SYMMETRIC PATTERNS A figure has symmetry if

there is a non-trivial transformation that maps the

WHAT IS MATHEMATICS?
figure onto itself or you can draw an imaginary line
Mathematics is defined as the study of across the object and the resulting parts are mirror
numbers and arithmetic operations. Others images of each other.
describe mathematics as a set of tools or a
BILATERAL SYMMETRY, or known as line, is evident
collection of skills that can be applied to questions
in most animals, including humans. Example is the
of “how many” of “how much”. Still, others view it
figure of the butterfly and Leonardo da Vinci’s
as a science which involves logical reasoning,
Vitruvian Man.
drawing conclusions from assumed premises, and
strategic reasoning based on accepted rules, laws, Order of Rotation
or probabilities. Mathematics is also considered as
There are other types of symmetry depending on
an art which deals with form, size, and quantity.
the number of sides or faces that are symmetrical.
PATTERN is an arrangement which helps observers A figure has a rotational symmetry of order n
anticipate what they might see or what happens (n-fold rotational symmetry) if 1/n of a complete
next. Or just simply are regular, repeated, or turn leaves the figure unchanged. To compute for
recurring forms or designs. the angle of rotation, we use the following formula:
TYPES OF PATTERNS Angle of Rotation = 360◦ / n
1. LOGIC PATTERNS - are usually the first to be Where n is the number of rotational symmetry or
observed. Classifying things, for example comes order of rotation.
before numeration. These patterns are seen on
aptitude tests in which takers are shown a PACKING PROBLEMS involve finding the optimum
sequence of pictures and asked to select which method of filling up a given space such as cubic or
figure comes next among several choices. spherical container. Honey bees love hexagons
because more area will be covered compared to
2. NUMBER PATTERNS - The two most common other polygons.
are the arithmetic and geometric patterns. While
arithmetic sequence is formed by adding or WORLD POPULATION
subtracting a constant number to consecutive formula for exponential growth:
terms, geometric sequence needs to be multiplied
or divide with same value each time we want to get A=Pert
the next term in the sequence. WHERE:
3. GEOMETRIC PATTERNS - Geometric pattern is a A = the size of the population after it grows
motif or design that depicts abstract shapes like
lines, polygons, and circles, and typically repeats P = the initial number of people
like a wallpaper. E = Euler’s constant = 2.718
4.WORD PATTERNS - Patterns can also be found in t = time
language like morphological rules in pluralizing
nouns or conjugating verbs for tense, as well as the r = growth rate
metrical rules of poetry.

FIBONACCI was the name given to an Italian

PATTERNS IN NATURE are the regular arrangement Mathematician Leonardo Pisano which means
of objects in any form found everywhere plants, Leonardo of Pisa, because he was born in Pisa, Italy
animals, humans, earth formations, and many around 1175. FIBONACCI is the shortened word for
others. These include symmetries, spirals, waves, the Latin term “filius Bonacci”, which stands for
arrays, cracks, stripes, etc. Some of these patterns “son of Bonaccio.” His father name was Guglielmo
which recur in different context can be modelled Bonaccio. He first observed the pattern while
mathematically. So, let us start looking for more investigating how fast rabbits could breed under
patterns in nature. ideal circumstances.
SEQUENCE is an ordered list of numbers, called
terms, that may have repeated values. The
arrangement of these terms is set by a definite
rule.
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
The general rule is given by

F 1 = F2 Fn = Fn-1 + Fn−2 for n ≥ 3.

To find the nth Fibonacci number without using
recursion formula, the following is evaluated using
a calculator:

( ) ( )
n n
1+ √ 5 1+ √5
−
Fn = 2 2
√5
known as the Binet Form of the Fibonacci number.

GOLDEN RATIO - the ratio of successive Fibonacci

numbers approaches the number φ (Phi). This is
approximately equal to 1.618. The golden ratio
can also be expressed as the ratio between two
numbers, if the latter is also the ratio between the
sum and the larger of the two numbers.
Geometrically, it can be visualized as the rectangle
perfectly formed by a square and another
rectangle, which can be repeated infinitely inside
each section.
- Leonardo da Vinci has incorporated geometry in
many of his paintings, with the golden ratio just
being one of his mathematical tools. Experts agree
that he probably thought that the golden ratio
made his paintings more attractive.
- The Golden Ratio is seen all over the human
body. This can be verified by measuring some parts
of human body: the length of the arm, height, the
distance of finger tips to the elbow. According to
Markowsky (1992), “the ratio of the person’s
height to the height of his or navel is roughly the
golden ratio”. You may verify it yourself if you are
close to the golden ratio. Another name of the
golden ratio is divine proportion. This must be so
because human beauty is based on divine
proportion.