TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING:

Highway Safety and Accident Analysis

FORMULAS: 3.B Spaced Mean Speed

“When time is known”
1. Average Daily Traffic
A (1,000,000) nxd
R= Us =
ADT x N x 365 Σt

R = accident rate Where:

A = number of accident n = number of vehicles
N = time period in years d = length of a segment of the road
ADT = average daily traffic entering the intersection Σ t = sum of all time observations

2. Severity Ratio 3.C Spaced Mean Spaced

“When Speed is known”
F+i
S.R. = n
F + i + PD Us =
1
Σ ScSt
S.R. = severity ratio
F = total number of fatal 4. Time Mean Speed
i = total number of injury Simple average of spot speed
PD = total number of property damage
4.A Time and Segment of road
3.A Spaced Mean Speed
“When distance is known” average speed of all vehicles occupying Σ d/t
a given section of a road over a specified time period. Ut =
n
 Σ S
Us = 4.B Time Mean Speed
nxt “When spot speed is PURELY KNOWN”

Where: s.s
S = distance Ut =
n = number of vehicles n
 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING:
Highway Safety and Accident Analysis

5. Traffic Density EXAMPLES:

Is the number of vehicles occupying a given length of highway in a
traffic lane. 1. Average Daily Traffic
Data on a traffic accident recorded on a certain intersection for the
past four years has an accident rate of 9200 per million entering
q = k (Us) vehicle. If the total number of accident is 802, find the average daily
traffic entering the intersection during the 4 years period.

A (1,000,000)
6. Peak Hour Factor R=
Traffic Rate of Flow ADT x N x 365

PHV = Σ Volume
Given: R = 9200
A = 802
PHV N = 4 years
PHF = ADT = ?
60
z Solution: 802 (1,000, 000)
9200 =
ADT x N x 365)
PHV
DHV = ADT = 59.708
PHF
2. Severity Ratio
Based on the following data of road accidents, find the severity ratio
Where: for a period of 5 years.
PHV = Peak Hour Volume
PHF = Peak Hour Factor YEAR PROPERTY INJURY FATAL
DHV = Design Hourly Volume DAMAGE
z = Time gap 1992 205 56 2
1993 178 48 3
7. Spacing of vehicles 1994 152 41 3
Spacing (c to c) = 1 1995 190 60 5
Desity K 1996 236 88 8
961 293 21
 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING:
Highway Safety and Accident Analysis

t = 3 seconds
Solution: 339 m
F+i Us =
S.R. = 4 x 3 sec
F + i + PD
Us = 28.25 m/s
Given: S.R. = ? Us = 28.25 m x 3600 sec x 1km
F = 21 s 1hr 1000m
i = 293
PD = 961 Us = 101.7 Kph

Solution: 21 + 293 3.B Spaced Mean Speed (Time is known)

S.R. = The following travel times were observed for four vehicles traversing
21 + 293 + 961 a one km segment of highway. Compute the spaced mean speed of
the traffic.
S.R. = 0.246 VEHICLE TIME
(min.)
3. A Spaced Mean Speed (Distance is Known) 1 1.6
From the data of highway traffic observation team it shows that
2 1.2
the distances each vehicle have traveled every 3 seconds on a
portion of the highway. Find the mean speed. 3 1.5
VEHICLE DISTANCE 4 1.7
(m)
1 88
2 86 nxd
Us =
3 83 Σt
4 82
Given: n = 4
339
d = 1000

S 4 x 1000
Us =
t 6

Given: s = 339 m Us = 666.67

n = 4 vehicles
 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING:
Highway Safety and Accident Analysis

Solution: 1000 + 1000 + 1000 + 1000 + 1000

3. C Spaced Mean Speed (Spot speed is known) 96 72 90 102 108
There are five vehicles passing through an intersection of two
highway in a period of 20 seconds. Compute the spaced mean 5
speed of the traffic. Ut = 10.896 m/s
VEHICLE SPOT Ut = 10.896 m x 1 km x 3600 sec
SPEED s 1000 m 1 hr
1 34.2
Ut = 39.226 kph
2 42.4
3 46.3 4. B Time Mean Speed (Spot Speed)
4 43.4 In observation post shows that 5 vehicles pass through the post at
intervals of 8 sec, 9 sec, 10 sec, 11 sec, 12, sec, and 13 sec
5 41.1
respectively. The speed of the vehicle where 80 kph , 76 kph,70
kph, 60 kph, and 50 kph. Compute the time mean speed.

Σ s.s
St Ut =
n
Given: n = 5
Given: Σ s.s = 80, 76, 70, 60, 50
Solution: 5 n=5
Us =
Σ1+1+1+1+1 Solution: 80, 76, 70, 60, 50
34.2 42.4 46.3 43.4 41.1 Ut =
5
Us = 41.052 Kph
Ut = 67.2 kph
4. A Time Mean Speed
“Time and Segment”
5. Traffic Density
Compute the time mean speed m kph for 1km segment road.
Compute the rate of flow in vehicles per hour if the speed mean
Σ d/t speed is 48.28 kph and the density is 14 vehicles per km.
Ut =
n q = k (Us)

Given: n = 5
 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING:
Highway Safety and Accident Analysis

Given: k = 14 b.
Us = 48.28 PHV
PHF =
Solution: 14 veh 48.28 km 60
q= x (largest volume)
km hr z

q = 675.92 veh/hr
1557
6. Peak Hour Factor PHF =
The table shows a 15 minute volume counts during the break hour 60
on an approach of an intersection. (412)
15
TIME VOL. OF
(PM) TRAFFIC PHF = 0.945
(Veh/hour) Therefore,
6:00 - 6:15 375 1557 veh/min = 60 min
6:15 - 6:30 380 412 veh/min = 15 min
6:30 - 6:45 412 DHV = 1557
6:45 - 7:00 390
1557 0.945
veh/hour
DHV = 1648 veh/hr
a. Determine the PHV
b. Determine the PHF 7. Spacing of Vehicles
c. Determine the DHV Determine the appropriate spacing of vehicles center to center in a
certain lane if the average speed of the cars using that particular
Solution: lane is 40 kph and the volume of traffic is 800 vehicle.
1
PHV = Σ Volume Solution: q = k (Us) S=
800veh/hr = k (40 kph) 20 veh/km x 1 km/1000m
k = 20 veh/km
S = 1000 m/ 20 veh
a. PHV = 375+380+412+390
= 1557 veh/hour
S = 50 m/veh