MATHEMATICS 10th Science Group

7/18/2020
Chapter 3.
VARIATIONS

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 Contents
Exercise 3.1 .............................................................. 1
Exercise 3.2 .............................................................. 3
Exercise 3.3 .............................................................. 6
Exercise 3.4 .............................................................. 9
Exercise 3.5 ............................................................ 13
Exercise 3.6 ........................................................... 15
Exercise 3.7 ........................................................... 17
Class 10th Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com

Ratio: 4 × 1000𝑔𝑚: 2 × 1000𝑔𝑚 + 750𝑔𝑚

A relation between two quantities of the same ∵ 1𝑘𝑔 = 1000𝑔𝑚
kind (measured in same unit) is called ratio. 4000𝑔𝑚: 2000𝑔𝑚 + 750𝑔𝑚
If a and b are two quantities of the same kind and 4000𝑔𝑚: 2750𝑔𝑚
b is not zero. Then the ratio of a and b is written as 2000𝑔𝑚: 1375𝑔𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 2
𝑎 16 𝑔𝑚: 11𝑔𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 125
𝑎: 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏
16𝑔𝑚 16
Remember that: =
11𝑔𝑚 11
i. The order of the element in a ratio is iv.
important. 27𝑚𝑖𝑛. 30 𝑠𝑒𝑐, 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
ii. In ratio 𝑎: 𝑏 the first term a is called 1650 sec ∶ 3600𝑠𝑒𝑐
antecedent and the second term b is 165 𝑠𝑒𝑐: 360𝑠𝑒𝑐
called consequent. 11𝑠𝑒𝑐: 24𝑠𝑒𝑐
11𝑠𝑒𝑐
iii. A ratio has no units. 24𝑠𝑒𝑐
Proportional: 11
( 24
𝐴𝑛𝑠.
)
A proportional is a statement, which is 1ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 60𝑚𝑖𝑛
expressed as an equivalence of two ratios. 1𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 60𝑠𝑒𝑐
If two ratio 𝒂: 𝒃 ∶ ∶ 𝒄 ∶ 𝒅 are equal, then we ∵ ( )
27𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 27 × 60 = 1620𝑠
can write as 𝒂 ∶ 𝒃 = 𝒄 ∶ 𝒅 27𝑚𝑖𝑛30𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 1620 = 1620 + 30 = 1650
Where quantities 𝒂, 𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 extremes,
while b, c are called means. v. 750 , 2250
Symbolically the proportional of 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅 is 750 ∶ 225𝑜
0
written as 3
𝒂 ∶ 𝒃 ∶ ∶ 𝒄 ∶ 𝒅 or ∶ 90 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 25
0
𝒂 ∶ 𝒃 = 𝒄 ∶ 𝒅 1
𝒂
=𝒅
𝒄 ∶ 30 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 3
𝒃 1
𝒊. 𝒆 𝒂𝒅 = 𝒃𝒄 = 1: 3
3
Question No.2
Exercise 3.1 In a class of 60 students, 25 students are girls and
Question No.1 remaining students are boys compute the ratio of
Express the following as ratio 𝑎: 𝑏 and as a fraction in 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎
its simplest form. 𝑮𝒊𝒓𝒍𝒔 = 𝟐𝟓
i. 𝑅𝑠. 750 , 𝑅𝑠. 1250 𝒃𝒐𝒚𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎 − 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟑𝟓
750: 1250 i. Boys to total students
750 1250 𝑩𝒐𝒚𝒔 ∶ 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔
: 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 10 𝟑𝟓: 𝟔𝟎 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟓
10 10
75 125 𝟕: 𝟏𝟐
: 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 5 ii. Boys to girls
5 5
15 25 𝑩𝒐𝒚𝒔 ∶ 𝑮𝒊𝒓𝒍𝒔
: 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 5
5 5 𝟑𝟓 ∶ 𝟐𝟓 𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟓
3: 5 𝟕 ∶ 𝟓
3
5 Question No.3
ii. 450𝑐𝑚, 3𝑚 𝒊𝒇 𝟑(𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚, 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝒙: 𝒚
450𝑐𝑚 ∶ 3 × 100𝑐𝑚 ∵ 1𝑚 Solution:
= 100𝑐𝑚 𝟑(𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚
450 300
= 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 10 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚
10 10 ⇒ 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 = −𝟕𝒚 + 𝟏𝟓𝒚
45 30
: 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 5 ⇒ 𝟏𝟎𝒙 = 𝟖𝒚
5 5
9 6 ⇒ 𝟓𝒙 = 𝟒𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟐
: 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 3 𝒙
=𝟓
𝟒
3 3 𝒚
iii. 4𝑘𝑔, 2𝑘𝑔 750𝑔𝑚 𝒙: 𝒚 = 𝟒: 𝟓

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Class 10th Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
Question No.4 Now 1𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 4𝑥 = 4(2) = 8
Find the value of 𝒑, 𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝟐𝒑 + 𝟓: 𝟑𝒑 + 2𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 13𝑥 = 13(2) = 26
𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟑: 𝟒 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍. Question No.8
Solution: Find the cost of 8kg of mangoes, if 5kg of mangoes
2𝑝+5 3 cost 𝑹𝒔. 𝟐𝟓𝟎
3𝑝+4
=4
Solution:
4(2𝑝 + 5) = 3(3𝑝 + 4)
Let 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 8𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑠𝑠.
8𝑝 + 20 = 9𝑝 + 12
8𝑘𝑔 ∶ 5𝑘𝑔 ∶ : 𝑅𝑠. 𝑥: 𝑅𝑠. 250
20 − 12 = 9𝑝 − 8𝑝
8𝑘𝑔: 5𝑘𝑔 = 𝑅𝑠. 𝑥: 𝑅𝑠. 250
8=𝑝
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑠 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠
Question No.5
8 × 250 = 5𝑥
𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 ∶ 𝟔 +
8 × 250
𝟒𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐: 𝟓 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍. 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒙. =𝑥
5
Solution:
𝑥 = 400𝑅𝑠.
3𝑥 + 1 2
= Question No.9
6 + 4𝑥 5 If 𝑎: 𝑏 = 7: 6 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 3𝑎 + 5𝑏: 7𝑏 − 5𝑎
5(3𝑥 + 1) = 2(6 + 4𝑥)
Solution:
15𝑥 + 5 = 12 + 8𝑥
15𝑥 − 8𝑥 = 12 − 5 𝐴𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎: 𝑏 = 7: 6 𝑜𝑟
𝑎 7
7𝑥 = 7 =
7 𝑏 6
𝑥= Now
7 3𝑎 + 5𝑏
𝑥=1 3𝑎 + 5𝑏: 7𝑏: 5𝑎 =
Question No.6 7𝑏 − 5𝑎
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑦 𝑏
Two numbers are in ratio𝟓: 𝟖 . 𝒊𝒇 𝟗 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐
3𝑎 + 5𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓, 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕 𝒂 𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝟖: 𝟏𝟏 find the 3( ) + 5( ) 3( ) + 5
𝑏 = 𝑏 𝑏 = 𝑏 𝑎
numbers. 7𝑏 − 5𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
7 ( ) − 5 ( ) 7 − 5 (𝑏 )
Solution: 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑎 7
Let a number 𝒙 ∵ =
According to the given condition 𝑏 6
7 21 21 + 30
𝟓𝒙+𝟗 𝟖 3 (6) + 5 +5
= 𝟏𝟏 𝑠𝑜 = 6 = 6
𝟖𝒙+𝟗
7 35 42 − 35
⇒ 𝟏𝟏(𝟓𝒙 + 𝟗) = 𝟖(𝟖𝒙 + 𝟗) 7 − 5 (6) 7 −
6 6
⇒ 𝟓𝟓𝒙 + 𝟗𝟗 = 𝟔𝟒𝒙 + 𝟕𝟐 51
⇒ 𝟗𝟗 − 𝟕𝟐 = 𝟔𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓𝟓𝒙 6 = 51 × 6 = 51 = 51: 7
⇒ 𝟐𝟕 = 𝟗𝒙 7 6 7 7
⇒𝒙=𝟑 6
𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝟓𝒙 = 𝟓(𝟑)
Question No.10 Complete the following
𝟖𝒙 = 𝟖(𝟑) = 𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒 𝟔
Hence required numbers are 15 and 24. i. 𝒊𝒇 𝟕
= 𝒙 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟕
Question No.7 𝟓𝒂 𝟏𝟓𝒃
ii. 𝒊𝒇 𝟑𝒙 = 𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝒚 = 𝟗𝒃𝒙
If 10 is added in each number of the ratio 𝟗𝒑𝒃 𝟏𝟖𝒑
𝟒: 𝟏𝟑 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕 𝟏: 𝟐. iii. 𝒊𝒇 = , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝟓𝒒 = 𝟒𝒍
𝟐𝒍𝒎 𝟓𝒎
What are the numbers?
Solution: Question No.11 find 𝒙 in the following proportions.
Let a number 𝑥 i. 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 ∶ 𝟒 ∷ 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 ∶ 𝟕
According to the given Condition 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑠
4𝑥 + 10 1 = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠
= 7(3𝑥 − 2) = 4(2𝑥 + 3)
13𝑥 + 10 2
⇒ 2(4𝑥 + 10) = 1(13𝑥 + 10) 21𝑥 − 14 = 8𝑥 + 12
⇒ 8𝑥 + 20 = 13𝑥 + 10 21𝑥 − 8𝑥 = 12 + 14
⇒ 20 − 10 = 13𝑥 − 8𝑥 13𝑥 = 26
10 = 5𝑥 26
𝑥= =2
10 13
𝑥= =2 3𝑥−1 3 2𝑥 7
5 ii. ∶ 5 ∶∶ 3 ∶ 5
7
𝑥=2

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𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑠 Variation:
= 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 The word variation is frequently used in all
3𝑥 − 1 7 3 2𝑥
( ) = ( ) sciences. There are two types of variations:
7 5 5 3
3𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 Direct variation:
= if two quantities are relates in such a way that
5 5
3𝑥 − 1 = 2𝑥 increase (decrease) in one quantity causes
3𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 1 increase (decrease)in other quantity is called
𝑥=1 direct variation.
𝑥−3 5 𝑥−1 4
iii. 2
∶ 𝑥−1
∶∶ 3
∶ 𝑥+4 Inverse variation:
Solution: if two quantities are relates in such a way that
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑠 when one quantity increase, the other decrease
= 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 is called inverse variation.
𝑥−3 4 5 𝑥−1
( ) = ( )
2 𝑥+4 𝑥−1 3
2𝑥 − 6 5 Exercise 3.2
=
𝑥+4 3 Question No.1
3(2𝑥 − 6) = 5(𝑥 + 4)
if y varies directly as x, and y = 8 when x = 2 Find
6𝑥 − 18 = 5𝑥 + 20
i. y in terms of x
6𝑥 − 5𝑥 = 20 + 18
y ∝ x
𝑥 = 38
𝑝3 −𝑞3
y = kx → (i)
iv. 𝑃2 + 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑞 2 ∶ ∶ 𝑝+𝑞
∶ (𝑝 − 𝑞)2 8=k×2
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑠 8
k= =4
= 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 2
(𝑝 + 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑞 2 )(𝑝 − 𝑞)2
2 So equation (i) becomes
𝑝3 − 𝑞 3 y = 4x
= 𝑥× ii. y when x = 5
𝑝+𝑞
2 2
(𝑝 + 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑞 )(𝑝 − 𝑞)(𝑝 − 𝑞) y = 4x
y=4×5
𝑝3 − 𝑞 3
=𝑥× y = 20
𝑝+𝑞
iii. x when y = 28
𝑝3 − 𝑞 3
(𝑝3 − 𝑞 3 )(𝑝 − 𝑞) = 𝑥 × y = 4x
𝑝+𝑞 28 = 4x
𝑝+𝑞 28
(𝑝3 − 𝑞 3 )(𝑝 − 𝑞) × =𝑥 =x
𝑝3 − 𝑞3 4
𝑥 = (𝑝 − 𝑞) (𝑝 + 𝑞) x=7
𝑥 = 𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 Question No2.
v. 8 − 𝑥 ∶ 11 − 𝑥 ∶ ∶ 16 − 𝑥 ∶ 25 − 𝑥 if y ∝ x, and y = 7 when x = 3 find
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑠 i. y in terms of x
= 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 y∝x
y = kx → (i)
(8 − 𝑥)(25 − 𝑥) = (11 − 𝑥)(16 − 𝑥)
7=k×3
200 − 8𝑥 − 25𝑥 + 𝑥 2 7
= 176 − 11𝑥 − 16𝑥 + 𝑥 2 k=
3
200 − 33𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 176 − 27𝑥 + 𝑥 2 So equation (i) becomes
−33𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 27𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 176 − 200 7 7x
y= ×x=
−6𝑥 = −24 3 3
𝑥=4 ii. x when y = 35 and y when x = 18
When y = 35
7
y= ×x
3
7
35 = × x
3
35 × 3
=x
7
5×3 = x
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Class 10th Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
15 = x Question N0.6 if w varies dirctly as u3 and w =
Put x = 18 in (i)we get 81 when u = 3 Find w when u = 5
y = kx w ∝ u3
7 w = ku3 → (i)
y = × 18
3 when w = 81 and u = 3
y = 42 so eq (i)becomes
Question No.3 if R ∝ T and R = 5 when T = 81 = k(3)3
8 find the equation connection R and T. Also 81 = k 27
find R when T = 64 and find T when R = 21 81
solution: =k
27
R∝T k=3
R = kT So,
when R = 5 and T = 8 w = 3u3
5 = k8 Put u = 5 in (i)
5 w = 3 × 53
k=
8 3 × 125
So, w = 375
5 Question N0.7 if y varies inversly as x and y =
R= T
8 7 when x = 2 find y when x = 126
Put T = 64
Solution:
5 1
R= T y∝
8 x
PutT = 64 k
5 y = → (i)
R = × 64 = 40 x
8 when y = 7 and x = 2
R = 40 so (i)eq becomes
when R = 20 k
5 7=
20 = × T 2
8 7×2=k
8
20 × = T 14 = k
5 So,
4×8 = T
14
T = 32 y=
x
Question No.5 when x = 126
if V ∝ R3 , and V = 5 when R = 3 find when V 14 1
= 625 y= =
126 9
V ∝ R3 1
y=
V = kR3 9
1
5 = k(3)3 Question No.8 if y ∝ and y = 4 when x =
x
5 = 27k 3 , find x when y = 24
5 1
=k y∝
27 x
So, k
5 3 y=
eq (i)becomes V= R x
27 when y = 4 and x = 3
Put V = 625 k
5 y=
625 = × R3 x
27 k
27 4=
R3 = 625 × 3
5 12 = k
R3 = 125 × 27 or k = 12
Taking cubes on both sides So,
1 1 1
R3×
=
3 (53 )3
× (33 )3 12
y=
R = 5 × 3 = 15 x
R = 15 When y = 24

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Class 10th Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
12 1
24 = r=±
x 2
12 Question No.11 if a ∝
1
and a = 3 when b =
x= b2
24 4 , find a when b = 8
1
x= Solution:
2
1 1
Question No.9 if w ∝ and w = 5 when z = a∝
175
z b2
7 , find w when z = k
4 a= → (i)
Solution: b2
1 when a = 3 and b = 4
w∝ k k
z 3= 2
=
k (4) 16
w= → (i) 3 × 16 = k
z
When w = 5 and z = 7 48 = k
so eq (i) becomes or k = 48
k So, (i)becomes
5= 48
7 a=
5×7=k b2
k = 35 When b = 8
So, k
a=
35 b2
w= 48
z a= 2
when z =
175 8
4 48
35 4 4 a=
w= = 35 × = 64
175 175 5 3
4 a=
4 4
1
w= Question No.12 if v ∝ r3 and V = 5 when r =
5
1 3 find V when r = 6 anr find r when v = 320
Question No.10 if A ∝ r2 and A = 2 when r =
1
3 find r when A = 72 V∝ 3
1 r
A∝ k
r2 V= 3
k r
A= 2 When V = 5 and r = 3
r k
when A = 2 and r = 3 5= 3
k 3
A= k
r3 5=
k 27
2= 5 × 27 = k
(3)2
135 = k
k
2= or k = 135
9 When r = 6
2×9=k
135
k = 18 V= 3
So, 6
135
18 V=
A= 216
r2 5
When A = 72 V=
8
k when V = 320
A=
r2 When V = 320
18
72 = 2 135
r 320 = 3
18 r
2
r = 135
72 r3 =
1 320
r2 = 3
27
4 r =
Taking squaring root on both sides 64
Taking cube on both sides
Complied by Shumaila Amin 5|Page
Class 10th Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
1
1 (3)3×3
r 3×3 = 1 Third proportional:
(4)3×3 If three quantities a, b, c are related as
3
r= a: b ∷ b: c then c is called third proportional.
4
1 Fourth proportional:
Question No.13 if m ∝ n3 and m = 2 when n =
If four quantities 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 are related as
4 , find m when n = 6 and n when m = 432 𝑎: 𝑏 ∷ 𝑐 ∶ 𝑑
Solution: Then d is called the fourth proportional.
1 Mean proportional:
m∝ 3
n If three quantities 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 are related as
k
m= 3 𝑎: 𝑏 ∷ 𝑏: 𝑐
n Then b is called the mean proportional.
When m = 2 and n = 4
k Continued Proportional:
m= 3 If three quantities 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 are related as
n
When m = 2 and n = 4 𝑎: 𝑏 ∷ 𝑏: 𝑐
k Where 𝑎 is first , b is the mean and c is the third
m= 3 proportional, then 𝑎, 𝑏 and c are in continued
n
k proportional.
2=
(4)3 Exercise 3.3
k
2= Question No.1 find third proportional to
64
2 × 64 = k i. 6,12
128 = k let x be the third proportional to
So, 6 ∶ 12 ∶ ∶ 12 ∶ x
128 product of Extremes = product of Means
m= 3 6x = 12 × 12
n
When n = 6 12 × 12
x=
128 6
m= 3 x = 24
6
128 ii. a3 , 3a2
m= let x be the third proportional to
216
16 a3 ∶ 3a2 ∶ ∶ 3a2 ∶ x
m=
27 product of Extremes = product of Means
When m = 432 a3 × x = 3a2 × 3a2
k 3a2 × 3a2 9a4
m= 3 x= = 3
n a3 a
128 x = 9a
432 = 3
n iii. a2 − b2 , a − b
128
n3 = let x be the third proportional to
432 a2 − b2 ∶ a − b ∶ ∶ a − b ∶ x
3
8
n = product of Extremes = product of Means
27
Taking cube on both sides by a2 − b2 × x = a − b × a − b
1 a−b×a−b
1 (2)3×3 x=
n3×
3 = a2 − b 2
1 a−b×a−b
(3)3×3 x=
2 (a − b)(a + b)
n= a−b
3 x=
a+b
iv. (x − y)2 , x 3 − y 3
let x be the third proportional to
(x − y)2 ∶ x 3 − y 3 ∶ ∶ x 3 − y 3 ∶ c
product of Extremes = product of Means
(x − y)2 × c = x 3 − y 3 × x 3 − y 3
x3 − y3 × x3 − y3
c=
(x − y)2

Complied by Shumaila Amin 6|Page

Class 10th Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
(x − y)(x 2 + xy + y 2 )(x − y)(x 2 + xy + y 2 ) 2x 3 × 18x 5
c= c=
(x − y)(x − y) 4x 4
x = (x + xy + y 2 )(x 2 + xy + y 2 )
2 36x 8
c=
v. (x + y)2 , x 3 − xy − 2y 2 4x 4
let x be the third proportional to c = 9x 4
(x + y)2 ∶ (x 2 − xy − 2y 2 ) ∶ ∶ (x 2 − xy − 2y 2 ) iii. 15a b , 10a b , 21a3 b3
5 6 2 5

∶ c let x be the fourth proportional

product of Extremes = product of Means 15a5 b6 ∶ 10a2 b5 ∶ ∶ 21a3 b3 ∶ c
(x − y)2 × c = (x 2 − xy − 2y 2 ) × (x 2 − xy − 2y 2 ) product of Extremes = Product of means
(x 2 − xy − 2y 2 ) × (x 2 − xy − 2y 2 ) 15a5 b6 × c = 10a2 b5 × 21a3 b3
c= 10a2 b5 × 21a3 b3
(x + y)2 c=
(x 2 − xy − 2y 2 )2 15a5 b 6
c= 2a b × 7a3 b3
2 5
(x + y)2 c=
(x − 2xy + xy − 2y 2 )2
2 a5 b 6
c= c = 14 a b × a3 b3 × a−5 b−6
2 5
(x + y)2
2 c = 14a2+3−5 b5+3−6
(x(x − 2y) + y(x − 2y)) c = 14b2
c=
(x + y)2 iv. x 2 − 11x + 24, x − 3, 5x 4 − 40x 3
2
((x + y)(x − 2y))
c= let x be the fourth proportional
(x + y)2
(x + y)2 (x − 2y)2 x 2 − 11x + 24 ∶ x − 3 ∶ ∶ 5x 4 − 40x 3 ∶ c
c= product of Extremes = Product of means
(x + y)2
c = (x − 2y)2 x 2 − 11x + 24 × c = (x − 3) × (5x 4 − 40x 3 )
c = (x − 2y)(x − 2y) (x − 3) × (5x 4 − 40x 3 )
c=
p2 −q2 p−q x 2 − 11x + 24
vi. ,
p3 +q3 p2 −pq+q2 (x − 3)5x 3 (x − 8)
let x be the third proportional to c= 2
x − 8x − 3x + 24
p −q2 2
p−q p−q 5x 3 (x − 3)(x − 8)
3 3
∶ 2 2
∶∶ 2 ∶ c c=
p +q p − pq + q p − pq + q2 x(x − 8) − 3(x − 8)
product of Extremes = product of Means 5x 3 (x − 3)(x − 8)
c=
p2 − q2 p−q p−q (x − 3)(x − 8)
×c = 2 × 2
3
p +q 3 p − pq + q 2 p − pq + q2 c = 5x 3
p−q p−q p3 + q3 v. p3 + q3 , p2 − q2 , p2 − pq + q2
c= 2 × × let x be the fourth proportional
p − pq + q2 p2 − pq + q2 p2 − q2
p−q p−q p + q3 ∶ p2 − q2 ∶ ∶ p2 − pq + q2 ∶ c
3
c= 2 2
× 2
p − pq + q p − pq + q2 product of Extremes = Product of means
(p + q)(p2 − pq + q2 ) p3 + q3 × c = p2 − q2 × p2 − pq + q2
×
(p − q)(p + q) p2 − q2 × p2 − pq + q2
p−q c=
c= 2 p3 + q3
p − pq + q2 (p − q)(p + q)(p2 − pq + q2 )
Question No.2 find a fourth proportional to c=
p3 + q3
i. 5,8,15 (p − q)(p3 + q3 )
let x be the fourth proportional c=
p3 + q3
5 ∶ 8 ∶ ∶ 15 ∶ x c = (p − q)
product of Extremes = Product of means (p2 − q2 )(p2 + pq + q2 ), p3 + q3 , p3 − q3
vi.
5x = 8 × 15 let x be the fourth proportional
8 × 15
x= (p2 − q2 )(p2 + pq + q2 ) ∶ p3 + q3 ∶
5 ∶ p3 − q3 ∶ c
x=8×3
(p − q )(p + pq + q2 ) × c
2 2 2
x = 24
2 3 5 = p3 + q3 × p3 − q3
ii. 4x , 2x , 18x
p + q3 × p3 − q3
3
let x be the fourth proportional c= 2
4x 2 ∶ 2x 3 ∶ ∶ 18x 5 ∶ c (p − q2 )(p2 + pq + q2 )
product of Extremes = Product of means (p + q)(p − pq + q2 )(p − q)(p2 + pq + q2 )
2
c=
4x 4 × c = 2x 3 × 18x 5 (p + q)(p − q)(p2 + pq + q2 )

Complied by Shumaila Amin 7|Page

Class 10th Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
c = p2 − pq + q2 Squaring root on both sides
Question No.3 find a mean proportional between √p2 = √(15)2
i. 20,45 p = ±15
let x be the mean proportional ii. 8 , x, 18
20 ∶ x ∶ ∶ x ∶ 45 8 ∶ x ∶ ∶ x ∶ 18
product of means = product of extremes product of means = product of extremes
x 2 = 20 × 45 x 2 = 8 × 18
x 2 = 900 x 2 = 144
Taking squaring root on both sides Squaring root on both sides
√x 2 = √(30)2 √x 2 = √(12)2
x = ±30 x = ±12
ii. 20x 3 y 5 , 5x 7 y iii. 12,3p − 6,27
let x be the mean proportional 12 ∶ 3p − 6 ∶ ∶ 3 p − 6 ∶ 27
20x 3 y5 ∶ c ∶ ∶ c ∶ 5x 7 y product of means = product of extremes
product of means = product of extremes (3p − 6)2 = 12 × 27
c 2 = 20x 3 y 5 × 5x 7 y (3p − 6)2 = 324
c 2 = 100x10 y6 Squaring root on both sides
Taking squaring root on both sides √(3p − 6)2 = √(18)2
=√c 2 √(10)2 x10 y6 3p − 6 = ±18
x = ±10x 5 y 3
4 3 5 7 3p − 6 = +18 3p − 6 = −18
iii. 15p qr , 135q r
let x be the mean proportional 3p = 18 + 6 3p = −18 + 6
15p4 qr 3 ∶ x ∶ ∶ x ∶ 135q5 r 7 3p = 24 3p = −12
product of means = product of extremes 24 12
p= =8 p=−
x 2 = 15p4 qr 3 × 135q5 r 7 3 3
p=8 p = −4
x 2 = 2025p4 q6 r10
Taking squaring root on both sides
iv. 7, m − 3, 28
√x 2 = √(45)2 p4 q6 r10 7 ∶ m − 3 ∶ ∶ 3m − 3 ∶ 28
x = ±45p2 q3 r 5 product of means = product of extremes
x−y
iv. x 2 − y 2 , x+y (m − 3)2 = 7 × 28
(m − 3)2 = 196
let x be the mean proportional Squaring root on both sides
x−y √(m − 3)2 = √(14)2
x2 − y2: c ∶ ∶ c ∶
x+y m − 3 = ±14
product of means = product of extremes
x−y m − 3 = +14 m − 3 = 14
c2 = x2 − y2 ×
x+y m = 14 + 3 m = −14 + 3
2
x−y m = 14 m = −11
c = (x − y)(x + y) ×
x+y
2
c = (x − y)(x − y)
c 2 = (x − y)2
Taking squaring root on both sides
√c 2 = √(x − y)2
x = ±(x − y)
Question No.4 find the valves of the letter
involved in the following continued
proportional
i. 5, p, 45
5 ∶ p ∶ ∶ p ∶ 45
product of means = product of extremes
p2 = 5 × 45
p2 = 225

Complied by Shumaila Amin 8|Page

Class 10th Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
Theorems on proportional: 𝑎𝑐 2 +𝑏𝑑 2 𝑐 3 +𝑑3
iii. 𝑎𝑐 2 −𝑏𝑑 2
= 𝑐 3 −𝑑3
1. Theorem of Invertendo 𝐵𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 – 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜
(𝑎𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑑2 ) + (𝑎𝑐 2 − 𝑏𝑑2 )
𝒊𝒇 𝒂: 𝒃 = 𝒄: 𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒃: 𝒂 = 𝒅: 𝒄
(𝑎𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑑2 ) − (𝑎𝑐 2 − 𝑏𝑑2 )
2. Theorem of Alternando (𝑐 3 + 𝑑3 ) + (𝑐 3 − 𝑑3 )
= 3
(𝑐 + 𝑑3 ) − (𝑐 3 − 𝑑3 )
𝒊𝒇 𝒂: 𝒃 = 𝒄: 𝒅 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂: 𝒄 = 𝒃: 𝒅 2 2
𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑2 2
𝑐 3 + 𝑑3 + 𝑐 3 − 𝑑3
=
3. Theorem of Componendo 𝑎𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑑2 − 𝑎𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑑2 𝑐 3 + 𝑑3 − 𝑐 3 + 𝑑3
2𝑎𝑐 2 2𝑐 3
𝒊𝒇 𝒂: 𝒃 = 𝒄: 𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 =
2𝑏𝑑2 2𝑑3
𝑎𝑐 2 𝑐 3
(i). 𝒂 + 𝒃: 𝒃 = 𝒄 + 𝒅: 𝒅 =
(ii). 𝒂: 𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝒄: 𝒄 + 𝒅 𝑏𝑑2 𝑑3
𝑑 2
4. Theorem of Dividendo Multiplying by 2
𝑐
𝑎 𝑐
𝒊𝒇 𝒂: 𝒃 = 𝒄: 𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 =
𝑏 𝑑
(iii). 𝒂 − 𝒃: 𝒃 = 𝒄 − 𝒅: 𝒅 𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑
(iv). 𝒂: 𝒂 − 𝒃 = 𝒄: 𝒄 − 𝒅
𝑎 2 𝑐+𝑏2 𝑑 𝑎𝑐 2 +𝑏𝑑 2
Exercise 3.4 iv.
𝑎 2 𝑐−𝑏2 𝑑
=
𝑎𝑐 2 −𝑏𝑑 2
Question No.1 prove that 𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝐵𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 – 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜
i.
4𝑎+5𝑏
=
4𝑐+5𝑑 (𝑎2 𝑐 + 𝑏 2 𝑑) + (𝑎2 𝑐 − 𝑏 2 𝑑)
4𝑎−5𝑏 4𝑐−5𝑑
Solution: (𝑎2 𝑐 + 𝑏 2 𝑑) − (𝑎2 𝑐 − 𝑏 2 𝑑)
𝐵𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 – 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 (𝑎𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑑2 ) + (𝑎𝑐 2 − 𝑏𝑑2 )
=
(4𝑎 + 5𝑏) + (4𝑎 − 5𝑏) (𝑎𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑑2 ) − (𝑎𝑐 2 − 𝑏𝑑2 )
(4𝑎 + 5𝑏) − (4𝑎 − 5𝑏)
(4𝑐 + 5𝑑) + (4𝑐 − 5𝑑) 𝑎2 𝑐 + 𝑏 2 𝑑 + 𝑎2 𝑐 − 𝑏 2 𝑑
=
(4𝑐 − 5𝑑) − (4𝑐 − 5𝑑) 𝑎2 𝑐 + 𝑏 2 𝑑 − 𝑎2 𝑐 + 𝑏 2 𝑑
4𝑎 + 5𝑏 + 4𝑎 − 5𝑏 4𝑐 + 5𝑑 + 4𝑐 − 5𝑑 𝑎𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑑2 + 𝑎𝑐 2 − 𝑏𝑑2
= = 2
4𝑎 + 5𝑏 − 4𝑎 + 5𝑏 4𝑐 + 5𝑑 − 4𝑐 + 5𝑑 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑2 − 𝑎𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑑2
4𝑎 + 4𝑎 4𝑐 + 4𝑐
=
5𝑏 + 5𝑏 5𝑑 + 5𝑑 2𝑎2 𝑐 2𝑎𝑐 2
8𝑎 8𝑐 =
= 2𝑏 2 𝑑 2𝑏𝑑2
10𝑏 10𝑑
10
Multiplying by 8 𝑎2 𝑐 𝑎𝑐 2
𝑎 𝑐 =
𝑏 2 𝑑 𝑏𝑑2
= 𝑏𝑑
𝑏 𝑑 Multiplying by 𝑎𝑐
𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑
2𝑎+9𝑏 2𝑐+9𝑑
ii. 2𝑎−9𝑏
= 2𝑐−9𝑑 𝑎 𝑐
=
𝐵𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 – 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑏 𝑑
(2𝑎 + 9𝑏) + (2𝑎 − 9𝑏) 𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐; 𝑑
(2𝑎 + 9𝑏) − (2𝑎 − 9𝑏)
𝑝𝑎+𝑞𝑏 𝑝𝑐+𝑞𝑑
(2𝑐 + 9𝑑) + (2𝑐 − 9𝑑) v. = 𝑝𝑐−𝑞𝑑
= 𝑝𝑎−𝑞𝑏
(2𝑐 + 9𝑑) − (2𝑐 − 9𝑑) 𝐵𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 – 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜
2𝑎 + 9𝑏 + 2𝑎 − 9𝑏 2𝑐 + 9𝑑 + 2𝑐 − 9𝑑 (𝑝𝑎 + 𝑞𝑏) + (𝑝𝑎 − 𝑞𝑏)
=
2𝑎 + 9𝑏 − 2𝑎 + 9𝑏 2𝑐 + 9𝑑 − 2𝑐 + 9𝑑 (𝑝𝑎 + 𝑞𝑏) − (𝑝𝑎 − 𝑞𝑏)
2𝑎 + 2𝑎 2𝑐 + 2𝑐
= (𝑝𝑐 + 𝑞𝑑) + (𝑝𝑐 − 𝑞𝑑)
9𝑏 + 9𝑏 9𝑑 + 9𝑑 =
4𝑎 4𝑐 (𝑝𝑐 + 𝑞𝑑) − (𝑝𝑐 − 𝑞𝑑)
= 𝑝𝑎 + 𝑞𝑏 + 𝑝𝑎 − 𝑞𝑏 𝑝𝑐 + 𝑞𝑑 + 𝑝𝑐 − 𝑞𝑑
18𝑏 18𝑑 =
Multiplying by
18 𝑝𝑎 + 𝑞𝑏 − 𝑝𝑎 + 𝑞𝑏 𝑝𝑐 + 𝑞𝑑 − 𝑝𝑐 + 𝑞𝑑
4
𝑎 𝑐 2𝑝𝑎 2𝑝𝑐
= =
𝑏 𝑑 2𝑞𝑏 2𝑞𝑑
𝑝𝑎 𝑝𝑐
𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑 =
𝑞𝑏 𝑞𝑑
Complied by Shumaila Amin 9|Page
Class 10th Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
𝑞 a2 +b2 ac+bd
Multiplying by 𝑝 viii. = ac−bd
a2 −b2
𝑎 𝑐 by componendo − dividendo
=
𝑏 𝑑 (a2 + b2 ) + (a2 − b2 ) (ac + bd) + (ac − bd)
𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑐: 𝑑 =
a+b+c+d a−b+c−d (a2 + b 2 ) − (a2 − b 2 ) (ac + bd) − (ac − bd)
vi. a+b−c−d
= a−b−c+d a2 + b2 + a2 − b2 ac + bd + ac − bd
𝐵𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 – 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 =
a2 + b 2 − a2 + b 2 ac + bd − ac + bd
(a + b + c + d) + (a + b − c − d) 2a2 2ac
=
(a + b + c + d) − (a + b − c − d) 2b 2 2bd
(a − b + c − d) + (a − b − c + d) a2 ac
= =
(a − b + c − d) − (a − b − c + d) b 2 bd
b
a+b+c+d+a+b−c−d Multiplying by a
a+b+c+d−a−b+c+d a c
a−b+c−d+a−b−c+d =
= b d
a−b+c−d−a+b+c+d a ∶ b = c ∶ dd
2a + 2b 2a − 2b Question No.2 using theorem of componendo −
=
2c + 2d 2c − 2d dividendo
a+b a−b x+2y x+2z 4yz
= i. Find the value of + if x =
c+d c−d x−2y x−2z y+z
by comoponendo − dividendo 4yz
x= → (i)
(a + b) + (a − b) (c + d) + (c − d) y+z
=
(a + b) − (a − b) (c + d) − (c − d) From eq. (i)
2a 2c 2y + 2z
= x=
2b 2d y+z
a c x 2z
= =
b d 2y y + z
a ∶ b = c ∶ dd
2a+3b+2c+3d 2a−3b+2c−3d By applying componendo − dividendo
vii. = theorem
2a+3b−2c−3d 2a−3b−2c+3d
Solution: x + 2y 2z + y + z
(2a + 3b + 2c + 3d) + (2a + 3b − 2c − 3d) =
x − 2y 2z − y − z
(2a + 3b + 2c + 3d) − (2a + 3b − 2c − 3d) x + 2y y + 3z
(2a − 3b + 2c − 3d) + (2a − 3b − 2c + 3d) = → (ii)
x − 2y z−y
=
(2a − 3b + 2c − 3d) − (2a − 3b − 2c + 3d) From eq (i)
2y × 2z
x=
2a + 3b + 2c + 3d + 2a + 3b − 2c − 3d y+z
2a + 3b + 2c + 3d − 2a + 3b + 2c + 3d x 2y
2a − 3b + 2c − 3d + 2a − 3b − 2c + 3d =
= 2z y + z
2a − 3b + 2c − 3d − 2a + 3b + 2c − 3d By applying componendo − dividendo
4a + 6b 4a − 6b theorem
=
4c + 6d 4c − 6d x + 2z 2y + y + z
4a + 6b 4c + 6d =
= x − 2z 2y − y − z
4a − 6b 4c − 6d x + 2z z + 3y
by componendo − dividendo = → (iii)
(4a + 6b) + (4a − 6b) (4c + 6d) + (4c − 6d) x − 2z y−z
= Adding equations (ii) and (iii)
(4a + 6b) − (4a − 6b) (4c + 6d) − (4c − 6d)
4a + 6b + 4a − 6b 4c + 6d + 4c − 6d x + 2y x + 2z y + 3z z + 3y
+ = +
= x − 2y x − 2z z−y y−z
4a + 6b − 4a + 6b 4c + 6d − 4c + 6d
8a 8c y + 3z z + 3y
= =− +
12b 12d y−z y−z
2a 2c z + 3y y + 3z
= = −
3b 3d y−z y−z
3 z + 3y − y − 3z
Multiplying by 2 =
a c y−z
= 2y − 2z
b d =
a ∶ b = c ∶ dd y−z

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2(y − z) By applying componendo − dividendo
= =2
y−z theorem
ii. find the value of
m+5n m+5p
+ m−5p x + 6a 2b + a − b
m−5n =
10np x − 6a 2b + a − b
If m = n+p
x + 6a a+b
=
Solution: x − 6a 3b − a
10np x − 6a 3b − a
m= → (i) = → (ii)
n+p x + 6a a+b
From eq.(i)
From eq(i)
6b × 2a
5n × 2p x=
m= a−b
n+p x 2a
m 2p =
= 6b a − b
5n n + p By applying componendo − dividendo
By applying componendo − dividendo theorem
theorem x + 6b 2a + a − b
m + 5n 2p + n + p =
= x − 6b 2a − a + b
m − 5n 2p − n − p x + 6b 3a − b
m + 5n 3p + n = → (iii)
x − 6b a+b
= → (ii)
m − 5n p−n Subtracting equation (iii) from (ii)
From eq.(i)
2n × 5p x − 6a x + 6b 3b − a 3a − b
m= − = −
n+p x + 6a x − 6b a+b a+b
m 2n 3b − a − 3a + b
= =
5p n + p a+b
By applying componendo − dividendo −4a + 4b
=
theorem a+b
4(b − a)
m + 5p 2n + n + p =
= a+b
m − 5p 2n − n − p x−3y x+3z 3yz
m + 5p 3n + p iv. Find the value of x+3y − x−3z , if x = y−z
= → (iii) 3yz
m − 5p n−p x= → (i)
Adding (ii) and (iii) y−z
m + 5n m + 5p 3p + n 3n + p From equation (i)
+ = + 3y × z
m − 5n m − 5p p−n n−p x=
3p + n 3n + p y−z
=− + x z
n−p n−p =
3n + p 3p + n 3y y − z
= − By applying componendo − dividendo
n−p n−p
3n + p − 3p − n theorem
= x + 3y z + y − z
n−p =
2n − 2p x − 3y z − y + z
= x + 3y y
n−p =
2(n − p) x − 3y 2z − y
=2 x − 3y 2z − y
n−p = → (ii)
x−6a x+6a 12ab x + 3y y
iii. Find the value of x+6a
− x−6a , if x = a−b
Solution: From equation (i)
12ab 3z × y
x= → (i) x=
a−b y−z
From equation (i) x y
6a × 2b =
x= 3z y − z
a−b By applying componendo − dividendo
x 2b
= theorem
6a a − b x + 3z y + y − z
=
x − 3z y − y + z
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x + 3z 2y − z (x − 2)2 − (x − 4)2 + (x − 2)2 + (x − 4)2
=
x − 3z z (x − 2)2 − (x − 4)2 − (x − 2)2 − (x − 4)2
x + 3z 2y − z 12 + 13
= → (iii) =
x − 3z z 12 − 13
Subtracting equation (iii) from eq. (ii) 2(x − 2)2 25
x − 3y x + 3z 2z − y 2y − z 2
=
− = − −2(x − 4) −1
x + 3y x − 3z y z (x − 2)2
z(2z − y) − y(2y − z) = 25
= (x − 4)2
yz Taking root on both side
2z − zy − 2y 2 + yz
2
x−2
= = ±5
yz x−4
2(z 2 − y 2 ) x−2 x−2
=5 = −5
yz x−4 x−4
s−3p s+3q 6pq x − 2 = 5(x − 4) x−2
v. Find the value of s+3p + s−3q , if s = p−q
x − 2 = 5x − 20 = −5(x − 4)
6pq x − 5x = −20 + 2 x−2
s= → (i)
p−q −4x = −18 = −5x + 20
From eq. (i) 4x = 18 x + 5x = 20 + 2
3p × 2p 18 6x = 22
s= x= 22
p−q 4 x=
9 6
s 2q x=
= 2 11
3p p − q x=
3
By applying componendo − dividendo
theorem 9 11
s + 3p 2q + p − q S. S = { , }
= 2 3
s − 3p 2q − p + q vii. Solve
√x2 +2+√x2 −2
=2
s + 3p q+p √x2 +2−√x2 −2
= Solution:
s − 3p 3q − p
s − 3p 3q − p √x 2 + 2 + √x 2 − 2
= → (ii) =2
s + 3p p+q √x 2 + 2 − √x 2 − 2
From eq.(i) By applying componendo − dividendo
2p × 3q theorem
s=
p−q √x 2 + 2 + √x 2 − 2 + √x 2 + 2 − √x 2 − 2
s 2p
= √x 2 + 2 + √x 2 − 2 − √x 2 + 2 + √x 2 − 2
3q p − q 2+1
s + 3q 2p + p − q =
= 2−1
s − 3q 2p − p + q 2√x 2 + 2 3
s + 3q 3p − q =
= → (iii) 2√x 2 − 2 1
s − 3q p+q
√x 2 + 2
Adding equation (ii) and (i) =3
s − 3p s + 3q 3q − p 3p − q √x 2 − 2
+ = + Taking square on both sides
s + 3p s − 3q p+q p+q
3q − p + 3p − q x2 + 3
= =9
p+q x2 − 2
2q + 2p x 2 + 2 = 9(x 2 − 2)
= x 2 + 2 = 9x 2 − 18
p+q
p+q 2 + 18 = 9x 2 − x 2
=2 20 = 8x 2
p+q
=2 or 8x 2 = 20
(x−2)2 −(x−4)2 12
20
vi. Solve (x−2)2 +(x−4)2 = 13 x2 =
8
(x − 2)2 − (x − 4)2 12 5
= x2 =
(x − 2)2 + (x − 4)2 13 2
By applying componendo − dividendo
theorem
Complied by Shumaila Amin 12 |
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(x + 5)3
5 = 27
x = ±√ (x − 3)2
2
Taking cube roots on both side
If we check the given equation for this x+5
value doesn’t satisfy the equation so the =3
x−3
given solution is extraneous. x + 5 = 3(x − 3)
So, x + 5 = 3x − 9
S. S = { } x − 3x = −9 − 5
√x2 +8p2 −√x2 −p2 1 −2x = −14
viii. =3
√x2 +8p2 +√x2 −p2 14
Solution: x=
2
√x 2 + 8p2 − √x 2 − p2 1 x=7
= S. S = {7}
√x 2+ + 8p2− √x 2 p2 3
Joint variation:
By applying componendo − dividendo
A combination of direct and inverse variation of one
theorem
or more than variables form joint variation.
√x 2 + 8p2 − √x 2 − p2 + √x 2 + 8p2 + √x 2 − p2 If a variable 𝑦 varies as 𝑥 varies inversely as z.
√x 2 + 8p2 − √x 2 − p2 − √x 2 + 8p2 − √x 2 − p2 1
Then 𝑦 ∝ 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ∝ 𝑧
1+3
= Then joint variation, we write it as
1−3 𝑥
𝑦∝
𝑧
2√x 2 + 8p2 4 𝑥
= 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑘
−2 𝑧
−2√x 2 − p2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 ≠ 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
√x 2 + 8p2
=2 Exercise 3.5
√x 2 − p2
Question No.1 if S varies directly as u2 and
Taking square on both sides
inversely as v and s = 7 when u = 3, v = 2. Find
x 2 + 8p2
=4 the value of S when u=6
x 2 − p2 Solution:
x 2 + 8p2 = 4(x 2 − p2 )
s ∝ u2
x 2 + 8p2 = 4x 2 − 4p2 1
x 2 − 4x 2 = −4p2 − 8p2 s∝
v
−3x 2 = −12p2 u2
12 2 s=k → (i)
x2 = p v
3 put s = 7, u = 3, v = 2
x = 4p2
2
32
Taking squaring root both sides 7=k
2
x = ±2p 9
S. S = {2p, −2p} 7=k
2
(x+5)3 −(x−3)3 13 7×2
ix. Solve (x+5)3 +(x−3)3 = 14 =k
9
Solution: 14
(x + 5)3 − (x − 3)3 13 =k
= 9
(x + 5)3 + (x − 3)3 14 14
or k =
By applying componendo − dividendo 9
theorem So, equation (i) becomes
14u2
S= → (ii)
(x + 5)3 − (x − 3)3 + (x + 5)3 + (x − 3)3 9v
(x + 5)3 − (x − 3)3 −(x + 5)3 − (x − 3)3 Put u = 6 and v = 10 in equation (ii)
13 + 14 14(6)2
= S=
13 − 14 9(10)
2(x + 5)3 27 14 × 36
= S=
−2(x − 3) 3 −1 9 × 10
28
S=
5
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Question No.2 if w varies jointly as x, y 2 and z and Divide by 3
8
w=5 when x=2,y=3, z=10. Find w when x=4,y=7 and y = 12
z=3. 2
Divide by 4 y=3
Solution:
w∝x
w ∝ y2 Question No.4 if u varies directly as
w∝z x 2 and inversly as the product yz 3 , and u = 2 when
w = kxy 2 z → (i) x=8, y=7. Find the value of u when x=6, y=3 , z=2
Putw = 5, x = 2, y = 3, z = 10 Solution:
5 = k(2)(3)2 (10) u ∝ x2
5 = k(180) 1
u∝ 3
5 yz
k= x2
180
1 u = k 3 → (i)
k= yz
36 put u = 2, x = 8 , y = 7, z = 2
so, Equation (i) becomes 82
xy 2 z 2=k
w= → (ii) 7(2)3
36 64
Putx = 4, y = 7 and z = 3 in equation (ii) 2=k
7×8
4(7)2 (3) 64
S= 2=k
36 56
49 2 × 56
S= =k
3 64
Question No.3 if Y varies directly as divide by 8
x 3 and inversly as z 3 and t, and y = 16 2×7
=k
When x = 4 , z = 2, t = 8
3. find the value of y when x = 2, z = 3 and t = 4 14
=k
Solution: 8
Divide by 2
7
y ∝ x3 =k
1 4
y∝ 2 So, Equation (i)
z
1 u=
y∝ 7x2
t 4yz3
→ (ii)
x3
y = k 2 → (i) put x = 6, y = 3 and z = 2 in equation (ii)
z t 7(6)2
Puty = 16, x = 4, z = 2, t = 3 u=
4(3)(2)3
43
16 = k 2 7 × 36
2 (3) u=
4(3)(8)
64 7×9
16 = k u= (÷ by4)
12 3(8)
16 × 12
=k 7×3
64 u= (÷ by 3)
16 8
=k 21
4 u=
3=k 8
or k = 3
Question No.5 if v varies directly as the product
So, equation (i) becomes
xy 3 and inversly as z 2 and v = 27 when
3x 3
y = 2 → (ii) x = 7, y = 6, z = 7. find the value of v when x =
z t
Put x = 2, z = 3 and t = 4 in equation(ii) 6, y = 2, z = 3
3(2)3 Solution:
y= v ∝ xy 3
(3)2 (4)
1
3(8) v∝ 2
y= z
9(4)
Complied by Shumaila Amin 14 |
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xy 3
u=k → (i)
z2
put v = 27, x = 7, y = 6, z = 7
(7)(6)3
27 = k
(7)2
216
27 = k (÷ by 7)
7
27 × 7
=k
216
7
=k by(27 ÷ 216 = 8)
8
7
or k = K-Method:
8
so, Eqution (i)becomes Uses k method to prove conditional equalities
7xy 3 involving proportional.
u= → (ii)
8z 2 if a: b ∷ c: d is a proportion, then putting each
put x = 6, y = 2, z = 3 in equation (ii)
ratio equal to k
7(6)(2)3 a c
u=
8(9) i. s = =k
7×6×8
b d
u= a c
8×9 = k; = k
7×6
b d
u= a = bk and c = dk
9
7×2 Exercise 3.6
u=
3
14 Question No1 if a ∶ b = c ∶ d, , then show that
u= 4a−9b 4c−9d
3 i. 4a+9b
= 4c+9d
Question No.6 if w varies inversely as the cube of Solution:
u, and w=5 when u=3. Find w when u=6 As a ∶ b = c ∶ d
Solution: a c
let = = k
1 b d
w∝ 3 thena = bk and c = dk
u
k
w = 3 → (i) 4a − 9b 4c − 9d
u =
Put w=5 and u=3 4a + 9b 4c + 9d
k Putting the valves
5= 3 4(bk) − 9b 4(dk) − 9d
3 =
k 4(bk) + 9b 4(dk) + 9d
5=
27 Putting the valves
(5 × 27) = k 4bk − 9b 4dk − 9d
135 = k =
4bk + 9b 4dk + 9d
or 135 = k b(4k − 9) d(4k − 9)
So, equation (i) becomes =
b(4k + 9) d(4k + 9)
135 (4k − 9) (4k − 9)
w = 3 → (ii) =
u (4k + 9) (4k + 9)
Put u=6 in equation (ii) L. H. S = R. H. S
135
w=
(6)3 6a−5b 6c−5d
135 ii. 6a+5b
= 6c+5d
w= Solution:
216
5 As a ∶ b = c ∶ d
w= a c
8 let b = d = k
thena = bk and c = dk
6a − 5b 6c − 5d
=
6a + 5b 6c + 5d

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Putting these valves p(a + b) + qb a
=
6(bk) − 5b 6(dk) − 5d p(c + d) + qd c
=
6(bk) + 5b 6(dk) + 5d As a ∶ b = c ∶ d
6bk − 5b 6dk − 5d a c
= let = = k
b d
6bk + 5b 6dk + 5d thena = bk and c = dk
b(6k − 5) d(6k − 5)
= putting these valves
b(6k + 5) d(6k + 5)
p(bk + b) + qb bk
6k − 5 6k − 5 =
= p(dk + d) + qd dk
6k + 5 6k + 5
L. H. S = R. H. S (pkb + pb) + qb bk
=
(pdk + pd) + qd dk
b[p(k + 1) + q] b
iii.
a a2 +c2
= √b2 +d2 =
b d[p(k + 1) + q] d
Solution: b d
=
As a ∶ b = c ∶ d d d
a c L. H. S = R. H. S
let b = d = k a3 c3
vi. a2 + b2 ∶ a+b = c 2 + d2 ∶ c+d
thena = bk and c = dk
Solution:
a a2 + c 2 a2 + b2 c 2 + d2
=√ 2 =
b b + d2 a3 c3
Putting these valves a+b c+d

bk (bk)2 + (dk)2 As a ∶ b = c ∶ d
=√
b b 2 + d2 a c
let b = d = k
bk b 2 k 2 + k 2 d2 thena = bk and c = dk
=√ putting these valves
b b 2 + d2
(bk)2 + b2 (dk)2 + d2
=
k 2 (b2 + d2 ) (bk)3 (dk)3
k=√ bk + b kd + d
b 2 + d2
b2 k 2 + b2 d2 k 2 + d2
k = √k 2 =
b 3 k3 d3 k 3
k=k bk + b kd + d
L. H. S = R. H. S b2 (k 2 + 1) d2 (k 2 + 1)
=
iv. a6 + c 6 ∶ b6 + d6 = a3 c 2 ∶ b3 d3 b 3 k3 d3 k 3
6 6
a +c a3 c 3 b(k + 1) d(k + 1)
= b 2 (k 2
+ 1) d2 (k 2 + 1)
b 6 + d6 b 3 d3
=
As a ∶ b = c ∶ d b 2 k3 d2 k 3
a c (k + 1) k +1
let b = d = k
2 2
(k + 1)(k + 1) (k + 1)(k + 1)
thena = bk and c = dk =
a6 + c 6 a3 c 3 k3 k3
= L. H. S = R. H. S
b 6 + d6 b 3 d3

Putting these valves a a+b c c+d

(bk)6 + (dk)6 (bk)3 (dk)3 vii. a−b
∶ b
= c−d ∶ d
=
b 6 + d6 b 3 d3 Solution:
6 6 6 6 3 3 3 3 a a+b c c+d
b k +d k b k d k
= ∶ = ∶
6
b +d 6 b 3 d3 a−b b c−d d
k 6 (b6
+d 6)
k 6 (b3 3 )
d a c
6 6
= a−b = c−d
b +d b d3
3
a+b c+d
6 6
k =k b d
L. H. S = R. H. S As a ∶ b = c ∶ d
a c
v. p(a + b) + qb ∶ = (c + d) + qd = let b = d = k
a ∶ c thena = bk and c = dk

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putting these valves L. H. S = R. H. S
ac ce ea a2 c2 e2
iii. bd
+ df
+ fb = b2 + d2 + f2
a b c d
× = × Solution:
a−b a+b c−d c+d
bk b dk d
× = × As a ∶ b = c ∶ d = e ∶ f
bk − b bk + b dk − d dk + d a c e
bk b dk d let b = d = f = k
× = ×
b(k − 1) b(k + 1) d(k − 1) d(k + 1) thena = bk , c = dk and e = fk
k k putting these valves
=
(k − 1)(k + 1) (k − 1)(k + 1) ac ce ea a2 c 2 e2
L. H. S = R. H. S + + = + +
bd df fb b 2 d2 f 2
Question No.2
a c e
if b = d = f (a, b, c, d, e, f , ≠ 0) show that bkdk dkfk fkbk b2 k 2 d2 k 2 f 2 k 2
+ + = 2 + 2 + 2
a a2 +c2 +e2 bd df fb b d f
i. b
= √b2 +d2 +f2 k 2 bd k 2 df k 2 fb
+ + = k2 + k2 + k2
bd df fb
As a ∶ b = c ∶ d = e ∶ f k2 + k2 + k2 = k2 + k2 + k2
a c e Exercise 3.7
let b = d = f = k
Question No1. The surface area A of a cube varies
thena = bk , c = dk and e = fk directly as the square of the length 𝒍 of an edge and
putting these valves A=27 square units when 𝒍 = 𝟑𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
a a2 + c 2 + e2 Find (𝒊)𝑨 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒍 = 𝟒𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
=√ 2 (𝒊𝒊) 𝒍 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
b b + d2 + f 2
Solution:
bk (bk)2 + (dk)2 + (fk)2 𝐴 ∝ 𝑙2
=√
b b 2 + d2 + f 2 𝐴 = 𝑘𝑙 2 → (𝑖)
When 𝐴 = 27 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠, 𝑙 = 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
b 2 k 2 + d2 k 2 + f 2 k 2 27 = 𝑘(3)2
k=√
b 2 +d2 + f 2 27 = 𝑘(9)
27
k 2 (b 2 +d2 + f 2 ) =𝑘
k=√ 9
b 2 +d2 + f 2 3=𝑘
k = √k 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 3
k=k So equation (i) becomes
L. H. S = R. H. S i. 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑙 = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 𝐴 = 3(4)2
ac+ce+ea ace 3
ii. bd+df+fb
= [bdf] 𝐴 = 3(16)
Solution: 𝐴 = 48𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 ii. 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴 = 12 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
ac + ce + ea ace 3
=[ ] 12 = 3𝑙 2
bd + df + fb bdf 12
= 𝑙2
3
As a ∶ b = c ∶ d = e ∶ f 4 = 𝑙2
a c e
let b = d = f = k 𝑙
thena = bk , c = dk and e = fk = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
putting these valves Question No.2
2 The surface area
bkdk + dkfk + fkbk bkdkfk 3
=[ ] 𝑺 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒍𝒚 𝒂𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇
bd + df + fb bdf 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝒓, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑺 = 𝟏𝟔𝝅 when r=2.
2
k 2 bd + k 2 df + k 2 fb k 3 bdf 3 Find 𝒓 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑺 = 𝟑𝟔𝝅
=[ ]
bd + df + fb bdf Solution:
k 2 (bd + df + fb) 2
( ) 𝑆 ∝ 𝑟2
= [k 3 ] 3 𝑆 = 𝑘𝑟 2 → (𝑖)
bd + df + fb
k2 = k2 𝑆 = 16𝜋 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟 = 2

Complied by Shumaila Amin 17 |

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 Class 10th Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
16𝜋 = 𝑘(2)2 When 𝑑 = 8𝑓𝑡
16𝜋 = 4𝑘 2880
16𝜋 𝐼=
82
=𝑘 2880
4 𝐼=
4𝜋 = 𝑘 64
𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 4𝜋 𝐼 = 45𝑐𝑝
So, equation (i) becomes Question No.5 The pressure 𝒑 in a body of fluid
𝑆 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 varies directly as the depth d. if the pressure exerted
When 𝑆 = 36𝜋 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 on the bottom of a tank by a column of fluid 5ft. high
36𝜋 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 is 2.25 𝒍𝒃\𝒔𝒒. 𝒊𝒏. In how deep must fluid be to exert
𝑟2 = 9 a pressure of 9 𝒍𝒃\𝒔𝒒. 𝒊𝒏?
𝑟=3 Solution:
Question No.3 in Hook’s law the force F applied to 𝑃∝𝑑
stretch a spring varies directly as the amount of 𝑝 = 𝑘𝑑 → (𝑖)
elongation S and 𝑑 = 5𝑓𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃 = 2.25𝑙𝑏\𝑠𝑞. 𝑖𝑛
𝑭 = 𝟑𝟐 𝒍𝒃 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑺 = 2.25 = 𝑘(5)
𝟏. 𝟔 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉. 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 (𝒊) 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑭 = 𝟓𝟎𝒍𝒃 2.25
𝑘=
Solution: 5
𝐹∝𝑆 225
𝑘=
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑆 → (𝑖) 5 × 100
45
𝐹 = 32𝑙𝑏 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑆 = 1.6 𝑘=
(32) = 𝑘(1.6) 100
𝑘 = 0.45
32
𝑘= So equation (i)
1.6
32 𝑃 = 𝑜. 45𝑑
𝑘= × 10 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃 = 9 𝑙𝑏\𝑠𝑞. 𝑖𝑛
16
𝑘 = 20 9 = 0.45𝑑
So equation (i) becomes 9
=𝑑
𝐹 = 20𝑆 0.45
9 × 100
i. 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐹 = 50 𝑙𝑏 =𝑑
50𝑙𝑏 = 20𝑆 45
900
𝑆 = 2.5 𝑖𝑛 =𝑑
45
ii. 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑆 = 0.8 𝑖𝑛 20 = 𝑑
𝐹 = 20(0.8) Question No.6 𝑳𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒓 costs c varies jointly as the
𝐹 = 16 𝑙𝑏 number of workers n and the average number of
Question No.4 The intensity 𝑰 of light from a given days d, if the cost of 800 workers for 13 days is Rs.
source varies inversely as the square of the distance 286000, then find the 𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒓 cost of 600 workers
d from it. If the intensity is 20 candlepower at a for 18days.
distance of 12ft. from the source, find the intensity Solution:
at a point 8ft. from the source. 𝒄 ∝ 𝑛𝑑
Solution: 𝒄 = 𝑘𝑛𝑑 → (𝑖)
1
𝐼∝ 2 𝑐 = 𝑅𝑠. 286000, 𝑛 = 800, 𝑑 = 13
𝑑 286000 = 𝑘(800)(13)
𝑘
𝐼 = 2 → (𝑖) 286000
𝑑 𝑘=
𝐼 = 20 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑 = 12𝑓𝑡 10400
𝑘 = 27.5
𝑘
(20) = So equation (i) becomes
(12)2
𝑐 = 27.5
𝑘
20 = When 𝑛 = 600, 𝑑 = 18
144
𝑘 = 20 × 144 𝑐 = 27.5(600)(18)
𝑘 = 2880 𝑐 = 297000
So equation (𝑖)𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 Question No. 7 The supporting load c of a pillar
2880 varies as the fourth power of its diameter d and
𝐼= 2 inversely as the square of its length 𝒍. A pillar
𝑑
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Class 10th Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟔 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝟑𝟎 feet will the kinetic energy of a 3000 𝒍𝒃 automobile travelling
support a load of 63 tons. How high a 4 inch pillar 44ft/sec.
must be to support a load of 28 tons.? Solution:
Solution: 𝐾. 𝐸 ∝ 𝑚𝑣 2
𝑑4 𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑘𝑚𝑣 2 → (𝑖)
𝑐∝ 2 𝐾. 𝐸 = 4320𝑓𝑡/lb, m=45 𝑙𝑏, v=24𝑓𝑡/sec.
𝑙
𝑘𝑑2 4320 = 𝑘(45)(24)2
𝑐 = 2 → (𝒊) 4320
𝑙
𝑐 = 63 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠, 𝑑 = 6𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ , 𝐼 = 30𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑘=
45 × 476
𝑘(6)4 4320
63 = 𝑘=
(𝟑𝟎)𝟐 25920
1
𝑘 = 43.75 𝑘=
So equation (i) becomes 6
So equation (i) becomes
43.75𝑑2
𝑐= 𝑚𝑣 2
𝑙2 𝐾. 𝐸 =
When 𝑑 = 4𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ , 𝑐 = 28 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 6
When 𝑚 = 3000𝑙𝑏, 𝑣 = 44 𝑓𝑡 / 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
43.75(4)4
28 = (3000)(44)2
𝑙2 𝐾. 𝐸 =
43.75(4)4 6
𝑙2 = 𝐾. 𝐸 = 500 × 1936
28
𝐾. 𝐸 = 96800 𝑓𝑡/ 𝑙𝑏
𝑙 2 = 400
Best wishes
𝑙 2 = 20𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡
Question No.8
The times T required for an elevator to lift a weight
varies jointly as the weight w and the lifting depth d
varies inverlsy as the power P of the motor. If 25 sec.
are required for a 4-hp motor to lift 500lb through
40ft, what power is required to lift 800lb. through
120 ft in 40 sec?
Solution:
𝑤𝑑
𝑇∝
𝑝

𝑇=
𝑘𝑤𝑑
→ (𝑖)
Complied by Shumaila Amin
𝑝
𝑇 = 25𝑠𝑒𝑐, 𝑝 = 4 − ℎ𝑝, 𝑤 = 500𝑙𝑏, 𝑑 = 40𝑓𝑡
𝑘(500)(40)
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25 =
4
25 × 4
𝐾=
500 × 40
So equation (i) becomes
0.005𝑤𝑑
𝑇=
𝑝
When 𝑤 = 800𝑙𝑏, 𝑑 = 120 𝑓𝑡 , 𝑇 = 40 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
0.005 × 800 × 120
40 =
𝑃
0.005 × 800 × 120
𝑃=
40
𝑝 = 12ℎ𝑝
Question No.9
The kinetic energy (𝑲. 𝑬)of a body varies jointly as
the mass "m" of the body and the square of its
velocity "𝑽" if the energy is 4320𝒇𝒕/𝒍𝒃 when the
mass is 45𝒍𝒃 and the velocity is 𝟐𝟒𝒇𝒕/sec. Determine

Complied by Shumaila Amin 19 |

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