Tabangao Integrated School

Senior High School Department

Advantages of SMAW Strand over Other Strand: A Research Study

A Research Study
Presented to
The Faculty of Senior High School Department
TABANGAO INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Batangas City

In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements in
Inquiry, Investigation and Immersion (3I’s)

Atienza, Sean Nathaniel R.

Atienza, Mark Andrei R.

Mendoza, Lanz Owen C.

Orquiza. John Benedict D.

Humarang, Ricmar C.

Escoton, John Robin M.

De Torrez, Jerwin A.

NOVEMBER 2022

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APPROVAL SHEET

This research entitled Advantages of SMAW Strand over Other Strand: A

Research Study prepared and submitted by SEAN ATIENZA, LANZ MENDOZA, JOHN
BENEDICT ORQUIZA, RICMAR HUMARANG, JOHN ROBIN ESCOTON, MARK
ANDREI ATIENZA AND JERWIN DE TORREZ has been approved and accepted as
partial fulfilment of the requirements in Inquiry, Investigation and Immersion (3I’s).

Marissa Arellano
Adviser

Accepted and approved by the Committee on Research Presentation with a grade of

_____.

PANEL OF PRESENTERS

MELISSA P. RAMIREZ
Chairman

May K. Eje Mary Jane F. Magnaye Rommel A. Rosales

Member Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements in Inquiry, Investigation

and Immersion (3I’s).

NOVEMBER 2022 LANIE M. SALAZAR, PhD

Date Principal III

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE .....................................................................................i

APPROVAL SHEET ….....................................................................ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………..iii

CHAPTER

I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction ............................................................................1

Statement of the problem… ..........................................….….4

Scope, Delimitation and Limitation of the Study..….………….5

Significance of the Study ...................................... ..........…....5

Definition of terms………………………………………....…......6

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Conceptual Literature ................................…...........................7

Research Literature .....................................….........................8

Synthesis ………………………………………………..….……...9

Conceptual Framework ......................................…..................11

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III. METHOD AND PROCEDURE

Research Design .............................................................……….….12

Subjects of the Study............................................................12

Data Gathering Instrument ...................................................13

Data Gathering Procedures...................................................14

Statistical Treatment of Data…………………………….…...…...….14

REFERENCES ....................................................................…........17

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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION

THE ROLE SMAW PLAYS IN INDUSTRIAL FABRICATION

Stick welding or SMAW is one of the oldest method of welding it has been around

for over a hundred years, and it is still one of the most common processes in industrial

fabrication technological advances have made it even better throughout the years for more

types of manufacturing and fabrication materials, time frame, and budget of any project.

THE BENEFITS OF SMAW

SMAW is a strand in most industries, because it has so many benefits over types

of welding some of these benefits include the following:

 It is highly portable
 The equipment is simple and affordable
 SMAW is not sensitive to wind
 Their equipment for a separate gas shielding
 It can be used in many different power capabilities, gas. diesel, and electricity,
allowing it to be used in places that do not have electrical setups.
 It can be used with many different metal
 Welders often train in SMAW first, thus it is widely familiar and prevalent across
industries
 Many industries are already equipped with knowledge and technology to easily
perform SMAW.

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SOME DISADVANTAGES OF SMAW

Although SMAW is a popular and common process. It does have

some limitations which makes it less desirable for some projects. Some of

the disadvantages of SMAW include:

 The lack of automation means that the productivity rates are lower than other more
automated processes.
 SMAW has lower deposition rates than some other processes
 It relies heavily on the skill of the operator
 It isn’t suitable for titanium or zirconium
 It can require more clean-up due to spatter

DOES SMAW FIT INTO YOUR SETTING?

SMAW is the most common welding application for multiple reasons. Many

welders have trained in SMAW, making it easy to find qualified craftsmen; the equipment

is also portable and affordable. In addition, the equipment doesn’t have as many intricate

parts as in other types of welding, which makes it reliable and reduces the chances of

mechanical breakdown. Newer technologies are continually advancing the capabilities in

the welding industry. It is important to look at all the variables of our project from the

materials to the budget knowing how to pin down the most efficient process that fits the

goals and design of the project, while ensuring that all regulations of the industry are met

is top priority, considering safety, reliability, and productivity is crucial.

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International

The use of coated electrode is common processes are to three main reasons:

economy versatility and portability.

Compared to other techniques, the SMAW welding is the cheapest one, since it

doesn’t require a high investment. There is no need in acquiring a lot appliances and the

equipment used in this techniques may also be we fully applied to other areas.

This is also an extremely versatile process which can be used in an indoor or

outdoor environment. Allow you to weld in diverse position and all kind of materials since

there is a wide range of electrodes. In addition, it can be applied in equipment

maintenance situations already existing.

Welding Processes in Singapore

There are several types of welding processes. They are MIG, welding and stick

welding. Each of this process has its benefit and limitation let’s take a look at MIG

Welding. MIG Welding uses a wire welding electrode on a spook that is fed automatically

at a constant pre-selected speed. With MIG, once you pull the trigger of the welding gun, a

few different things will happen. First, the gas starts flowing, then the wire begins feeding

and lastly the arc starts. The arc which created by an electrical current between the base

metal and the wire will melt the wire and joins it with the base, producing a high-strength

weld. MIG Welding is clean, easy and can be used on both thin and thicker plate metals.

There is also a non-gas MIG Welding method. Instead of using solid wire, non-gas MIG

WELDING uses flux core wire. Flux creates a gas shield for the welding site as the flux is

burned.

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Preventing welding sites from oxidizing is crucial to forming a strong weld. TIG

Welding also is known as Tungsten Inert Gas is an arc welding process that uses a non-

combustible tungsten electrode to produce the weld. The tungsten and weld puddle is

protected and cooled with an inert gas. The usual inert gas used is Argon, TIG Process

uses an electric torch where you hand feed a filler rod into the molten puddle. TIG Welding

is most commonly used to weld thin sections of alloy steel, stainless steel, and non-ferrous

metals such as aluminium, magnesium and copper alloys. This process gives the welder a

great control over the weld compared to other welding processes allowing for durable, high

quality welds. TIG Welding is more complicated and challenging to master. Lastly is stick

welding. Many years ago, most welders learned to weld using an arc welder. This is the

most popular method for most home-shop welding needs. This process uses an electric

current flowing from a gap between the metal and the welding stick. This is the most

economical welding method and provides the ability to create an effective bon on rusty or

dirty metals. But, this method is limited to thinner metals, required frequent rod changing,

emits, spatter, and the welds need to be cleaned upon completion.

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National

Advancements in arc welding power process and sources in Japan

A review recent development in the design of Japanese arc welding power sources

has been conducted. The most salient conclusion to be drawn from this report was that,

compared to European and North American designs, the power sources represented a

significant technological advancement for two reasons. Firstly, increased used is made of

modern electronics control system such as thyristors, transistors and microprocessors.

Secondly, by employing modern electronic manufacturing methods the price of the power

sources is significantly lower than the equivalent European and North American models of

more conventional design. With regard to power source selection on the basis of operating

characteristics, the major Japanese fabricators are of the opinion that their products

appear to meet the stringent demands of the various sectors of industry.

When reviewing the advancements in welding technology in Japan, the

opportunities has been taken to present new welding processes and improvements in

fabrication techniques. Notable developments in arc welding processes include TIG

(plasma), hot wire, multi-arc electro gas and narrow gap MIG, with emphasis on increased

welding efficiency. In this respect, particularly mention has been made of the narrow gap

MIG welding techniques where at least four different methods have been used by the

major fabricators of measures vessels.

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Arc Welding: Philippine Tonan Corporation

Arc Welding is one of the most popular types of welding methods. An electric arc is

created between metal and an electrode, forming a puddle where additional welding filler

material can be added. Many welders choose arc welding since it is relatively cheap and

easy to do, even if learning how to weld takes a good deal of practice. Beginners will need

to learn how to “strike” an arc, which can be struck by scratching the electrode along metal

rapidly like striking a match or by tapping it against metal.

Arc Welders may use either consumable or non-consumable electrodes as well as

either alternating (AC) or direct (DC) current for their power. This power supply is used to

form an electric arc between electrodes and base materials.

Manual welding calls for a constant current of electricity. The constant power supply

is important due to the fact that it can be hard to hold the electrode rod perfectly steady

when welding manually. The arc length and voltage would fluctuate as the electrode rod

moves, but the constant power supply helps to keep them steady enough to make a good

weld.

Scope, Delimitation and Limitation of the Study

The study will focuses on the common problems encountered by the Senior

High School students in Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) strand in Tabangao

Integrated School, school year 2022-2023. It will also discuss the benefits and advantages

of SMAW strand among the other strands in Tabangao IS. The study will be limited to forty

(40) respondents only.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter contains the review of related literature and studies in both foreign
and local that serves as a source of information and guide for the reliability of this research
study.

RELATED LITERATURE

Jeffuseetal (2012) asserted that welding is a specialize task that usually requires

training and certification of abilities before a welder can work in industry. Jeffus & Bower

(2010) stated that young person planning a career in welding should possess good

eyesight, manual dexterity, and good hand-eye coordination, as well as an understanding

of welding.

Fleming (1937) indicated that welding training programs have employed aptitude

tests that evaluate mechanical ability, ability to judge shapes and sizes, ability to

remember designs, and manual dexterity, but have not extensively evaluated the

predictive ability of individual factors regarding future performance.

Giachino 8 weeks (1985) also stated that welders need the ability to concentrate on

detailed work and must be free of disabilities that prevent working in awkward positions.

Cary Etal (2005) stated welding is a “joining process that produces coalescence of

materials by heating them to the welding temperature, with or without the use of filler

metal. In other words, welding is the fusion of two pieces of material by heating the

materials to the point of melting and flowing together

This is supported by Chouquet (2008), which states that virtual welding simulators can

build motor skill such as detecting the movement of head and hand during welding and

helping students to identify optimum point of view during welding process.

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RELATED STUDIES

Local

Valera (2015) this study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the third-year

college students taking up bachelor in secondary education, (BSED), major in technology

and livelihood education (TLE) at the assist banged campus. Mean was used to determine

the level of attainment of the desired learning competencies of the college TLE students

along, knowledge skills and attitude. A high level of knowledge, skills and attitude was

attained along home economics, “adequate” for agricultural arts “high” for

entrepreneurship

Pilar (2017) this study focused on the relationship between reading competence in

English and performance in technical skills among students in TESDA-Supervised

Institutions. This study was limited to the students enrolled in the institutions under TESDA

supervision and to provide information to the beneficiaries. A descriptive correlational

research design was employed. A researcher made test on the reading competence in

English had undergone validity and reliability testing through item analysis and Kuaer-

Richardson formula 21 while grades of the student were utilized for technical techniques. If

found out that the reading competence in English showed “fair competent”. Technical

skills, on the other hand performed as “good”, it also revealed that there was no significant

difference and relationship in the level of reading competence in English performance in

technical skills. It is concluded that the students in technical-vocational schools were skilful

technicians in terms of practical skills regardless of their reading competence in English.

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International Labor Organization (2009) the first phase of the study conducted was

quantitative. The phase was intended to profile the youth of the selected pilot areas in

terms of educational attainment, employment status, skills and/or training acquired

demographic profile, preferences, and other key factors, specifically the quantitative phase

aimed to determine the demographic profile of the youth within each pilot are; find out

proportions of young women and men in each type of employment/unemployment

situation; and determine academic as well as experiential skills acquired, work conditions

and levels of employment security experienced, extent of awareness of employment and

entrepreneurship opportunities youth’s ability to adopt to changing job and business

markets. The specific objectives of this phase were to understand the youth’s feelings and

needs; understand deeper reasons and hesitations of the youth outside the labor force

towards employment; and (iv) recognize their work preference in the light of their current

life plans.

Conceptual Framework

The researchers gathered all the profile information of the respondents, who are the

regular Grade 12 SMAW learners at Tabangao Integrated School. Likewise, the

respondents’ welding skills was determined with the use of the questionnaire which is

composed of 15-12 item multiple choice type of test.

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INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 What are the  Survey
common questionnaire  To contruct a
problems met by  Interview conclusion by
the students in following the
choosing the procedures
strand? and by
 What are the surveying
benefits of questions and
choosing SMAW by gathering
strand? opinions by
 What are the interviewing.
advantages of
SMAW process?

FIGURE 1. PARADIGM
The paradigm first demonstrates the procedures used by the researchers to reach a
conclusion about the advantages of SMAW for Tabangao Integrated School students.
Researchers aim to evaluate the skills of the students at school. Likewise, implications as
to the teaching of Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW).

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CHAPTER III
METHOD AND PROCEDURE

This chapter presents the methods of research, locate of the study, the subject of the

study, sampling technique, date-gathering instruments, data gathering procedures, and

the statistical treatment which magnify the process that the researchers had undergone to

answer the questions raise in the proceeding chapters of this study.

Research Design

This study aimed to describe the perception about welding skills of Grade 12-SMAW

learners. Hence, this study used the descriptive research to answer the questions raise in

this research investigation.

Location of the Study

The research was conducted at Tabangao Integrated School (TIS) located at

Tabangao Aplaya, Batangas City Philippines. This is the venue chosen where the

researchers are enrolled. Moreover, the Grade 12-Hobart who are taking a specialization

in SMAW of the said institution were the respondents of the study, thus, they can be

accessible and will give ease and convenience to the researchers.

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Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study are seven (7) 12- Hobart learners majoring in SMAW.

Their age is from 16-19 years old. They were chosen to be the respondents because their

specialization is Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW).

Sampling Technique

This study would be using the purposive sampling and total population sampling

technique in identifying the sample size for the study. This is because the present study

will focus only to students who are majoring in SMAW in Grade 12.

Data – Gathering Instrument

This study would be using a descriptive survey-questionnaire. The instrument is

intended to evaluate the welding skill of Grade 12 SMAW learners at Tabangao Integrated

School. The instrument was checked and validated by three experts in research.

Data – Gathering Procedure

The researchers asked permission from the principal, adviser, and the respondents to

conduct the study. After the approval the survey questionnaire was administered.

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Statistical Treatment

The Data – Gathering in this empirical process were classified and fielded separately,

to describe the subjects of the study based on their welding skills, descriptive statistics

such as frequency counts, percentage, ranking, and means were utilized in this study.

Frequency. The rate at which something occurs or is repeated over a particular period

of time or in a given sample. The rate at which a vibration occurs that constitutes a wave,

either in a material (as in sound waves), or in an electromagnetic field ( as in radio waves

and light) usually measured per second.

Percentage. A rate, number or amount in each hundred, an amount, such as an

allowance or commission that is a proportion of a larger sum of money. Any proportion or

share in relation to a whole.

(P)=F/N multiply 100 %

Where:

F: Frequency

N: Total number of respondents

Ranking. A position in a sale of achievement or status; a classification. Having a

specified rank in a hierarchy.

Mean. Instead to convey, indicate, or refer to (a particular thing or notion); signify intend

(something) to occur or be the case.

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QUESTIONNAIRE

This Questionnaire is used to help the researcher’s collect information in order to

complete the study of “Advantage of choosing SMAW strand over other strand: A

research study”

Please answer all the questions by providing the appropriate information.

The data will be treated with utmost confidentially.

General Information

Name:

Section:

Sex:

Age:

Year of Attendance in Tabangao IS:

Total number of Enrollees/Strand:

5 – Strongly Agree

4 – Agree

3 – Undecided

2 – Disagree

1 – Strongly Disagree

A. What are the common problems met by the 5 4 3 2 1

students in choosing the strand?

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- Most frequent quality issues with SMAW include

cracking, porosity, inadequate fusion, weld spatter,
and shallow penetration.

- Reusing outdated power sources, welder

generators, or wire feeders might result in downtime
and unanticipated costs for troubleshooting issues
with outdated technology and equipment. When
possible, you should think about making an
investment in emerging technologies.

- Not properly prepping the foundation material before

beginning the weld Prior to welding, it is always
crucial to properly prepare your material.

B. What are the benefits of choosing SMAW strand

in terms of:
1. Education
2. Daily Life

- Due to the nature of SMAW, a variety of materials

with various thicknesses can be combined to create
pieces that are vital to daily life. For example, they
can be used to fabricate industrial bridges and
canopies as well as steel buildings.

- During their education, students learn how to use

hand tools and machines they might encounter in a
shop environment, directly relating to the abilities
required for a career in welding.

C. What are the advantages of SMAW process in

terms of:
1. Other welding process
2. In beginners

- Equipment and knowledge of technique are already

widely in place in most industrial settings.

- Relative simplicity of SMAW equipment compared to

other welding processes also means that there are
fewer things that can go wrong or break down.

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- Senior
Lower equipment cost. High School
Compared Department
with other welding
methods, SMAW equipment is simple and
inexpensive.

D. What are the disadvantages of SMAW process in

terms of:

1. In beginners

2. Other welding process

- Have lower productivity rates than automated

procedures since it is not automated. Compared to
other welding methods, deposition rates are often
lower. Greater operator skill is needed than with
many other operations.

- Welding electrodes that cannot be replaced. The

welding electrodes are not easily interchangeable.
They can't be regularly replaced once they've been
mended, therefore caution is required.

E. Is SMAW remains of the most trusted welding

process? Why is SMAW considered as the most popular

welding process?

- Yes. Due to its simplicity and the lack of a need for a

shielding gas cylinder, SMAW is the procedure that is
utilized the most frequently on-site. Steel and the
consumable electrode with flux coating make the arc.

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- Shielded metal arcSenior
weldingHigh School
was one of theDepartment
first and
most widely used welding techniques in the world
because of the process's adaptability and the ease
with which its equipment and operation can be
handled.

- You won't need to set up a separate gas shielding if

you use SMAW.

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REFERENCES

https://www.academia.edu/40847751

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED612049.pdf

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://

ojs.aaresearchchindex.com/index.com/index.php/AAJMRA/article/view/

5730&ved=2ahUKEwjq2v_joe3AhUumlYBHRoBK

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