INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 12, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616

Utilization Of Banana Peel And Water Hyacinth

Leaves As Adsorbent For Removal Of Copper
From Wastewater
Riana Ayu Kusumadewi, Asih Wijayanti, Rositayanti Hadisoebroto*

Abstract: This research aims to compare the performance of adsorption of copper heavy metal by banana peel and water hyacinth leaves as
adsorbent. Heavy metal pollution is one of the most pervasive environmental problems globally. Adsorption of heavy metals on conventional adsorbents
such as activated carbon, that produced by carbonizing organic materials, have been used widely in many applications. Some of the low cost adsorbents
that were tested in the study for the dye sorption process were banana peel and water hyacinth leaves, focus on the effect of mixing speed, contact time,
and weight of the adsorbent on the efficiency of Cu removal. A maximum removal of 99.55% was observed at the adsorbent mass of 5 grams and
contact time of 30 minutes using banana peel adsorbent, while using water hyacinth leaves, a maximum removal of 98.39% was observed at mass of
the adsorbent of 15 grams and contact time of 60 minutes. Both the observed adsorbents fit the Langmuir isotherm model of adsorption. The quality of
water produced after the adsorption process using the adsorbent of banana peel and water hyacinth leaves has met the quality standard according to
the Regulation of the Minister of Environment of the Republic Indonesia Number 5 of 2014 concerning quality standards for wastewater in the paint
industry. It could be concluded that the organic waste like banana peel and water hyacinth leaves were promising biosorbents and solving the heavy
metal pollution in environment.

Index Terms: Adsorption, banana peel, contact time, copper removal , mixing speed, water hyacinth leaves, weight of adsorbent
——————————  ——————————

1 INTRODUCTION Numerous methods are available for the removal of heavy

The dye and heavy metal are two principal concomitant metals from aqueous solutions including chemical
pollutants in industrial wastewaters, posing a serious threat to precipitation, ion exchange, ultra-filtration, reverse osmosis,
public health and the environment [1]. Heavy metal pollution is and adsorption. However, these methods have some
one of the most pervasive environmental problems globally [2]. limitations due to the production of secondary wastes, large
Heavy metals are produced in large amounts during industrial quantity of slug formation and high operational costs. In
activities and contaminate the environment. Metal ions are contrast adsorption is more advantageous than the other
non-biodegradable and many of them are soluble in aqueous methods due to its simple operation design with sludge free
media and easily available for living organisms. Heavy metals environment and low cost [3]. Heavy metals should be
account for a number of disorders in plants and animals and prevented from reaching the natural environment. In order to
their removal from aqueous media is an important and remove toxic heavy metals from water systems, conventional
challenging task [3]. Heavy metals pollution occurs in much methods have been used such as chemical precipitation,
industrial wastewater such as that produced by metal plating coagulation, ion exchange, solvent extraction and filtration,
facilities, mining operations, battery manufacturing processes, evaporation and membrane methods. Adsorption of heavy
the production of paints and pigments, and the ceramic and metals on conventional adsorbents such as activated carbon
glass industries. This wastewater commonly includes Cd, Pb, have been used widely in many applications as an effective
Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr. Whenever toxic heavy metals are exposed adsorbent, and the activated carbon produced by carbonizing
to the natural eco-system, accumulation of metal ions in organic materials is the most widely used adsorbent. However,
human bodies will occur through either direct intake or food the high cost of the activation process limits its use in
chains [4]. Dyes are potential environmental contaminants, wastewater treatment applications [4]. Treatment processes
liberated in the aqueous streams by the wastewaters of for heavy metal removal from wastewater include precipitation,
different industries like textiles, pulp, leather, cosmetics, food membrane filtration, ion exchange, adsorption, and co-
and paper industries [5]. Adsorption has been proved to be precipitation. Studies on the treatment of effluent bearing
excellent approach for heavy metals and semimetals removal heavy metals have revealed adsorption to be a highly effective
from wastewaters and polluted soils [6]. technique for the removal of heavy metals from waste stream
and activated carbon has been widely used as an adsorbent.
Despite its extensive use in water and wastewater treatment
industries, activated carbon remains an expensive material.
———————————————— Adsorption processes are being widely used by various
researchers for the removal of heavy metals from waste
• Rositayanti Hadisoebroto, Lecturer in Environmental Engineering
Department, Faculty of Architecture Landscape and Environmental streams and activated carbon has been frequently used as an
Technology, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia, *Corresponding adsorbent. Despite extensive use in water and wastewater
Author,PH-+62-8567830945. E-mail: [email protected] treatment industries, activated carbon remains an expensive
• Riana Ayu Kusumadewi, Lecturer in Environmental Engineering, Faculty material. In recent years, the need for safe and economical
of Architecture Landscape and Environmental Technology, Universitas methods for the elimination of heavy metals from
Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
• Asih Wijayanti, Environmental Engineering Department, Lecturer in
contaminated waters has necessitated research interest
Faculty of Architecture Landscape and Environmental Technology, toward the production of low cost alternatives to commercially
Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia available activated carbon. Therefore, there is an urgent need
that all possible sources of agro-based inexpensive
adsorbents should be studied in detail [7]. Nowadays, it is a
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growing demand to find out a locally available, low cost, metals contents compared to other heavy metals content, with
environmentally friendly and efficient adsorbent for the Cu concentration of 3.532 mg/L. The concentration of Cu in
removal of heavy metal from industrial and municipal waste wastewater does not meet the quality standard according to
[8]. Biosorbents have recently attracted significant attention for the Regulation of the Minister of Environment of the Republic
wastewater treatment [9]. Banana is one of the world’s most of Indonesia Number 5 of 2014 concerning quality standards
important crops grown by more than 130 countries. India, for wastewater in the paint industry. The permissible Cu
China, Uganda, Philippines, Ecuador, Brazil, Indonesia, concentration is less than 0.8 mg/L. Activation of The
Columbia, Cameroon and Ghana were the top ten bananas Adsorbent using Banana Peel and Hyacinth LeavesBanana
producing countries in the world in 2012. Several research peel and hyacinth leaves were washed by distilled water and
groups have used raw and chemically treated banana peels running water. After banana peel and hyacinth leaves were
and banana stalks for the removal of toxic heavy metal ions clean, the next process was cutting banana peel and water
from aqueous solutions and industrial wastewater [3]. The hyacinth leaves into small pieces and dried in the sun for 5
huge quantity of banana peels waste from juice industries and days to reduce the moisture content attached to them. After
fruit markets every day is indicating a potential bio-resource drying, banana peel and hyacinth leaves were heated at
which is major task for environment safety. It can be converted 400°C for 2 hours until charcoal was formed. After that,
into useful material instead of being dumped in landfill site, banana peel and hyacinth leaves were smoothed into a
and reduce the environment and economic problems [10]. uniform size and sieved with a 100 mesh sieve. Then those
Study concluded that banana peels, a waste material, have refined charcoal were put into the desiccator. The banana peel
good potential as an adsorbent to remove toxic metals like and hyacinth leaves which have been carbonized were then
lead and cadmium from water [11]. Some of the low cost activated using a solution of with concentration of 20%.
adsorbents that are tested for the dye sorption process are The ratio of adsorbates and adsorbents were 2 mL : 1 gram.
banana peel and water hyacinth. Water hyacinth originated in Activation of the adsorbents were done by soaking the banana
the American tropics and spread to all tropical climate peel and hyacinth leaves into a solution for 24 hours.
countries. In India, they can be found in large water areas in Then the activated carbon was washed with distilled water and
the Kerala backwaters, ponds and lakes. Due to vegetative dried in the oven at 110°C for 2 hours. This research aims to
reproduction and vigorous growth rate of this plants, it compare the performance of adsorption of heavy metal Cu by
dramatically impacts water flow, blocks sunlight from reaching banana peel and water hyacinth leaves as adsorbent. The
native aquatic plants, and starves the water of oxygen, often effect of mixing speed, contact time, and weight of the
killing fish and also acts as a prime habitat for mosquitoes adsorbent on the efficiency of Cu removal with adsorbent of
[12]. In the recent past, some researchers emphasize using banana peel and water hyacinth leaves would be analyzed. At
aqua vascular weed for removal of heavy metals like water the beginning of the experiment, the optimum mixing speed
hyacinth. Water hyacinth is grown abundantly throughout the and contact time in removing Cu were determined. The
tropical and subtropical region in the world and also available variations in mixing speed were 100, 150, and 200 rpm with
in Indonesia [8]. Water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) is an contact times of each mixing of 30, 60, and 90 minutes, with a
aquatic plant that can grow very rapidly and free-floating over mass of 10 grams of adsorbent. Furthermore, determination of
the water’ surface. The invasive potential of this plant has the optimum adsorbent mass and contact time in removing Cu
created massive environmental problems in many areas. It were conducted. The mass variations of the adsorbent used
has exhibited extremely high growth rates and the coverage of were 10, 15, and 20 grams with contact times of each mass of
an entire aquatic body by forming thick compact carpet. This the adsorbent of 30, 60, and 90 minutes.
thick carpet blocks the passage of sunlight underwater so that
the solubility of oxygen in water decrease, several problems The percentage of adsorption of Cu was calculated according
including destruction of eco-systems, irrigation problems and to the following equation [3]:
as a mosquito breeding place leading to increase in mosquito %𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑎𝑙 = . 100% (1)
population [13].
Where 𝐶 is the initial Cu ion concentration (mg/L) and 𝐶 is
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY the final Cu ion concentration (mg/L).
Derived empirically in 1912, the Freundlich isotherm is defined
2.1 Location and Time of Study as follows [14]:
Screen printing wastewater samples were taken from home
industries in Krendang village, Tambora Sub-district, West =𝐾𝐶
⁄
(2)
Jakarta. This research was conducted in Environmental
Engineering Laboratory, Universitas Trisakti, from February to
July 2019. Where 𝑥⁄𝑚 is mass of adsorbate adsorbed per unit mass of
adsorbent (mg adsorbate/g activated carbon), 𝐾 is Freundlich
2.2 Working Method capacity factor (mg/g)(𝐿⁄𝑚𝑔) ⁄ , 𝐶 is equilibrium
At the beginning of the research, analysis of heavy metals concentration of adsorbate in solution after adsorption (mg/L),
contained in screen printing wastewater was conducted. and 1⁄𝑛 is Freundlich intensity parameter.
These heavy metals include copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), titanium
(Ti), total chrome (Cr), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead The constants in the Freundlich isotherm can be determined
(Pb). Heavy metals concentration analysis was tested on by plotting log (x/m) versus log 𝐶 and making use of the linear
several colors of screen printing wastewater, i.e. black, white, form of Eq. 2 rewritten as [14]:
red, yellow, and blue. From the results of this analysis, 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐾 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶 (3)
obtained that blue wastewater contains the highest heavy
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Derived from rational considerations, the Langmuir adsorption the adsorption rate [10]. For banana peel adsorbent, at 90
isotherm is defined as [14]: minutes contact time, the efficiency of Cu removal decreased
= (4) after increasing at 60 minutes contact time, so the adsorption
𝑥 phase reached to equilibrium at 60 minutes contact time. The
Where ⁄𝑚 is mass of adsorbate adsorbed per unit mass of contact time is one of the factors that influence the adsorption
adsorbent (mg adsorbate/g activated carbon), 𝐾 and b are process, because through the contact process, adsorption
empirical constants, and 𝐶 is equilibrium concentration of occurs as a result of physical interaction (adhesion) between
adsorbate in solution after adsorption (mg/L). The constants in the adsorbate and the adsorbent [16]. According to research
the Langmuir isotherm can be determined by plotting 𝐶 (𝑥. 𝑚) conducted by Herawati and Ngibad [17], the optimum contact
versus 𝐶 and making use of the linear form of Eq. 4 rewritten time of textile waste dyes varied between 45 minutes and 75
as [14]: minutes. This could be due to many facets adsorbent initially
( ⁄ )
= + 𝐶 (5) empty, so that the tendency of the solution to be adsorbed into
Langmuir equation can also be used to calculate a the higher adsorbent. With increasing contact time, the
dimensionless equilibrium parameter, 𝑅 also known as the amount of adsorbate adsorbed on the surface of the adsorbent
separation factor and can be expressed as [15]: increased until a balance point was reached. When it reached
the equilibrium point, the surface of the adsorbent was fully
𝑅 = (6)
covered by the adsorbed dyestuff and the adsorbent reached
its saturation point so that the adsorbent cannot adsorb the
Where 𝐶 is the initial concentration of copper (mg/L). dye again.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.2 Effect of Mass of The Adsorbent and Contact
Time on Cu Removal Efficiency with Banana Peel and
3.1 Effect of Mixing Speed and Contact Time on Cu Water Hyacinth Leaves as Adsorbents
Removal Efficiency with Banana Peel and Water Hyacinth At this stage, the experiments were done with variable mass of
Leaves as Adsorbents the adsorbents (5, 10, and 15 grams), contact times (30, 60,
Contact time is one of the effective factors in batch adsorption and 90 minutes), and constant initial copper concentration
process [15]. In this stage, all of the parameters except mixing (3.532 mg/L). For mixing speed parameter, the optimum is
speed and contact time, including mass of adsorbent (10 selected. From the previous experiment, it was observed that
grams), initial copper concentration (3.532 mg/L), were kept the optimum mixing speed for banana peel adsorbent was 100
constant. The effect of mixing speed and contact time on rpm, while for water hyacinth leaves adsorbent was 200 rpm.
copper adsorption efficiency showed in Fig. 1. The experimental results of this stage are presented in Fig. 2.

100.00
100.00
REMOVAL EFFICIENCY (%)

98.00
99.50
REMOVAL EFFICIENCY (%)

96.00 99.00
94.00 98.50
92.00
98.00
90.00
88.00 97.50
86.00 97.00
84.00
96.50
82.00
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
CONTACT TIME (MINUTES)
CONTACT TIME (MINUTES)
100 rpm, banana peel 100 rpm, hyacinth leaves 5 grams, banana peel 10 grams, hyacinth leaves
150 rpm, banana peel 150 rpm, hyacinth leaves 10 grams, banana peel 15 grams, hyacinth leaves
200 rpm, banana peel 200 rpm, hyacinth leaves 15 grams, banana peel 20 grams, hyacinth leaves

Fig. 1. Effect of Mixing Speed and Contact Time on Cu Removal Fig. 2. Effect of Mass of The Adsorbent and Contact Time on Cu
Efficiency Removal Efficiency

As it is shown in Fig. 1., a maximum Cu removal efficiency, i.e. As illustrated in Fig. 2, a maximum removal of 99.55% was
98.19%, was observed at mixing speed of 100 rpm and observed at mass of the adsorbent of 5 grams and contact
contact time of 60 minutes using banana peel adsorbent, while time of 30 minutes using banana peel adsorbent, while using
using water hyacinth leaves adsorbent, a maximum Cu water hyacinth leaves adsorbent, a maximum removal of
removal efficiency, i.e. 97.4%, was observed at mixing speed 98.39% was observed at mass of the adsorbent of 15 grams
of 200 rpm and contact time of 90 minutes. The increase in and contact time of 60 minutes. Therefore, the use of 5 grams
heavy metal removal with increase in time is due to the higher banana peel adsorbent and 15 grams water hyacinth leaves
interaction between the sorbent surface and metal ions [3]. adsorbent was justified for economical purposes. The increase
The increased uptake of heavy metal ions with the passage of in percent removal of adsorbate ions with increase in the
time might be due to the increased access of ions to active adsorbent dose could be attributed to greater availability of
sites on the surface of adsorbent, resulting in an increase in adsorption sites. At equilibrium, the percent removal became
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constant probably because of the saturation of the available

adsorption sites [18]. Increase in the adsorbent dosage Fig. 3. Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm of Banana Peel and Water
enhanced the availability of more active sites for the Hyacinth Leaves Adsorbents
adsorption, thus making easier penetration of metal ions to the
adsorption sites [15]. At higher adsorbent dose, there are not model (𝑅 = 0.3 2 ) using banana peel adsorbent, while
enough Cu in the solution to occupy the active sites and hence isotherm data fit the Freundlich model (𝑅 = 0. 451) using
the adsorption tends to become constant [19]. In research hyacinth leaves adsorbent. The Langmuir isotherm suggests a
conducted by Thuan et al. [20], optimizing the adsorption of monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface, and there
heavy metal ions onto banana peel derived activated carbon was no interaction between adsorbed species [3]. Langmuir
(AC) using response surface methodology (RSM) involving adsorption isotherm can be seen in Fig. 4. The 𝑅 values for
central composite design (CCD) was carried out. The Langmuir isotherm model (Fig. 4) were closer to unity (0.8794
maximum adsorption capacity appeared to follow the order: using banana peel and 0.9499 using hyacinth leaves), which
𝐶 (14.3 mg/g) < (27.4 mg/g) < (34.5 mg/g) that indicated that Langmuir isotherm model was obeyed. This led
agreed well with the verification experiments, revealing the to the conclusion that the adsorption of Cu onto the adsorbent
reliability and suitability of the optimization approach. was homogeneous and multilayer in nature.
Mahmood et al. [21] reported that the water hyacinth plant It has been suggested that for favorable adsorption the values
could be able to remove metal ions like chromium, zinc and of the dimensionless separation factor, 𝑅 should be 0 <
copper from the textile effluent collected from Lahore district, 𝑅 < 1. 𝑅 = 1 represents linear adsorption, while 𝑅 = 0
Pakistan. The feasibility of water hyacinth to treat wastewater stands for the irreversible adsorption process. 𝑅 1 is for
from five textile effluent samples was investigated for a period favorable adsorption, while 𝑅 1 represents unfavorable
of 96 h and it was observed that the water hyacinth containing adsorption [6]. In this case, the value of 𝑅 was found to be -
textile effluent wastewaters have the potential to remove a 0.013, suggesting that the adsorption process was favorable
maximum of 94.78% reduction in chromium, 96.88% in zinc adsorption using banana peel adsorbent, while using water
and 94.44% reduction in copper. Sarkan et al. [8] reported that hyacinth leaves adsorbent, the value of 𝑅 was found to be
after filtration, the effluent showed that the permissible limit of 0.019, suggesting that the adsorption process was favorable
investigated metals. Adsorbent capacity of water hyacinth adsorption. The outcome values parameters 𝐾 𝑛 𝐾 𝑅 for
shoot powder for Cr and Cu ion was found to be 99.98% and all the experiments with initial concentration 3.532 mg/l for
99.96% for standard solution (SS) and 98.83% and 99.59% for maximum removal of copper (Cu) are presented in Table 1. As
tannery effluent (TE), respectively. From some of these can be observed, experimental data were better fitted to the
studies, it can be concluded that banana peel and water Langmuir equation than to the Freundlich equation, and
hyacinth leaves can be used as an adsorbent to remove Cu therefore it is more suitable for the analysis of kinetics.
metal. Consequently, the sorption process of copper on banana peel
3.3 Adsorption Isotherm
Several models have been used to describe the experimental
data of adsorption isotherm. The Freundlich and Langmuir
models are the most frequently employed models [15]. The
Freundlich isotherm model explains the interaction between
adsorbate molecules and adsorbents with multilayer
adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. A higher value of n (n
> 1) indicates favorable adsorption, whereas n < 1 represents
poor adsorption characteristics [15]. Freundlich adsorption
isotherm can be seen in Fig. 3. As it is shown in Fig. 3., the
value of n = -0.97 suggests poor adsorption characteristics
using banana peel adsorbent, while n = 2.73 suggests
favorable adsorption using water hyacinth leaves adsorbent.
The situation n > 1 is most common and may be due to a
distribution of surface sites or any factor that cause a
decrease in adsorbent-adsorbate interaction with increasing
surface density [6]. The isotherm data did not fit the Freundlich
Fig. 4. Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm of Banana Peel and Water Hyacinth
Leaves Adsorbents

and hyacinth leaves follows the Langmuir isotherm model,

where the metal ions are taken up independently on a single
type of binding site in such a way that the uptake of the first
metal ion does not affect the sorption of the next ion [14].

TABLE 1
ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS MODELS PARAMETER FOR
COPPER REMOVAL

Isotherm Banana Peel Adsorbent Hyacinth Leaves Adsorbent

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type Isotherm Isotherm

𝑅 𝑅
constants constants
𝐾 (l/g) 1⁄ 𝐾 (l/g) 1⁄ 4 CONCLUSION
Freundlich 𝑛 𝑛
- 0.3827 0.7343 The research showed that banana peel waste and water
model -2.1333 -0.8639 0.3663
1.0335 hyacinth leaves were proved could be utilized as biosorbent
𝐾 𝐾 for Cu with very good efficiency (more than 98%) in small
b (l/g) b (l/g)
Langmuir (mg/g) (mg/g) amount (5-15 grams), in a quite short time (30-60 minutes)
0.8794 0.9499
model - and the effluent quality meet the requirement of allowance
0.0385 0.1025 14.803
22.267 quality standard. Mixing of speed influence the adsorption
process in removing Cu heavy metal concentration, the
3.4 Water Quality Analysis optimum mixing speed for banana peel adsorbent was 100
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological, and rpm, while for hyacinth leaves was 200 rpm. Weight of
radiological characteristics of water. In this case, the content of adsorbent gives impact as well, that the use of 5 grams
heavy metal Cu in wastewater after the adsorption process banana peel adsorbent and 15 grams water hyacinth leaves
was tested as an indicator of the performance of the adsorbent were justified for economical purposes. The
adsorption process using banana peel and water hyacinth optimum contact time for both adsorbent was 60 minutes. Both
leaves as adsorbents. Water quality after the adsorption the adsorbent fit the Langmuir isotherm model of adsorption. It
process showed in Table 2. could be concluded that the organic waste like banana peel
and water hyacinth were promising materials to be used as
TABLE 2 biosorbents and solving the heavy metal pollution in
WATER QUALITY AFTER THE ADSORPTION PROCESS environment. In future research, it is suggested to do the
experiment in pilot plant scale.
Hyacinth Leaves
Initia Banana Peel Adsorbent
Adsorbent
Conta l
Final 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
ct Con Final
Time c.
Mass of
Conc
Remov Mass of Con Remov The authors equally acknowledge the support of Rivania
(min) (mg/
Adsorbe
.
al Eff. Adsorbe c. al Eff. Delaroza and Mala Oktaviyana Lussa for collecting and
nt (%) nt (mg/ (%) processing data.
l) (mg/l)
l)
0.081 0.08
30
3
97.69
4
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