OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, NAGPUR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION

LAB MANUAL
NAME OF COURSE: OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

COURSE CODE: EC1503

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

SR.
NAME OF EXPERIMENT PAGE NO.
NO.
Demonstration and study of different types of Optical
01 03
Fibers.
To establish and Study of a 650nm fiber optic analog
02 06
link.
To establish and Study of a 650nm fiber optic digital
03 09
link.
Study of Intensity Modulation Technique using Analog
input signal. To obtain intensity modulation of the
04 analog signal, transmit it over a fiber optic cable and 12
demodulate the same at the receiver and to get back the
original signal.
Study of Intensity Modulation Technique using digital
Input signal. The objective of this experiment is to obtain
05 intensity modulation of digital signal, transmit it over 16
fiber optic cable and demodulate the same at the receiver
end to get back the original signal.
To measure propagation or attenuation loss in optical
06 20
fiber.
To measure propagation loss in optical fiber using
07 23
optical power meter
To measure bending loss in optical fiber using optical
08 25
power meter
Measurement of the Numerical Aperture (NA) of the fiber.
09 27
Demonstration and study of different types of Optical
10 29
Fiber Connectors.
To study the characteristics of E-O converter i.e., To
11 32
plot the characteristics of LED.
To demonstrate voice transmission through fiber optic
12 35
cable using PWM.

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Experiment No. 1

Aim of the experiment:

Demonstration and study of different types of Optical Fibers.
Apparatus Required:
Optical Fibers Display Board
Theory:
For much of modern telecommunication, the path over which the signals travel is optical fiber. Optical
fiber for most purposes is made of a very special kind of glass that is drawn into a very thin, long fiber.
In some ways, this is similar to the fiberglass that is used for insulation in homes. Unlike fiber glass,
however, optical fiber is made of a much different kind of glass and comes in lengths that may be
many kilometers long. Standard optical fiber is shaped like a very long thin cylinder. In the center of
the cylinder there is a core, and surrounding the core is a layer called the cladding. Both core and
cladding are glass; they are slightly different types, however. A cross section of the fiber is shown in
Figure 1.1.

Fig.1.1. Cross-sectional views of an optical fiber.

Single mode optical fiber: In fiber-optic communication, a single-mode optical fiber (SMF)
(mono mode optical fiber, single-mode optical waveguide, or uni mode fiber) is an optical
fibre designed to carry only a single ray of light (mode). These modes define the way the wave travels
through space, i.e. how the wave is distributed in space. Waves can have the same mode but have
different frequencies. This is the case in single-mode fibers, where we can have waves with different
frequencies, but of the same mode, which means that they are distributed in space in the same way, and
that gives us a single ray of light. Although the ray travels parallel to the length of the fiber, it is often
called transverse mode since its electromagnetic vibrations occur perpendicular (transverse) to the
length of the fibre. A typical single mode optical fiber has a core diameter between 8 and 10.5 µm and
a cladding diameter of 125 µm.

Multi-mode optical fiber: Multimode fiber optic cable has a large diametrical core that allows
multiple modes of light to propagate. Because of this, the number of light reflections created as the

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light passes through the core increases, creating the ability for more data to pass through at a given
time. Because of the high dispersion and attenuation rate with this type of fiber, the quality of the
signal is reduced over long distances. This application is typically used for short distance, data and
audio/video applications in LANs. RF broadband signals, such as what cable companies commonly
use, cannot be transmitted over multimode fiber. Multimode fiber is usually 50/125 and 62.5/125 in
construction. This means that the core to cladding diameter ratio is 50 microns to 125 microns and 62.5
microns to 125 microns.

Multi-mode optical fiber can be built with either graded index or step index-

Step-Index Multimode Fiber: Due to its large core, some of the light rays that make up the digital pulse
may travel a direct route, whereas others zigzag as they bounce off the cladding. These alternate paths
cause the different groups of light rays, referred to as modes, to arrive separately at the receiving point.
The pulse, an aggregate of different modes, begins to spread out, losing its well-defined shape. The
need to leave spacing between pulses to prevent overlapping limits the amount of information that can
be sent. This type of fiber is best suited for transmission over short distances.

Graded-Index Multimode Fiber: Contains a core in which the refractive index diminishes gradually
from the center axis out toward the cladding. The higher refractive index at the center makes the light
rays moving down the axis advance more slowly than those near the cladding. Due to the graded index,
light in the core curves helically rather than zigzag off the cladding, reducing its travel distance. The
shortened path and the higher speed allow light at the periphery to arrive at a receiver at about the same
time as the slow but straight rays in the core axis. The result: digital pulse suffers less dispersion. This
type of fiber is best suited for local-area networks.

Fi.g.1.2 Propagation of light through different types of optical fibers.

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Various optical fibers

Fig.1.3. Demonstration of different types of glass fibers and plastic fibers.

Result:
Various optical fibers have been studied through the demonstration kit.

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Experiment No. 2

Aim of the experiment:

To establish and Study of a 650nm fiber optic analog link..

Apparatus required:
1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cords
2. Optical Fiber cable.
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe.
Theory:
Fiber optic links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals. Basically a fiber
optic link contains three main elements : a transmitter, an optical fiber and a receiver. The transmitter
module takes the input signal in electrical form and then transforms it into optical energy containing
the same information.

The optical fiber is the medium which takes the energy to the receiver.

At the receiver, light is converted back into electrical form with the same pattern as fed to the
transmitter.

Transmitter:

Fiber optic transmitters are composed of a buffer, driver and optical source. The buffer provides both
an electrical connection and isolation between the transmitter and the electrical system the data. The
driver provides electrical power to the optical source. Finally, the optical source converts the electrical
current to the light energy with the same pattern. The optical source used is LED. Simple LED circuit
for analog transmission is shown below.

Fig.2.1 Transconductance drive circuit for analog transmission-common

emitter configuration

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The transmitter section comprises of Function Generator which generates input signals that are
going to be used as information to transmit through optical fiber.

The Fiber Optic Link:

Emitter and Detector circuit on board form the fiber optic link. This section provides the light source
for the optic fiber and the light detector at the far end of the fiber optic links. The optic fiber plugs
into the connectors provided in this part of the board. Two separate links are provided.

The Receiver:

The AC amplifier circuit forms receiver on the board.

Block Diagram:

Fig.2.2 Analog Fiber Optic Link

Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply to the board.
2. Ensure that all switched faults are off.
3. Make the following connections.
 Connect the Function generator 1KHz sine wave output to emitter‟s input.
 Connect the Fiber optic cable between emitter output and detectors input.
 Detector‟s output to AC amplifier input.
4. On the board, switch emitter‟s driver to analog mode.
5. Switch ON the power.
6. Observe the input to emitter with the output from AC amplifier and note that the two
signals are same.

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Fig.2.3 Connections on Trainer Kit

Observations:
Input voltage = 1.2V
Detector output = 0 .1V
Amplifier output = 1.4V

Result:
The 650nm fiber optic Analog link has been established.

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Experiment No. 3

Aim of the experiment:

To establish and study of a 650nm fiber optic digital link.

Apparatus required:
1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cords
2. Optical Fiber cable.
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe.
Theory:
Fiber optic links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals. Basically a fiber
optic link contains three main elements : a transmitter, an optical fiber and a receiver. The transmitter
module takes the input signal in electrical form and then transforms it into optical energy containing
the same information.The optical fiber is the medium which takes the energy to the receiver.At the
receiver, light is converted back into electrical form with the same pattern as fed to the transmitter.

Transmitter:

Fiber optic transmitters are composed of a buffer, driver and optical source. The buffer provides both
an electrical connection and isolation between the transmitter and the electrical system the data. The
driver provides electrical power to the optical source. Finally, the optical source converts the electrical
current to the light energy with the same pattern. The optical source used is LED. The simple driver
circuit is shown below.

Fig.3.1 A simple drive circuit for binary digital transmission consisting a

common emitter saturating switch.

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The transmitter section comprises of Function Generator which generates input signals that are going
to be used as information to transmit through optical fiber.

The Fiber Optic Link:

Emitter and Detector circuit on board form the fiber optic link. This section provides the light source
for the optic fiber and the light detector at the far end of the fiber optic links. The optic fiber plugs into
the connectors provided in this part of the board. Two separate links are provided.

The Receiver:

The comparator circuit and AC amplifier circuit form receiver on the board.

Block Diagram:

Fig.3.2 Digital Fiber Optic Link

Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply to the board.

2.Ensure that all switched faults are off.

3. Make the following connections.

 Connect the Function generator 1KHz square wave output to emitter‟s input.
 Connect the Fiber optic cable between emitter output and detector‟s input.
 Detector‟s output to comparator‟s input.
 Comparator‟s output to AC amplifier‟s input.

4. On the board, switch emitter‟s driver to digital mode.

5. Switch ON the power.

6. Monitor both the inputs to comparator . Slowly adjust the comparator‟s bias preset, until DC
level on the input lies midway between the high and low level of the signal on the positive input.

7. Observe the input to emitter with the output from AC amplifier and note that the two
signals are same.

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Fig.3.3 Connections on Trainer Kit

Observations:
Input Voltage = 0.16V

Comparator output = 0.05V

Amplifier output = 1V

Result:
The 650nm fiber optic Digital link has been established.

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Experiment No. 4

Aim of the Experiment:

Study of Intensity Modulation Technique using Analog input signal. To obtain intensity modulation of
the analog signal, transmit it over a fiber optic cable and demodulate the same at the receiver and to get
back the original signal.
Apparatus Required:
1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cord
2. Optical Fiber cable
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe
Theory:
Modulation:

In order to transmit information via an optical fiber communication system it is necessary to modulate
a property of light with the information signal. This property may be intensity, frequency, phase with
either analog or digital signals. The choices are indicated by the characteristics of optical fiber, the
available optical sources and detectors, and the considerations of the overall system.

Intensity Modulation:

In this system the information signal is used to control the intensity of the source. At the far end, the
variation in the amplitude of the received signal is used to recover the original information signal.

Fig. 4.1 block diagram of intensity modulated system.

The audio input signal is used to control the current through an LED which in turn controls the light
output. The light is conveyed to the detector I circuit by optic fiber. The detector is a photo transistor
which converts the incoming light to a small current which flows through a series resistor. This gives
rise to a voltage whose amplitude is controlled by the received light intensity. The voltage is now
amplified within the detector circuit and if necessary, amplified further by the amplified circuit.

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The Analog Bias Voltage:

There are two problems using amplitude modulation

with an analog signal. The first is to do with the signal
itself. If you glance at the figure you will see that analog
waveform moves positive and negative of the zero line.
The second problem is that the shape of the waveform
which carries the information. Ideally the emitter
characteristics would be a straight line. Even so, we
would lose the negative going half cycles as shown. FIG 4.2. Analog

The answer is to superimpose the sinusoidal signal on

positive voltage called the bias voltage so that both halves
of the incoming signal have an effect on the light
intensity. The combination of the linear characteristics
would be ideal but the real characteristics is not
completely straight. However, it does have a straight
section that we can use if we employ a suitable value of
bias voltage. FIG shows ideal and practical situations.

FIG 4.3. Negative half of the cycle is lost

FIG 4.4 Emitter characteristics : Ideal and Practical

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Connection Diagram:

Fig. 4.5 Connection Diagram

Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply cord to the main power plug & to trainer ST2502.
2. Make the following connections as shown in FIG. 5
a. Connect the FG output marked 1 KHz sine wave to input if emitter 1.
b. Plug in a fiber optic link from output of emitter 1 LED to the photo transistor of the
detector 1.
c. Detector 1 output TP 10 to input of Amplifier TP 27.
3. In the emitter 1 block switch the mode select to analog.
4. Turn the 1 KHz preset in function generator block to fully clockwise (maximum amplitude)

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position.
5. Switch on the Power Supply of the trainer and oscilloscope.
6. With the help of dual trace oscilloscope observe the input signal at emitter 1 TP 5 also; observe the
output from the detector 1. It should carry a smaller version of the original 1 KHz sine wave,
illustrating that the modulated light beam has been reconverted back into an electrical signal.
7. The output from detector 1 is further amplified by AC amplifier 1. This amplifier increases the
amplitude of the received signal, and also removes the DC component, which is present at detector
output. Monitor the output of amplifier 1 TP28 and adjust the gain adjust 1 preset until the
monitored signal has same amplitude as that applied to emitter 1 Input TP 5 .
8. While monitoring the output of Amplifier 1 TP 28 change the amplitude of modulating sine wave
by varying the 1 KHz preset in the function generator block. Note that as expected, the amplitude
of the receiver output signal changes.

Observations:
Frequency=1 KHz
S.No. Input Voltage(V) Output Voltage(V)
1 0.10 0.08
2 0.20 0.12
3 0.24 0.18
4 0.44 0.24

FIG 4.6. Input V=0.10V FIG 4.7. Output

Result:
The Intensity Modulation and Demodulation of the Analog signal has been implemented.

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Experiment No. 5
Aim of the Experiment:
Study of Intensity Modulation Technique using digital Input signal. The objective of this
experiment is to obtain intensity modulation of digital signal, transmit it over fiber optic cable and
demodulate the same at the receiver end to get back the original signal.
Apparatus Required:
1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cord
2. Optical Fiber cable
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe

Connection Diagram:

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Fig. 5.1 Connection Diagram

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Digital signal LED Driver Photo Amplifier

Generator Transistor

Oscil
losc
ope

Fig. 5.2. Block Diagram

Theory:
With intensity modulation, discrete changes in light intensity are obtained(i.e. ON-OFF
pulses) figure below shows a block schematic of a typical digital optical fiber link
Initially, input digital signal from information source is suitably encoded for optical
transmission. The LED drive circuit directly modulates the intensity of the light with encoded
digital signal. Hence, a digital optical signal is launched into the optical fiber cable. The
photo transistor used as detector is followed by an amplifier to provide gain. Finally the
signal obtained is decoded to give the original digital information.

Digital Bias Voltage:

Incase of a digital signal the only information which needs to be conveyed is the ON state
and OFF state. So there is no negative part of the signal to be lost and furthermore any
distortion due to non linearity of the characteristic is of no importance –all we need to know
is whether the signal is ON or OFF. There is no need therefore to generate a bias voltage.
When Amplitude Modulation is used with digital input we employ a comparator at the
receiving end of the fiber to make the waveform square again called “cleaning it up”
Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply cord to the main power plug & to trainer ST2502.
2. Make the following connections as shown in figure 4.1.
a. Connect the 1 KHz square wave socket in function generator block to emitter 1 input.
b. Connect an optic fiber link between emitter 1 output & Detector 1 input with the help
of connector provided.
c. Detector output to comparator l's non-inverting (+ve) input

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3. Switch the mode switch in emitter block to digital mode. This ensures that signal applied to
the driver's input cause the emitter LED to switch quickly between ‘On’ & ‘Off’ states.
4. Examine the Input to emitter 1 TP 5 on an oscilloscope this 1 KHz square wave is now
being used to amplitude modulate emitter I emitter LED.
5. Examine the output of detector 1 TP 10. This should carry a smaller version of original I
KHz square wave illustrating that the modulated light beam has been reconverted into an
electrical signal.
6. Monitor both input to comparator 1, at TP 13 & 14 and slowly adjust the "Comparator bias
1 preset until the DC Level on the negative input TP 13 lies midway between the high & low
level of the signal on the positive input TP. 14. This DC level is comparator's threshold level.
7. Examine the output of comparator 1 TP15 Note that the original digital modulating signal
has been reconstructed at the receiver.
8. Once again carefully flex the fiber optic cable we can see that there is no change in output
on bending the fiber. The output amplitude is now independent of the bend radius of the cable
and that of length of cable, provided that detector output signal is large enough to cross the
comparator threshold level. This illustrates one of the advantages of amplitude modulation of
a light beam by digital rather than analog means. Also, non-linear ties within the emitter LED
& photo transistor causing distortion of the signal at the receiver output are the disadvantages
associated with amplitude modulating a light source by analog means. Linearity is not a
problem if the light beam is switched ‘On’ & ‘Off’ with a digital signal, since the detector
output is simply squared up by a comparator circuit. To overcome problems associated with
amplitude modulation of a light beam by analog means, analog signals are often used to vary
or modulate some characteristic of a digital signal (e.g. frequency or pulse width.). The
digital signal is being used to switch the light beam ‘On’ & ‘Off’.

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Observations:
Digital Input Voltage 5V
Comparator Output 4V
DC bias Voltage 0.18V
output of Amplifier 5V

Results:
Intensity Modulation has been performed and its uses over analog intensity modulation have
been verified.

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Experiment No.6

Aim of the Experiment:

To measure propagation or attenuation loss in optical fiber.

Apparatus Required:
1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cord.
2. Optical Fiber cable
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe

Connection Diagram:

Fig.6.1 Connection diagrams on ST502 kit

Procedure:
1. Connect power supply cord to the main power plug & to trainer ST2502.
2. Make the following connections as shown in figure 7.1.
a. Function generator‟s 1 KHz sine wave output to Input 1 socket of emitter
1 circuit via 4 mm lead.
b. Connect 0.5 m optic fiber between emitter 1 output and detector l's input.
c. Connect detector 1 output to amplifier 1 input socket via 4mm lead.

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3. Switch ON the Power Supply of the trainer and oscilloscope.

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4. Set the Oscilloscope channel 1 to 0.5 V / Div and adjust 4 - 6 div amplitude by using
X 1 probe with the help of variable pot in function generator block at input 1 of
Emitter 1.
5. Observe the output signal from detector TP10 on CRO.
6. Adjust the amplitude of the received signal same as that of transmitted one with the
help of gain adjust potentiometer in AC amplifier block. Note this amplitude and
name it V1.
7. Now replace the previous FG cable with 1 m cable without disturbing any
previous setting.
8. Measure the amplitude at the receiver side again at output of amplifier 1 socket TP 28.
Note this value end name it V2.

Observations:
1. Using output of cables of different diameters: O/P of .5m cable-.56V

O/P of 1m cable-.52V

Attenuation=20log56/52=.64dB

2. Using formula α= -1/(L1+L2)ln(V1/V2)=.429dB/m

3. Using OPM, Pn=-31.3dBm, Pf=-31.4dBm

α = .1dB

Calculations:

Calculate the propagation (attenuation) loss with the help of following

formula. V1 / V2 = e- α (L1 + L2)

Where α is loss in nepers / meter

1 neper = 8. 686 dB

L 1 = length of shorter cable (0.5 m)

L 2 = Length of longer cable (1 m)

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Precautions:

a. The optical fiber must not be bent, so as to avoid bending losses.

b. The circuit must be neat and secure.

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Experiment No. 7

Aim of the Experiment:

To measure propagation loss in optical fiber using optical power meter.

Apparatus Required:
1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cord
2. Optical fiber cable
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe
4. Power Meter ST2551 with power supply cord

Connection Diagram:

Fig. 7.1 Connection diagram on ST502 kit.

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Procedure:
1. Connect the Power supply cord to mains supply and to the trainer ST2501.
2. Keep the mode switch in emitter 1 circuit in analog mode
3. Connect the 0.5m fiber cable in between the emitter LED & I/P of power meter.
4. Switch on the instrument fiber optic trainer & power meter (Keep the wavelength
switch in 660 nm, position). Note the reading in power meter.
5. Replace the 0.5m fiber cable with the 1m cables without disturbing any setting.
6. Again note the reading in power. This reading will be lesser then the previous one,
indicating that the propagation loss increases with increase in length.
7. Perform the same experiment with emitter 2.

Observations:
Using OPM, Pn=-31.3dBm, Pf=-31.4dBm
α = .1dB

Precautions:
a. The optical fiber must not be bent, so as to avoid bending losses.
b. The circuit must be neat and secure.

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Experiment No. 8

Aim of the Experiment:

To study bending losses in optical fiber.

Apparatus Required:

1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cord

2. Optical fiber cable
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe

4. Mandrel

Connection Diagram:

Fig. 8.1 Connection diagram on ST502 kit

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Fig. 8.2 Fiber optic wound on mandrel

Procedure:
1. Connect power supply cord to hte main power plug & to trainer ST2502.
2. Make connections as shown in fig. 8.1.
a. Function generator 1KHz output to input socket of emitter circuit via 4mm
lead.
b. Connect 0.5m optic fiber between emitter output and detector input.
c. Connect detector output to amplifier input socket via 4mm lead.
3. Switch on the power supply of trainer kit and oscilloscope.
4. Set the oscilloscope channel 1 to 0.5V/div and adjust 4-6 div amplitude by using X1
probe with the help of variable pot in function generator block at input of emitter.
5. Observe the output signal from detector (TP8) on CRO.
6. Adjust the amplitude of the received signal as that of the transmitted one with the
help of gain adjust potentiometer in AC amplifier block. Note this amplitude and
name it V1.
7. Wind the fiber optic cable on the mandrel and observe the corresponding AC
amplifier output on CRO. It will be gradually reducing, showing loss due to bends.

Observations:

1. Vin = 2.2V
2. Vout= V1 = 1.6V

Result:

Thus we studied that there is a considerable loss in transmitted signal due to bending of fiber
optic cable.

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Experiment No. 9

Aim of the Experiment:

To measurement of the Numerical Aperture (NA) of the fiber.

Apparatus Required:

1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cord

2. Optical Fiber cable.
3. Numerical Aperture measurement Jig/Paper & Scale.

Connection Diagram:

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Fig.9.1 Connection diagram on ST2502

Theory:

The numerical aperture refers to maximum angle at which the incident on fiber end is totally
internally reflected and is transmitted along the fiber. The cone formed by rotation of this angle along
the axis of the fiber is the cone of acceptance of fiber. if light ray should strike the fiber end within
this cone of acceptance it will be transmitted properly else it is refracted out of fiber.

NA=

Procedure:

1. Connect the Power supply cord to mains supply and to the trainer ST2502.

2. Connect the frequency generator's 1 KHz sine wave output to input of emitter 1 circuit. Adjust its
amplitude at 5Vpp.

3. Connect one end of fiber cable to the output socket of emitter 1 circuit and the other end to the
numerical aperture measurement jig. Hold the white screen facing the fiber such that its cut face is
perpendicular to the axis of the fiber.

4. Hold fiber vertically at a suitable distance to make the red spot .

5. Record the distance of screen from the fiber end L and note the diameter W of the spot.

Compute the numerical aperture from the formula given below-

NA= (W/2) / √(W/2)^2+L^2

Result :

The N.A. of fiber measured is 0.34 using trigonometric formula.

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Experiment No. 10

Aim of the Experiment:

Demonstration and study of different types of Optical Fiber Connectors.

Apparatus Required:
Optical Fiber Connectors Display Board

Theory:
An optical fiber connector terminates the end of an optical fiber, and enables quicker connection and
disconnection than splicing. The connectors mechanically couple and align the cores of fibers so light can pass.
Better connectors lose very little light due to reflection or misalignment of the fibers.

Optical fiber connectors are used to join optical fibers where a connect/disconnect capability is
required. Due to the polishing and tuning procedures that may be incorporated into optical connector
manufacturing, connectors are generally assembled onto optical fiber in a supplier’s manufacturing
facility. However, the assembly and polishing operations involved can be performed in the field, for
example, to make cross-connect jumpers to size.

Optical fiber connectors are used in telephone company central offices, at installations on customer
premises, and in outside plant applications to connect equipment and cables, or to cross-connect cables.

Most optical fiber connectors are spring-loaded, so the fiber faces are pressed together when the
connectors are mated. The resulting glass-to-glass or plastic-to-plastic contact eliminates signal losses
that would be caused by an air gap between the joined fibers.

Every fiber connection has two values:

 Attenuation or insertion loss

 Reflection or return loss.

The common types of connectors are as shown below:

ST Connector

The ST connector utilizes a bayonet twist-lock connection with

2.5mm ferrule. Available in singlemode and multimode, the ST
connector features reliable and durable field installation.The design
of the FIS ST connector enables installers to crimp the back of the
body directly onto the cable jacket and Kevlar®.

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FC Connector

FC connectors are specifically designed for telecommunication

applications and provide non-optical disconnect performance.
Designed with a threaded coupling for durable connections. The
ferrule is PC finished to a pre-radius, which ensures low back
reflection. The FIS FC connector is available with zirconia or
stainless alloy ferrules.

LC Connector

The LC connector licensed by Lucent Technologies provides a pull-

proof design and small size perfect for high-density applications.
Available in simplex or duplex versions. The LC connector is
provided with a 1.25mm zirconia ferrule. The LC also incorporates
a unique latching mechanism providing stability in system rack
mounts.

SC Connector

The SC is a non-optical disconnect connector with a 2.5mm pre-

radiused zirconia ferrule. Available in simplex and duplex styles,
this connector features a push-pull connection design for quick
patching of cables into rack or wall mounts. Utilize the reusable
duplex holding clip to create duplex connections.

MTP Connector

The US CONEC® MTP® is a MPO compatible connector that

provides quick and reliable connection for up to 12 fibers.
Available in singlemode with a typical loss of 0.25dB and
multimode with a loss of 0.20dB. Four and eight fiber MTP®
connectors are available. Singlemode ferrules are designed to be
polished to an 8º angle.

MU Connector

The MU connector is designed for high-density connections. This

small single-fiber connector has a high level of performance,
providing more than double the packaging density of the SC
connector.
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D4 Connector

The FIS non-optical disconnect D4 connector features threaded

parts that reduce complexity and assembly time.

ESCON Connector

Escon describes a duplex connector using a free-floating ferrule

structure and a positive latching mechanism. Uses standard ST
polish disc and a special two-die crimper. Escon is a registered
trademark of IBM Corporation.

FDDI Connector

For your multimode FDDI connector requirements choose from a

selection of AMP and Molex connectors. AMP FDDI connectors
combine low loss with positive side latch mating, polarization,
keying and fiber strain relief. All connectors have zirconia ferrules.

Biconic Connector

The Biconic connector with a polymer ferrule provides top

performance for multimode and singlemode applications. Call for
Availability.

SMA 905 & 906 Connectors

The SMA 905 and 906 multimode connectors are available with
stainless alloy or stainless steel ferrules. The FIS stainless alloy
ferrule may be drilled from 240μm up to 1550μm to accept various
fiber sizes. When installing 906 SMA’s into 905 SMA mating
sleeves, a provided 1/2 sleeve must be installed on the 906 ferrule.

Result:

Thus we have studied different types of optical fiber connectors and their characteristics.

Experiment No. 11
Aim of the experiment:
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 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
To study the Characteristics of E - O Converter, i.e., to plot the characteristics of LED.

Apparatus Required:
1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cord
2. Optical Fibre cable
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe
Connection Diagram:

Fig. 11.1 Connection Diagrams on ST2501

Procedure:
1. Connect the Power supply cord to mains supply and to the trainer ST2502.
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 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
2. Ensure that all switched faults are in ‘Off’ condition.
3. Put emitter 1 block in Digital Mode
4. Make connections as shown in figure 11.1
a) Connect the bias 1 preset on comparator 1 (TP13) to the emitter 1 input at (TP5)
b) Adjust the bias 1 preset to its minimum setting fully counter clockwise.
c) Now look down the emitter 1 LED Socket and slowly advance the setting of the bias 1
preset until in subdued lighting the light from LED is just visible.
5. Connect the DMM between + 12V supply and TP6, the cathode of LED. The DMM will now
read the forward voltage (V f) Measure the voltage drop across the 1K (R9) current limiting
resistors by connecting DMM between TP6 and TP38. The forward current is given by dividing
the readings by 1K. This If is known as threshold current.
DVM reading
------------------- mA
1000
6. Vary the bias 1 preset so as to vary the forward voltage (as 1.3, 1.4…1.7), note the
corresponding If (forward current).
7. Record these values of Vf and If and plot the characteristic between these two.

Observations:
Sr. No. Forward Voltage ‘Vf’ Forward Current ‘If’
01
02
03
04
05

Result:
Thus we have studied the characteristics of LED.

Questions:
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 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
1. What are the characteristics of fiber optics link?
2. What is the function of transmitter?
3. How light signals are converted back to the electrical signals?

Experiment No. 12
Aim of the experiment:
Setting up of Fiber Optic Voice Link using PWM i.e., Study of voice transmission through Fiber Optic
cable using PWM.

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 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
Apparatus Required:
1. ST2502 trainer with power supply cord
2. Optical Fiber cable
3. Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe
Connection Diagram:

Fig. 12.1 Connections on ST2501

Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply cord to the main power plug & to trainer ST2502.
2. Ensure that all switched faults are set to ‘Off’.
3. Make the following connections as shown in figure 17.1.
i. Function Generator’s 1KHz sine wave signal to the Pulse width modulator input TP3

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 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
ii. Pulse width modulator output TP4 to emitter 1 input TP5
iii. Connect the optic fiber between the emitter 1 circuit and detector 1 circuit.
iv. Detector 1 output TP10 to comparator & input at TP14.
v. Comparator 1 output TP15 to LPF 1 at TP19.
vi. LPF 1 output TP20 to A C amplifier 1 input at TP27.

4. Switch emitter 1’s driver to digital mode. This ensures that fast changing digital signals applied to the
drivers input because the emitter LED to switch quickly between ‘On’ & ‘Off’ states.
5. Turn the 1 KHz preset of function generator block to fully anticlockwise (zero amplitude) position.
6. Switch on the Power Supply of the trainer and oscilloscope.
7. Monitor the output of the pulse width modulator block TP4. Note that the pulse width of this digital
signal is at present constant, since the modulating 1 KHz sine wave has zero amplitude.
8. Examine the output Detector TP10 and check that the transmitted digital pulse is successfully detected
at the receiver.
9. Monitor both inputs’ comparator 1 TP13 & TP14 and if necessary, slowly adjust the comparator's bias
preset, until the DC Level on the negative input TP13 lies midway between the high and low level of the
signal on the positive input TP14.
10. The average level of comparator l's output is extracted by LPF 1 and then amplified by AC amplifier
which also removes the DC offset. Since, the average level of the comparator output is proportional to
the pulse width, the original analog signal appears at the amplifiers output TP28. Examine TP28 and
note that the output voltage is zero. This is expected since there is currently no modulating voltage at the
transmitter.
11. While monitoring the input to the pulse width modulator block TP3 and the output from AC amplifier 1
TP28 turn the 1 KHz preset to its fully clockwise (maximum amplitude position). Note that the
modulating 1 KHz signal now appears at the amplifiers output. If necessary, adjust the amplifiers gain
adjust 1 preset until the two monitored signals are equal in amplitude. In order to fully understand how
this pulse width modulation transmitter/ receiver system works, examine the inputs and outputs of all
functional blocks within the system using an oscilloscope.
12. Disconnect the PWM input from 1 KHz sine wave socket
13. Make the following additional connection (as shown in figure 12.1) without disturbing any previous
settings

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a) Plug the microphone into input of audio input block

b) Output of audio input block to input of PWM block
c) Output of AC Amp block to input of audio output block.

14. Observe that the same audio sound is available in the speaker as fed to microphone.
Result:
Thus we have studied voice transmission over fiber optic cable using PWM.

Questions:
1. What is frequency band for voice signals?
2. By what means the voice signals are converted into electrical signals?
3. Why PWM method is generally preferred for communication system?

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