Digital Logic
Unit 1: Introduction
Lecturer
Gunjan Gupta
HSMSS
12/19/2022 Gunjan Gupta/ HSMSS 1
Chapter Outline
Digital Signal and Wave Forms
Digital Logic and Operations
Digital Computer and Integrated
Circuits (IC)
Clock Wave Form
12/19/2022 Gunjan Gupta/ HSMSS 2
Introduction
System – A set of related components which operates
in a closed boundary as a whole to achieve a goal.
What is a digital system?
Takes digital input
Digital output
Process digital information
Digital
Discrete and discontinuous
Example – decimal digits 0, 1, 2, … 9
Combination of digit become number – still digital
We perceive real world as analog – continuous in value as well as in time
Can digital system be of any use?
Example
Calculator, computer, laptop, smart phones,
mobiles, internet, routers
LED TV, smart TV, set-top boxes, digital cameras
Automated washing machine, air conditioners,
various parts of our cars
Signal
A signal is a function , that represents the variation
of a physical quantity with respect to any parameter.
Analog signal Discrete Signal
Creating Digital Signal from Analog Signal
Discretization in time: Sampling
Discretization in values: Quantization
Why this course?
Digital systems is the core of digital revolution
Very Large Scale Integration
4th Industrial Revolution – ML, AI, IoT
Fast, efficient, small digital circuits
Designing an efficient system in a given cost, area,
performance, and power is the key
Analog System Vs Digital System
Analog System Digital System
Analog System Vs Digital System
Analog Electronic System
A system using analog and digital methods
Shift from Analog to Digital
Digital Vs Analog
• Digital System
⁺ Noise immunity
⁺ More common and less expensive
⁺ Encryption
⁺ Efficiency is higher for long distance transmission
Binary representation of digital signal
Two states of matter – Black/ white, clockwise/ anti-clockwise, charged/
discharged, +/- charge
A binary digit represent two states – 0 and 1
In electronic system:
High Voltage 1 High Voltage 0
Low voltage 0 Low voltage 1
(Positive Logic) (Negative Logic)
Binary representation of digital signal
• 1 bit -> represents 2 states
• 2 bits -> represents 4 states
• 3 bits -> represents 8 states
• N bits -> represents 2N states
• 10 bits -> 210 states = 1024 states
Digital Waveforms
Digital Waveforms consists of voltage levels that are
changing back and forth between the high and low
voltage levels or states.
A pulse has two edges: leading edge and trailing
edge.
Digital Waveforms
Positive-going pulse: leading edge is a rising edge
and trailing edge is falling edge
Negative-going pulse: leading edge is a falling edge
and rising edge is a trailing edge
Pulses shown in the figure above are ideal because
the rising and falling edges are assumed to change in
zero time.
Digital Waveforms
In practice , these transitions never occur
instantaneously, although for most digital work we
assume ideal pulse.
Rise time
Fall time
Pulse Width
Non-ideal pulse characteristics
Characteristics of Waveform
Nonideal pulse characteristics
Series of pulses – Pulse trains
Classified as periodic or nonperiodic
Periodic : repeat itself at a fixed interval
Nonperiodic : pulses of randomly differing pulse
widths and/or randomly differing time intervals.
Periodic Waveform
The frequency (f) is the rate at which the periodic
pulse repeat itself, Hz.
The frequency of a pulse (digital) Waveform is the
1
reciprocal of the time period. (f = T)
Duty cycle is the ratio of the pulse width to the time
period.
𝑡𝑤
𝐷𝑢𝑡𝑦 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = ∗ 100%
𝑇
Example 1
A portion of a periodic digital waveform is shown in
figure below. The measurements are in milliseconds.
Determine the following:
a. Period
b. Frequency
c. Duty Cycle
Clock Waveform
Binary information that is handled by digital systems
appears as waveform that represent sequence of bits.
Each bit in a sequence occupies a defined time
interval called a bit time.
In digital systems, all waveforms are synchronized
with a basic timing waveform called the clock.
In other words, clock is a periodic waveform in which
each interval between pulses equals the time for one
bit.
Clock Waveform
Example of a clock waveform synchronized with a waveform representation of a
sequence of bits
Each change in level of waveform A occurs at the leading edge of
the clock waveform
During each bit time of the clock, waveform A is either HIGH or Low.
The clock Waveform itself does not carry information.
Data Transfer
Data refers to groups of bits that convey some type
of information.
Binary data, represented by digital waveform needs
to be transferred from one circuit to another with a
digital system or from one system to another in order
to accomplish a given task.
In computer system, binary data are transferred in
two ways:
Serial Transfer
Parallel Transfer
Data Transfer
Serial transfer: one bit at a time along a single line
Parallel transfer: all the bits in a group are sent out on separate
lines at the same time
Fig: Illustration of serial and parallel transfer of binary data
Serial Vs Parallel Transfer
Advantage of serial transfer is that a minimum of only one
line is required whereas for parallel transfer number of line
equals to the number of bits.
However, parallel transfer takes less time to transfer a
given number of bits than with serial transfer.
Example 2
a. Determine the total time required to serially transfer eight bits
contained in waveform A of figure shown below, and indicate the
sequence of bits. The left-most bit is the first to be transferred.
The 100 kHz clock is used as reference.
b. What is total time to transfer the same eight bits in parallel?
References
1. Floyd , “Digital Fundamentals”, PHI
THANK YOU
Have a GOOD DAY
12/19/2022 Gunjan Gupta/ HSMSS 27
