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LAB REPORT CHEM II 3rd

This practical report summarizes a chemistry experiment on the reactions of alcohols. The experiment aimed to classify alcohols using the Lucas test and study their chemical properties through oxidation reactions. Through both tests, the students were able to determine that alcohol X was a tertiary alcohol based on its fast response in the Lucas test and lack of reaction during oxidation. The results of testing primary and secondary alcohols agreed with theoretical expectations. Overall, the experiment allowed the students to achieve the objectives of classifying alcohols and observing their chemical properties through practical means.

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Afif Arham
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178 views10 pages

LAB REPORT CHEM II 3rd

This practical report summarizes a chemistry experiment on the reactions of alcohols. The experiment aimed to classify alcohols using the Lucas test and study their chemical properties through oxidation reactions. Through both tests, the students were able to determine that alcohol X was a tertiary alcohol based on its fast response in the Lucas test and lack of reaction during oxidation. The results of testing primary and secondary alcohols agreed with theoretical expectations. Overall, the experiment allowed the students to achieve the objectives of classifying alcohols and observing their chemical properties through practical means.

Uploaded by

Afif Arham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FOUNDATION in SCIENCES (MARA)

PRACTICAL REPORT COVERSHEET

COURSE NAME CHEMISTRY II

COURSE CODE SCI 1064

LECTURER MADAM YUZAILA BINTI YUNUS


SESSION /
2022/2023 SEMESTER 2
SEMESTER

ASSESSMENT DETAILS

TITLE REACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS


DATE OF
16 MARCH 2023
EXPERIMENT
COURSE
CLO 3: Apply some techniques used in chemistry
LEARNING experiments
OUTCOME

Student Name: Class:


Nik Aymi binti Nik Azman
1. Afif Arham bin Muhammad Shukri FD1
2. Siti Zulaikha binti Muhammad
3. Nik Aymi binti Nik Azman
EXPERIMENT 3: REACTION OF ALCOHOL

OBJECTIVES

1. To classify alcohols.
2. To study the chemical properties of alcohols

INTRODUCTION

Alcohol is a class of organic compounds containing hydroxyl group, -OH, as the


functional group. Alcohol can be classified as:

The three kinds of alcohols may be distinguished using the Lucas reagent, a solution
of strong hydrochloric acid and anhydrous zinc chloride. Secondary alcohol responds
in under five minutes, however primary alcohol takes much longer to change,
becoming foggy or forming two layers.

Aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid can be produced when alcohol is oxidised. The
type of alcohol utilised determines the product that is produced. You can employ a
variety of oxidising agents, including KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, and HCrO4. Esters are
created when alcohols and carboxylic acids combine.
APPARATUS

 Stopper
 Dropper
 Test tube
 Stopwatch
 Water bath
 Measuring cylinder (10 mL)
 Stopper
 Boiling tube

CHEMICAL REAGENTS

 Ethanol
 n-Butanol
 2-Butanol
 Alcohol X
 Lucas reagent
 2-Methyl-2-propanol
 Concentrated H2SO4
 0.04 M Na2Cr2O7
PROCEDURE

(A) Lucas test

1. 1 mL of 2-methyl-2-propanol was placed in a test tube.

2. 2 mL of Lucas reagent was added into the test tube.

3. Stopper and the test tube was shook.

4. The observation and the time taken for the reaction to


Occur were recorded

5. The above steps were repeated using 2-butanol, n-butanol, and alcohol X.

6. If no change occurs within 10 minutes, the test tube was placed in a water bath at
70-80°C

(B) Oxidation

1. 5 mL of 0.04 M Na2Cr2O7 solution was placed in a boiling tube.

2. 2 to 3 drops of concentrated H 2SO4 was dropped to the solution in the fume


cupboard.

3. 3 drops of n-butanol was added to the mixture and heated in a water bath at 70-
80°C.

4. The above steps were repeated using 2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, and alcohol
X.

5. The colour change was recorded.


RESULTS

Alcohols Lucas Test Oxidation


n – butanol Does not turn cloudy Orange turn to green
2 – butanol Turn cloudy in 5 minutes Orange turn to green
Orange colour remains
2 – methyl – 2 propanol Turn cloudy in 10 seconds
unchanged
Orange colour remain
Alcohol – x Turn cloudy in 30 seconds
unchanged

Lucas Test

2-butanol in 5 minutes
n-butanol after 10 minutes

2-methyl-2 propanol in 10 seconds Alcohol-x in 30 seconds


Oxidation

2-butanol in 5 minutes
n-butanol after 10 minutes

2-methyl-2 propanol in 10 seconds Alcohol-x in 30 seconds


DISCUSSION

Comparison between experimental and theoretical results

Due to the fact that 1-butanol's main alcohol does not get clouded within 5 to
10 minutes, the experimental results for component A of the Lucas test agree
with the theoretical conclusion. After five minutes, the 2-butanol secondary
alcohol becomes foggy, while the 2-methyl tertiary alcohol does the same
thing right away for 10 seconds. The Lucas reagent is successful in identifying
the alcohol used in the experiment as a theoretical alcohol.

In terms of oxidation, primary alcohol can potentially be converted to


aldehydes or carboxylic acid, secondary alcohol can be converted to ketones,
but tertiary alcohol cannot be converted to oxidised compounds. By using an
acidified sodium or potassium dichromate(VI) solution, tertiary alcohols are
not oxidised. There is absolutely no response.

As we examine what happens to primary and secondary alcohols, we can see


that the oxidising agent removes both the hydrogen from the -OH group and
the hydrogen from the carbon atom that is connected to the -OH. Alcohols
classified as tertiary lack a hydrogen atom linked to the carbon atom.
Regarding the experimental findings, they support the theoretical finding that
the tertiary alcohol of 2-methyl-2-propanol did not alter the orange's colour.
The colours of the 2-butanol and 1-butanol shift from orange to green.
Deducing classes of alcohol

In the Lucas test, alcohols that create stable carbocations will respond faster
than alcohols that generate less stable carbocations. Since it has the most
stable tertiary carbocations, alcohol X is a tertiary alcohol (3°). As a result,
during oxidation, the colour of the solution is unaffected, and the solution
instead instantly becomes murky. If their time on becoming foggy when
experiencing the Lucas test is connected, Alcohol X may in this case be 2-
methyl-2-butanol.

2-methyl-2-butanol

EXERCISES

1. Explain the formation of two layers in the Lucas Test.

The Lucas test involves testing soluble alcohol in the Lucas reagent. When
secondary or tertiary alcohol reacts with the reagent, secondary or tertiary
alkyl chloride is formed. Because the alkyl chloride is insoluble in the first
layer, it forms a second layer. The 2-methyl 2-propanol in this case is a
tertiary alcohol, which causes the 2-chloro-2-methylpropane to form a second
layer from water.

2. Write the equation for the reactions in Part (A) and Part (B)

a) Part (A)
2 – butanol ZnCl2

CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 + HCl CH3CH(Cl)CH2CH3


+ H2O

2 – methyl – 2 – propanol
ZnCl2
CH3 C(CH3) (OH)CH3 + HCl
CH3C(CH3)(Cl)CH3 + H2O

b) Part (B)
2 – butanol Na2Cr2O7 + H2SO4
CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2COOH + H2O

2 – methyl – 2 – propanol Na2Cr2O7 + H2SO4


CH3 C(CH3)(OH)CH3 no reaction

CONCLUSION

From this experiment, the alcohols were classified and the chemical properties of
alcohols were studied. Lucas Test was able to determine the class of alcohol and the
oxidation reaction proves the properties of different classes of alcohol. All objectives
were archived.

REFERENCES

 Study Mind. (2023, February 10). Alcohols - Alcohol oxidation (A-Level


Chemistry). https://studymind.co.uk/notes/alcohol-oxidation/
 A. (2021, March 22). General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR) Guidelines
BYJU’S. BYJUS. https://byjus.com/question-answer/ethyl-alcohol-on-
oxidation-with-acidified-k-2-cr-2-o-7-gives/
 Libretexts. (2023, January 23). The Oxidation of Alcohols. Chemistry
LibreTexts.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Mo
dules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Alcohols/Reactivity_of_Alcohols/
The_Oxidation_of_Alcohols
 Doubtnut. (2020c, April 5). Oxidation of 2-methyl-2-propanol by acidified
K2Cr2O7 produces.
https://www.doubtnut.com/question-answer-chemistry/oxidation-of-2-methyl-2-
propanol-by-acidified-k2cr2o7-produces-127324508
 Lucas Test for Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Alcohols. (n.d.).
https://www.chemedx.org/JCESoft/jcesoftSubscriber/CCA/CCA5/MAIN/1ORG
ANIC/ORG11/TRAM11/C/0362502/MOVIE.HTM

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