the Asians to free themselves from Western

Bondage.
6. China is the world’s biggest nation, with India,
second and the Soviet Union, third.
CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION
7. The first metal used by man was copper.
REVIEW/CONCEPT NOTES
8. The rulers of Ancient Egypt were called pharaohs.
GENERAL INFORMATION – DAY 1 9. The modern name of Mesopotamia is Iraq.
10. The modern name of Persia is Iran.
1. The Great Wall of China is the most colossal edifice 11. The early Greeks were called Hellenes.
ever fashioned by human hand. It was built by 12. The Olympic Games were held by the Greeks in
Emperor Shih Huang Ti (220-221 B.C.) as a defense honor of their God Zeus.
against the Tartars in the North. 13. Moses received the Ten Commandments of God in
2. The Taj Mahal (Crown of the Palace), a magnificent Mt. Sinai.
marble tomb in Agra, India, is hailed by Western 14. The Hebrews were the first people to believe in one
writes as “the most beautiful and most perfect of all God.
buildings in the world.” It was built by the Mogul 15. The Peloponnesian Wars were a series of wars
emperor, Shah Jahan (1627-58), in memory of his between Athens and Sparta.
favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal (Chosen of the Palace). 16. The Punic War was fought between Rome and
3. Asia is the cradle of the world’s great religions – Carthage.
Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Taoism, Buddhism, 17. The old name of China is Cathy.
Hinduism, Jainism, Confucianism, Shintoism and 18. The Hundred Years War was fought between England
Zoroastrianism. and France.
4. Contributions of Asian Colonies to Western Power: 19. The troubadours were the wondering minstrels of
a. Asian colonies supplied much needed raw France.
materials for the burgeoning manufacturing 20. The 1st physician to perform a human heart
industries of Britain, France, the United States transplant operation is Christian Barnard.
and other Western powers. 21. The Church of England was separated from Rome
b. Asian colonies served as lucrative markets for during the reign of Henry VIII.
the manufactured products of their colonial 22. Philip II was the King of Spain when the Spanish
overloads. The subjugated Asians learned to Armada was defeated at the English Channel.
wear Western clothes, to smoke Western 23. The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising against
cigarettes, to drink Western wines; to eat foreigners in China.
Western foods; and to drive Western cars. 24. Hitler was known by the title of Der Fuehrer.
c. Asia’s temples, palaces and private art 25. The President of the United States during the Great
collections, the Western fortune hunters Depression was Herbert Hoover.
secured, by fair means or foul, fabulous gems, 26. The Japanese surrender was signed on board the
rare ceramics, exquisite tapestries and other USS Missouri.
valuable treasures. 27. The first Japanese City to experience an atomic
d. Asian colonies furnished their colonial masters bomb attack was Hiroshima.
with the necessary manpower and natural 28. The world’s 1st human heart transplant patient was
resources to win their wars, including the First Louis Washkansky.
and Second Wars. 29. The 1st Negro lawyer in the US Supreme Court was
e. The acquisition of rich colonies in Asia gave the Thurgood Marshall.
Western nation considerable prestige in world 30. The 1st American astronaut to go into orbit was John
affairs. It was not until 1898 when the United Glenn.
States acquired the Philippines and Guam from 31. The 1st Asian President of the UN General Assembly
Spain, that she won recognition as a world was Carlos P. Romulo.
power. 32. The 1st communist state in the Caribbean is Cuba.
5. Contributions of the Western Power to Asian 33. The 1st Asian country to gain independence after the
colonies; war is the Philippines.
a. The Western powers brought the blessings of 34. The 1st Filipina to hold the Miss Universe title is
the Industrial Revolution to Asia- machineries Gloria Diaz.
and technical skills- which transformed Asian 35. The Bahamas are group of islands off the coast of
economic life. Florida. Columbus landed in these islands when he
b. Western missionaries propagated Christianity in reached the New World (1492).
Asian countries. 36. The Barbarians was a name used by the Romans to
c. With the surging tides of Western imperialism describe the people outside their empire whose
came the arts and sciences, popular education, languages they considered uncivilized.
the Georgian calendar, the Latin alphabet and 37. The Blitzkrieg was a style of attack used successfully
other legacies of Western civilization. by German generals in WWII, in which attack was
d. Western colonizers introduced democracy and spearheaded by dive bombers and fast moving tank
communism to Asia. units. It was particularly successful in the campaign
e. The impact of Western civilization brought about against Poland, France and Greece.
the abolition of Asia’s pernicious customs and 38. Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman General who
practices, such as the suttee (burning a window formed the first triumvirate with Pompey and
on her husband’s funeral pyre) and thuggi Crassus. He was assassinated in the Senate on the
(strangulation of human victims to appease the 15th of March (Ides of March) by a group of
goddess Khali) in India; the purdah (wearing of republican senators led by Brutus and Cassius.
the veil) in Islamic countries of Asia; and the 39. The Chernobyl was the site of Soviet nuclear power
Japanese seppuku, popularly known as hara-kiri plant in Ukraine which exploded in 1986.
(honourable suicide bys slashing one’s stomach 40. The Cold War was given to the confrontation
with a dagger). between the superpowers – the USA and the USSR
f. The Westerners brought to Asia the political and their respective allies from 1945 to 1990. The
doctrine of nationalism which ironically inspired term is derived from the fact that the superpowers
were never in direct military conflict, partly for fear

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 of nuclear war. Instead, there was a conflict of 61. Mt. Everest is the tallest mountain in the world which
ideologies – Western capitalism versus Eastern stand 8825m above sea level.
Communism. 62. Lake Baykal is he deepest lake in the world and is
41. The Crimean War was fought on a peninsula in the located in Siberia.
Black Sea between Russia on one side and Britain, 63. The monetary unit of Denmark is Krone; Rupee in
France, Turkey, Austria, Sardinia-Piedmont on the India; Drachma in Greece; Sol in Peru and Peseta in
other. The war cost the lives of half a million men. Spain.
42. Demosthenes is an Athenian statesman and orator. 64. The world’s 1st woman cosmonaut is Valentina
He inspired resistance to Philip II of Macedon and Tereshkova.
was forced to commit suicide after the unsuccessful 65. England became the mistress of the sea during the
Athenian revolt following the death of Alexander the reign of Elizabeth 1.
Great. 66. The Space Age began with thre launching of the 1st
43. Indira Gandhi is the only daughter of Jawaharlal artificial satellite called Sputnik 1.
Nehru who became the PM of India in 1966-77 and 67. The 1st man to walk on space is Alexie Leonov.
1980-84. She was assassinated by one of her Sikh 68. The 1st African to win the Nobel Price is Albert
bodyguards following her decision to storm the Sikh Luthuli.
Golden Temple in Amritsar. 69. The 1st satellite to take man’s 1st close-up of the
44. The GATT is an international trade agreement planet Mars is Mariner 4.
established by the United Nations in 1948, aiming to 70. According to Dr. J.W.Garner. a state is a community
promote international trade by removing trade of persons more or less numerous, permanently
barriers, lowering tariffs, and providing a forum for occupying a definite portion of territory,
discussion of trade relations. independence of external control, and possessing
45. The Gibraltar is a rocky peninsula on the south coast and an organized government to which a great body
of Spain commanding the entrance to the of inhabitants render habitual obedience.
Mediterranean from the Atlantic. 71. The government is an agency through which the will
46. Dag Hammarskjold is a Norwegian who became UN of the state is formulated, expressed and carried out.
Secretary- General in 1953-61. He was killed in a 72. For a state to exist, the following elements must be
plane crash during the Congo crisis in Africa. present, namely; a. Permanent population; b.
47. Karol Wojtyla is the real name of Pope John Paul II, defined and fixed territory; c. government and d.
the 1st non- Italian Pope since 1522. He was elected sovereignty
Pope in 1978. 73. A nation is a group of people bound together by a
48. The 1st Roman Catholic UD President is John common language, tradition, culture and aspiration,
Fitzgerald Kennedy. enjoying a subjective sentiment of unity or
49. Kamikaze was a suicide tactic used by the Japanese consciousness of kind.
in the later stages of WWII whereby pilots 74. Oligarchy is a form of government in which
deliberately crashed their air craft loaded with sovereignty resides in a small minority of population
explosives onto their enemies. who govern for their own interest.
50. The Kibbutz is a communal farming settlement in 75. Anarchy is a form of government in which results
Palestine (Israel). when the majority fails to rule in the interest to all.
51. Martin Luther king was awarded the Nobel Peace It is similar to “mob rule.”
Prize in 1964 but was assassinated by James Earl 76. The parliamentary government is one where the
Ray on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. executive is a member and is subject to the control
52. Koumintang is a Chinese Nationalism movement of the legislative body and the administration of
which was founded by Sun Yat Sen in 1911. executive powers is exercised by the prime minister
53. Nationalism is a feeling of national identity shared by and his cabinet.
a group of people with the same language, culture, 77. In the presidential form, the principal branches of
ethnic origin and history. It manifests itself in a government-executive, legislative and judiciary – are
sense of loyalty to a mother country, particularly separate and independent from each other.
where that country has not yet become a state in its 78. According to the president Abraham Lincoln of the
own right. United States, democracy is a government of the
54. The Sinhalese are the people of Sri Lanka who people, by the people and for the people.
arrived by sea from India. They remain the majority 79. The “Philippines” owes its origin to Roy Lopez de
population of Sri Lanka today. Villalobos, who in 1543, named a group of islands as
55. The Watergate Scandal is a major US political “Felipinas” in honor of Philip. Prince of Asturias, who
scandal during the 1972 presidential campaign. Five later on, became King Philip of Spain.
men were caught breaking into the Democratic 80. The earliest written laws in the Philippines are the
National campaign offices in Washington’s Watergate following: a Maragtas code in 1250 and Code of
Hotel. The men, it was discovered were agents of Kalantiaw in 1433.
Republican President Richard Nixon’s Re-election 81. Upon the death of Magellan in the Battle of Mactan
organization and their aim was to wire-tap on April 27, 1521, his remaining forces returned to
Democratic meetings. Nixon resigned from in office Spain under the able leadership of Sebastian del
in April 1974 in order to stave off the humiliation of Cano, the 1st circumnavigator of the world.
impeachment. 82. The 1st governor-general in the Philippines was
56. Tomoyuki Yamashita was known as the Tiger of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and the last was Diego de
Malaya. He led the forces that overran Malaya los Rios.
(1941-41) and Singapore (1942) during WWII. 83. The Royal Audiencia was the highest court during the
57. Augustus Caesar was the Roman emperor during the Spanish regime.
birth of Jesus Christ. 84. Every state has 3 inherent powers, namely: a. Police
58. Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world power, b. taxation, and c. eminent domain.
which covers an area of 8M km2. 85. The other term of Tanodbayan is Ombudsman.
59. Lou Ferrigno was the Mr. Universe titleholder who 86. The budget is a financial statement of the estimated
played the role of the Incredible Hulk on TV. income and expenditures of the government for a
60. New Zealand was the first country to extend the definite period of time known as Fiscal Year.
right of women to vote in 1893. 87. Taxation is a mode of raising revenue for public
purposes. It is the power of the state to impose a

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 charge or burden upon persons, property, and rights
for the use and support so that the latter may be
able to discharge its proper functions.
88. The basic objective of the Code of Agrarian Reform is
the abolition of share tenancy.
89. Deprecation is the decline of a currency’s value in
relation to other currencies. It also describes the fall
in value of an asset (such as factory machinery)
resulting from age, wear and tear or other
circumstances.
90. Cost- benefit analysis is a process whereby a project
is assessed for its social and welfare benefits in
addition to considering the financial return on
investment.
91. Consumer durable are any commodity for personal
use that has a long life, such as furniture and
electrical goods as opposed to food and drink, which
are perishables and have to be replaced frequently.
92. Gross National Product (GNP) is the total value of
goods and services produced by firms owned by the
country concerned. It is measured as the gross
domestic product (GDP) + income from abroad
minus income earned during the same period by
foreign investors within the country.
93. Inflation is the rise in the general level.
94. Privatization is the process of selling or transferring
state-owned or public assets and services to private
investors.
95. Injunction is a court order that forbids a person to do
something or orders him to take certain action.
96. Injunction is a court order that forbids a person to do
something or orders him to do something or orders
him to take certain action.
97. Archaeology is the study of the human past through
the systematic recovery and analysis of material
remains. It aims are to recover, describe, and
classify this material, to describe the form and
behaviour of past societies, and to understand the
reasons for this behavior.
98. Culture is the way of life of a society, the knowledge,
beliefs customs and skills available to its members.
99. A German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies contrasted 2
types of society, namely Gemeinschaft and
Gesellschaft. The Gemeinschaft is often translated as
primary community. In this type of community, the
people, do not decide to join on it, they are born into
it. On the other hand, the Gesellschaft refers to a
society in which the major social bonds are voluntary
and based on rational self-interest.
100. In Marx review, technology, division of labor and
capitalism resulted in the alienation of workers from their
work. It can lead to powerlessness, loss of meaning and
a sense of isolation.
101. This is a devise used by the government to regulate
the price of commodities in the market. The maximum
price set by the government is known as the ceiling price
while minimum price is known as the floor price.
102. An increase in the price of a commodity can bring
about a downward shift in the demand of the commodity.
103. The Statue of Liberty stands on Bedloe islands
(known today as Liberty Islands) at the mouth of New
York harbour, in accordance with the wishes of its
sculptor Frederic Bartholdi.

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 2. Historic City of Vigan (1999)
3. Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (1995)
CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION
REVIEW/CONCEPT NOTES Natural (3)
1. Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife
SOCIAL SCIENCES – DAY 2 Sanctuary (2014)
2. Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National
FUNDAMANETALS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE Park (1999)
3. Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (1993)
 It is a part of a school or college curriculum
concerned with the study of social relationships and
the functioning of society and usually made up of PHILIPPINE HISTORY
courses in history, government, economics, civics,
sociology, geography, and anthropology • Barangays consisted of more or less 100 families.
 Civic Education on the other hand is a
Datu was the executive, law-giver, chief judge and
branch of political science that deals with civic affairs 
and the rights and duties of citizens. military head. Social classes: nobility or the
 Social Studies connects student thinking with real maharlika, the freemen or the timawa, the serfs or
world contexts from local to global scales. Social aliping namamahay and the slaves or the aliping
Studies education is essential in supporting students saguiguilid.
to interact with difference within communities. • Magellan rediscovered Philippines in 1521; Miguel
 Civic education, as a way to foster civic awareness Lopez de Legaspi colonized us in 1565; 1898
and civic responsibilities and to shape good citizens, Philippines was ceded by Spain to the US by virtue of
should permeate through the whole process of a the Treaty of Paris.
person’s socialization.  • The Spanish government was centralized. Cabeza de
Barangay (barangays), Gobernadocillo (pueblos),
PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT Gobernador (provinces), city alcaldes (cities). Cebu
was the 1st city established in 1565.
• The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. • The Katipunan, it was secret society that initiated
Sovereignty resides in the people and all government Philippine Revolution on August 26, 1896. It was
authority emanates from them. organized by Andres Bonifacio (The Great Plebeian).
• Philippines is a republic with a presidential form of • The 1st Phil. Republic was declared on Jan. 23, 1899
government wherein power. with Pres. Aguinaldo as the 1st President.
• One basic corollary in a presidential system of • The Commonwealth Government (Tydings-McDuffie
government is the principle of the separation of Law, a law provided for a transition period of ten
powers wherein legislation belongs to Congress, years until July 4, 1946)
execution to the Executive and settlement of legal • The Japanese government was est. in 1942, the civil
controversies to the Judiciary. government was called Phil. Executive Commission
• Article VII, Section 1, of the 1987 Constitution vests and was replaced with Japanese-sponsored Republic
executive power on the President of the of the Philippines on October 14, 1943, Pres. Jose P.
Philippines. The President is the Head of Laurel as President.
State and Head of Government, and functions as the • It was in inaugurated on July 4, 1946 with Manuel A.
commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Roxas as President. He was followed by Pres.
Philippines. As chief executive, the President Quirino, Pres. Magsaysay, Pres. Garcia and pres.
exercises control over all the executive departments, Macapagal respectively.
bureaus, and offices. RIZAL AND OTHER HEROES
• The legislative branch is authorized to make laws,
alter and repeal them through the power vested in  JOSE RIZAL, the national hero of the Philippines and
the Philippine Congress. This institution is divided pride of the Malayan race, was born on June 19,
into the Senate and House of Representatives. 1861, in the town of Calamba, Laguna. He was the
• The Judicial branch holds the power to settle seventh child in a family of 11 children (2 boys and 9
controversies involving rights that are legally girls). Both his parents were educated and belonged
demandable and enforceable. This branch to distinguished families.
determines whether or not there has been a grave  In 1877, at the age of 16, he obtained his Bachelor
abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of of Arts degree with an average of "excellent" from
jurisdiction on the part and instrumentality of the the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. In the same year, he
government. It is made up of a Supreme Court and enrolled in Philosophy and Letters at the University
lower courts. of Santo Tomas.
PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY  On May 3, 1882, he sailed for Spain where he
continued his studies at the Universidad Central de
• The Philippines, officially called the Republic of the Madrid. On June 21, 1884, at the age of 23, he was
Philippines, is an island nation located in conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine and on
the western Pacific Ocean in Southeast Asia between June 19,1885, at the age of 24, he finished his
the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea. The course in Philosophy and Letters with a grade of
country is an archipelago made up of 7,107 islands "excellent." 
and is near the countries of Vietnam, Malaysia,  In March 1887, his daring book, NOLI ME TANGERE,
and Indonesia. a satirical novel exposing the arrogance and
• 18 Regions; 81 provinces despotism of the Spanish clergy, was published in
• As of June 2016, there are 145 cities (35 highly Berlin; in 1890 he reprinted in Paris, Morga’s
urbanized, 5 independent component, SUCCESSOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS with his
105 component) and 1,489 municipalities annotations to prove that the Filipinos had a
encompassing the entire nation. civilization worthy to be proud of even long before
• On May 29, 2015, President Benigno Aquino the Spaniards set foot on Philippine soil.
III signed Executive Order 183 creating the Negros  On September 18, 1891, EL FILIBUSTERISMO, his
Island Region (NIR). second novel and a sequel to the NOLI and more
• UNESCO Heritage Sites: revolutionary and tragic than the latter, was printed
Cultural (3) in Ghent. Because of his fearless exposures of the
1. Baroque Churches of the Philippines (1993)

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 injustices committed by the civil and clerical b. Limited monarchy
officials,  • Democracy, political power is exercised by a majority
of the people.
a. Direct or Pure Democracy
b. Indirect, Representative or Republican
Democracy
ECONOMICS
 A constitution is a written instrument by which the
• Economics - Economics is the study the production fundamental powers of the government are
and distribution of goods and services, it is the study established, limited and defined and by which the
of human efforts to satisfy unlimited wants with powers are distributed among several departments
limited resources. for their safe and useful exercise for the benefit of
• Wants - Simply the desires of citizens. Wants are the body politic.
different from needs as we will see below. Wants are
a means of expressing a perceived need. Wants are  The 1987 Constitution is founded upon the certain
broader than needs. fundamental principles of government which have
• Needs: These are basic requirements for survival like become part and parcel of our cherished democratic
food and water and shelter. In recent years we have heritage as people.
seen a percieved shift of certain items from wants to SOCIOLOGY
needs. Telephone service, to many, is a need. I
would argue, however, that they are wrong.  Sociology is the study of social life, social change,
• Factors of Production/Resources - these are those and the social causes and consequences of human
elements that a nations has at its disposal to deal behavior. Sociologists investigate the structure of
with the issue of scarcity. How efficiently these are groups, organizations, and societies, and how people
used determines the measure of success a nation interact within these contexts. (American
has. They are Sociological Association, 2005)
a. Land - natural resources, etc.  Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a German philosopher
b. Capital - investment monies. who believed that material goods are at the root of
c. Labor - the work force; size, education, quality,
the social world. According to Marx, social life is
work ethic.
d. Entrepreneurs - inventive and risk taking spirit. fundamentally about conflict over food, land, money,
This is a rather new addition to a traditional list. and other material goods. Marx believed that the
• The Law of Demand states that, all other things ideal government would be a communist state where
being equal, the quantity bought of a good or service resources are equally shared.
is a function of price. As long as nothing else  Functionalist Theory - The functionalist perspective is
changes, people will buy less of something when its
based largely on the works of Herbert Spencer, Emile
price rises. They'll buy more when its price falls. 
Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton.
• The Law of Supply states that other things remaining
constant, supply of a product increases with increase According to functionalism, society is a system of
in price, and decreases with decrease in price. interconnected parts that work together in harmony
• Taxation is the inherent power of the sovereign, exer to maintain a state of balance and social equilibrium
cised through the legislature, to impose burdens for the whole.
upon the subjects and objects within its jurisdiction,  Conflict Theory - The functionalist perspective views
for the purpose of raising revenues
society as composed of different parts working
to carry out the legitimate objects of the
government. together. In contrast, the conflict perspective views
• Personal Income Tax Income of residents in society as composed of different groups and interest
Philippines is taxed progressively up to 32%. competing for power and resources. The conflict
Resident citizens are taxed on all their net income perspective explains various aspects of our social
derived from sources within and without the world by looking at which groups have power and
Philippines. For non-resident, whether an individual benefit from a particular social arrangement.
or not of the Philippines, is taxable only on income
 Symbolic Interactionism -
derived from sources within the Philippines.
 A cooperative is an autonomous and duly registered a theory that human interaction and communication i
association of persons, with a common bond of s facilitated bywords, gestures, and other symbols th
interest, who have voluntarily joined together to at have acquired conventionalized meanings
achieve their social, economic, and cultural needs ASEAN
and aspirations by making equitable contributions to
the capital required, patronizing their products and • The Philippines will host the 30th ASEAN summit and
services and accepting a fair share of the risks and
the Twelfth East Asia Summit with Cebu City, Davao
benefits of the undertaking in accordance with
universally accepted cooperative principles. City and Pampanga touted as a venues for the
POLITICAL SCIENCE international meet.
• ASEAN is a regional organization comprising 10
• It is the systematic study of the state and Southeast Asian states which promotes
government. It is a science because it gives us basic intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates
knowledge and understanding of the state and the economic integration amongst its members. Since its
principles and ideals underlying its organization and formation on August 8, 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia,
activities. the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, the
organization's membership has expanded to include
• Elements of State: People refers to the inhabitants of Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam.
the state; Territory it is the fixed portion of the • The motto of ASEAN is “One Vision, One Identity,
surface of the earth inhabited by the people of the One Community”.
state; Government it is the agency or instrumentality • The stalks of padi in the centre of the Emblem
through which is the will of the state id formulated, represent the dream of ASEAN’s Founding Fathers
expressed and realized; Sovereignty it is the for an ASEAN comprising all the countries in
supreme power of the state to enforce its will on its Southeast Asia, bound together in friendship and
members within its jurisdiction and to have freedom solidarity.
from foreign control. • The ASEAN Anthem is titled “THE ASEAN WAY”,
• Monarchy, supreme authority resides in the hands of with musical composition and lyrics as attached
a single person.
a. Absolute monarchy

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 • The ASEAN Summit is a semi-annual meeting held
by the member of the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations in relation to economic, and cultural
development of Southeast Asian countries.
• The Secretary-General of ASEAN 2013 -2017 is H.E.
Le Luong Minh from Viet Nam.

CURRENT EVENTS

 The South China Sea disputes involve both island

and maritime claims among several sovereign
states within the region
 The so-called "9-dash line" is invalid : "The
Tribunal concluded that there was no legal basis for
China to claim historic rights to resources within the
sea areas falling within the '9-dash line.‘
 Reclaimed islands have no exclusive economic zone
 China has behaved unlawfully
 The Bangsamoro Transition Commission (BTC),
an independent body mandated by Executive Order
08 to draft the Bangsamoro Basic Law, expresses
its collective sentiment on the tragic event that is
currently happening in Marawi City.
 The Priority Development Assistance Fund
scam, also called the PDAF scam or the pork barrel
scam, is a political scandal involving the alleged
misuse by several members of the Congress of the
Philippines of their Priority Development Assistance
Fund (PDAF, popularly called "pork barrel
 According to Justice Sec. Vitaliano Aguirre,
Napoles’ affidavit is almost final and just awaiting
some documents.
 Oplan Tokhang, which means “knock and plead,” is
a police operation in the country wherein authorities
knock on the doors of suspected drug users or
pushers and ask them to surrender.
 One of the first proponents of federalism in the
Philippines is University of the Philippines professor
Jose Abueva who argued that a federal form of
government is necessary to more efficiently cater to
the needs of the country despite its diversity. The
primary goals of a constitutional amendment is to
increase decentralization, greater local power
and access to resources
 According to the charge sheet, between November
2012 and March 2013, De Lima and former Bureau
of Corrections (BuCor) officer-in-charge Rafael Ragos
allegedly extorted money from Bilibid inmates.
 President Rodrigo Duterte on 10 p.m. Tuesday
declared martial law in the entire Mindanao island
amid the ongoing clashes between government
troops and Maute group terrorists in Marawi City
 Communist rebels attacked military forces in
Bukidnon early Saturday morning, leaving two
injured, police said. Two civilian auxiliary forces were
injured in the firefight in Sitio Intavas, Barangay
Laportuna, Impasugong.
 Senior High School (SHS) covers the last two
years of the K to 12 program and includes Grades 11
and 12. In SHS, students will go through a core
curriculum and subjects under a track of their choice.

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