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NORTONS

This document describes a study on verifying Norton's theorem experimentally. It was conducted by Bruce Maenya Oyondifor his BSc in Telecommunication and Information Engineering. The aim was to investigate Norton's theorem practically using equipment like a Norton's theorem experimental kit. The introduction explains that Norton's theorem can reduce complex networks into an equivalent circuit with a current source and parallel resistance. The theory section then outlines Norton's theorem and how to derive the Norton equivalent circuit by finding the Norton current and resistance. Steps are provided to analyze any circuit using Norton's theorem.

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MAENYA BRUCE OYONDI
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78 views4 pages

NORTONS

This document describes a study on verifying Norton's theorem experimentally. It was conducted by Bruce Maenya Oyondifor his BSc in Telecommunication and Information Engineering. The aim was to investigate Norton's theorem practically using equipment like a Norton's theorem experimental kit. The introduction explains that Norton's theorem can reduce complex networks into an equivalent circuit with a current source and parallel resistance. The theory section then outlines Norton's theorem and how to derive the Norton equivalent circuit by finding the Norton current and resistance. Steps are provided to analyze any circuit using Norton's theorem.

Uploaded by

MAENYA BRUCE OYONDI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TITLE

STUDY AND VERIFICATION OF THE


NORTON’S THEOREM

NAME: BRUCE MAENYA OYONDI


REGESTRATION NO: E020-01-1157/2022
COURSE: Bsc. TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION
ENGINEERING
UNIT: CIRCUITS AND NETWORK THEORY
DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 15/02/2023
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 5/04/2023

AIM

Aim of experiment: To investigate Norton's theorem


practically.

APPARATUS

1. Set of cables
2. Norton’s theorem experimental kit
3. Digital multimeter
4. Power supply
INTRODUCTION

 Norton’s theorem is another useful tool to analyse electric circuits like using
the Thevenin’s Theorem, which reduces linear, active circuits and complex
networks into a simple equivalent circuit.
The main difference between Thevenin’s theorem and Norton’s theorem is
that, Thevenin’s theorem provides an equivalent voltage source and an
equivalent series resistance, while Norton’s theorem provides an equivalent
Current source and an equivalent parallel resistance.
Norton's theorem states that a network consists of several voltage sources,
current sources and resistors with two terminals, is electrically equivalent to an
ideal current source " INO" and a single parallel resistor, RNO. The theorem can
be applied to both A.C and D.C cases. The Norton equivalent of a circuit
consists of an ideal current source in parallel with an ideal impedance (or
resistor for non-reactive circuits).

THEORY
Norton’s Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit, no matter how
complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a single current source and parallel
resistance connected to a load. Just as with Thevenin’s Theorem, the qualification of
“linear” is identical to that found in the Superposition Theorem.
Norton’s theorem especially useful in the study of parallel circuits. The
statement of Norton’s theorem is as follows, Norton’s theorem is summarized
graphically in Fig.(x), where I is the shortcircuit current that flows from the
network when terminals a, b are ‘‘shorted’’ together. Gg is the conductance seen
looking back into the network with the terminals open-circuited, that is, with the
switch open. The current in any load conductance GL, when connected to two
terminals of a network, is the same as if GL connected to a constant-current
generator whose constant current is equal to the current that flows between the
two terminals when they short-circuited together.
 Norton’s Theorem is a way to reduce a network to an equivalent circuit
composed of a single current source, parallel resistance, and parallel load.
 Steps to follow for Norton’s Theorem:

(1) Find the Norton source current by removing the load resistor from the
original circuit and calculating current through a short (wire) jumping across the
open connection points where the load resistor used to be.

(2) Find the Norton resistance by removing all power sources in the original
circuit (voltage sources shorted and current sources open) and calculating total
resistance between the open connection points.

(3) Draw the Norton equivalent circuit, with the Norton current source in
parallel with the Norton resistance. The load resistor re-attaches between the
two open points of the equivalent circuit.

(4) Analyze voltage and current for the load resistor following the rules for
parallel circuits.

Norton’s theorem states that any linear complex electrical circuit can be reduced
into a simple electric circuit with one current and resistance connected in
parallel. In general Norton’s theorem states that any linear electrical complex
circuit can be simplified into simple circuit that consists of a single current
source and parallel equivalent resistance connected across the load.

The Norton’s theorem formula is

Below is the step of Norton circuit analysis.

1. Find and determine terminal a-b where a parameter is observed.


2. Remove the component on that terminal, make it short circuit to the terminal
a-b, and calculate the current at that point a-b (I ab=Isc=IN). This is known as I
Norton or Norton equivalent current.

3. If all the sources are independent sources, then find the equivalent resistance
when all the sources are turned off and replaced by their inner resistances
(Rab=RN=RTh):

 Independent voltage source is replaced by a short circuit.


 Independent current source is replaced by an open circuit.
4. If there is a dependent source, to find the Norton equivalent resistance we can
use:

5. In order to find the Voc at terminal a-b, make that terminal open circuit and
find the voltage across that terminal (Vab=Voc).

6. Redraw the Norton equivalent circuit consisting of the Norton equivalent


current source, Norton equivalent resistance, and the component we remove in
Step.(2).

The procedure to find the Norton’s equivalent circuit at terminals a-b is:

1. Remove the observed resistor.


2. Make the terminals a-b as a short circuit.
3. Calculate the short circuit current or Norton current (Isc = IN).
4. Replace the voltage source with a short circuit.
5. Replace the current source with an open circuit.
6. Make the terminals a-b as an open circuit.
7. Calculate the equivalent resistance in the circuit (RN).
8. Draw the Norton equivalent circuit where IN current source, RN,
and the observed resistor all in parallel.

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