COMPLEX ANALYSIS - HERRERA |0

The Complex Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The following are the complex inverse trigonometric functions:

I. The Inverse Sine Function

Consider 𝑧 = sin 𝑤 ; which is equivalent to 𝑤 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑧 = arcsin 𝑧.

𝑒 𝑖𝑤 −𝑒 −𝑖𝑤
sin 𝑤 = Definition of Sine Function
2𝑖

Substitute to the given function 𝑧 = sin 𝑤

𝑒 𝑖𝑤 −𝑒 −𝑖𝑤
𝑧= Cross multiply
2𝑖
𝑖𝑤 −𝑖𝑤
2𝑧𝑖 = 𝑒 − 𝑒 Let 𝑄 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑤
2𝑧𝑖 = 𝑄 − 𝑄 −1 Multiply both sides by Q
2𝑄𝑧𝑖 = 𝑄 2 − 1 Rearrange
𝑄 2 + 𝑄(−2𝑧𝑖) − 1 = 0 Use Quadratic Formula
−(−2𝑧𝑖)±√(−2𝑧𝑖)2 −4(1)(−1)
𝑄= Simplify
2(1)
2𝑧𝑖±√4𝑖 2 𝑧 2 +4 2𝑧𝑖±√−4𝑧 2 +4
𝑄= = Simplify further
2 2
2𝑧𝑖±√4(1−𝑧 2 )
𝑄= = 𝑒 𝑖𝑤 But 𝑄 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑤
2
𝑒 𝑖𝑤 = 𝑧𝑖 ± √1 − 𝑧 2 Take the natural logarithm of both sides
𝑙𝑛(𝑒 𝑖𝑤 ) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑖𝑧 ± √1 − 𝑧 2 ) Use ln𝑒 𝐴 = 𝐴
𝑖𝑤 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑖𝑧 ± √1 − 𝑧 2 ) Multiply both sides by -i
𝑤 = −𝑖𝑙𝑛(𝑖𝑧 ± √1 − 𝑧 2 )

Therefore:
𝑤 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑧 = arcsin 𝑧 = −𝑖𝑙𝑛 (𝑖𝑧 ± √1 − 𝑧 2 )

Example No. 1. Evaluate: 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2𝑖)

Solution:
Use the derived formula 𝑤 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑧 = arcsin 𝑧 = −𝑖𝑙𝑛(𝑖𝑧 ± √1 − 𝑧 2 )

𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2𝑖) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛 (𝑖(2𝑖) ± √1 − (2𝑖)2 ) Substitute to the formula, z = 2i

𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2𝑖) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛(2𝑖 2 ± √1 − 4𝑖 2 ) Simplify

𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2𝑖) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛(−2 ± √5) Simplify further

For: 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2𝑖) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛(−2 + √5); −2 + √5 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 ∈ ℝ

 COMPLEX ANALYSIS - HERRERA |1

For: 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2𝑖) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛(−2 − √5); −2 − √5 < 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 ∉ ℝ

But −2 − √5 is equal to (2 + √5)𝑒 𝜋𝑖 ; since 𝑒 𝜋𝑖 = −1

𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2𝑖) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛[(2 + √5)𝑒 𝜋𝑖 ] Use: 𝑙𝑛𝐴𝐵 = 𝑙𝑛𝐴 + 𝑙𝑛𝐵

𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2𝑖) = −𝑖{𝑙𝑛(2 + √5) + 𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝜋𝑖 } Use 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝐴 = 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2𝑖) = −𝑖{𝑙𝑛(2 + √5) + 𝜋𝑖} Distribute i
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2𝑖) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛(2 + √5) + 𝜋

−𝑖𝑙𝑛(−2 + √5)
Therefore: 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2𝑖) = { ◼
𝜋 − 𝑖𝑙𝑛(2 + √5)

II. The Inverse Cosine Function

Consider 𝑧 = cos 𝑤 ; which is equivalent to 𝑤 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑧 = arccos 𝑧.

𝑒 𝑖𝑤 +𝑒 −𝑖𝑤
cos 𝑤 = Definition of Cosine Function
2𝑖

Substitute to the given function 𝑧 = cos 𝑤

𝑒 𝑖𝑤 +𝑒 −𝑖𝑤
𝑧= Cross multiply
2
2𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑤 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑤 Let 𝑄 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑤
2𝑧 = 𝑄 + 𝑄 −1 Multiply both sides by Q
2𝑄𝑧 = 𝑄 2 + 1 Rearrange
𝑄 2 + 𝑄(−2𝑧) + 1 = 0 Use Quadratic Formula
−(−2𝑧)±√(−2𝑧)2 −4(1)(1)
𝑄= Simplify
2(1)
2𝑧±√4𝑧 2 −4
𝑄= Simplify further
2
2𝑧±√4(𝑧 2 −1)
𝑄= = 𝑒 𝑖𝑤 But 𝑄 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑤
2
𝑒 𝑖𝑤 = 𝑧 ± √𝑧 2 − 1 Take the natural logarithm of both sides
𝑙𝑛(𝑒 𝑖𝑤 ) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑧 ± √𝑧 2 − 1) Use 𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝐴 = 𝐴
𝑖𝑤 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑧 ± √𝑧 2 − 1) Multiply both sides by -i
𝑤 = −𝑖𝑙𝑛(𝑧 ± √𝑧 2 − 1)

Therefore:
𝑤 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑧 = arccos 𝑧 = −𝑖𝑙𝑛 (𝑧 ± √𝑧 2 − 1)
 COMPLEX ANALYSIS - HERRERA |2

Example No. 2. Evaluate: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (5)

Solution:

Use the derived formula 𝑤 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑧 = arccos 𝑧 = −𝑖𝑙𝑛(𝑧 ± √𝑧 2 − 1)

𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (5) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛 ((5) ± √(5)2 − 1) Substitute to the formula, z = 5

𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (5) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛(5 ± √24) Simplify

𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (5) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛(5 ± 2√6) Simplify further

For: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (5) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛(5 + 2√6); 5 + 2√6 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 ∈ ℝ

For: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (5) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛(5 − 2√6); 5 − 2√6 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 ∈ ℝ

Therefore: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (5) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛(5 ± 2√6) ◼

III. The Inverse Tangent Function

Consider 𝑧 = tan 𝑤 ; which is equivalent to 𝑤 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑧 = arctan 𝑧.

𝑒 𝑖𝑤 −𝑒 −𝑖𝑤
tan 𝑤 = 𝑖(𝑒 𝑖𝑤 +𝑒 −𝑖𝑤 ) Definition of Tangent Function

Substitute to the given function 𝑧 = tan 𝑤

𝑒 𝑖𝑤 −𝑒 −𝑖𝑤
𝑧 = 𝑖(𝑒 𝑖𝑤 +𝑒 −𝑖𝑤 ) Cross multiply

𝑧𝑖(𝑒 𝑖𝑤 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑤 ) = 𝑒 𝑖𝑤 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑤 Let 𝑄 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑤

𝑧𝑖(𝑄 + 𝑄 −1 ) = 𝑄 − 𝑄 −1 Multiply both sides by Q
𝑧𝑖𝑄 2 + 𝑧𝑖 = 𝑄 2 − 1 Rearrange by combining like terms
𝑄 2 (1 − 𝑧𝑖) = 1 + 𝑧𝑖 Divide both sides by 1 − 𝑧𝑖
1+𝑧𝑖
𝑄 2 = 1−𝑧𝑖 Simplify
1+𝑧𝑖 𝑖
𝑄 2 = (1−𝑧𝑖) (𝑖) Simplify further
𝑖−𝑧 𝑖𝑤 2
𝑄 2 = 𝑖+𝑧 = (𝑒 ) But 𝑄 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑤
𝑖−𝑧
𝑒 2𝑖𝑤 = 𝑖+𝑧 Take the natural logarithm of both sides
𝑖−𝑧
𝑙𝑛(𝑒 2𝑖𝑤 ) = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑖+𝑧) Use 𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝐴 = 𝐴
𝑖−𝑧
2𝑖𝑤 = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑖+𝑧) Multiply both sides by -i/2
1 𝑖−𝑧
𝑤 = − 2 𝑖𝑙𝑛 (𝑖+𝑧)
 COMPLEX ANALYSIS - HERRERA |3

Therefore:
1 𝑖−𝑧
𝑤 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑧 = arctan 𝑧 = − 𝑖𝑙𝑛 ( )
2 𝑖+𝑧

IV. The Inverse Cotangent Function

Consider 𝑧 = cot 𝑤 ; which is equivalent to 𝑤 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑧 = arccot 𝑧.
𝑖(𝑒 𝑖𝑤 +𝑒 −𝑖𝑤 )
cot 𝑤 = Definition of Cotangent Function
𝑒 𝑖𝑤 −𝑒 −𝑖𝑤

Substitute to the given function 𝑧 = cot 𝑤

𝑖(𝑒 𝑖𝑤 +𝑒 −𝑖𝑤 )
𝑧= Cross multiply
𝑒 𝑖𝑤 −𝑒 −𝑖𝑤
𝑖𝑤 −𝑖𝑤 𝑖𝑤 −𝑖𝑤
𝑧(𝑒 − 𝑒 ) = 𝑖(𝑒 + 𝑒 ) Let 𝑄 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑤
𝑧(𝑄 − 𝑄 −1 ) = 𝑖(𝑄 + 𝑄 −1 ) Multiply both sides by Q
𝑧𝑄 2 − 𝑧 = 𝑖𝑄 2 + 𝑖 Rearrange by combining like terms
𝑄 2 (𝑧 − 𝑖) = 𝑧 + 𝑖 Divide both sides by 𝑧 − 𝑖
𝑧+𝑖
𝑄 2 = 𝑧−𝑖 Simplify
𝑧+𝑖 𝑖𝑤 2
𝑄 2 = 𝑧−𝑖 = (𝑒 ) But 𝑄 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑤
𝑧+𝑖
𝑒 2𝑖𝑤 = 𝑧−𝑖 Take the natural logarithm of both sides
𝑧+𝑖
𝑙𝑛(𝑒 2𝑖𝑤 ) = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑧−𝑖) Use 𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝐴 = 𝐴
𝑧+𝑖
2𝑖𝑤 = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑧−𝑖) Multiply both sides by -i/2
1 𝑧+𝑖
𝑤 = − 2 𝑖𝑙𝑛 (𝑧−𝑖)

Therefore:
1 𝑧+𝑖
𝑤 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑧 = arccot 𝑧 = − 𝑖𝑙𝑛 ( )
2 𝑧−𝑖

Generalization:
1 𝑖−𝑧 1
From arctan 𝑧 = − 𝑖𝑙𝑛 ( ), if we substitute 𝑧 = gives:
2 𝑖+𝑧 𝑧

1
1 1 𝑖−( )
arctan ( ) = − 𝑖𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑧 ) = − 1 𝑖𝑙𝑛 (𝑧𝑖 − 1)
𝑧 2 1 2 𝑧𝑖 + 1
𝑖+( )
𝑧
1 1 𝑧𝑖 − 1 𝑖 1 −𝑧 − 𝑖
arctan ( ) = − 𝑖𝑙𝑛 [( ) ( )] = − 𝑖𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑧 2 𝑧𝑖 + 1 𝑖 2 −𝑧 + 𝑖
1 1 − (𝑧 + 𝑖 ) 1 𝑧+𝑖
arctan ( ) = − 𝑖𝑙𝑛 [ ] = − 𝑖𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑧 2 − (𝑧 − 𝑖 ) 2 𝑧−𝑖
1 𝑧+𝑖
arctan ( ) = 𝑖𝑙𝑛 ( ) = arccot 𝑧
𝑧 𝑧−𝑖
 COMPLEX ANALYSIS - HERRERA |4

Example No. 3. Evaluate: 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (2 − 𝑖)

Solution:

1 𝑧+𝑖
Use the derived formula 𝑤 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑧 = arccot 𝑧 = − 2 𝑖𝑙𝑛 (𝑧−𝑖)

1 2−𝑖+𝑖
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (2 − 𝑖) = − 2 𝑖𝑙𝑛 (2−𝑖−𝑖) Substitute to the formula, z =2 - i
1 2
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (2 − 𝑖) = − 2 𝑖𝑙𝑛 (2−2𝑖) Simplify
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (2 − 𝑖) = − 2 𝑖𝑙𝑛 (1−𝑖) Simplify further
1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (2 − 𝑖) = − 2 𝑖[𝑙𝑛(1) − 𝑙𝑛(1 − 𝑖)]
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (2 − 𝑖) = − 𝑖[−𝑙𝑛(1 − 𝑖)] = 𝑖𝑙𝑛(1 − 𝑖)
2 2
−1 (2 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 − 𝑖) = 2 𝑖𝑙𝑛(1 − 𝑖) But 1 − 𝑖 = √2𝑒 −0.7853981634𝑖
1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (2 − 𝑖) = 𝑖𝑙𝑛(√2𝑒−0.7853981634𝑖 )
2
1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (2 − 𝑖) = 𝑖[𝑙𝑛(√2) + 𝑙𝑛(𝑒−0.7853981634𝑖 )]
2
1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (2 − 𝑖) = 𝑖[0.34657359028 − 0.7853981634𝑖]
2

Therefore: 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (2 − 𝑖) = −0.3926990817 − 0.17328679514𝑖 ◼

V. The Inverse Secant Function

1 1
From arctan ( ) = arccot 𝑧; it follows that arcsec 𝑧 = arccos ( ).
𝑧 𝑧

arccos 𝑧 = −𝑖𝑙𝑛 (𝑧 ± √𝑧2 − 1)

1 1 1 2
arcsec 𝑧 = arccos ( ) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛 ( ) ± √( ) − 1
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
( )

1 1 1
arcsec 𝑧 = arccos ( ) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛 ( ± √ 2 − 1)
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

Therefore:
1 ± √1 − 𝑧2
arcsec 𝑧 = −𝑖𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑧
 COMPLEX ANALYSIS - HERRERA |5

VI. The Inverse Secant Function

1 1
From arctan ( ) = arccot 𝑧; it follows that arccsc 𝑧 = arcsin ( ).
𝑧 𝑧

arcsin 𝑧 = −𝑖𝑙𝑛 (𝑖𝑧 ± √1 − 𝑧 2 )

1 1 1 2
arccsc 𝑧 = arcsin ( ) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛 (𝑖 ( ) ± √1 − ( ) )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

1 𝑖 1
arccsec 𝑧 = arcsin ( ) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛 ( ± √1 − 2 )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

Therefore:
𝑖 ± √𝑧2 − 1
arccsc 𝑧 = −𝑖𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑧
Example No. 4. If csc 𝑤 = 2 ; find w.
Solution:
𝑖±√𝑧 2 −1
Use the derived formula 𝑤 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑧 = arccsc 𝑧 = −𝑖𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑧

𝑖±√22 −1
𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 (2) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛 ( ) Substitute to the formula, z = 2
2
𝑖±√3
𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 (2) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛 ( 2 ) Rearrange
±√3 𝑖
𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 (2) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛 ( + 2) Simplify
2
For:
√3 𝑖 𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 (2) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛 ( + ) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛 (1𝑒6𝑖 ) = −𝑖 [𝑙𝑛(1) + 𝑙𝑛 (𝑒6𝑖 )]
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 (2) = −𝑖 ( 𝑖) =
6 6
For:
√3 𝑖 5𝜋 5𝜋
𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 (2) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛 (− + ) = −𝑖𝑙𝑛 (1𝑒 6 𝑖 ) = −𝑖 [𝑙𝑛(1) + 𝑙𝑛 (𝑒 6 𝑖 )]
2 2
5𝜋 5𝜋
𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 (2) = −𝑖 ( 𝑖) =
6 6
𝜋
6
Therefore: 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 (2) = { 𝜋 ◼
6
 COMPLEX ANALYSIS - HERRERA |6

Complex Exponents

Consider z and w are complex numbers:

𝑤
𝑧 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑧 Since 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝐴 = 𝐴

Then
𝑧 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑤𝑙𝑛𝑧 𝑙𝑛𝐵 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑙𝑛𝐵

Example No. 5. Evaluate 𝑖 𝑖 .

Solution:

From the principle discussed above, 𝑧 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑤𝑙𝑛𝑧

𝜋 𝜋
𝑖 𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑙𝑛𝑖 but 𝑙𝑛 𝑖 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 2 𝑖 = 𝑖
2
𝜋
𝑖 𝑖( 𝑖)
𝑖 =𝑒 2 Simplify
𝜋2
𝑖
𝑖 = 𝑒 2𝑖

Therefore:
𝜋
𝑖 𝑖 = 𝑒 −2 ◼

Example No. 6. Evaluate (1 + 𝑖) 3+4𝑖 .

Solution:

From the principle discussed above, 𝑧 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑤𝑙𝑛𝑧

𝜋
(1 + 𝑖) 3+4𝑖 = 𝑒 (3+4𝑖)𝑙𝑛(1+𝑖) but 𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑖) = 𝑙𝑛 (√2𝑒 4 𝑖 )
𝜋
3+4𝑖 (3+4𝑖)[𝑙𝑛(√2)+𝑙𝑛(𝑒4𝑖 )]
(1 + 𝑖) =𝑒 Simplify
𝜋
(3+4𝑖)[𝑙𝑛(
√2 4𝑖] )+
(1 + 𝑖) 3+4𝑖 =𝑒 Multiply
(1 + 𝑖) 3+4𝑖 =𝑒 −2.101871883+3.74288851𝑖
Apply 𝑎 𝑚+𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑚 𝑎 𝑛
(1 + 𝑖) 3+4𝑖 = 𝑒 −2.101871883 𝑒 3.74288851𝑖
(1 + 𝑖) 3+4𝑖 = 0.122274186𝑒 3.74288851𝑖 Use Euler to Rectangular Form
(1 + 𝑖) 3+4𝑖 = 0.122274186∠3.74288851

Therefore:

(1 + 𝑖) 3+4𝑖 = −0.1007891237 − 0.06914545818𝑖 ◼

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Exercises

Name: __________________________________________ Score: ________________

Program: _______________________________________ Date: _________________________

Evaluate the following:

1. 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(3 + 4𝑖) Ans: 1.448 + 0.159𝑖

2. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (3𝑖) Ans: −𝑖𝑙𝑛(2)

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3. (−𝑖)2𝑖 Ans: 𝑒 𝜋

4. (1 + 𝑖)(1−𝑖) (in rectangular form) Ans: 2.807879297 + 1.317865173i