GOD,

SCIENCE,
AND SOCIETY
The Origin of the Universe,
Intelligent Life,
and Free Societies

by
Anthony Walsh
Boise State University

Series in Philosophy of Religion

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 Table of contents

List of Figures v

Acknowledgments vii

Preface ix
CHAPTER ONE
Christianity, Rationality, and the New Atheists 1

CHAPTER TWO
Science Declares the Glory of God 13

CHAPTER THREE
The Anthropic Principle and Scientific Explanation 23

CHAPTER FOUR
The Big Bang: The Event that Traumatized Physics 33

CHAPTER FIVE
Fine-Tuning and Stellar Alchemy 45

CHAPTER SIX
The Universe Engineered “Just Right” for Us 55

CHAPTER SEVEN
The “Just Right” Galaxy and Solar System 65

CHAPTER EIGHT
Earth: Our Privileged and Improbable Home I 77

CHAPTER NINE
Earth: Our Privileged and Improbable Home II 87

CHAPTER TEN
Losing God in the Multiverse 97

CHAPTER ELEVEN
Finding God in the Multiverse 107

CHAPTER TWELVE
DNA: God’s Book of Life 117

CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Abiogenesis: The Mother of all Scientific Puzzles 129
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
Molecules, Membranes, and Information 141

CHAPTER FIFTEEN
Cracks in Neo-Darwinism: Micro is not Macro 153

CHAPTER SIXTEEN
The Problems of Information, Devolution, and Time 165

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
God of the Gaps, Intelligent Design, and Theistic Evolution 177

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
The Human Body: The Temple of God I 189

CHAPTER NINETEEN
The Human Body: The Temple of God II 199

CHAPTER TWENTY
The Brain: The Little Universe Within 209

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
Mind/Soul, Consciousness, and Love 219

CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO
Free Will and Determinism 231

CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE
The Problem of Evil: Atheism’s Best Argument 241

CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR
Christianity, Atheism, and Morality 251

CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE
Christianity and the Healthy, Happy, Loving Life 261

CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX
Christianity, Freedom, Democracy, and Human Rights 273

CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN
The Modern American Assault on Christianity 283

References 293

Index 325
 List of Figures

Figure 1.1: Percentage of Nobel Laureates who were/are

“Atheists, Agnostics, and Freethinkers” Between 1901 and 2000 8

Figure 4.1: The Timeline for the Expansion of Space from the Big Bang 40

Figure 5.1: Matter and the Carriers of the Fundamental Forces 46

Figure 5.2: The Triple-Alpha Process 53

Figure 6.1: Curved, Hyperbolic, and Flat Geographies of the Universe 60

Figure 8.1: Illustrating the Process of Plate tectonics and Volcanic Activity 82

Figure 9.1: The Nitrogen Cycle 92

Figure 12.1: The Making of a Protein 120

Figure 12.2: Protein Folding 122

Figure 12.3: The Human Cell and its Major Parts 125

Figure 13.1: Illustrating Chirality 136

Figure 14.1: Part of a Human Cell Membrane 146

Figure 15.1: Methylation and Acetylation (Histone Modification) 161

Figure 18.1: Mitosis and Meiosis 197

Figure 19.1: Organs of the Immune System 203

Figure 20.1: Major Areas of the Brain 211

Figure 20.2: Neurons, Axons, Dendrites and Synapses 213

Figure 20.3: Major Pathways of the “Stop-Go” Neurotransmitters 215

 Acknowledgments

I would first of all like to thank commissioning editor Victoria Echegaray for her
faith in this project. Thanks also to the very able, efficient, and cheerful editorial
manager Argiris Legatos, and to Rosario Batana, director. They are all very
helpful and pleasant people with whom to work.
I want to acknowledge those who have read all or part of the manuscript. First
is prominent physicist/astrobiologist Dr. Guillermo Gonzales, co-author (with
Dr. Jay Richards) of the acclaimed book, The Privileged Planet. Dr. Giuseppe
Pellegrini, president of Observa Science in Society and member of the Public
Communication on Science and Technology network, made several useful
suggestions, as did Dr. Scott Yenor, professor of political science. My brother,
Robert J. Walsh, a retired English professor and active lay theologian, kept me
on-track theologically and grammatically. I also want to thank my expert
indexer, Hailey Johnson. Hailey completed a brilliant master’s thesis under my
supervision on epigenetics. I have harassed a number of people in many
different areas on which I needed clarification. I thank them one and all. Of
course, whatever errors remain are entirely mine.
Last but not least, I acknowledge and dedicate this book to my beautiful wife,
Grace. Grace is the nicest of women and the center of my universe.
 Preface

Two quotes from eminent physicists provide a good summary of this book. The
first is from Lord Willian Kelvin, who devised the absolute temperature scale
(the Kelvin scale) and formulated the second law of thermodynamics. Kelvin
wrote: “Do not be afraid of being free thinkers! If you think strongly enough,
you will be forced by science to the belief in God, which is the foundation of all
religion. You will find science not antagonistic but helpful to religion.”1 The
second quote is from astrophysicist Paul Davies. Davies has won many awards,
including the Kelvin Medal, Faraday Prize, and the Templeton Prize. He writes:
“It may seem bizarre, but in my opinion science offers a surer path to God than
religion… science has actually advanced to the point where what were formerly
religious questions can be seriously tackled.”2
These quotes are the springboard from which I dive in to answer the atheist
claim that God does not exist, and Christopher Hitchens’ assertion that
“religion poisons everything.” I counter these claims with evidence from the
physical, natural, and social sciences, and from philosophy, history, and
theology, highlighting signposts to God and the many benefits of Christianity
to society. Such breadth comes with the problem of how to limit discussion of
the details to allow for the appreciation of the whole. My goal is to provide
enough detail for the reader to stand in awe at the many thousands of
seemingly impossible conditions that must exist for life on this planet, while at
the same time realizing that too much detail detracts from this goal. I want to
provide Christians with scientific "ammunition" to battle claims against God
made by a militant breed of atheists dubbed the "New Atheists." Arguments
from theology will not cut it with these folks, who insist that science is on their
side. The only theology that a committed atheist may grant a hearing is natural
theology. Natural theology offers indirect proof of God's existence and divine
purpose through the scientific observation of nature and the use of human
reason.
Good natural theology requires knowledge of many different areas of science,
which also poses problems. My academic disciplines are biosocial science and
statistics, and my research involves exploring the genetic and neurobiological
bases of behavior, particularly criminal behavior. Outside these areas, I claim
no expertise. Because scientific knowledge increases exponentially, one can
only claim to be an expert in specific areas of one’s discipline. As science
expands, the pressure for specialization in one tiny area of a discipline grows
ever stronger. Every science spawns subfields that then may become separate
disciplines, which in turn spawns further specialized areas of research. This
increases the efficiency and speed with which new knowledge is produced, but
x Preface

it carries with it the danger of intellectual isolation as fewer and fewer scientists
are able to critically evaluate work done outside of their own narrow area of
specialization.
The kind of extreme specialization demanded today can lead to a kind of
general scientific illiteracy among scientists whose work does not overlap with
adjacent sciences. For instance, to assess the degree of literacy outside their own
disciplines, Hazen and Trefil asked a sample of physicists and geologists if they
could explain the difference between DNA and RNA and found that only 12.5
percent could do so.3 Physicists are arguably the brightest folks on the planet, yet
only 1 in 8 were able to explain this basic piece of biological information. This is
obviously not due to any lack of intelligence or inquisitiveness, but rather to their
strict concentration on one or two problems in their subfield. There is just not
enough available time to think about non-related scientific areas, let alone the
arts, humanities, and the social sciences.
Universities encourage expertise in limited areas of a scientific discipline
because that's where the grant funding, promotions, and salary increases are,
but it comes at a cost. Former editor of the journal Nature, Philip Ball, mourns
the fact that there is no space for the emergence of young Einsteins today,
noting that: "The gravitational waves theorist saw physics as no one else did,
but if he was around today his time would be spent chasing grants or tenures."4
I shudder at the thought of being called an expert in anything. That would mean
that I had spent my career boring holes into the minutia; sub-problems of sub-
problems of sub-problems. It is great that most scientists do this because it is
how science advances; I just don't care for it myself. I would rather be a jack of
all trades than master of one. If I am puzzled about something I can easily go to
experts at my university who have done the heavy lifting for me to get answers.
Having said all that about specialization being the norm, to write this book I
have poked around in every science from physics to sociology, as well as
philosophy, history, and theology. It has been a grand journey, and to undertake
it I had to set aside my own research agenda (the privilege of a tenured full
professor) and had two years free of teaching. I have reviewed high stacks of peer-
reviewed articles and books written by top-notch scientists and philosophers,
and have pestered scientists from many fields to keep myself on track. Scientific
writings are highly technical; full of strange words and mathematical equations.
I make every effort to explain their content in terms understandable to readers
without formal scientific training, making no assumptions about prior
knowledge. The nuances present in many topics were new to me when I began
writing, and I have had to seek expert correction and verification of my own
understanding of them.
I am not a theologian with an intimate acquaintance with the Bible. I do know
enough about science and religion, however, to know that science points the
Preface xi

way to understanding God's creation and to how Christianity had led to a free,
moral, and prosperous society, and even to science itself. This runs against the
grain of radical atheist claims that science and religion are in conflict, but the
great Albert Einstein disagrees, stating that "Science without religion is lame,
religion without science is blind."5 As we shall see, science itself (particularly
physics) has forced many brilliant scientists—including Nobel Laureates—who
have taken the time to think deeply about the ultimate meaning of their work,
to accept God as the Creator.
It is my belief, formed from years of respectful debates with knowledgeable
atheists, that Christians should acquaint themselves with a basic understanding
of science, since atheists claim that it is science that has buried God. Christianity
is retreating in the Western world in the face of secular attacks, and if we are to
halt this retreat we must make robust arguments for our faith from science. The
new Atheists view science as "God's undertaker," to steal a phrase from the
brilliant, witty, and inspirational Oxford mathematician, philosopher, and
theologian Dr. John Lennox, but they are egregiously wrong.
I have written with the strong conviction that anyone espousing a position on
any matter be it scientific, political, or religious, should be able to stoutly
defend it. I do not say this in the spirit of one-upmanship, but rather in the hope
that an informed defense may convince your atheist friends to examine their
position with an open mind and come to know God. Most atheists never give
much thought to their position, simply believing it to be a reasonable position
that puts them on the side of science. If a believer can show how reasoning to
the best explanation from science leads to theism and not atheism, perhaps
some atheists will be led to abandon their empty, hopeless, and nihilistic
worldview for the love of God.

Endnotes

1. In Smith, W. 1981, pp. 307-308.

2. Davies, P. 1983, p. ix.
3. Ball, P. 2016, np.
4. Hazen, R. and Trefil, J. 2009.
5. Einstein, A. 1994, p. 49.
 PAGES MISSING

FROM THIS FREE SAMPLE

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 Index

amygdale 211, 215

A Anfinsen, Christian 8
anisotropy 58
abduction 26-28
annihilation 245, 247
Abel, David 144
Annual Review of Astronomy and
abiogenesis 129-131
Astrophysics 53
Acton, John 279
Anthropic principle 23-25, 113
Aczel, Amir 166
apobetics 149
ad infinitum 30
Appolloni, Simon 34
Adamantius, Origen 246
Aquinas, St. Thomas 241
adenine (A) 118-120, 141
Aristotle 33, 110
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 82,
aseity 30
125, 212
Association of American
Advances in Biological Chemistry
Physicians and Surgeons 192
147
astronomical units (AUs) 68
aerosols 84
atheism
agape 200, 228
and China 256-257
agency 35, 232
and Darwin 155
agreeableness 263
and free will 231
Aldrin, Buzz 269
and Marxism 257
Alexander, Eban 221
and morality 251-254, 285
alleles119, 158, 165
fundamentalist 4
Alliance Defending Religious
Flew on 127
Freedom 2
Gettysburg Address of 36
America’s Blessings: How Religion
militant 4
Benefits Everyone, Including
Nagel on 6
Atheists 258
new 2-4
American Atheists 4, 20
of materialism/naturalism 20
American Family Association 2
rationality of 8-9
American Grace 268
rock of 241
American Humanist Association
soft 253
279
versus Christianity 252, 261-
American Journal of Psychiatry 262
263
American Sexual Health
atomic theory 17, 104, 155, 231
Association 283
Australopithecus 173
amino acids 121-122
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
to proteins 132-135
215, 235
Ammar, Salem Ben 276
326 Index

Aviezer, Nathan 179 blastocyst 190-191

axon 210, 212-213, 217 blood 203-206
Ayala, Francisco 95 clotting 214, 216
blood-brain barrier 203
B Bloomberg Businessweek 204
B-lymphocytes (B-cells) 202
Bacon, Francis 9 Boettner, Loraine 238
Bacon, Roger 17 Bohr, Niels 113, 237
Barnes, Luke 24 Bonaparte, Napoleon 13
Bates, Elizabeth 226 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich 177
Batygin, Konstantin 73 Boone, Pat 284
Bauchau, Vincent 166 Born Atheist 4
Bechly, Gunter 182 Boscovich, Roger 17
behavioral approach system (BAS) bosons 49, 61
214 Bragg, William 7
behavioral inhibition system (BIS) brain 209-213
214 and love 228-229
Behe, Michael and mind 219-223
on blood clotting 205 neurotransmitters 214-215
on E.coli 170 social 216
on ID 178 structures 216-217
on immune system 204 Bray, Gerald 246
Benner, Steven 136 Brown, Arthur 78
Benzmüller, Christoph 110 Bruno, Giordano 113
Bernhardt, Harold 142 Bruteau, Beatrice 7
beryllium 52 Bryson, Bill 124
beta decay 49 Buber, Martin 6
Bible Burger, Warren 288
and Luther 276
in school 285, 287, 301 C
on human life 192
Big Bang theory 17, 36, 38 Calvin, John 238
big whack 72, 81 Calvin, Melvin 17
Biochemical Predestination 131- Calvinism 238, 277
132 Cambrian explosion 171-173
Biochemistry and Molecular Campbell, David 268
Biology Education 143 Canadian Community Health
BIO-Complexity 170 Survey 262
Biological Reviews 171 carbon 50-53
BioLogos Foundation 184 carbon dioxide 82-84
biota 93, 172 carbon 12 50-52
Birney, Ewan 158 carbonates 133
Index 327

cardivoscular system 204, 206 and human rights 273-276

Carey, Nessa 159 and modern assault on 283-286
Carnoy, Jean- Baptiste 17 and morality 251-254
Carr, Bernard 97, 114 and Nazi Germany 256-257
Carroll, Lewis 194 and science 15-18, 21
Carter, Brandon 23 and societal benefits 258-259
Catholic Church Circumstellar Habitable Zone
and Galileo 16 (CHZ) 68
and health care 268 Cleaver, Gerald 114
and TE 184 Cliff, Harry 62
and University of Bologna 18 Clinton, Bill 117
Cell Biology International 130 codons 121
cell-soul pathway 225 Coke, Edward 279
cerebellum 212, 216 Collins, Francis
cerebral cortex 195, 211, 216 and BioLogos Foundation 184
Chain, Ernst 149 and Human Genome Project
Chalmers, David 219 117
Chan, Jun Yaun 183 and TE 186
chance and necessity 131-132, 174 on DNA 126
chaperones 123 on God and science 18
chemical reactivity 135 Collins, Robin 46, 113
Chesterton, G.K. 10, 280 colostrum 201
Child Trends 256 communism 255, 257
China 256 compartmentalization 145
Chinese Cultural Revolution 256 compatibilism 236-267
chiral 134-135 complementarity 237
chlorophyll 84, 85, 168 Compton, Robert 118
chloroplasts 84 Congressional Prayer Caucus
Choroser, Michael 182 Foundation 291
Christ, Jesus 238, 243, 246 Congressional Record 285
Christian Legal Society (CLS) 290 conscience 252
Christian Legal Society v. Martinez consciousness 219-222, 225
290 consciousness 219-223
Christian Science Church 242 conservatives 9-10, 270
Christianity Constantine 275
and antisocial behavior 263 Constantinople 276
and family 265 convection 81
and freedom 279-281 Copernican principle 23, 25, 94
and giving 267 Copernicus, Nicolaus 16
and happiness 261 Corey, Michael 24
and health 266 corotation circle 67
and higher education 29 corpus callosum 211
328 Index

Cory, Michael 51, 88 on Grand Design 113, 13

cosmic microwave background on religion 26
(CMB) on religious wars 277
radiation 39, 58 on Replicator 131
cosmological constant 34, 46, 59- de Duve, Christian 131
60 De Genesi ad Literam 156
cosmology 8, 28, 31, 115 De Luce 35
cosyntics 148 de Tocqueville, Alexis 280
Couenhoven, Jesse 237 decay 49
Coyne, Jerry 199 Declaration of Independence 273,
Craig, William Lane 30, 36-37, 61, 288
257 deduction 26-27
creatio ex nihilo 33, 38 Dembski, William 42, 77, 160, 179-
Cremonini, Cesare 16 180
Crick, Francis 20, 130 Demiurge 33
critical value (pcrit) 58-59 democracy 273-276
crusades 278 and Christianity 279
Cuomo, Eddie 225 Democracy in America 280
cytokines 202 dendrites 210, 212-213, 217
cytoplasm 120, 125 Dennett, Daniel 3, 222
cytosine (C) 118, 141, 162 Descartes, Rene 219
cytoskeleton 125 design 179-180
Design-Centered Anthropic
D Principle
(DCAP) 24
D (dextro) 134 determinism 231
daily spiritual experiences (DSE) and free will 236-237
267 soft 232-233, 238
dark energy 34, 46-47 strict 232
Darwin, Charles 155, 275 deuterium 41, 49
Darwin’s Black Box 205 deuteron 41
Darwin’s finches 171 dextro (D) 134
Darwinism 153-154, 182-183 dike 241
Davies, Paul Dingle, Herbert 109
on Big Bang 35, 58 diploids 193
on electromagnetism, 47, 49 Dirac, Paul 107
on Newton18 DNA 117
on OoL130 and RNA 142, 145
Dawkins, Richard 3 as a language 126
and The God Delusion 181 as information 221
on child abuse 265 helicase 119
on eyes 207 junk 158-159, 181
Index 329

methylation 161 epigenetics 160-161

methyltransferase 162 epinephrine 215
Dobzhansky, Theodosius 154 epistasis 161
Donoghue, John 60 equality 274
Donovan, William 256 ergodic 99
dopamine 214 eros 228
Doppler Effect 35 erythropoietin 206
Dostoevsky, Fyodor 243 establishment clause 183, 286-290
double helix ladder 118 eternal damnation 245-247
Drummond, Henry 178 eukaryotes 193, 196
Durant, Ariel 281 evil 241-242
Durant, Will 281 and free will 243
Dyson, Freeman 56 and salvation 245-247
and soul-making 244-245
E moral 248-249
natural 248-249
Eccles, John 22 Evolution from Space 137
Eddington, Arthur 21, 38, 108 Evolution153-154
efficient cause 25 and language 227
Einstein, Albert by natural selection 15
on free will and determinism common sense 157
237 icons of 158-159
on math 109 of gaps 154, 181
on science and God 15, 17, 26 queen of problems 193-195
Ekstrom, Sylvia 52 theistic 177, 184-186
electromagnetism 47, 49 versus ID 181-182
electro-volts 51 ex cathedra 98
Elk Grove Unified School District et exon 119
al v. Newdow et al. 183
elliptical galaxies 66 F
Ellis, George 109
emotion 15-16 falsifiability 105
Encyclopedia of DNA Elements family 263, 265
(ENCODE) 158-159 Farrer. T.H. 156
Encyclopedia of Wars 277 Father Brown 10
endoplasmic reticulum 125 fermions 61
energy density (p) 58 Fernandez, Jorge 118
Engel v. Vitale 286 Feynman, Richard 111
English Petition of Rights 279 fibrin 205-206
enzyme 168-170 fight/flee/freeze system (FFFS)
Epicurean chaos 271 215
Epicurus 231 Final Anthropic Principle (FAP) 25
330 Index

Final Cause 25, 156 general relativity theory 34, 45,

First Amendment 2-3, 193, 273, 101, 108
280 genes 118-119
First Amendment Defense Act 2 hox 191
first cause 29-30, 37 jumping 159
First Liberty Institute 2 junk 158, 202
fitness 157, 223 overlapping 166
fixation 157-158 Genesis 33, 81, 91, 195, 225
flagellum 180 genetic mutations 157, 194
Flew, Antony 127 genome 117, 159-160
Fordyce, John 155 geocentric model 16
Forget, Francois 78 Geospiza 171
Four Horsemen 3 Gervias, Will 252
Frankl, Viktor 247 Gilbert, Scott 153
Free Exercise Clause 183, 286, 288 Gillen, Alan 207
free will 231-233 Gitt, Werner 118, 149
absolute 233 Glashow, Sheldon 111
and determinism 231-232, 237- Glen, John 269
238 and evil 243 glial cells 210, 217
and free mind 233-236 globular clusters 66
and omniscience 238-239 gluons 48, 61
Freedom in the World Index 273 God
Freeland, Stephen 156 and anthropic principle 25
freethinkers 4, 8 and Darwinism 153-156
Freud, Sigmund 266 and free will 283-239
frontal lobe 216 and human body 189-192, 210,
Fu, Bob 256 227
Fudge, Edward 247 and mathematics 107, 110-111
functional magnetic resonance and multiverse 113-115
(fMRI) 220 and natural evil 248-249
and NDEs 214
G and ozone layer 78
and problem of evil 241-245
gaia hypothesis 93 and science 17-19
galactic habitable zone (GHZ) 66- and TE 184-186
67 and the soil 91
galaxy 65-68 as cause 29-33
Galileo 16, 117 as creator of DNA 117-119, 126
gametes194, 196 existence of 5-9, 28
gamma rays 47, 70 Flew on 127
gamma-amino butyric acid 201 hypothesis 13-14, 27
in government 280-281
Index 331

in schools 183, 285-287, 291 H

losing 97
love 228, 246-247 Habermas, Jurgen 274
morality from 251-253 Haidt, Jonathan 254
opposition to 37 Haldane, J.B.S. 74, 132
particle 61-62 Hall of Shame Report 2
Russell on 1 Hall, Daniel 267
God is not Great: Religion Poisons Hall, Stephen 158
Everything 4, 263 Hamilton, Alexander 273, 279
Godel, Kurt 110 Hamilton, W.D. 195
God-of-the-gaps 177-180 haploids 193
golgi 125 Harris, Sam 3
Gonzales, Guillermo 33, 77 on morality 252-253, 285
Gorelick, Root 194 on religion and violence 277
Goswani, Amit 185 Harrub, Brad 206
Gould, Stephen Jay 171, 184, 223 Hartsfield, Tom 112
Graebner, Norman 275 hate groups 2
grand deisgn 115 Haught, John 94, 168, 249
Grand Inquisitor 243-244, 249 Hawking, Stephen
Grassé, Pierre-Paul 183 and eternity 37
Graur, Dan 158 on Anthropic principle 24
gravity 45-47 on free will 234
and big crunch 59-60 on fundamental forces 45
and matter & spacetime 102- on God 29
103,108 on imaginary time 108
and Milky Way 65-66 on odds of suitability for life 74
just right 78 Hayes, Carlton 267
of moon 72 Heile, Frank 105
gray matter 212 Heisenberg uncertainty principle
Gray, Asa 155 90
Greenstein, George 35, 53 heliocentric model 16
Greyson, Bruce 225 heliosphere 79
Grib, Andrei 257 helium 41
Gribbin, John 50, 95 and stars 65-66, 71
Griffiths, Robert 8 and sun 69-70
Grim, Brian 258 in triple-alpha process 52
Grim, Melissa 258 helper T-cell 202
Grosseteste, Robert 35 Henderson, Lawrence 88
Grossman, Lisa 90 Heng, Henry 194
guanine (G) 118, 141 Hera 65
Gutenberg, Johannes 276 Heracles 65
Hertog, Thomas 112
332 Index

Hick, John 185, 245-246 and water 87-90

Higgs boson 61-63 in the forces 48
Higgs field 61 hydrologic cycle 90
Higgs, Peter 61 hydrothermal vents 143
Higher-order automated theorem hypothalamus 211, 214
provers 110 hypotheses 27-28
Hilbert, David 30 in science 103-104
hippocampus 211, 215
histone 118 I
acetylation 161
acetyltransferaces (HATs) 162 illegitimacy 255, 264
deacetylases (HDACs) 162 imaginary time 108-110
Hitchens, Christioher 3, 5, 254, immune system: 200-204
255, 263 induction 26-27
Hitchens, Peter 255 Infeld, Leopold 237
Hitler, Adolf 257 information 147-149
homeobox 191 and mind 221
Homo erectus 173 and neurons 212-214
Homo rudolfensis 173 problems 165-167
Homo sapiens 173, 223 information first hypothesis 141,
Hox genes 191 149
Hoyle state 51-52 Institute of Physics 79
Hoyle, Fred intelligent design (ID) 178-182
and Big Bang 38,105 International Christian Concern
on carbon 50, 53 (ICC) 2
on Darwinism 153 International Conference of the
on ID 137 Origins of Life 149
on the beginning 36 International Journal of Quantum
Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) 172 Chemistry 131
hubble volume 99 intron 119
Hubble, Edwin 34 internal space 101-102
Human Genome Project 117, 160 Irenaeus 245, 247
Human Proteome Project (HPP) isotropy 58
144 Irenaeus 245, 247
human rights 273-274, 279 irregular galaxies 66, 68,
Hummer, Robert 266 irreducible complexity 144, 180,
Huxley, Thomas 16 184, 186
hydrogen 41 Islam 19, 269, 275-278
and plants 84
and soil 91-92 J
and the galaxy 65
and the sun 69-71 Jastrow, Robert 38, 94
Index 333

Jeans, James 21 Last Universal Common Ancestor

Jesuits 16 (LUCA) 132
Jenkins, Alejandro 59 Laughlin, Greg 73
Johnson, Philip 171, 183 Laughlin, Robert 154
Jones, John 183 Lee v. Weisman 289
Journal of Family Practice 266 Leiter, Brian 3
Journal of High Energy Physics 57 Lemaitre, Georges 34
Journal of Theoretical Biology 121 Lennox, John 14
Jupiter 73-74 on information first hypothesis
149
K on fruit flies 170
on law and agency 103
Kaku, Michio 114 on meaning of universe 63
kalam cosmological argument 36 Leonard Award 95
Karamazov, Ivan 243 Leslie, John 24
Kenny, Mary 261-262 Levo (L) 134
Kenosis 185 Liberals 10, 270
Kenyon, Dean 131 Levinton, Jeffrey 172, 195
Kepler, Johann 16 Lewis, Bernard 278
KKK 2, 290 Lewis, C.S. 244, 251-252
Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School Lewontin, Richard 5, 14, 98, 154
District 183 Libet, Benjamin 234
Klyce, Brig 169 light year 66-67, 106, 132
Kondrashov, Alexey 194 light elements 40-41, 77
Koonin, Eugene 137, 146 Lightman, Alan 98
Korthof, Gert 138 lightning 93, 132
Krauss, Lawrence 63 limbic system 200, 211, 215
Krebs cycle 148 Lincoln, Abe 285
Krebs, Robert 46 Linde, Andrei 24, 97
Kristeva, Julia 262 lithium 41, 70
Kuhn, Joseph 181, 210 Lipton, Peter 27
Kurland, Charles 142 lithosphere 80-81
Loeb, Abraham 58
L Long, Kenneth 224
love
L (levo) 134 agape 200, 220
Lagrange, Joseph-Louis 13 as top-down causation 20, 220
language mother 228-229
and mind 225-228 of God 246, 275
of DNA 126, 149 Lovelock, James 93
Laplace, Pierre-Simon 13 LUCA (Last Universal Common
Ancestor) 132
334 Index

Lucretius 231 atomic theory of 104

luminosity 71-72 density 57-59
Luther, Martin 276 origin of 129-130
Lutheranism 277 materialism 19
lymphocytes 202-203 and abiogenesis 129
lysosomes 125 and Earth-Moon 73
and mind 219, 222
M Bechly on 182
methodological 20
Ma, Zeyang 159 Politizer on 37
macroevolution mathematics certainty of 26-27
and speciation 171-173 and imagination 109
and the problem of time 168 as ultimate reality 10
defined 157 in science 107-108
in curriculum 182-183 Mathematics of Evolution 153
Laughlin on 154 Mercury 69
magnetic field 78-79, 81 Mayr, Ernst 173
macrophages 124, 202-203 McCombs, Charles 136
Maddox, John 37 McGilchrist, Iain 235
Madison, James 286 McIntosh, Andrew 144
Magnus, Albertus 18, 186 McLean, Euan 62
Malo, Antonio 244 McNichol, Jesse 143
Manson, Neil 114 meiosis 195-198
Margulis, Lynn 145 Meitner, Lise 63
Markham, Ian 4 Mendel, Gregor 17, 117
Marks, Joel 253 Mendeleev, Dmitri 104
Marx, Karl 254, 266, 291 messenger RNA (mRNA) 119
Mars 73-74 metabolism first hypothesis 144-
mass (m) 62 146
and forces 48-49 metabolism 130
and gravity 45-46, 59 methane 93, 132
bare 62 Meyer, Stephen 28, 166, 180
mountain 80 microevolution 154, 157, 195
of Jupiter 73 Milky Way Galaxy 65-66
of stars 71 Miller, Kenneth 184
of Sun 70 Miller, Stanley 132, 145
planetary 78 Millikan, Robert 222
material 104, 148 Mind and Cosmos: Why the
material cause 19, 25 Materialist Neo-Darwinian
matter 21, 31 conception of Nature is Almost
and anti-matter 40 Certainly False 181
and Big Bang 40 mind/brain dualism 219
Index 335

miracle 249 N
mitochondria 125
mitosis 195-197 Nagel, Thomas 6, 181
Mlodinow, Leonard 45 National Academy of Sciences
modal realism theory 101 (NAS) 171
model-dependent realism 101 National Aeronautics and Space
molecular systematic 174 Administration (NASA) 39
monomers 133-135 National Socialist Worker’s Party
Montague, Ashley 200 (NAZI) 257
Monton, Bradley 180 natural laws 19, 249
moon 72-73 nebular cloud 69
morality natural selection 154-156
and Christianity 251-253 evolution by 157-158
atheist 254 natural theology 7, 177
decline in 264 naturalism 19-21
in form of love 267 Nazi Germany 256
in schools 285 near-death experiences (NDEs)
mentalism 21 224
Morrison, Philip 38 nebular cloud 69
mountains 80-81 necessity 165, 179
M-theory 101-102 Nernst, Walter 38
and math 107, 109, 111-113 neural plate 210
as a true theory 105-106 neutrons 40-41, 48-49
Mua, Kelly 258 Neuronal network simulator
Muhammad 269, 278 software (NEST) 213
Muller, Gerd 168 neurons 210, 212-214
multiverse 30 New York Times 5, 39, 123
and cosmological constant 60 Newton, Sir Isaac 18
and M theory 101-102 Nicolelis, Miguel 214
and panspermia 136-137 Nietzsche, Friedrich 253
critics 107-111 nihilism 252, 262
losing God in 97-98 Nilsson, N. Heribert 171
models 99-101 Ninety-Five Theses 276
possibility of existence 113-115 NIODA (non-interventionist
Murphy’s Law 56-57 objective divine action) 185
Murray O’Hair, Madalyn 20 nitrates 92-93
mutation 121, 170-172 nitrogen 91-93
and evolution 194, 218 nucleotides 118, 120-121, 142, 166
myelin 210 norepinephrine 215, 233
myelin sheath 212 nuclear pore complex 120
myelination 217 nuclear force 40, 48-49
nucleosynthesis 36, 41
336 Index

nucleus 119, 125 Penzias, Arno 39

nucleus accumbens 201, 214 Pereira, Contzen 225
Nuland, Sherwin 204 Perez, Gilad 59
null hypothesis 27-28 Perfect accident 143
Period of heavy bombardment 74
O periodic table 50, 104
Perseus 67
oogonia 196 Petroski, Henry 199
omega 59, 154 Pew Research Center 1, 9, 262, 269
Oparin, Alexander 132 phase space 56-57
orbital eccentricity 68 phenotypes 157
orbital resonance 74 phosphorus 83
O-region (observable region of the photons 41
universe) 137 and light 206, 242
Orgel, Leslie 146 of the sun 70
origin of life (OoL) 15, 129-130 virtual 47
Hoyle on 137-138 photosynthesis 70, 83-86
premise of 144 Pilate, Pontius 278
and information 147-148 planck time 40, 42
Orion Arm 67 Planinić, Josip 25
oxytocin 201 Plank, Max 19
oxidation 93 plasmin 206
ozone 78, 133 plate tectonics 80-81
platelets 205
P Platonism 101
plurality of worlds 113
Page, Don 108, 249 Politizer, Georges 37
Pagels, Heinz 25 Polkinghorne, John 115, 185, 223
Paleo, Bruno 110 polymerization 133-134
panspermia 136-137 polymers 141, 133
pantheism 178 polymorphisms 119, 161
Pascal, Blaise 262 Pontifical Council for Pastoral
Patriarch Kirill I 255 Assistance to Health Care
Patterson, Collin 171 Workers 268
Peace of Augsburg 277 positron 40
Peace of Westphalia 277 pragmatics 149
Penrose, Roger Pratt, Wallace 81
on brain 209 predictive accuracy 105
on mathematical truth 107 predictive scope 105
on M-theory 111 prefrontal cortex (PFC) 215-217
on phase-space 57, 99 presynaptic knob 212-213
Pensees 262 Primer 285
Index 337

primeval atom 34 Rees, Martin 48, 50

primordial soup 132 Reeves, Colin 154
principle of complementarity 237 registered student organization
principle of entropy 57 (RSO) 290
principle of mediocrity 23 Rehnquist, William 288
principle of uncertainty 232 relational virtues 266
probability 42-43; 231 Religion and Natural Science 19
boundary 42-43, 137 Religious Landscape Study 1
problem of evil 241-243 religious pluralism 277
prokaryotes 193 Renaissance 276
Prost, Addy 145 replication 137
protein folding 121-123 DNA 157, 162
proteome 144 reproductive capacity 130
Protestant Reformation 276-277 Republic 291
protons 40-41, 48-49, 104 Republicans 9-10, 269-270
Putin, Vladimir 255 resonance 51-53
Putnam, Robert 268 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 121
ribosomes 121, 125
Q ribozyme replicase 142
Richards, Jay 33, 77
quantum entanglement 225 Ridley, Mark 197
quantum mechanics 21, 84, 101, RNA polymerase (RNAP) 119-120,
185 162
quantum theory 61, 237 RNA- world hypothesis 141-143
Quaternary Triplet Code 121 rods 207
queen of problems 193, 219 Ross, Hugh
Qur’an 278 on exponential numbers 42
on galaxies 66, 68
R on water 88
Rovelli, Carlo 112
R group 134 Russell, Bertrand 1, 263
racemic 134 Russell, Colin 17
Radford, Tim 103 Russell, Robert 185
radiation 39-41 Russia 255-257
deadly 66-68
particle 78
S
ultraviolet (UV) 134
rationalism 26 Sagan, Carl 5, 50, 77
Raymo, Chet 199 Sagittarius 67
reason 15, 18 Salon 62
Red Queen hypothesis 194-195 Sandage, Alan 208
Reddy, Shashi 225 Sanford, John 169
338 Index

Santa Fe Independent School singularity 34

District v. Jane Doe 289 Skinner, B.F. 231
Sartre, J.P. 231 slavery 275
Saturn 73-74 Slick, Matt 269
Sayers, Dorothy 242 Smalley, Richard 114
Schmidt, Alvin 267 Smith, Quentin 36
Schopenhauer, Arthur 233 socialism 243, 254, 257, 274
Schroeder, Gerald 193 soil 91-93
Schulzke, Marcus 3-4 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr 255
Schumacher, Robin 277 Southern Poverty Law Center
science 5, 7 (SPLC) 2
and atheism 8 SOX9 159
and Christianity 15-16, 21-22 special providence 185
and mathematics 107, 111 speciation 171
Christian origin of 17-19 sperm 190, 196
explanation in 26-28 Sperry, Roger 209
hypotheses in 103-105, 177-178 SRY gene (sex-determining region
settled 153 of the Y) 191
supporting God 13-15 St. Augustine 156, 189, 237
Science149 stagnant lid 81
Scientific American 101, 158 standard Model 61-62
scientific method 15, 17, 112 Stark, Rodney 19, 258
Scott, Mark 247 Steinman, Gary 131
secondary causes 115, 156 stellar nucleosynthesis 41, 53, 138
secularism 287 Stenger, Victor 269
Seiberg, Nathan 74 Steno, Nicolas17
semantics 149 Stephan, Alfred 276
serotonin 214-215 Stevens, John 207
Serrate 159 stomata 83
sexual reproduction 190, 193-5 Stone v. Graham 287
sexually transmitted disease (STD) Strauss, Michael 62
283-285 string theory 101-102, 111-112
Shalev, Baruch 8 strings 101
Shapiro, Robert 142 Strong Anthropic Principle (SAP)
sharia law 274 24
Sherrington, Charles 191, 193 strong force 48, 52
Shostak, Seth 103 structures (primary, secondary,
Signature in the Cell 180 tertiary, quaternary) 122-123
silicon 50 subduction 80
Silva, Ignacio 185 subjectivism 15
Silver, Christopher 263 Substance Abuse and Mental
simplicity 105 Health Services 283
Index 339

substantia nigra (SN) 214 The Rage Against God 255

sun 69-71, 79 The Scientific Dissent from
Supernova Cosmology Project 59 Darwinism 154
supernovae explosions 49, 66, 79 The Star-Spangled Banner 286
superposition 84, 100 Theia 72
Supreme Court of the United theism
States (SCOTUS) 285 and information first
survival of the fittest 153 hypothesis 41
Swinburne, Richard 113, 248 vs science 17, 19
Swindell, Rick 85 theistic evolution (TE) 184
synaptic gap 212-213 theodicy 241
synaptogeneis 216-217, 228 Augustinian 245
Hick 247
T Irenean 245, 248
Theorem 28 149
Tayler, Jeffrey 62 Theoretical Biology and Medical
Taylor, D.J. 268 Modelling 169
Tegmark, Max 99, 108 theories 103-105
Tegmark’s multiverse levels 99- theos 241
101, 112 thermodynamic equilibrium 37,
teleologist 156 100, 134
Ten Commandments 284, 287 thermodynamics
tertiary stage 122-123 1st law 31
Tertullian, Quintus 18 2nd law 37, 57, 99; 134, 135, 144-
thalamus 211 145, 147
The Astonishing Hypothesis 20 Thirty Years War 277
The Brothers Karamazov 243 Thomson, George P. 15
The Closing of the Modern Mind Thomson, Joseph J. 178
254 thymine (T) 118-119, 162
The Core 78-79 tidal lock 69
The Demon-Haunted World 5 tides 73
The Gavel and Sickle 183 Tipler, Frank 24, 115
The God Delusion181 T-lymphocytes (T-cells) 202
The Grand Design 102 Todd, Scott 183
The Guardian 103, 113 top-down causation 20, 147, 221
The Intelligent Universe 138 Townes, Charles 182
The Large Hadon Collider (LHC) transcription 119, 121, 162
61 Transfer RNA (tRNA) 121
The Map of Heaven: How Science, translation 12, 121, 126, 137
Religion, and Ordinary People transposons 159
are Proving the Afterlife 224 Treatise on Celestial Mechanics 13
The Origin of Species 155-156, 172 Treaty of Augsburg 277
340 Index

tree of life 173-174 water 87-90

triple-alpha process 52-53 Weak Anthropic Principle (WAP)
Tzu, Sun 4 23-24
weak force 49
U Weber, Max 232
Webster, Noah 285
Übermensch 253 Wei-Hass, Maya 83
UCBerkley News 182 Weinberg, Steven 60, 113
ultimate cause 156 Weiqun, Zhu 256
United Nations Declaration of Weisman, Deborah 289
Human Rights274 Wells, Jonathan 159
universal information (UI) 148 What Americans Really Believe? 9
universal salvation 245-247 white matter 212
University of California Hastings Whittaker, Sir Edmund 31
College 290 Why Tolerate Religion 3
uracil (U) 120, 162 Wickramasinghe, Chandra 137-
Urey, Harold 132 138
US Department of Health and Wigner, Eugene 222
Human Services 291 Wiker, Benjamin 127
Wilberforce, Samuel 16
V Wilcox, Bradford 266
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
vacuoles 125 Probe (WMAP) 58
vacuum energy 46-47 Williams, George 165
ventral tegmental area (VTA) 214 Williams, Mark 90
Venus 68-69 wind 71-72
vesicles 212 Winthrop, Robert 279
Viilenkin, Alexander 36 Woit, Peter 111
virtual photons 47 Wood, Bernard 153
volcanoes 83-85
Voltaire 251
X
Voyager I 77
Xu, Qingbo 256
W
Y
Wald, George 131
Walker, Sara Imari 147 Yang, Fenggang 256
Wall Street Journal 9 yellow dwarf 71
Wallace v. Jaffree 287 Yockey, Hubert 126, 148, 166
Walton, Ernest 63
Ward, Keith 115
Washington, George 280-281, 288
Index 341

Z
Zalasiewicz, Jan 90
Zedong, Mao 256
Zeus 29, 65, 177
Ziegler Hemingway, Mollie 9
zircon 133
zygote 190-193