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6K views62 pagesShivdas 10 Year Environmental Studies Bcom
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08 Ajay Halder 11- CCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 62
‘SYLLABUS
com, (Hons) Semester = 1
(ONMENTAL STUDIES
cme ion mb eee Pram)
Sone Te re pe fra sl by pg ap
awies0 Tp om ara pss ad Feoues tha
Ca inp imi o stan i
Se acre of nin ate on the We
0 nes a Taos a
oe ESTEE ig seer (iene, cal,
on ay as crepes Ce at en
pope ee
es
es a re op Sema
So
area,
econ (tary
Ce eT ee
Snopict eepins capo and Woophare, ria
SS
wae
Te cylin diced
Sparen Sees cae ras
Pe ane et
re «(Erman Tea. Fe, Grand, Det Aquatic (goa
SSeS ES rte PI as
ES te, Regutng, curt and sopping
=— ‘teratoma Bae of Eowyn
(6 Looms)
vi (steer)
ST oped cope, mat nl Sa
Soo aha res
Saws ees
women
+ ara ite pe Apostate:
Se Sreey ea ergy source
‘Sewer, Mion, Cty tar way, Sea
‘ori ree ar
‘bard: Boowansty AN Consavarion (s Lecrass)
Denton ef fhndvery: Cw of olga vers: game, paces and
+ Ilsa ng erst ptn Bogen aphisorset in adversty asp
[sc ergs pei of TUCK at cre a ag.
+ Value of Mediemayt Ecologia, economical eoal atric and
‘Nomoto aha of tae wih examples cred groves and tha
Impance wh nam
«Tien lode Habitat I, gration an fegmestton: Poaching
ete le th Bgl men wt peo nah
Fodneaty, Curent rs extinction ci
«dvr oneereatan sega ae cite methods of conservation:
ional Prk Wide Sacuare and Bmpr eerves Keystone, ag,
Cnella a indkatrspeses Species rvowtcon ard alain
«+ e'nutien Cofemporty tna ide and oder sts movements
Sei rjc tens Boat Tape Poet Elephant, Valve tewding progam,
je Gran aS Cnme aration poe. Sealey
US: EtronenTAL POLIT (6 Lecrmts)
* Secret pluton Ai water, i hema anne aes ec
(ls Pinay andor flare: At ad wate us sands
| SSR hed Sr Romani mach
1 So waste management Control ncenares or varusype of wba indus
State Tnardoue tnt, Ewa ot Waste sepepton and dipor
+ Potato oe sadn Canga Action Flan (GA, Bl a polo and public
‘eth ee Pte waste nagonent res Bhopal gos ape.
‘User 6 Guonas Eeonnenral ISSUES 9 FOU (zens)
* Cun Chiat hang, tl wsrming Onone ayer deplete ahd i a
{nbional spect and roemonee treme UNECE Mowat
tnd Rye protec Convention BologcalDeveraty (CBD), Rona
{Cavett Cia espa Cention (CWO) UNEP, CITES
+ Sitinable Development Gans nua’ Natal Aevon Pan imate
(Ghange and ae man
+ Stunt leis Indie Wide Potton Act, 2970 War
(Creation ard Cont ef Polat) Al 174 Foret (Conservation) Act 180,
‘frown & rao Pte) AoE ran ct
‘Ste Schedules Tbr and oder Tena Foren Dwele acogiven
rest His) Ac 20h
‘oar: Cennnea o Bme (eras)
Manan popaltion “on ervionment umn ‘heat an
writes Ccbon organ
+ Reetemen and subiiation of developmental poke afc eros and
‘Gennes meant cue sin
+ Tnvtonenal movements Chilo movement Apike movement Sent valley
oven Bole ajied, Namad ch’ Adan Se
+ Environmental justi Nana! Gre Thana ane mporaee
‘Environmental plorophy: Enver eds Ref farous reigns and
‘tral pacer enaamer corto
+ Environment communist and public awarenes Case ude (4 CNC
ils Tn alla Sach Bho Abhgan, Natal Enonment Avatenes
Campaign (MEAG, Nona Gren Corps GC} “Heol progres |
i) ves SS
aa pre dee eon
Sree ent ea a ee
sate a
=
ripe reeable reounes. Hnberand water which ean be
‘Say bp mtaral process sch as regrowth oF ral, canbe
‘SES Sar umportant to oc even thene rsoucesWislY 60 tt we
Soe poms etn Se germ TNS lll sustaiaie
Gunauo or eveopnen Ths environmental studies einige the awareness
SSPE AS US wis he probleme couse due to ther exploitation and
‘Sepudason rt alosenpwtant hat each individual realises the importance of
‘Stiment ani changes the ways in which We us energy sour.
Unsutanae inion can tlt from overne of resources, acai of
popabten plas and Reise many of us ae sing more resources than We
Kez re
Trvrcamest is mlicipinary in Oa
unmet acnguar met Reoer 4!
the dvesiiaton cf mate cule and
the fact hat by bag wel acquainted with
(be eovtonnent and i= demens one can
lead a heal, pul and lng fe The
Meciancrin waticed ty hesumof on
enviermntal acors ee filo tment tes
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 3
‘The interrltion of thew five factor afets human Iie and these acon work
{in conjneton and not nation, Thum the sty of environment is important
for sumenane of fe
"The norco comment cone ther epi nde the flowing diisons
i) Productive value of nature. With the advancement new ek seh
1 botechnology and dewlopment of new medicines a indus
Produc, it eer thatthe word’ species contin an incredible and
Tincountale number of complex compounds. These for the am
‘material and thus, open upthe scope fr further advancement in product
‘evelopment, useful for iar
(i Aenthete Recreational value of nature. The beauty of nature and
the valves asocated wit {tare proses. One can appreciate the
ragnicence of a mountan, the power of the sea but recreating the
ame is not pos. The Nation! Pars and Wilde Sanctuaries in
‘eltvly undisturbed aren crete a true experience of wikerness.
rings abot an undersancing ft oneness of nature al heft hat
wwe ae entirely dependent onthe incate functioning of ccorystems.
(i) Theoption values of nature The erasing dependence onthe tcosystem
fornet only our heeds But ao fo our gree hes made s avalble tothe
‘option values of nature. We can gredity use the resources and deplete
‘hem eavng nothing for the generations to come. Allematvely we can
sustainably use the Natures foun, its goods and services sn save
fem for frre
(0.2. isthe ‘study of he environment the need ofthe hour?
‘Or
What ar the objectives and guiding principles of environmental stay?
Ans. Human beings have neglected to adknovledge the temendos benefit
Nature provides 1s impossible te truly estate the real value of what Nature
‘has given tows. Forex, frets prevent sil erosion landeldes and ong
maintain the purity of air and water, affect local and global rainfall regulate
imate foctuntions; and promote watersheds and biodlverey.
Envicnmmental studies give a gpest importance to Ue parton environment
‘caused dito human activites. Ins, the major envionmenal sues are assessed
snd the gravity of these problems is measure and thet solutions are found.
(Bnaeocais wae irae Rabat ceson
Senco
gence,
[8 Aca coche condone sae ee UNIERSTY SES
fs of ernment ais nie
eect onan eens a AY 1H
rand aed peters. . ‘
ceria ey experince and ewe ic
(0 Kooga he enronment and asec probes
eS ses cao elu and fcngs of ence for the
aie, ASE anata prpaton i nvironea
Seren poet
6) RET ener ennng and sling enorme poems,
(ans. ae ower ore hd on
Erde Doms of slgaal om, soca, ssthei ae
Tkzoca ae
(o) Retpaien Poids an oporuniy o be actively volved at alt
Eegrctine de ono event problems
‘Thesis seated th etonnentl sue are
Pi Ca be eimment in fe oat (etra, aii, sch
coon sera col
«= Soorstirs coe i proc
Ton naeccpiony mph
$ To cephatm on tive peyton in previo anion
‘etiopaon in prevent
«same eupr erent aes fom cal nena ein
and international points of view. “ =
«Tetons on are pot cirnmenal situations.
{Tecan meena epects mn lr fr goth ane develop
4 To ste pen the emseny ofenronmeral problems and the need
{2 deeop cael Siig and protien slings
+ owe th val and emo lca nolan interana
| Soha 2 ptr and Sti of eon probleme
fo tne dene ering abot the envicrmant and aferet
|SPProaches to teaching and learning about environment. ve
Be ep Lares to dlcover the symptom and the rea causes of
‘vctmeral proiene
+ Tela ervaemercl sens, know
‘erty, knowles, problem-solving an
. ‘Pate asication at energy grade level Sr prtiewesitieene
Tepe kamen wo hav len pang ic lenng exer
ean operat for meking dts and esate at
conangure
(2-3 Baberate onthe mulnciplinary natu of environmental studies.
or
i Emicnmentl studies considered 8 mult ic
Penh portance ofthis couse providing salutes ay sab?
‘hus considered mld
soures of land, water, at
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES m5
ShesfleseeRmeeslt erermeranetinei ang wel este
Sarit sees
Sergi s earn eee ee
eo ra ee a es rene aoe
mrs
asx cusped sew et yO
eee
SE ee aides annie
Sa adic
ae
IY nT eminent Gs
Aon eee eee
Ss ce erie eat ee Se
civeaci
Nt da i al cigs
Sm Seas
aa ee ee ee Se
a i dnl iis
area eae
ee ee ee
Sore es a aes
een ee haat aciligint
Jaros
Sr cesar or wie amp
gam any xy i
ane
I can ny ng Von yee tt na wt
a ag seep
Ans. Since the advent of industrialisation, the natural resources are rapidly
cere sire a soo mio es aa
Sc ots fe ee ce ee
Sore ee meter ere
Sr ee eee avec
cere y tates
Se ua neuen ies
ake eee es See eT
eee ie ee een oo elie
su ey toe a ae are a rece
soa ee
eis
re en aloe masta east tar
eee ee See
See eee
RRR ee er sano we
ee ese a eee ny ot ET SES
ae ip ant oe Mh TE Aig
cose pedo gee ,
Sgt mh ae 8 Sg
: ens cl See of da)
sree ni tt nt
CRETE TE Sanne craton at SUM seg
foe of Noone mean mang Youth hg
ae 2 8 eS cna uo
ee ee cs eon IM PoreM
EES SES SR hate aes ay ated ee
‘as Se ccs a Asin cose oa ae we
sees cet twit Tenor cane beable tome
eas a meme
SESE SS cance of aviormentl Sens a compo
OSES SEE Ernest nd: Dee the
ee eee Laing te gale tis cuses 0B
Sg ieee tet romper oom
ances te pote
mah frre tet enact with nature ad he Knowledge
SSIS Saal pee meng
ae Sherali ant el wh
SSS ea Sang ih ervtroentl pees
SEE pei Ig an Sealy me be nwo
os omy andr batter eve toy ae eo
Fem extent Thee sad come see
a
(© ES romps many othr sine domain. In avr
SS es Sik tino omy ahr bus of
“Soe Tl op nee wt uly fo pl
so Sean een ag
Bice abreast
ee ee ste Sc en and
aes ce eter
SEE.Srrcuse ta ig hg domed bese.
heer Tsp ene bon tea
oo nance dais cra
erste piensa pane T=
ry mayb
enh eet wean NY OF cay ole
IN he cages ipl end
ichieving the goal of this cours?
(Lk fied teaches +g
Hi concen, Often environmental
‘Serato
Soca a cer wih
os th bs ae backgroud WA
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES a7
(i Envioomental educators mast come up with new knowledge end
Peytucs is quired that we examine te way we do research and
tener profesional ar editors well athe way we
ra inat rcrmentalnfrmtion to the tude
sae teducton ms ech toutacence and abt ee
reeTeSac method operate sd pond to erro
qeete Eiveona mateo om the important le of scene
thre eral rales of sli gir are damaging tthe eld of
vironmental education
Gc) Envnonmental cence considered s moral eduction subjectin schools
saeetlege, I is considered as merely a qualifying examination. So,
‘oder teachers nor students give it mach consideration.
{cj Tacketjobo" Athough environmental cence ietuded inal sphere of
casita butt lnportance sil base on the lack of ob opportunities
SEeioidos aca el of otk There i lack of employment the Bel
AP obs ate there, they ave led By other elds lwving students
ro)
he very ay 1s envromealsn cae
a ee gradually grew strong in Britain as response to the Indust
Revolution trust Revolution geal afletes water and at resources with
‘eegeasead factories leading to people cling for wild spaces tote be protected
et oneal movenent began to take shape in North America when
Jon one af the sorlet environmentalist convinced the US. congress t0
vo tn Yoneate Notional Park to preserve the beautiful valley. Many other
Sree Tio eters Dagan to fake place sro dhe continent with people tying,
{Sibiu the dwinaling American bison population. And in 1946, president
Srastrow Wilson founded the National Pak Service to support the growing
“Tionmental movement inthe early 2h century, environmental laws, and
[Govemument agencies began to emerge allover the world and especial in Nazi
‘Eimuny, Tae environmental movement continued t grow i 2950s, Oy and
Siri many influential books such aA Sand Country Almanac (1989) and
‘Sent sping 0982)
‘Sent spring by Rachel Cason was largely inflvenial ast exposed the harm
and dangerous effet ofthe pesticide DDT.
"The bok lead to the cretion ofthe Envizormentl Protection Agency in 1970
and DDT was bane in 1972 The 1970s wove greatly important for the green
‘ovement with many groups ke Greenpeace, fring ithe 1970s The Set
Earth Day andthe UN's fst environmental conference alo happened inthe 7s
nse growing svarencoa on gobal warming brought the environmental
‘ovement even more into the mainstream, But unfortunately, the environmental
‘movement's strength had decline since the late 200 afer the great recesion. 7 Eslgy Te wn of
+R Lo. ecaieg os
that tte
so te
ot se ih rai Ne
ees jm ce
1 Foye as tong fone li
ooSysTENS m8
the envionment and ‘sytem’ implies an interacting, interdependent complex
‘Ecoaystt a structural and functional unt of ecology where vari geealy
Insite loafon, climate and the components that make them.
ey]
= _—
ie ee Ste cues
eats conn
7 a
qo fo
FL oysrotimaiee Powter
Structure of an Econyetem. The srvture of an ecosystem Is compost 0
imsjor components namely otic and abiotic which interact with each other.
Abiotie components Abiotic component of an ecosystem include no ving
sultance and pital factors
These nce
(@ Climatic factors tke ght humidity, atmospheric temperature, wind es;
(4) edaphic factors Uke soll and ts types, orgie mater et
(i) Inorganie substances ke water, carbon sulphur, ikogen
{() Organi substances Uke proteins, carbhyrates ips te.
IL Biotle components. Blo’ components of an ecosystem inchde living
organisms (lan, arimals and mieroorganisas)
“These are furor classified as
1. Producers (Autotrophs}- Thee include photosynthetic plants, bacteria and
lgoe which convert solar energy nt chemical enersy wih tha help of nlorophyl
present in them. As the green plants prepare ther own fod they are known as
Sutotmphs. The process by which green plants prepare thee vem food i the
‘Preven of sunlight ater and ehorophyl is called photosynthesis
"2 Consumers (Heterotrophs). These ae anima which cannot prpare thei
crn food and hence are termed as heterotophs, They are rather dependent
fon producers for ther survival deci or indirect. Consumers are further
‘atogonsed according to thei avalabiy in opie levels:
"Primary Concwmers or Herbivores These inlude animals which are
consumers > decampesers) with repeat eating and
beng eaten, is now as food chain. Each organism in food chain is dependent
‘on the next organi as a source of food. Every organic requires energy to live
Food chains in an ecosystem help to maintain the biodiversity of nature, ow of
nergy and transfer of natin
Torexanple, considera simple food chain
Grass -+ Grasshopper + Frog, Snake ~> Eagle
Atcach successive step only 10% of the energy is transferred and the rest 17% is
Aostin the fre of eat
Grazing and Detritus Food Chai
Grazing Pood Chain Detritus Food Chai
J bene with grown planis and] ogi wih dead organic matir
Agar and frm there the energy called “detrtar. which mainly
Dames Gough various levels of|icude fallen. eaves, plan part
foneumers or dead elma bodice which are
eorsumed by insects, worms anc
‘eaten
1@ | Ths pe of food cain i rely [Tis ype of food chains dependent
Acpertere on te energy captaed [on Uke mount of gar rater
by producers frm he San and | road in anotnereaton.
hus, the passage of this energy
Aivough various opi levee
GH] his food chain Invokes wale] Tas food caine invoked
o€ 108 of energy trom one topic | desmmposing the complex span
evel to another matter and nutrient recycling in the
environment for reuse.
(| Bape Exanple
(Grass — Rat > Snake Dead! leaves + Woodlowse
Here, grass is eaten By the sat and | Blsekbird
the rat by the Snake, Grass obtain | Here, the dead leaves are
soergy by capturing sunlight and | decomposed by woedlouse which
passes 10% oF ths energy to the | are being eaten by blackbird
sucassive trophic levels
GA “Eney flow is aways unidirectional” Explain giving description of
or 41m she Dae DELEDUNIMERSTY SUES ; .
plinth process of emery daw operating i 2 Oy
ung yan ci tf wa
ater Sears
pe eer)
era por Liman aw. Lindemann 192
Binary mone ina Oy eau
toe hee om sun severed ick ote Sn.
fon explain
sehen
e & - “i
“— raniate to ae
yn agnor ik Geter eye in gel
‘need om inden 8)
1 lar he ingame ener Sow nico. one way
Ao he eomgy at ape by auto doe nol reach back he Sl
nd at whch pesto te frbvores docs ot reach back to the autooph
‘ES xiovesto the oct vel so longe sable the prev ev
‘Tha doen oe way ow of ener he ay tam wl elapse in cae the pri?
sou ete sur mee obec Th tee op eed eng Bot
‘ove sas ede hat henry flow poly reduced teach ucene
opie fr proce to frre alten eaves: Te est
Sem es semen ve apatay hase Tag
atte ivy 11.0 geal only 3 pale en eased
{he rpc vl SeradaryPodactely ae 1 per eat
segegne commons top lve cy tees
Compas th etonmenial condition and adversity ofthe dest
‘and Neneut Bogle of nda yo ot?
Desert Dees chars by thee rail orm, tack of
roa ep aan ay
inc ae St
healed ihe” roe of rap Animale
‘clogs waloes high ender tad holds arse ot te chest i
BCOSYSTEMS m 15
sre now under serious trent. Hotspots ae areas that ar extremely chin pecs,
favo highendemism anc are under constant threat du to man pressure (having
lost 70% oftheir orginal habitat). The Northen is among the 34 HotSpots of
the word dentified in India, the other beng the Westem Ghats Northest India
{ona one of the majo regions of ropa forests in nin, erp the specie
"eh tropa an forests. The topical sem-evergren and moist deco forest
‘nthe lowland of this rion extend seth and est ina the boomin nd
ct ito Southern China and Southeast Asa.
‘Q.6 Discos the ecosystem services, 2015 Dee
or
‘What do you understand by econystem services? Waite explanatory nates on
(2006 ey
As impotance
"Am Eeoystem Services. Our heh and well being depends upon the
sercs provided by ecsytem and her componens water, so manent
Su ean, Therefore, scouystem services are the process Hy whch the
nvstinent produce osurcs und by humans sucha clean at wae 00d
Shmaterias Some of the sersces wich re provided ous By ecxjer are
1 Eefogen! Vales. Al the species in ecoyeterspartlpate i the merous
cctiogealprovees that cor within and between the ensstems. Ths the
‘Sologea ftecan bested as
eS Syling of mater and natints, All he components of ecosystem ake
fart whether biotic or aba Thy fp in eelton of Water uopen,
Phosphor carton te
Food’ production, Pans are direct of indecty raed with fod
iio, They at he sol soar of ood
Elma ably. forest one of the main sources of an which in
tum conmolcinaie
«dation in polation. Some microorganisms as well as some plants
fd animale Have the capac to Beahdown polation hus heping
pollton redocten
Soi generation and reduction i soi erosion. Diverse ving organise
Ish plants and aint epi ie foralon of sol in the feng an.
+ Production af energy or producers. Green plans corer: slat energy
focal energy td pass on hs energy diferent wopic level
+ Hedaction in sutra calamities Natl calamities ike droughts
feos earthquakes etc. are fe the meal of los or dettucton of
Drover bly coy as the capably of quick exove
Beuenbcen ‘decomposi wrganisms breakdown lé
+ Decomposers and tion, Micoo own lege
‘polecls into omaler molecule and ths help inthe recycling of
ates This proces sknownasdcomposton and the micro-organisms
tne known 9 eompaes
2 Socal Vales, over has ben preserved and protected by tational
sects tat aod ss recur an oops tht depen would be
{prt los tht sce any pants and numa ce conde oly
‘Eedin nda and are worshipper exonple Tus Pepa Cos Soaks
are regarded as sacred in Ini. 160 She Dus DELET UNIVE em
: include the services provided BY Diodiveny
4. zoe alc, Tse ine Salon, Cannan
inching both consampive © drugs and medicines. Productive use
SSE et hg ro et
=
a es
‘Leather Silk, Pape and Palp indus srortance of protecting al
i ns ae dpe
nes erect
pany pain st,
“Tha tral landscapes are priceless and provie opportunities for recreation
maa cea han re cn
SE ee er ae te
So NS rns
—
a a ae spn? Divi pe fon
weet en
ee
om ace were cpm et end
sere cee eae erence
Sees cee ser mere ee
i es ee ne ol
acne corral maa ened
Sorneses com are eee
Sioa Soe iene
Te ean pect eel
se ae, ve ly 8 pent toh
iecree een oe ero
Tak tome haw are ce ua mae
cies yn Ss ae ut move
See yagi Ta om
Sic as
scod peda ie mts din
ftom these, they als incase vas
doped, incinde various mammals sich as beavers vet
seis found thew
lands The amples in the plant
Alans Birds sh ne aia econsg Pi
2 Marine Aquatic teorsiows aren HN and hes yn ceases and
yates Irene
Of ths covery wate de ea he eat
°
Two third
Iitertdal zone, refs, seabed, etuates and rock pools The marine ecoeystem is
‘more concentrated with silts which make it difficul for freshwater erga
to live i. Similarly, marine animals canewt survive in freshwater. Tht body ie
sudapted to live in sltwater if they ae placa in less aly wate, the ody ll
‘vel Marine ecosystem can be divided into many zones depending upon waket
‘depth an or shareline features,
=" Ocean econystem. Oceans serve a a home o more than five lakh aquaie
species. Few creatures of these ecosystems inl shelish, shar tube
‘worms, crab small and large ocean fiche, furl, crustaceans, blue
‘whales, reptiles, marine maanmas, seabirds, plankton, corals and other
ccean pants
+ Coastal system. These ar the open systems of land and water which are
jpined together to form the coastal econytems. The coastal ecosystems
hhave a dillrent structure and diversity. A wide variety of species of
aquatic plants and algae are found at the botiom ofthe coastal cosyte
“The fauna is diverse and it mainly consists of crabs ich, insects, Lobsters
sail, shrimps ec:
Q.8. Desarbe the process of Ecosystem Restoration.
‘Ans. Ecosystem restoration & the "process of assisting the recovery of an
corpo that hasbeen degraded, damaged or destroyed
This means of sustaining the diversity of Life on eath and re-setablsing
an ecologically healthy tionship between nature and culture. Ecosystem
restoration should be a fundamental component of conservation and sustainable
development programs throughout the world by virtue of it inherent capacity
‘o provide people wih the opportunity to not only repair ecological damage, but
also improve the human condition.
"Bcosystem Restoration i thos a sgnlintconteibution tothe application of
the ecoaystem approsch, eg in informing the negotiation of land use options
snd enhancement of healthy ecological networks. The Commission on Ecosystem
Management (CEM) has identified ecosystem restoration as one ofits 19 prionty
thematic areas
For restoration to be succesful, tis essential to have understanding ofthe
«4ynamic of the ecosystem being restored, and to ensure the genetic integrity of
1s plants by using locally propagated epecies.
For information on selence and practice of ecosystem restoration, the Society for
Ecological Restoration (SER) provides the following documents
* SER Primer on ecological restoration ia concise statement of restoration
principles an includes the most cited defton of what stration i
1 SER guidelines for developing. and managing. restoration projects
Sescrbes the procedure for corfting restoration in accord withthe
rors ofthe discipline tht were established inthe SER primer.
«+ Brologieal restoration ~ a mean of conserving biodiversity and sustaining
3ivlihoeds ie a call to action bythe ecological restoration joint working
_roup of SER an the IUCN commission om ecosystem management.
+ Fowystem restoration in protect ress sh Dag DELET UNIVERSITY SERS
Se aes
i i ae al oe!
ee te vows some
(9 [An scooter tat receiv annuals an
le in a body of water,
fy Ming la cee
el ong ek
[e) Asthet reasons
aia! less than 25 cm tars
() Meal reasons
(GS Envizonmental health of nearly popelations
(Ga) Rogaland harvest particulary for subsistence
foto a desert, thus, thee i ow
avait of water,
(]38% of total geographical area Around TAR of Exe wade
compres of dese accounts for ocxans and seus nd
080% for freshwater ects
3 Gx compare scunt ofthe lowing
%0 ‘Forest ecosystem and Grassland ecosystem
w
[Sencaly seen io beeen the
{rope of Cancer and Trop of
These include lene fake, pond,
ote (teams, river), welds ard
(0) Desert ecosystem and Aquatic ecosystem ae
a ee moor, mrine cays everywhere on
(3 benphere and Aosphere loos Expl thar, Gobi Asian det | the eat
(0 Frovk nate ecoryten and Marine econyotom (2015 Des, 2017 gh (@)| Highly specialised. and sosve [These ave apm
iad spite mae sail humility, mineral |ercrophs pant er
| | Grastands are ea of grass, formed] An ecosystem that searveg ann eases fungi, bocteia
ewes ss her he rial s|ranfaliean 25cm tamemoa [Fides |Allt Ge aiiy [Living things Wa Gil we
Tans ts deve end tear] dest, thus there ielow seein piecney ide Scene etree eee at
imme ee etic eon ag"
Occupy abot 198 of Eas nf types and sumbers of |stats pe =
a S875 ENG Te al apap we organi ate to eat | peti
(Gi | These lands are Ie. = }im environment; Limiting |
"i are vey Fes, ih specilieed and Game factors resvc growth, __
SZSETE th all plone and [Affe findvduas of spe rds ofaapcsporlnion
rial having sta guy Population, “conta, commeniy,ecosyem hame
frien Stern gh Soap, bom | aepere
ae Sopher a Endangered species and Endemic pies
Banger ces
nie pos
Ting secs eae wom
( Ven hs teen eed to citial
adam pee ate ound only i>
pater reson
ee
ee ae ecinpnd
ee
re: Bengal Mae, Bengal Fos
san phat
ipifesior
7 [inde as cman of
‘ eae canna cha
Ta) |i suggests that all the trophic Teves |
fetter ced Tal
2 Siting that eon te
ght a ny al
tic higher td eas
cel ie ia
fo esa in” govt
__|stetne sa
a Toangiaon nd ese
Takia Tom due 10 haman
sees and. pollution are the
‘esos for the edie
Examples” Night Langur, Lon
fad Macoque, Brown Ta
deity
Tt & the mesure of the vary
ot eng prsont in eierent
TW i on eacidal component oP
tre and it ener the sal
fo human spaces by providing
ood, foe sheer, medicines and
other resource to mankind,
w Soil Boson and Eutrophication
@ [lt remem of upper oust yee
ee Pe
THs the procs of deterioration of
esc ality
“GH iis he ey fs fo and tw
ss inlingcapucly seeded
Tr thi, there pada acess
the concentration fF, Nand
ther minerals inthe waterbody
[has many cueesmchao
sod wind nee
ts generally nosed by excessive
fete wah sway ato water
este nthe
| oars ly tally
scurry when
thes cca sly and ea
made eutrophieaon where the
[exey happens very last
(0-10 Elaborate te ftlowing
{e) Netint yen
(0) Geologie saccesion pote say, 20024
{6 Eelopal Fyre mse
Avs) Nain pis rBigrcheica eyes, The movement and exchange
forgone and morgen mater hy ogee oye. apo
‘Saclay on te) trough an esonytm rinh aaopesme Ss
Scant epte.For any syste oan the shoul ake bes mover
GEittels The utmentcyle desres how nur ove es a
‘husmment ins ling ongrisne and are sbsequelyrejcled bak the
Piguet
"Some impotent eles ae
1 Watery Tey ative angel wae st ate ago ik0
sriving vst poses btn er syce Ta cy espns or
UGeconatous moors of ae beeen ts arn ate argh
iste eyle tats withthe proses of evaporation oe anspiaon Sun hs
sup the wales n cea ae se orig water pos This procs of hanging
fpr the pees of move of wes an eave rome al
parla rachenen sean owes i one apt
‘Sa aoe mains aw pat wh ter ut he
Sfotea ef condertion, On fut alin ie water mn
Sipe ih led pti The ar tad oe ete
Eko pects inthe round Tus water kor an gro wae
‘Pound we nc pene a asta an ot she
‘eng Ove ie or terete orn toca wae
Caton Gye Te abn eye the pre ms
from bane eens orga then bck gn
ernie rn serge ctr exit fn arbon done CO3,
Beneath mr storscarbon ignde on fom cate ae
Rear Mune Crton dhe eleed back EX Be 20
Ree ee ee:
E
I Sits caer earning itrenlioa meionsed
een ini Cate ee es oom ce
B argme C
Siero ew ae ee eet
Pale leoeh peel ene
vorpere
Carbon Cte
8. Oxygen Cycle Creation of oxygen in various forms tough nature is called
sheng pe Plans al aa oe cage ore aa wr i th ne
water a {CO}. CO, i then taken up by algae and green plans
Sd converted i carbohydrates dung the process of photosyass, where
‘nygen is released a «by-product. Te waters f the worl are the main oxygen
{generators ofthe tosphere. Teiralgoe replace about 50 per cont ofall oxygen sed
Le “ArwospHEREY
Oxygen
‘ake prot The plant men y tena
rina ant iaomac sted pee
anil i Ua emptor
freak down ates and tam iogen thea eye
asi
(0h Esta! secon H's the proves eaph wih ete ed 9
a ieor Cet e ine Sasol eee angel ese,
teoteatnprcunemmony ofan eager com
Neen tree pee et tresorg tot sare
ei cu cory ace ce mentee
ka an Cargo een Svat ed by
Caen ee Sum inet peaind vant
Fee ee See acon dapat
cae cme cove eos pecan te Sopot ore
sees nit act nges inert re age
Trot cise nga cred fn ond ose,
Dane ai ay clonnson ya oqo er he
r
Mur eee
aiasarsneiacn peo
Tetmay Secon
rie son sts on ei Pev nd ih
og bys s dneee
«Siac ft nies ended ror
ee crs Yn cpa anes
oS and sn my loon he ae a
on sa ome ore
starts on exiting i basally on © um fe tara or tea
ig scondary steer
Perot own ant
estep mo chain a comida
(o testo Pym Avex sancete df
is ea rps eae phic evel pay
am of eee = opti eve tay actly ecies Thus hi
sar eke oko Benet hs aprngol fava
ent tapenade esha Pyramid Tee
‘Sette pe
ng Namberthis ype prank shows the numer of vidual
i rr aa tan cecgeten, The pyr of raMber varies
thom ee yo pyramid
Oem \ st
=
(Upto mane tis penn a Inge nner of proce
‘sete ate yes rumba oferta which ae fur ete Wy
‘eer mambe of camivore. Thuy making th ve wie and lop pon
‘rope yum wn in an oa
(0 Spoesnet yd of ne. When a lange tee supports larger
‘unter ef bd who ae eaten by ser mer of wg fon
“pnt separ of uray aoe ot
(rm rane na mo oe ag i
wiht re sapped by os gah ep
Seiad ype amber 0 perce. ‘as Wen
ror besa eae of prac cain ON
AE Pegpitel omngte
Presnt in a optic baal nan
‘Sosa a ay ie. The berate
Acnes yd 2 oe move fos
soe opie kl tthe er ay
Stays forming an peg ya
ethan,”
"nomi ia ears
yam of ergy. Ase
move fom one top ee to
the other there Mn peda
rca of energy. Oniy 10%
tet Atectersetost
leat at Thay pyramid of ey
‘egy always pn
Prtlliny
(0.11 bapain the following terme
i) eavoree (i), Strcams and iver vont
{epveshwaereconstem i) Ocens
(taophic lve Mf) fod Chain|2015 Dec 2017 Dec 019 No
{eh tod web ) Onctomed Hbinocere [2016 Noy
{0 Adaline (016 May). Mangrove foes veo ep
(i) becturinm [2018 Ma
‘Kas 0) Estee Etre area anor zoe formes between iver
coroners tnd lime envionment, At ery bv «pat econ
Stray sg hea ren where ewer or vers ard seme res
‘nko hl ater the gown. Eur ae any, the wor mont
Tatura provide wae rain and habitat protection. Matshvand mangrove
fone acto files ilering ptr suchas ews et, pesticide ents
tnd mutt, Tere are tony highly fel rors with et
“iced mater bt abo the oat poe east
Tatuarealso at orp aking up he ese waters pokectingsream,
iver chnnlnsed colors rm caren sch aod roo
‘Sims and River soryeteme atc earaton), Moving waters epesent
siren and iver scone in which alle living frm are odaped to
{Ife ates oof water The age src ra of ier acount reer
‘oto ae which ead To high mount of ier mated cha
‘open and phowpors owing den he area
“he ivi rps pet inteuns rivers are dependent on he caret,
lay on na oxygen cone temperature, pres Heli an tien
vay nthe seam. Tse conon ary according hs ation an =
‘tthe stam and see
"he feo then or sive alo lass: the specks plan andar
{c oesheatrecnpeton,Freorater ects osc O80 of he Eats
cure ocupying feo the worlds known fohspein. Tere artes Peo
frsh ter estes
"Lente or tanding water ecoysem. These have stagnant or slow moving
water, lakes ponds and pols
i Latico toring ater coger, These hve faster moving water 6
Springs stud and ers eaten EIEIO err overed with water cith
where land is cover ther
(iy Wetands. Wein i 8 plas whee dhe edge Of 9 Take ol
uly or seasonally ieee tving ares that frequent
rman oS ma ta et
ood al of hee ae weg cover approsimately 71% of the
ans or Marine Ecogystem. COsu hs, they form the lar
Seen ee eam er ee
Sense eet oma hea ge Nery gig
ee opr an septs rg Te eye fora
fea gene mrt early
Sa a segs
Se mksomepealene tae the sun energy and forms cers,
1 Grommet ee
Seva es rior sch prota fat on there
ine
2 ESS mance Nets sah as fh wn ft on the
ee
ecloer meen
4, Dosages Funland Bac in he my oor of ths,
(a rep aT el feng fom pte fo erent egariss
fe eet aabeaenmccarmcn ara
Tha foa sats stmtng pions terme 2 Topic lee Te epic
Pies peer Tne pram shoe The pyramidal shape
‘apneic cpu cpl eae mre te tos tes
Tad aan ces ins af ech acesive level om tne bef te
‘pou Aswecana ine dpa te food chan apa tal gue ocaten ya
Tepecating te phloe chs fares ete yar
Eo eatoop vel chute eaten bya ten ha
atv camer)
copie (Seay cies)
pi rman camict)
ep ative)
op Pana)
“There ae generally, 4105) ina
seri gly 4 woh leesnapriclr fod chain as energy
‘Food chain Tenner of
‘hin. Each organ in
nthe ne epee of ci: Ech orgie in fod cham i depend
Food chins ian sont at EVEY onan equies energy toe
feng ant nero? Mn Bovey nature ow of
COmSTENS 29
Fe rte son cin
ss Grape seak- ae
Aten suceive stp oly 10% the cy tran ad the rt
latin the form fat
(@ Food wb The iterlcking stereo tractors fod
cians eed food wes Many food Gan cas an ease and
tet pracy posit food opr nwt ee
Oetpping tp lewis whch are cnn ofc! font Chas at
oct bt oon ving gnc per of lp ce
Gieaterorncampein stead ein
her ate Sones» Ove
Sortie at ot nt at ey oor yak
‘Th tans he inernkng of nda Pod we hn muita
the sly of the etsy, The eter the rum aera pays
morta rl te comma of ving tgs fe Fr cmp dees
ie popuaion of atv woud way le 2 nc ne poplin ot
Secelvebertvoes Tha inning te cope
Fond We
ne hare stings 1 eso toe ae 6 an
eat sane vine sperm HUCK Re The an
aaa steak wh pian ois lack orn wh oe sy open NORTE
res Trem of tnccrothe deco du
ie ee the Indian rhinoceros lives in wild and theiy
oe
abt acini rnd regen are
Agree pate or ey ee eee
Segoe Seapets ey a
eg tere biay bey cera =
Ere Neng Nate [cup thet lta ta aura nd
ty hdr snc ben ce rho
eat anak bans te ny on ep
ee ee et oe ben seeming UC
ee pee bao ter fate: cc
‘headlt isa atcene tency he med
Se a ares cee er
SAC ETaSE stl SP daa
a eee acre ceri yee ret
ee ee ee ei ey
a mary
SE an wd sow heron Tien rn
oT Seperate
Tichonieau tree er avery clk ba cescewe ted sein
Moe oe See Ss we oeaay eee aoa
eaves Poy
Spa Ga Tarpon nas abs onl hustle ae
‘Sectoid eon tunel te
Teen Paneer nie ayia
aa
Biter a frm ran which Involves ining Sage pine
ee ee ee err
‘Salve alematee osenderd etna ca) Way mete
Soret ard ent nee a eee a ae
throng oe el pope pup yr eae tele
tepid Retr ealogel ee’ ores tok ea
development and political empowerment of local commaities, or to fester respect
Paper neper satiny
‘ihe ce eer ng ene
(a) Forest Ecosystem tiie
Berend am
Bonet Seay
(haat tym ansaste
oa
tudy-Chipko Movement. Chipko is a movement mainh and
sfc toe hie te a
omens Inge ersten Tae en
rack cit Seine lag tong wre re
Fink etry are eee
is presenti othe
Ihaman apd livestock en
secoctuas cosmic
cee Reman tre dg es a. Th
stl oe een hee rent ane
ieee over eg rl a ae
Tien etapa ieee tee
oy es ay act cereal mee
ees
Case Study ~ Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang, China. Raising livestock s the main
sac ter es in, Rg He seman
Sermaea een es
eee este oie een eee
Sareea
ee a eee
See ma eens ene eee
Pos cae ae erect
oes ee ea ones See
anata
end
Se ee
Steen peat eee ee ee eter ca
eee ees
peepee rete ee alsa
maton
ee OS as amen acre se ich Ss
se et aiate iar ate een Os ee
Se oe ean ees
en ilar sore ed hen ee
Sephari a ae cee
Sy eae a eer
Secrest eee
recat essere at
eee sere es
ey tae ee eee ett pan
ey
pty uate
(ata tenga eh
screed fev the icacarany since
Secretar emt pane
ioeeer aa es eset c nrcge
Soc ng esac
eee nrreton a ae apece
‘ettheeeteeasrncierteema
Sete ged,
Fn npn eet
agen nto ir seer pecesn oer .
2 een oe tod Dall
crane eT ah
Seer
eg ag a8 Svs
"ier sn ce et cn
sree a ne a
se Chen a
ee ea oe ee
ee eta data
ecm ere eestea
Siac ay eet Cay
cr cet ce
Seer ee
Natural Resources: Renewable &
Non-Renewable Resources
omer bey en in
scars: ie rolenchmene ne Glee te 38 of |
Gigi, Ts thay lon of pers rent 4
ation. Tee seiaton the pot epacty, auaty |
Sener rencrscecosned nina a
ear of aro sd vate wa
“he denrndtin of fry iv La Ge tr a
(Q.1, Explain the importance of land as a resource. Also ist the causes and
Impact of converting terrestrial land int ther ess.
"Ans, Land asa resource becomes tho moat important for us as we dell onthe
same, and resources generally comprise al the sources avallabe fom land ike
greulturl lane underground rater vascus minerals ke, oa bust, gokdand
ecru materia eo Includes fhe land which is avalable or degredation,
for buildings an towschips 20 per cent of De eats surface is covered under
land resource, It covers around 1300 millon hectares of he are,
a
eect eetanaeteriniicteecieniieiniianimeeeme etiam sven geomet
2 et ang es
ary nn i
create i a ero eM
Sohsneomtsone
Cans ofa change Land se changing withthe changing fete nd
open clon Te lowing eee ea ela ane ean
i ndcraeon: Annee inindestation asadecrbrisation
whe lage mambe of rople fom ral areas moving and misting
oon
6 Changing pactcs of epee, Agriculture was he min occupation
lint i bt tc etl eee dro tuned popeancen
‘Secbacrsncsn ological and cnly otseron pootoceceret
Th ting ti anode land og cance roe oes.
Anpath Ladue change pss the reset enone
conci eman poplin Sete c teste td eo
clits anes
1 Nedivea
1 Fenn ea water ond sof
1 Aste ben ance wih birth of pcuhure tend to deforestation
Sia
«ines n conection cf catbon dod det ls of oet cover
Teds extn of y spe foresee he
onsen el hate
gration and dvr tan ofthe major challenges
(Soh Sinaia ou Seman
“Am, Land depadition secs crop producion, veto prada NY
a action, Uveock prods
‘erat prodcion The omer Gu wearers omen
feel nd rite atten er dee bt wafer
SS Ale Ree ee ton trina
Ive en atone Lag race aiand ane ou ener wok
"NATURAL RESOURCES RENEWABLE & NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES w 98
Socioeconomic and nronmetl inp of aad
1. Reduced erop yields. Where land’ ea
‘eteeen top sal depth and erp yeh fe sly
for igh sill han low cada years
For rangelands, » reduction in livestock productivity to 10-50 percent of ts
Potentials etimated fr deserted rngelando,
2 Forest productivity is also reduced on dograded land, although this is
itgated ty the capacity of some tee species tolerate poor sols andthe
recuperatveeifects Upon sof appropiate reforestation.
5 Increased inputs and greater cons The lewl ef poverty of many farmers
Js such that they cannot scept the consequence of reduced ys Inte they
rust attempt to mntain her ood supple rom the degraded land by meas
‘of increase inputs. This noe widely the caze where tmp ae ade fo
ombat sil ertity decline by increased inputs of lerliers. Aner reponse
{sto atemnpt to matan veto numbers dort seduced curing opocky
of pastres this leading to a vicious cle of farther deradation
“2 Reduced responses to input. i now accepted! thot fries are best
stlized by application of ow to moderate amounts, wht seskng fo btn Ne
‘exponsee Land degradation, particulny the lowering of sol organi moter
tat the oppose fey hat of lowering feline responses
SRedated predcirty on iigned land. A speci cate of wer crop
yield and reduced sepontes fo its once on henge land whch ae
{radepred in the reg, Thee irigaton asters have ben tase thigh
‘Sin, whether f capa a nthe ce of bowel al the age reserve and
‘Sal smes shou ae in the ones of hand-de wells sd earth cams
Cnwered productivity, as esl of sail feriity detine watelogaing ancl
‘slnization reduces the beets fom gation, kading to ee efit we of
‘Shplal and labour np
“S Lost of flexibility In land management. Reduced crop yields can force
farmers fo giow oly bask fo0d crops partcalsely cereals Goch! and ha, 122.
‘Again thor fuck ees, ince omtinaoas cereal prvfcton couse farther
Stine in sol ea
Gromer risks Degraded lad is less seo, lvs able to recover om
even darter suchas drought One othe majors feresion sein
strength of tare ok aes sei
Tranagemen naling fers soctan o use op sare cpl on erties
S Tear o water fer ipaton, A ate ito eforstation se ion
of mtr nea deez of ve Bow reine coming ending afer
Sine eced ws sulsequene dry prods ee there are downs
cigs ‘em ths odes wer aval ner tenis mit
“s ‘water table increases irrigation costs, and can snake
eee. Lowering of the
Prounadwacrtttly unavaabe to farmers with sl landholding, who canoe
stord deep tubewell
a {38 Shiv Das DELI UNIVE
to reclamation. As already ned
9, Dieion of resus
ferrets pres 08
{Sor atenyt to mata pos
respect
fection Thus they may construct gabions acro
aie mat a ten ny ne ses
a dere tN a opr cat tao
Swit Su ran co ve be oped
— p le. The effects of land degradation upon productioy
ier pl i enc
pmeiapae re ae pee
“Inewased landleseness. Landlesness among the rural population is a proble
‘ofa vast sale. The causes are many, among which abandonment of degradk
i nt epic Lig cp ya murs
See ee eer eae
peep eeny epee pm
ae ieee ety Ea ce ae
See eae
See ee apna he
ieee on au ie comers Hed eee an
Sag eceiioec teeta
ao re ee
Sr a oe sero we aly
eae etacer cee are aeee
Se eens
So
a Espen ey vt lien mae tel
a eta tl eh seo
lee eres ee me
ros eee ar tee
a etee a a ence ee
I rece ay pt na er a cea
ese Sra
oa ofa eg rd iy dete, he options ae
ings ee met Sia een ts oto
sre lorlllhir agar income. The ony alteration ote oe
‘work onthe lant thers ran agra capatns nigra te
‘elit dependence on age a
Tarp fan el ly os dee
where responsi rich fmes op ey ia ae
ee apect ones farmers 0 mabe est eon
"NATURAL RESOURCES: RENEWABLE c NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES m 97
conserve ther resources, When diasters osu, they
to altenative sours of income, or bose
‘option ae not open to the poor Sep eeran Dee
Reape ee cag
Scones oma og
a san wt
eae conse aoc sin wee
Sn ee ce ee aay a
Stet path eS tee ae, me
ee ne omelet orieoatng
Sheet gee eater
ra ae Sere epee in ae note
ee ete Pere seem cere
erie ees ode aioe Geenrere
ea een ate ore
Peeler pened prea ie apart
Peper ed ponents
Se ear, went na we
ee a Se cies ees
See a eee oe eee
etree ee
9 ee ey a astm
ee ice ee aes es
rene ta tea ee ee oad
oe ti oe Were erat
2 emalang plane do at have enough moi strive ry ope hey
teed
Sul erosion, The ection in pla ver nets the een of the de
woimrensed sul and dct eponre to wind Thi esa the dose
rater sorng capaci a, Th poss of Sexerieaton weed 3 he
Sol tecomesncessingly a an thee re no more plant oh In place
aa dtibute tent
‘Dsetere Deetinion makes ote es worse, Events sch 35
Ahecing dst stra, and potato al acme stronger nares wit ewly
tlagade sos Wir any plan sabsing the sa an slowing down he
‘tot nate evel secs and ods iuman stents.
Pollated sources of ding wate. Vegetation play an importante
cleus hrs an ts anc ie ata fr sting pitas
Sicha heavy mts ror water in ir vs bodes, aren sols ck heen
ict and Weve moe of thre hal stances enter oar ound
Te, povety and starvation, Duet dog conden: and ot of
reductive land eal peopl nd themselves expresing fain and poverty,
roc ce poten the narvation of eoaies an her Hestock. |
3 Disenindetatlinpas of mining and dam busing onthe en one
eae ance and ing f dams east impactson
eturvtomen oe bide and che people ofthe euros aren
aad co muro 8 sat
errno desta ulin
es nec ote clei end
Parte
gat of mint at dan ing ince
Maire eh ining and dan bung ee need 0
Defra Fora ena torneo oi ab fe
ee a al sch 3 Os eo
(Tn con ebadnce and wie fons Land wich ered
is considered as waste land. Mining and dam building generally
Se end unpoducie and verte
(te ae nea fact mining ot fae
rat atone ped she wa lcs wih
EERE can ere t cain edu
Sicha he sey cong evel afin fhe dam rserols wid
iBeronieeoye moc an tel
( Submeence oes ens an tobe bul larg arn of
Sener nds ole nbvcge nding pen ier! of doren
‘edlew afze ee ret ncedng Node
(o) Ha robe Seros hath pibeme sn cc oe to ae,
td ar pln Camiaton weer sel dar one
el tv ev in pops bo Ratan se! or nope
fron on ol curunie wel asin werkee,
ban ot peopl ernest wes oad cam mony
miata
(tom ott ode and fond nscurty. Epil de
darn building sls cur every rainy season, attbuted to the release
of wat oh ngs dam Theos irae na ae
‘in the lfe support system of the comutinities who rely on the river for
daty got Noteniy eed soc alec, slo pool
Modventy damaged cing telat font me
(Bilton iagenocs pericarp cxpre ming an
a he igen pple hon le teal ans ad
tina ined Hee cides achat
‘the tribals of the area and their survival in
Nawal vival is highly affected. For example
adn Andante eegatig era
building dams can result in total dislocation ‘odee OFS
‘i on of ital ee tal
6
state
Stir Serra Bom, he nye ft
‘Sr al eco
sin Nama The dae peacing epson a tease
= tos eing tet on he ees oe
NATURAL ESOURCES RNEWABLE As NOUURENEWARL RESOURCES m9
{2.00 eta of nd ave ee ames Sao
which ifort and and 1A tant agheohandi me
Type of esironnenta robles act dam bln Sardar Seroner
(Reproduction of migrating hese byte ods ht arm he
cr
(2 Tengo water and oxen cation my cng ei
err eee intern wot
einen ng pees
(a9 Thepopuntnc ch dares dam wasabi psa.
(6) Fae on loge dime whe posing gh i Hore,
aera
(Mab oe eh 9 mor od of pope fh se. Dae
fe guy elute nd asco of pst a spe tre
Sen toed Fath wun ee ee ln,
fre vars Coon coh nl coprenict gow. alnaaon
tems ita dn esate wars 8 eo whee
Sacra ing ine: Tee change ale ie sameway
=.
(6) Seon of ot and acta and fad bn
a arenas Dam nd const ng
{tnlandapaaal an
(ay Anes ttn pope wb pn et arta Sacra
Ces tr fon fale mater atone bo pepe me
ters tats mapa wh steal ed er
eet onemoter Thi ner way fe Bang Soe!
Urey atom tte lrg
.s canto fd ss pon othe tery and el es
career cals mina What erue ht shld
Seinen overcome ts protien? in
sarang A peony ad ibs S04 Pas
Tee ly uarenenbi tay tyropoer nat =
ued and opened nscale
a sian ota heeneon ronment and
pepe le
ih han pep wh nt oes os.
Crate alate ot pale nea oo
Oe mneaf more pate Ow eto he
)afestatn oe oe
cleanin he ose of dplting font oer nds ips
aes
Tn fr fr ett ie
¥en ene aca ct in
caret ting andthe expansion caves dng Pre
Teo dctaction of hag uns of
fon human
(2010 Mey 40 shy Da DELITUN secctan or the parpe of calivaiog
eatin es a
ROIS eset tora fe
O peas tattoo el
> Feng age i
senna aon we oe
oo eo
Ce ne an pein li
oo fai, nn a ig a
Bie Sere oho 2 eer act
ise soe a ey cae A eo
Seen ee er ee
emote
a ne ald wea ne
Aa gue nee inte Gwen
ec ie ee
Soe eco
a
Fer nas nes du to long periods of cry seasons tea also be
Impas on mn cma
fins foots epee on forensfor tend handing, gathe
Iain palace When he ores wb gon, ee
‘Tiles ist veiioed sme pao Southeast Ala, dforesation
omen p aese mtn
Gi Eade lon por quality fife Without ees oxygen will
[tsp cabo doce an! genous gsc wil occupy te
oven rs dite, Duran wi abe nome
‘> elimate change and ital warming
(i Bao detoretaon the water ie has teen Gaapted which causes
sem wes co, unnpcidpater prapaonse
canatiegn bch iat Nave nny on hae
Oz Eee th tepid mesures tha eo Be ten he nid
snd bythe rn for water oscvaton dn 38 Me
ee atcece ene htt
“Renu waterways eli
Teemu of ately bein ant ating ty water expensive
Se mtn ate the pis ie er
set erent nea we a wa
‘Taking short showers and planting croup t ea
ins ing drought garde ae just
nays average pen an bp he many sneaks eed
itis importan to fd every opportu
sey et Sey opportunity to contre water out homes Fix
‘Use war
ses sving cower heads a ty
cif ps when broshing your eth shaving. OMT MBS AN Wet and wen
[NATURAL RESOURCES: RENEWABLE NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCTS 41
Repice oF apt older, ee water efit fates o appliances. tof
innovative water soving devices ae aval om the art that ca rede
traer ute by sp to A: Replace your showerhead wah a wer saving devs
tr alertiey bathe witht Bucket and mag, When bang be cael to
vel the tab. Avold ishing the fet annoy
Ways Yo contol ot door ater ee Use ran caches of are 1 colecared
store Pinter forse in he lan ad garden
un snes dung the oles par the ay.
Tae ofthe’ Goveninent=The,fovernonet conserving wate ugh
collating ant sring te rin wet and then testing tough process ake
{tpt so tat stcan be eed for human consumpon
Fe sate Government has ded to have two pecltion tanks fo ech
tones sunk by the goveranant arom the State. The goverment ook ti
Een in aero consarve water and recharge the orewels
Tea toca ner ces it By cesing aware, Roming
pr ee Waves people about conereton measures very impr
FI oS servton i te abe of ken fom a YOuReE ge
re oer nin pets need fo be inplemenie alert on
ra ee irs mere tat reqs taeda tention oa Se own
a aie I eyed NCOs shoul ake cops ard promt Is conse
SIrouph every ool ard soca medium pow le
"OYE iain the effet of we and overeplotation of water resources
(Ade) Posed resources constitute all the sources of water which are wef
‘Wate demands have been ever increasing due to urbanisation and expansion
wy Sigied land. This hos led to overexpoltation of both surface and gro
"The problems hindering the use of surface and grounder
“Depletion du to extraction of groundwater.
{ Water-ogging ae sainzation.
1b Pellaton dc to ngcultral instal and other human ative
usc and over eplaitation of water ca lead 10
Taf 1So08. Fonds ae deine a abnormal sein the water velo Seams
centpvers which may result in overlong
“Thre ar three types of ls
——
es
ett SRR oft
sages SEES a
not ar swoops
nny Spin al em sy Du ELT EINERSTY SRS
wee .
3 Peto ine a ery causes ver loads.
1 Aico ee gr ng
changes
Impact elated to ood
Lome ives
Se plonge! pred of dent preci
oO RROUCETS. Same op singin os fy
cameo trie :
et gn se ening to wate sexy.
1 Belton ong rail
1 SSE ra erties pan leg to lower precipaton
[Rae insu onset wate vai
inland wis whch at eney dependent on pecptaton.
«Emon pacts These ae the Bess that esl rom
Plt and anna pce wide habitat sr and water quay, Tas
Corey asl ein
+ Sil nyse Drought can resin migration of people ths xe
‘oso an ares do sen incase n poplin
os teal poverty and social unrest. rer a
it» et history on national and international conflicts of wae
‘Ams. Water conflicts may be described as conflicts bet ‘countrie ate
bicslip larabelwifteresas ee
os of eater cot cdr
1) Demand of water ecures
(3) Conte over sco aa
Water Cont Cases. Wa
liter a er confiets can occur atthe intemational andl
Sr esa ce
tere
population
[NATURAL RISOUKCES: RENEWABLE & NON RENEWABLE RESOURCES m 43,
Inter State water digpntes i indi:
* lotr wae dst i nin of prolong over lng prods ad
‘+ These lang delays are party due to labora judi
laborate jd proceedings and
Asiterations. Bot more importanly the sdtieton procsengs 306
ften etcumvented and impeded by variety of politcal interests,
‘he following are other examples of tater state ater spates and tribunal
(0) Rav Beas water tbr ‘mt =
(i) Vamadhara River water dapate
(ii) Cauvery water dispate
10. Although india has vast coating, mos socal and polities] problems
are dae to water. Discass giving examples 2016 ay
‘Ans. Although India hae a vast coaeline but sill nda faces a sate level
compaition on sharing of available freshwater With increasing unplanned
Uubenizaion the need foe water has tured into greed now. The ground water
resources have been abused, water tnether beng recharged nor sored in ways
that optimizes suse Wte is being discharge #0 tho Water bodies emerging
Into criss of water
"Take example of Hyderabad, it has several aquifers and water bodies. These
have boon suppiving Grning water tothe city for well over a hundred yess
But population explosion coupled with unplanned construction in all directions
has fue in reduction of Water lve in radon auifers, which existed in
Ant around the oy.
Thala also has watersharng fuse with neighbouring countries. China and
Inca ate competing for resources long the Brahmaputra River, which flows
through pats of Asi at have been prone to tenors disputes. South Asia ie
vate sare. Mass dam Sind diversion of course of fiver are source of
Iajor terion between India ad China.
‘Climate change depleting agulfers rapid population growth and urbanisation
ave placing pressure on snr water resources within the country and also with
‘ur neighbouring counties.
“Chinas dam building agenda has created apprehension within Inia about
‘the isk of flash floods apd landslides alfecting millions of people living in
ownstream areas In june 2000, due to lack of hydrologeal data exchange
‘petween the two counties a dom burst in Tibet caused Nosh floods downstream
in Arunachal Pradesh
"yhoae isaues unnecessarily disturb the relations with other neighbouring
counties Although, we are not at war with any country but there i always &
spare argument going on caused by man-made reasons dueto such unresolved
Sse ike water:
roth water isues occur due to the following reasons:
linet of water for ager
{Redaction in traditional water recharging areas.
1 Sewage and wastewater drainage into traditional water bois
Felee of chemin and fuente sto rivers, steams and ponds,
reason tine dealing operations in large water bodies that can
srhiance water storage capacity during monsoon, 144 m Shiv: Das DELHI UNIVERSITY SERIES
« Lack of efficient water management and unmanaged
wroer between urban consumers and the agriculture set
Q. 11. What are the major sources of energy on
‘renewable sources of energy.
‘energy in different forms like
(a) RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY
‘These can be used over and ot
gathering and production. These
1. Solar Energy. It isthe ener
panels, solar thermal collectors and materials with favourable thermal mass.
ey generate less pollution both in.
wing:
the sun. It is trapped in solar
‘Advantages:
power source of the Sun is absolutely fre.
‘ecology is cos effective and polation fee.
rally fequires low maintenance input with a lifespan jeans.
aa pu lifespan of 30 to 40 yé
ly be hamessed during day time and on sunny days,
lls, panels and solar collectors are ex; .
pensive,
ibe areas of land are needed to capture the Sun's energy.
ing used effectively all
to heat, enabling year-
farms,
[NATURAL RESOURCES, RENEWABLE & NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES @ 45
(@) The wind farm can be used for other purposes as well. The turbines are
very tall and thus the land below can be made useful for agricultural
Purposes.
vantages:
an unreliable source as some azeas have poor wind strength.
mmmercial wind turbines are associated with noise pollution.
id turbines produces a lot less electricity than the average fossil fueled
power station.
Applications:
(i Electricity generation —Wind turbines convert kinetic energy of wind to
mechanical energy which is further converted to electrical energy.
(ii) Wind powered water pumps—Wind helps to pump water out of the
ground. Its very helpful and sometimes acts as a much needed tool in
some countries.
3, Hyidel Energu/Hydropower Energy. Its the power derived from the energy
running water. Itis the most widely used form of renewable
3 16 per cont of global electricity generation,
is constructed, electricity can be produced at a constant rate.
m of green house gases during electricity generation,
useful forms of power, mainly electricity.
5. Geothermal Energy. Itis the thermal energy generated and stored inthe earth.
By of the earth's crust originates from the original formation
from radioactive decay of minerals (80%) :
ygical material derived from living or recently living
ten refers to plants or plant-derived materials. Thesecan either
ews combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting i to
economic extraction, The different non-renewable sources of energy are: 1. Foi Fue rom ow pants ae coming of carbo
arene eran come
oF em ize animal,
in Sega Reed I esp! te
Mary Ty erase
oT te of coma very fora ayo
(ey canbe ety sya and wart wheres mse tg
einen oe
Disadenagee
man ent nln vrs gs nthe nomen
Gf Sip vtrand erp» alae
Applies
Ts power ca, ht homes and give people electricity
SPSS S Sac! prowess fom the non.
recta np oe
2 Nal angy. sca erates rms he energy that rls wh
oc tf odcne nome opin racer eae
‘Advantages
Ty Asal amount of adioactve material produce Tot of energy.
(i) Nostmanpenc pollatans ae released
Dinadvantagee
1) Neches poe plans ar expensive to run.
(=) Nacie tena sng tou and reeds tobe safely stored for hundreds
or tmnande of yea
1) acer Puc plans re deity one ofthe finest usages of nuclear
oe erro
. Bef, ey en cs by dying cee
Wood energy. Ota fren lig tee, burned
2. Wood a to generate heat and light.
GEE iy aca poe an economic form of energy? Discs tos
Wat iN .
eile Nae energy? Eaton abvanags, diadvatages and
[NATURAL RISOUNCIS: HENIWANLE & NON-RENEWABLE RISOURCES m 47
Uranum or Pltonum can be harmed to proce ecticy propel
ar power weapons ike the Atm emt =
Proce of Nuclear Fs of Us
Adoantages:
fy A aol! amount of radioactive material produces a lot of energy. Ths
‘clear power isan economical source of energy. Coal, ol and as,
Eihoup much more plentiful in Ue wort, do not contain as much
‘ovonta energy as Uru, when equal amounts are compared
iy Though Uranium may cst more t ue because Iti arr the money
‘Eval through is use makes it more economical than col, or gas
‘Siilady, though the inital cont of a clear power plants much higher
than th of other energy plant the money saved by using nuclear
Tower the est of is consuction wih st sx month
Sremzemon. After the inal six months of use, the nuclear plant will
EePMhoney and make it much more economical than other types of
(Shogy plats forthe duration of ts hfe, usally about Forty years
(iy Recta economic advantage of clear power hat cot le 10
St constituents tothe ste of the plat.
feergy woul
Disadontege:
‘Nukes waste hi
ae ur matealscan havea devastating impact on people ant
Oe ort mua cor cet ma at Chery
ickae Pan Line 986.
ene cnt tne fhe eer ect, The wet
Aster pela wn opposed Yo wae fri eat trae,
pact uses gui "espve wher combaned with ony. Therefor
Se ichs tea or utr wuld prcae a evaeing
‘explain,
leh toi an needs be sey sore fr hands
sil 9 w iy Des DHLIT UNIVERSITY SERS
ounce
pa it
a [Nuclear sion proce neat wh
ears soni
TE Be an se it
Ee ala
cae
oa ot om
one ans haan on nck
sre gd nthe atin of
9 ei ee eg
oy nm aes tee ee
See ee a
ee cri ts al a ee
Seared ne ote mle re
(@.15 Eline “Te world’s energy needs would be more than 50% hi
in 9950 has toy, av am average srnual growth ate of 16%".
or
ey cs the energy ema of te wor
fa aan
al see
oe
“ari ica a0 moe
aren he re of depedon Fatman is
needs wil grow aledly” 1 propose that global
Tf government sick with curent polices, hen —
‘he worlds energy needs would be more than 80% higher in 2030 than td
stan average gromth at of 1.68. Gloel demand for energy has aes inecoral
ATU OUI oN NenAN MC
i te it 50 ye stp whine deepen ieee
FFowsil fuols tll date contin to. orn
tea these fe the og Fo a ene
4s tc) are responsible for mare than 80% othe eee
