College of Engineering
ABEN 3412 LEC
AB IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING
MODULE 3
Submitted by:
VIERNES, JAMAECA B.
BSABE 3-1
Submitted to:
ENGR. MARVIN CINENSE, Ph. D.
TOPIC 1: IRRIGATION STRUCTURES AND FLOW MEASUREMENTS
1. Of the various measuring devices discussed which one could be best suited for an
earth canal of relatively flat gradient?
➢ Conveyance structures is the best suited for an earth canal of relatively flat
gradient. Drop structures and chutes are needed to restrict running canals
on very steep slopes to prevent erosion. The low depth and width allow the
canal to be built as a collection of flat surfaces with varying elevations.
2. Why will the flow over a sharp-crested weir be less than the flow over a dull crested
weir even when depths over the crests are the same?
➢ The flow over a sharp-crested weir is less than the flow over a dull crested
weir even when depths over the crests are the same because for a high
sharp-crested weir, as that of an overall spillway of a large dam, the velocity
of approach is small and the lower nappe flowing over the weir attains
maximum vertical contraction. As the approach depth is decreased, the
velocity approach increases, and the vertical contraction diminishes. For
sharp-crested weirs whose heights are not less than about one-fifth of the
head producing the flow, the coefficient of discharge remains relatively
constant, although the contraction diminishes. For weir heights less than
one-fifth of the head, the flow's contraction becomes increasingly
suppressed, and the crest coefficient decreases. A distance of 10 meters
was marked along the straight section of a river for float measurement.
3. It took 15 minutes for an object float to travel the distance. If the cross-sectional
area of the river is 1.5 sq. m. what is the discharge?
➢ GIVEN:
t = 15 mins.
A = 1.5 sq. m
➢ SOLUTION:
𝑑 10 𝑚 𝑚
𝑉= = = 0.0111
𝑡 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠 𝑠
15 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 = (1.5 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚) (0.0111 )
𝑠
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝒄𝒖. 𝒎
4. What criteria will you used to decide the type of (flume, open ditch, surface pipe or
underground pipe) conveyance to use?
➢ The criteria that I will use is flume type of conveyance because it consists
of a metal or concrete channel structure with three main sections: (1) a
converging section at the upstream end, leading to (2) a constricted or
throat section, and (3) a diverging section at the downstream end.
5. What is the similarity between a diversion and a check structure?
➢ The similarity between a diversion and check structure is that both
structures are used to maintain or increase water level in an open channel.
It regulates the supply of water into canals.
6. How would you initiate water movement through a 50 mm siphon to convey water
from a ditch to a furrow?
➢ By making a siphon, water drains through the ditch before the outlet is lower
than the furrow's water level. Tube inflow intensity is determined by the
diameter and the difference between the drainage outlet and the ditchwater
surface depth. Aligned distribution pipes disperse water equally over the
whole length of the pipes.
7. How can the dimension of a conveyance canal such as bottom width and depth be
influenced by soils in which it is built?
➢ The most commonly used canal cross-section in irrigation and drainage, is
the trapezoidal cross-section. For the purposes of this publication, only this
type of canal will be considered. The typical cross-section of a trapezoidal
canal. The freeboard of the canal is the height of the bank above the highest
water level anticipated. It is required to guard against overtopping by waves
or unexpected rises in the water level. The side slope of the canal is
expressed as ratio, namely the vertical distance or height to the horizontal
distance or width. The disadvantages of earthen canals are the risk of the
side slopes collapsing and the water loss due to seepage. They also require
continuous maintenance in order to control weed growth and to repair
damage done by livestock and rodents.
8. What is the theoretical velocity of a jet of water flowing out of a square orifice in a
large tank if the center of the orifice is 600 mm below the water surface?
➢ GIVEN:
A=600 mm or 60 cm
h= 120 cm
➢ SOLUTION:
𝑉 = √2𝑔ℎ
𝑐𝑚
𝑉 = √2 (981 ) (60 𝑐𝑚)
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑐𝑚
𝑉 = 343.10
𝑠
𝑽 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟑 𝒎/𝒔
9. Compute for the discharge in li/sec through a rectangular weir having suppressed
and contractions, if crest is 600 mm long and the water surface at point 2.5 meters
upstream from weir is 140 mm vertically above the weir crest.
➢ GIVEN:
L’ = 600 mm or 60 cm,
H = 140 mm or 14 cm
L = L’ – 0.02H, L = 59.72
➢ SOLUTION:
𝑄 = 0.0184𝐿𝐻 3/2
𝑄 = 0.0184(59.72)(14)3/2
𝑸 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟓𝟔 𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔/𝒔𝒆𝒄
10. For the same length of weir crest and depth of water over the crest as in prob. 6,
compute the discharge over a trapezoidal weir. Compare with weir discharge
tables if available.
➢ GIVEN:
L = 600 mm or 60 cm
H = 140 mm or 14 cm
➢ SOLUTION:
𝑄 = 0.0184𝐿𝐻 3/2
𝑄 = 0.0184(60)(14)3/2
𝑸 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟖𝟑 𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔/𝒔𝒆𝒄
11. Show that doubling the head over a rectangular weir or trapezoidal weir makes the
discharge 2.8 times greater.
➢ Let:
L= 50 cm
H= 5 cm
Therefore, Q for both rectangular and trapezoidal would be:
➢ SOLUTION:
𝑄 = 0.0184𝐿𝐻 3/2
𝑄 = 0.0184(50)(5)3/2
𝑄 = 10.29 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐
If the head will be doubled, say 10 cm, discharge would be:
𝑄 = 0.0184(50)(10)3/2
𝑄 = 29.1 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐
Quotient of the two discharges:
29.1
= 2. .83
10.29
Therefore, doubling the head of rectangular and trapezoidal weir would
increase the discharge by a factor of 2.8
TOPIC 2: PUMPS FOR IRRIGATION
1. Look for a picture or drawing of the different irrigation structures and describe its
function and its location in the field.
➢ The irrigation system consists of a (main) intake structure or (main) pumping
station, a conveyance system, a distribution system, a field application
system, and a drainage system.
Figure 1. An Irrigation System
➢ The (main) intake structure, or (main) pumping station, directs water from
the source of supply, such as a reservoir or a river, into the irrigation system.
➢ The conveyance system assures the transport of water from the main intake
structure or main pumping station up to the field ditches.
➢ The distribution system assures the transport of water through field ditches
to the irrigated fields.
➢ The field application system assures the transport of water within the fields.
➢ The drainage system removes the excess water (caused by rainfall and/or
irrigation) from the fields.
Figure 2. Main Intake Structure
➢ The intake structure is built at the entry to the irrigation system. Its purpose is to
direct water from the original source of supply (lake, river, reservoir etc.) into the
irrigation system.
Figure 3. Pumping Station
➢ There are several types of pumps, but the most commonly used in irrigation is the
centrifugal pump.
➢ The centrifugal pump consists of a case in which an element, called an impeller,
rotates driven by a motor. Water enters the case at the center, through the suction
pipe. The water is immediately caught by the rapidly rotating impeller and expelled
through the discharge pipe.
2. What have you observed to be the most common irrigation structures in your
area?
➢ Here in our barangay Bago, the most used irrigation structure is the pumping
station because we’re near the river. There is an upper dam or the main intake
structure in barangay Nazareth, but in some places, they choose to use a pumping
station since they are near to the river and their houses.
3. If an irrigation canal is forced to pass through a depression, what type of
structure is needed?
➢ Pump irrigation,
4. How can you construct a temporary check dam using only light materials?
➢ Construction of check dams or earth plugs can begin at the bottom of the gully and
work its way up. If rock materials must be moved from the gully's lower end to the
upper end for check dam construction, construction can begin at the gully's upper
end. Before starting the check dam construction, the gully head should be
stabilized by constructing a suitable check. The activities must be planned so that
all construction works would get complete before the rainy season. Otherwise,
there is a risk of causing harm to an unfinished structure.
5. Aside from the pumps presented in this module, what other water pumps you
know? Describe.
➢ Vertical Centrifugal Pumps – This form of pump improves internal force by
transferring mechanical strength from the electrical motor to the liquid through the
rotating impeller. The river of liquid enters the impeller's core and escapes via its
blades. The centrifugal force raises the fluid's momentum, and the energy, such
as kinetic energy, may be transformed to force.
➢ Horizontal Centrifugal Pumps – Cantilever pumps are another term for vertical
centrifugal pumps. These pumps have a unique shaft to sustain a mechanism that
allows the volume to fall inside the pit while the bearings are located outside of the
pit. This form of pump does not use a filling container to cover the shaft but rather
a throttle bushing. This kind of pump is commonly used in a parts washer.
➢ Diaphragm Pumps – Diaphragm pumps are also known as AOD (Air driven
diaphragm) pumps, pneumatic pumps, and AODD pumps. These pumps are
mostly used in continuous applications such as general plants, industrial, and
mines. AOD pumps are especially useful in areas where electricity is unavailable,
such as in fragile and combustible environments. These pumps are often used to
transport chemicals, food, underground coal mines, and other materials.
➢ Gear Pumps – These pumps are a kind of revolving positive dislocation pump that
forces a constant liquid volume with each revolution. These pumps are capable of
circulating heavy forces and outperform at pumping dense fluids effectively. A gear
pump does not have any valves that induce losses, such as vibration or strong
impeller velocities.
➢ Peristaltic Pumps – Tube pumps and peristaltic pumps are other terms for
peristaltic pumps. These are positive displacement pumps, and their uses
predominantly include the pharmaceutical, food, and water treatment industries. It
produces a consistent flow for weighing and mixing, and it can pump a wide range
of liquids, including toothpaste and other chemicals.
6. What criteria would you use to select a pump to irrigate your farm?
➢ Farmers can select from a wide range of pumps for irrigation purposes. Some
applications have special pump requirements, but there are many common
considerations in the selection of an appropriate pump. Some of these are:
1. discharge and pressure (or head) required
2. suction conditions
3. frequency of operation
4. reliability required
5. source of power available
6. cost per unit of power
7. capital cost, depreciation and interest charges
8. physical constraints (for example, must the pump fit in a limited space
such as a borehole?)
9. shelter available (for example, will an electric motor need
waterproofing?)
10. potential for corrosion and wear
11. facilities for maintenance.
➢ The best pump for you depends on the type of irrigation system you have. The
irrigation system and how you operate it will determine the pump performance you
require. Descriptions of pumps and their performance will help you to select a suitable
pump for your situation.
7. Which would you prefer for a two-hectare farm? Explain.
➢ I would prefer a distribution system for a two-hectare farm because it assures the
transport of water through field ditches to the irrigated fields. The field application
system assures the transport of water within the fields.
8. Thirty (30) liters/second of stream water must be pumped up a vertical height of
12 meters to irrigate a farm. If head loss in casing and pump results in 62% pump
efficiency and the electric motor used has 91% efficiency, what horsepower
rating should the motor have and how many kilowatts will it use while pumping?
➢ GIVEN:
Q = 30 l/s or 108 cu.m/hr
h = 12m
ME = 91%
PE = 62%
water density = 997 kg/cu.m
𝑄𝑝𝑔ℎ
𝑃ℎ (ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) =
3.6 × 106
108(997)(9.81)(12)
𝑃ℎ = = 3.52 𝑘𝑊 𝑜𝑟 4.720 ℎ𝑝
3.6 × 106
𝑃ℎ
𝑃𝑠 =
Ƞ𝑝
Where:
𝑃𝑠 = 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Ƞ𝑝 = 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑃𝑚 = 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
4.720
𝑃𝑠 = = 7.6129 ℎ𝑝
0.62
𝑃𝑠
𝑃𝑚 =
Ƞ𝑚
7.6129
𝑃𝑚 = = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟕 𝒉𝒑 𝒐𝒓 𝟔. 𝟐𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝑾
0.91
9. If your farm sits adjacent to a river, how would you proceed to install a pumping
system?
➢ Almost all irrigation pumps fall into this group. A centrifugal pump uses an
"impeller" to spin water within a " casing " or " chamber rapidly." The water is moved
through the pump by centrifugal force as the pump spins. Many centrifugal pumps
must be "primed" before use. Some pumps are "self-priming," which means they
are built to start without being primed. Some portable pumps for temporary use are
self-priming.
10. What are the important characteristics of a centrifugal pump?
➢ The centrifugal pump is made up of a case in which an impeller rotates and is
driven by an engine. The water reaches the case via the suction pipe in the middle.
The water is quickly captured by the rapidly spinning impeller and ejected through
the discharge tubing. When the case is fully loaded with water, the centrifugal
pump can start.
11. Of what use are pump characteristics curves? Illustrate your answer.
➢ A pump curve includes a wealth of knowledge about a pump's efficiency
capabilities. The data are plotted on an x-y scale, with the x-axis in flow units and
the y-axis in the head, power, and NPSHr. The curves simplify the selection
process for centrifugal pumps. They can be shown in one of two ways:
1. at a constant speed using a variety of head/discharge curves of different
impeller diameters
2. a collection of varying speed head/discharge curves with a constant impeller
diameter
12. The diversion requirement of a 5-ha farm was estimated to be 10mm/day during
peak periods. If the pumping plant has a 60% efficiency, how many kilowatt-hour
energies is required to lift water 5 meters?
➢ GIVEN:
Efficiency: 60%
h = 5m
g = 9.81 m/s2
a = 5 ha or 50,000 sq.m
diversion req = 10 mm/day or 0.01 m
➢ SOLUTION:
Q = a/req = 500 cu.m/day
Convert into hours,
500𝑚3 1𝑑𝑎𝑦
× = 20.83 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚/ℎ𝑟
𝑑𝑎𝑦 24 ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝑄𝑝𝑔ℎ
𝑃ℎ (ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) =
3.6 × 106
(20.8333)(997)(9.81)(5)
𝑃ℎ = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟗 𝒌𝑾
3.6 × 106
REFERENCES
https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/water/irrigation/systems/selecting
https://www.introtopumps.com/pumps-101/read-pump-curve/
https://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php/
https://www.soilmanagementindia.com/soil-erosion/check-dam/design-of-check-dam-
with-diagram-erosion-control-soil-management/15650
CHAPTER 5 - IRRIGATION SYSTEM (fao.org)
CHAPTER 7. CHOOSING AN IRRIGATION METHOD (fao.org)
