity of sovereignty)
the nation. Good citizenship will lead to public 3. There can be a single 3. There can be a single
good. state with many nations in it nation divided into several
states
 CONCEPT OF A NATION-STATE III. Theories of State Origin
- In political science, nation refers to a group of and the Rights of a state
people sharing a common social origin,
language, customs and traditions. A nation-state 1. Divine Theory
is one which is a state (having all the elements of - In this theory, the state and its ruler derived its
the state which also possess the characteristics authority from a divine and superior being. The
of a nation) ruler possesses power directly from God and
that disobeying the ruler is likewise disobeying
Examples of a nation-state: God. As this concept evolves it became the
1. Japan “Divine Right of Kings” which was dominant in
2. South Korea some parts of the world like England and France
3. Iceland during the 16th and 17th centuries.
4. Portugal
2. Force Theory
 Political Globalization - In this theory, one person or group forced all
- May be defined as the expansion of political people within an area to obey their ruler. It
systems globally, in which transactions are happens through war, where the strong
managed. Also refers to the intensification and dominated the weak.
expansion of political interrelations across the
world. 3. Instinctive Theory
- It is contended in this theory the state was
Proofs of Political Globalization: brought about by the instinctive or natural
1. Existence of Political Treaties propensities of men to live in a systematized
2. Emergence of International Organizations society. Men by nature are companionable.
3. Political Alliances Aristotle stated that a state is good and came
4. Awareness on Global political issues into existence because of man’s desire for social
5. Spread of political ideologies and political association.

 International Organization 4. Patriarchal Theory

The term is commonly used to refer to - Some anthropologists and sociologists claimed
intergovernmental organization or groups that that the state arose through a process of
are primarily made up of memberstates. IO’s are evolution. At the beginning the state evolved
actors in world politics. They are constituted by from the smallest unit of society which is the
international law as independent entities, family. Gradually the family headed by a parent
separate from the states that make them up as particularly by the father enlarged into a clan (a
their founders and their members. group of related families headed by a chieftain)
- Fraught with conceptual and practical and later on, the clan expanded into a tribe and
problems. later on to a state.
- They exist only because states have created
them. Pater - Latin word for “Father”
- Their powers only apply only to the extent that Mater - Latin word for “Mother”
states consent them.
- IO’s shape the politics and controversies 5. Social Contract Theory
among countries in a number of ways. They can - The state is essentially formed through a
be powerful forces in their own right, as when an contract between the leader and the people or
international court decides that a state is the people of the state with one another to form
violating its legal obligations or when the UN the state together with its ruler. Thomas
sends peace keepers to intervene in conflict. Hobbes and John Locke two famous political
thinkers contributed ideas regarding the social
contract theory.
 Thomas Hobbes (People + People) 4. The Right of Jurisdiction
- According to Hobbes, man naturally is selfish. - The right of the state to have an authority
- Without a government, there will be chaos and over persons and things within or sometimes
men would violate the rights of others. Therefore outside its territory subject to certain exceptions.
a government should exist in which the people
would surrender their rights to a leader called 5. The Right of Property and Domain
“sovereign”. - Is meant the right of the state to hold and
- The sovereign will now have the power to rule acquire in absolute ownership territorial and
absolutely over the people and protect them. nonterritorial possessions.

 John Locke (People + Government) 6. The Right of Legation

- Locke argues that man is naturally bounded - It is also known as the right of diplomatic
morally not to harm each other in their lives or intercourse, an essential aspect in diplomatic
possession, but without a government to defend foreign relations.
them against those seeking to injure or enslave - It is the right of the state to send and receive
them; people would have no security in their diplomatic envoys or representatives.
rights and would live in fear. - A state may reject an ambassador sent by
- Locke states that individuals would agree to another state or country as their representative.
form a state that would provide a “neutral judge”
acting to protect the lives, liberty and property of IV: Inherent Powers of the State
those who lived within it.
1. Police Power
2. Power of Taxation
RIGHTS OF A STATE 3. Power of Eminent Domain

1. The Right of Existence and Self-defense  Police Power

- It is considered as the most important right of a - Power to protect citizens and provide for safety
state. and welfare society.
- Under this concept, the state has the right to - Executive Department
take such measures, including the use of force,
as may be necessary to resist any danger to its  Power of Taxation
existence. - The tax power to enforce contributions to
support the government and other inherent
Two types of war: powers of the state.
1. Agressive War Taxes
- prohibited in the Philippines. - lifeblood of the government.
2. Defensive War
- only self-defense  Power of Eminent Domain
- Power of the state to take property for public
2. The Right of Independence use.
- It is the right of the state to manage all its affairs - Inherent upon the existence of the state.
whether internal affairs or external without - The owner of the may not refuse the
control or interference from other states. government to take his land.
- Manifestation of the existence of its - The owner of the property must be
sovereignty. compensated justly by the government.

3. The Right of Equality

- Under this concept, all the rights of the state
regardless of their number, must be observed
and respected by the international community in
the same manner that the rights of other states
are observed and respected.
 IV. STATE AND POLITICS
1. Minimal states
Defining the state - is the ideal of classical liberals, whose
aim is to ensure that individuals enjoy the
 Idealist approach widest possible realm of freedom.
- is an approach reflected in the writings of Hegel
in which he identified three moments of social 2. Developmental state
existence : the family, civil society and the state. - is one that intervenes in economic life with
- The family (particular altruism) the specific purpose of promoting industrial
- The civil society (universal egoism) growth and economic development.
- The state (universal altruism)
3. Social democratic states
 Functionalist approaches - are states that intervene with a view to
- focus on the role or purpose of state institutions. bringing about broader social restructuring,
The central function of the state is invariably usually in accordance with the principles
seen as the maintenance of social order. such as fairness, equality and social just.

 Organizational view 4. Welfare state

- defines the state as the apparatus of - is a state that takes primary responsibility
government in its broadest sense; that is, as the for the social welfare of its citizens,
set of institutions that are recognizably public in discharged through a range of social security,
that they are responsible for the collective health, education and other services.
organization of social existence and are funded
at the public’s expense. 5. Collectivized states
- bring the entirety of economic life under
 International approach state control. These sought to abolish private
- views it primarily as an actor on the world stage; enterprise altogether and set up centrally
indeed as the basic unit of international politics. planned economies administered by a
network of economic ministries and planning
Key features of the state: Committees.
1. The state institutions are recognizably public.
2. The state is an instrument of domination. 6. Totalitarian state
3. The state is sovereign. - is the construction of an all embracing state,
4. The state is an exercise of legitimation. the influence of which penetrates every
5. The state is a territorial association. aspect of human existence.

7. Religious states
 Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention - these are driven by the tendency within
• A defined territory religious fundamentalism to reject the
• A permanent population public/private divide and to view religion as
• An effective government the basis of politics.
• The capacity to enter into relations with
other states
GLOBALIZATION AND THE STATE
 Role of the state  Supraterritoriality
• Minimal states - The process through which economic activity
• Developmental states increasingly takes place within a ‘borderless
• Social-democratic states world’.
• Welfare states  Political globalization
• Collectivized states – The growing importance of international bodies
• Totalitarian states and organizations, and of trans nation political
• Religious states forces generally.