DC MOTORS which rotates inside the stator.

there is no
basic difference between a DC generator and
Principles of Operation
a DC motor construction. In fact, the same DC
DC motor is a device that converts electrical machine can be used interchangeably as a
energy into mechanical energy through the generator or as a motor.
interaction between a magnetic field and
electric current. Powered by direct current
(DC)

Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday's law states that a changing

magnetic field can induce an electromotive
force (EMF) in a conductor. If a conductor is
moved through a magnetic field or if the
magnetic field is changed, an EMF will be
induced in the conductor. The magnitude of
the induced EMF is proportional to the rate of
change of the magnetic field. PERMANENT MAGNET DC MOTOR (PMDC)
Lorentz Force Law • the motor has a permanent magnet on the
inner periphery of the stator.
Lorentz law, describes the force that a
charged particle experiences when it is in the • The magnets are radially magnetized inside
presence of an electric field and a magnetic the yoke. The stator is used to carry the
field. The force on the charged particle is magnetic field produced by the magnets. The
proportional to the strength of the magnetic rotor consists of armature core, armature
field, the charge of the particle, and the winding, commutator and brush
velocity of the particle arrangements to carry the current into the
motor.
The Lorentz force law plays a crucial role in
the principle of motor operation. An electric Advantages:
motor converts electrical energy into
 They are smaller in size.
mechanical energy by utilizing the
interaction between magnetic fields and  For smaller rating PMDC reduces the
electric currents. manufacturing cost thus PMDC motor are
cheaper.
In an electric motor, an electric current is
passed through a wire that is placed in a  these motors do not require field windings;
magnetic field. As per the Lorentz force law, they do not have field circuit copper losses.
the current-carrying wire experiences a force This increases their efficiency.
perpendicular to both the magnetic field and
the direction of current flow. This force Disadvantages:
causes the wire to move in a circular motion  Permanent magnets cannot produce a high
around a fixed axis, which in turn causes the flux density as that as an externally supplied
shaft of the motor to rotate. shunt field does. Therefore, a PMDC motor
has a lower induced torque per ampere turns
of armature current than a shunt motor of the
DC Motors are constructed with a stator, same rating.
which houses the magnetic field, and a rotor,

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 risk of demagnetization of the poles which Ia = armature current
may be caused by large armature currents.
Ra = armature winding resistance
Demagnetization can occur due to excessive
heating and when the motor is overloaded for SELF EXCITED DC MOTOR
a long period of time.
The field winding is energized by the residual
 The magnetic field of PMDC motor is magnetism and then by the emf induced in
present at all time, even when the motor is the motor. Because of the residual flux, the
not being used. Extra ampere turns cannot be motor starts to rotate.
added to reduce the armature reaction.
APPLICATIONS:
Applications:
DC SERIES MOTOR
PMDC motors are used in various applications
ranging from fractions to several horsepower.  used where high starting torque required.
They are developed up to about 200kW for These motors are only used where the
use in various industries. variation of speed is possible. series motors
are not suitable for constant speed
• automobiles to operate windshield wipers applications.
and washers, to raise the lower windows, to
drive blowers for heaters and air conditioners  used in a vacuum cleaner, traction systems,
etc. sewing machines, cranes, air compressors etc.

• computer drives, toy industries, electric DC SHUNT MOTOR

toothbrushes, portable vacuum cleaners, food  used where constant speed is needed such
mixers. as in fixed speed applications.
• portable electric tool such as drilling  Lathe Machines, Centrifugal Pumps, Fans,
machines, hedge trimmers etc. Blowers, Conveyors, Lifts, Weaving Machine,
SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR Spinning machines, etc.

A separate DC supply is given to both the field DC COMPOUND MOTOR

winding and armature winding. Both are  Provide high starting torque and nearly
electrically isolated and have separate voltage constant speed thus are used where we
ratings. Separately excited Dc motors got require high starting torque and constant
very accurate speed and are much suitable for speed
applications which need speed variation from
low speed to higher speed. Used in paper  Presses, Shears, Conveyors, Elevators,
machines, Rolling units, Actuators, Trains and Rolling Mills, Heavy Planners, etc.
automatic traction.

• Back emf developed SERIES DC MOTOR

Eb = Vs− IaRa  Shaft Torque is less than Armature Torque
• Power drawn from the supply, due to stray losses

P = VsIa  Flux is directly proportional to armature

current, ɸ
Where: Eb = Back emf or counter emf
 Torque increases as the square of armature
Vs = Supply Voltage current, Ta

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 When armature current is very small, the  The torque is proportional to armature
speed becomes dangerously high, thus, series current,
motor should never be started without some
 The back emf is proportional to speed,
mechanical loads
Therefore, a shunt motor can be assumed as a
 When speed is high, torque is low and vice constant speed motor.
versa
The armature coils and the shunt coils are
Tsh = shaft torque (N-m) connected in parallel.

Ta = armature torque (N-m)

Ia = armature current (amperes)

φ = flux

Eb = back emf (volt)

N = speed

The armature coils and the shunt coils are

connected in series.
COMPOUND DC MOTOR

DC compound motors have both series as

well as shunt winding. In a compound motor,
if series and shunt windings are connected
such that series flux is in direction as that of
the shunt flux then the motor is said to be
cumulatively compounded. And if the series
flux is opposite to the direction of the shunt
flux, then the motor is said to be differentially
compounded.
Ia = Ise = Is (a) Cumulative compound motor
Eb = Vs− Ia(Ra+Rse) Cumulative compound motors are used
where series characteristics are required but
Where: Eb = Back emf or counter emf
the load is likely to be removed completely.
Vs = Supply Voltage Series winding takes care of the heavy load,
whereas the shunt winding prevents the
Ia = armature current
motor from running at dangerously high
Ra = armature winding resistance speed when the load is suddenly removed.
These motors have generally employed a
SHUNT DC MOTOR flywheel, where sudden and temporary loads
 Since heavy starting load needs heavy are applied like in rolling mills.
starting current, shunt motor should never be (b) Differential compound motor
started on a heavy load
Since in differential field motors, series flux
 A shunt motor can be assumed as a opposes shunt flux, the total flux decreases
constant speed motor with increase in load. Due to this, the speed
 In shunt, the field flux is assumed to be remains almost constant or even it may
constant increase slightly with increase in load (N ∝

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Eb/ɸ). Differential compound motors are not At starting, the armature draws a high current
commonly used, but they find limited due to the back emf of the motor at the
applications in experimental and research instant ofstarting is equal to zero (Eb = 0)
work.
 Armature starting current without a starting
rheostat

COMPOUND DC MOTOR

LONG SHUNT

-The series field are connected in series with  Armature starting current with a starting
the armature coils while the shunt field are rheostat inserted in the armature
connected across the series combination.

where:

Ias = armature starting current (ampere)

Vs = supply voltage (volt)

R= resistance of the starting rheostat (ohm)

Ra′ = armature equivalent resistance (ohm)

Speed, Torque and Mechanical Output

SHORT SHUNT

-The series field are connected in series with

the supply voltage while the shunt field coils
and the armature coils are connected in
parallel.

Motor Starting

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 Constant Losses and Pony Brake Test

Test to determine the constant losses of a DC

machine:
Pd = power developed in the armature
(watts)

Ia = armature current (amperes)

φ = flux, Eb = back emf (volt), N = speed Pony Brake Test of a Motor: Used to
(rpm) determine the output horsepower of the
machine.
a = number of armature current paths

P = number of poles

Z = number of conductors where T = torque exerted by the motor during

the test
k = proportionality constant
*The Pony brake is a simple type of
Hp = mechanical power output (horsepower) dynamometer used to measure the amount of
torque produced by a motor or engine in
T = torque developed
order to determine its brake horsepower
NNL = no-load speed of the motor rating

NFL = full-load speed of the motor CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM POWER:

-Mechanical power developed by the motor is

maximum when back emf is equal to half the
SPEED REGULATION:
applied voltage.
- change of speed when the load on the motor
is reduced from rated value to zero,
expressed as percent of the rated load speed.

TORQUE DEVELOPED:

-Torque of a motor is independent of speed. Limitations: In practice, we never aim at

The speed which depends on torque and not achieving max power due to:
vice versa. If torque increases, motor speed (1) The armature current under this condition
must increase. is very large-much excess of rated current of
MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY: the machine.

-As for a generator, the efficiency curve of a (2) Half of the input power is wasted in the
dc motor will be maximum when variable armature circuit. If we take into account other
losses are equal to the constant losses. losses (iron and mechanical), the efficiency
will be well below 50%.
Power Stages of DC Motor

Speed Reversion and Control of a Self-Excited

Motor

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I. The direction of rotation of a self-excited DC (ii) sparking at the brushes
motor can be reversed using any of the
(iii) short circuited armature or filed coils
following techniques
(iv) too frequent starts or reversals
• By interchanging the armature terminals
(v) Poor ventilation
• By interchanging the field terminals
(vi) incorrect voltage
Note: If both of them were interchanged, the
direction of rotation will not change.

II. The speed of a self-excited DC motor can be

varied using any of the following techniques:

Troubles in DC Motors

1. Failure to start - This may be due to

(i) ground fault

(ii) open or short-circuit fault

(iii) wrong connections

(iv) too low supply voltage

(v) frozen bearing or

(vi) excessive load.

2. Sparking at brushes –This may be due to

(i) troubles in brushes

(ii) troubles in commutator

(iii) troubles in armature or

(iv) excessive load.

3. Vibrations and pounding noises - This may

be due to

(i) worn bearings

(ii) loose parts

(iii) rotating parts hitting stationary parts

(iv) armature unbalanced

(v) misalignment of machine

(vi) loose coupling

4. Overheating –This may be due to

(i) overloads