Cyril Benoit T.
Sisnorio
BSCE 1A
1. Differentiate weathering, erosion and deposition. How can they affect the geological
structures?
The earth's surface is made up of several materials, including rocks. Rock and
other components can therefore only be changed, not created or destroyed. Rock materials
deteriorate through physical and chemical processes known as weathering. Rocks are
changed by weathering when they are broken down into progressively smaller pieces or
when compounds are dissolved and removed from the rock. Rusted rock fragments make
up sediment. Erosion is the process by which weathered materials are moved from one
place to another by gravity, wind, water, or ice. Eroded materials that are dumped or laid
down begin to decompose. Like weathering, erosion and decomposition do not remove
objects; instead, they transfer and decompose them. Like weathering, erosion and
decomposition do not eliminate stuff; rather, they transport and decompose matter in new
locations. And changes in the shape, size, and texture of certain landforms can have an
impact on geological structure (such as mountains, riverbeds, beaches, etc.)
2. How do sediments change into sedimentary rocks by compaction and cementation
over time? Describe the geological processes involved.
In contrast to metamorphic and igneous rocks, which are found deep within the
Earth, sedimentary rocks originate on or near the surface of the planet. The most important
geological processes that lead to the creation of sedimentary rocks include erosion,
weathering, dissolution, precipitation, and lithification. Examples of erosion and
weathering include the progressive disintegration of large rocks into smaller ones caused
by wind and rain. Boulders and even mountains deteriorate into sediments like sand and
mud due to erosion and weathering. Chemical weathering, which includes dissolution, is
one type of weathering. This process gradually wears away stone by using slightly acidic
water. The building blocks for new sedimentary rocks are created by these three processes.
New rocks or minerals are created as a result of lithification and precipitation.
3. Provide images/pictures with corresponding captions for the different types of:
a. Physical Weathering - Physical weathering,
often known as mechanical weathering, is the
process by which rocks, minerals, and soils
disintegrate without undergoing chemical
change. Abrasion is the basic process in physical
weathering (the process by which clasts and
other particles are reduced in size).
b. Chemical Weathering - When water interacts
with minerals to trigger diverse chemical
reactions, it changes the makeup of rocks, often
altering them.
4. Describe the factors that affect weathering.
The weathering of rocks is influenced by exogenic forces. Climate change is
primarily caused by physical factors like temperature and humidity, chemical factors like
oxidation and carbonation, and biological factors like animal burrowing and human activity.
5. Explain the relationship of the energy of an environment to the type of material
transported and deposited.
Any solid substance that is moved, carried, and dumped in a new place is
considered a sediment. The general term for the movement of silt is erosion. Sediment varies
in size. It might be as small as a sand particle or as large as a boulder. Rocks, minerals, and
the remains of extinct plants and animals make up sediment. The energy required for the
movement and displacement of sediment is provided by air power. The wind in a dust storm
can scatter debris all around a plane. As stony material is eroded by wind and dumped in one
place, sand dunes are created. Very large pieces of debris that have been frozen into glaciers
are carried by the flow of ice and glaciers. As the ice sheet moves across the terrain or melts,
sediments are left behind in other places. Water, specifically rainwater, moves a significant
amount of dirt from hills to plains. Medium and fine silt can be washed into a delta by river
water. More silt, both in terms of amount and size, can be carried by a water flow that is
greater. Ocean currents, tides, and waves all help to move sediment. Gravity also helps
erosion by permitting large stones and rocks to fall from hills' peaks.
6. How does wind affect landscapes? Differentiate the wind abrasion for low-lying rocks
or boulders and for larger or taller boulders.
Wind can lift layers of sediment and dirt from the surface of a landscape or carry
microscopic grains of sand and other debris hundreds of miles away. Wind-carried materials
erode the earth as they scrape over the surface or break into smaller particles and deposit in
new locations. The wind flattens the surface of low-lying rocks or boulders, but wind
abrasion causes a drastically different modification to the rock for larger or taller boulders.
Most of the time, the wind velocity is insufficient to pick up sand particles and carry them
high into the air.
7. The beach profile changes seasonally due to the change in wave energy experienced
during summer and winter months. Explain what happens in relation to geological
processes.
A beach is a thin, gently sloping strip of land on the shore of an ocean, lake, or
river. Beaches are covered with materials such as sand, pebbles, boulders, and seashell
pieces. Most beach materials are the result of weathering and erosion. Water and wind wear
away at the earth over time. The constant action of waves pounding against a rocky cliff, for
example, may cause some rocks to shift. Massive boulders can be eroded down to the size of
grains of sand. Wind and waves can carry beach items over vast distances. When the tide
comes in, it deposits ocean sediment. Sand, shells, seaweed, and even marine animals such as
crabs and sea anemones may be found in this soil. When the tide flows out, it carries silt with
it. Tides and ocean currents can transport sediment hundreds of kilometers distant. Tides and
currents are the primary causes of beach formation, modification, and destruction, since the
currents carry silt and debris from one location to another. Beaches are always changing.
Every day, tides and weather can change beaches, bringing new materials and removing
others. Beaches also alter with the seasons. Storm gusts toss sand into the air throughout the
winter. This can cause beaches to erode and sandbars to form. Sandbars are narrow, exposed
sand and sedimentary areas close off the beach. Throughout the summer, waves gather sand
from sandbars and replenish the beach. Beaches become broader and have a gradual slope in
the summer and narrower and steeper in the winter due to seasonal variations.
8. Which area in the Philippines is prone to tsunami? Give a list of strongest storm surges
and tsunami experienced here in our country.
There are two sorts of tsunamis: local tsunamis and far field or distant tsunamis.
Tsunamis created by local earthquakes can harm coastal communities in the Philippines,
particularly those bordering the Pacific Ocean, South China Sea, Sulu Sea, and Celebes Sea.
Local tsunamis are limited to coasts within 100 kilometers of the source, which is usually an
earthquake and a landslide or pyroclastic flow. The proximity of Southern Mindanao to
Celebes Sea, where undersea earthquakes frequently occur, makes this part of the country
most vulnerable to tsunamis. Three of the ten provinces most at risk to tsunamis are in
Southern Mindanao, namely Sulu, Tawi–tawi and Basilan.
9. What must be done before and during tsunami and storm surges?
In the event of a global tsunami warning, pay attention to local warnings, watch
television, and listen to the radio before leaving. Help the family's most vulnerable members
leave as soon as possible in the event of a local tsunami warning. Follow the evacuation
instructions and alert your neighbors. What are your preparations for a storm surge both now
and later? Keep yourself inside where you are protected from the water. The best location is
away from windows, on the downwind side of the house. Monitor the storm's development
and keep an ear out for any warnings or instructions from local authorities. Prior to setting
out on your journey, pay special attention to the rescue workers who will be managing the
evacuation planning.
