Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry

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Review: Microextraction Technique Based New

Trends in Food Analysis

Muhammed Saqaf Jagirani & Mustafa Soylak

To cite this article: Muhammed Saqaf Jagirani & Mustafa Soylak (2020): Review: Microextraction
Technique Based New Trends in Food Analysis, Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, DOI:
10.1080/10408347.2020.1846491

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Published online: 30 Nov 2020.

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CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2020.1846491

Review: Microextraction Technique Based New Trends in Food Analysis

Muhammed Saqaf Jagirania,b and Mustafa Soylaka,c
a
Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey; bNational Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry,
University of Sindh, Sindh, Pakistan; cTechnology Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
Food chemistry is the study and classification of the quality and origin of foods. The identification Food analysis; liquid phase
of definite biomarkers and the determination of residue contaminants such as toxins, pesticides, microextraction; solid-phase
metals, human and veterinary drugs, which are a very common source of food-borne diseases. microextraction
The food analysis is continuously demanding the improvement of more robust, sensitive, highly
efficient, and economically beneficial analytical approaches to promise the traceability, safety, and
quality of foods in the acquiescence with the consumers and legislation demands. The traditional
methods have been used at the starting of the 20th century based on wet chemical methods.
Now it existing the powerful analytical techniques used in food analysis and safety. This develop-
ment has led to substantial enhancements in the analytical accuracy, precision, sensitivity, selectiv-
ity, thereby mounting the applied range of food applications. In the present decade,
microextraction (micro-scale extraction) pays more attention due to its futures such as low con-
sumption of solvent and sample, throughput analysis easy to operate, greener, robotics, and mini-
aturization, different adsorbents have been used in the microextraction process with unique
nature recognized with wide range applications.

Introduction beneficial analytical approaches to promise the traceability,

quality, and safety of foods in the acquiescence with the
Food chemistry is the study and classification of the quality
consumers’ and legislation demands. The traditional meth-
and origin of foods. The identification of definite bio-
ods have been used at the starting of the 20th century based
markers and the determination of residue contaminants
on the wet chemical methods. Now it is existing the power-
such as toxins, pesticides, metals, human, and veterinary
ful analytical techniques that used in food analysis and
drugs, which are the very common source of food-borne
safety. This development has led to substantial enhance-
diseases.[1] The preservation of food is one of the oldest
methodologies used by humans to prolong the shelf life of ments in the analytical accuracy, precision, sensitivity, select-
food. A number of traditional techniques have been used ivity, thereby mounting the applied range of the food
such as canning, fermenting, freezing, pickling, and dry- applications. As reported by McGorrin,[9] “the growing and
ing.[2–4] Also, different chemicals have been used preserva- groundwork of the present global food supply system
tives, like as sulfur dioxides, nitrates, paraben, and organic extremely relies on analysis of food (beyond the simple
acids, in different types of beverages and foods.[5] The characterization) as a technique for the new product
chemical-based food preservatives seem good and highly advancement, regulatory enforcement, quality control, and
effective for a longer shelf life of foods. Generally, preserva- problem-solving.” Besides, presently, researchers pay more
tives have been categorized into three classes according to attention in the health-related assets of foods as an outcome
their properties: antioxidants, chelating agents, and anti- of an accumulative public concern, and how to improve the
microbial agents.[6,7] Mostly antimicrobial agents have been health through the efficient foods, nutraceutical, and func-
used as a preservatives such as benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and tional ingredients. Therefore, the importance and modern
lactic acid.[5] Weak organic acids are one of the most used requirement of analytical techniques advances able to face
preservatives in the beverages and foods, due to their high all these requirements. Conventional, analytical procedures
efficiency, low cost, and excellent antimicrobial properties.[5] have been categorized on the bases of their operational prin-
On the other side, the excessive usage of these preserving ciple. Such as spectroscopic techniques, (mass spectrometry
agents at higher concentration than the acceptable level can [MS]; nuclear magnetic resonance; atomic spectroscopy,
be unsafe to the human health causing different health prob- infrared; immunological methods; biosensors), biological
lems such as neurotoxicity asthma, and bronchospasm.[8] (polymerase chain reaction,[10] electrochemical techniques,
The food analysis continuously demanding the improvement and chromatographic techniques such as gas chromatog-
of more robust, sensitive, highly efficient, and economically raphy (GC),[11–13] high-performance liquid chromatography

CONTACT Mustafa Soylak [email protected] Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
ß 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
2 M. S. JAGIRANI AND M. SOYLAK

(HPLC),[14–16] micellar electrokinetic chromatography which is the elimination of the co-existing species and the
(MEKC),[17] supercritical fluid chromatography, capillary pre-concentrate the analyte amount.[23] The usage of a suit-
electrophoresis (CE). These techniques have been used for able sample preparation process allows the study of more
sample preparation prior to analysis. Every method offers complex samples as well as the detection of analytes at trace
definite information on the analyte or the components levels. These objectives can be attained by using the extrac-
under the sample and also gave information according to tion techniques based on the transference of the analyte
physical and chemical interactions, all these methods have from the original solution into a second phase which must
their own limitations during the food analysis. In addition, be well-suited with the analytical tool being used. Nowadays,
several characteristics of food-omics are associated with the instead of traditional extraction methods, several advanced
sustainability, and direct associated to the green chemistry approaches are being used which offer a number of advan-
and the advance in the fresh foods.[18] Generally, Food con- tages, such as fewer time requirements, higher extraction
tain complex matrix and significant amount of coexistences efficiency, a very low level of chemical consumption, and
during the qualitative and quantitative analysis using separ- excellent affordability of the common procedure, among the
ation techniques. The extraction of food matrices effect is others. These new techniques are generally based on the
the critical point to be measured for an accurate determin- miniaturization of simple extraction approaches.
ation of targeted analytes from the real sample. There for Miniaturized layouts, normally called microextraction meth-
different extraction method have been used such as disper- ods, were introduced to cut the drawbacks limitations of
sive solid-phase extraction (SPE),[19] purge and trap (PAT), traditional extraction techniques while helping from their
supercritical fluid extraction, automatic thermal desorption, benefits. Microextraction based techniques pay more
microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), flow injection ana- attention because microextraction contains micro-scale pro-
lysis, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction cedures for the selective, sensitive enrichment, and pre-con-
(DLLME),[13,16] liquid–liquid extraction (LLE),[17] solid- centration of targeted analyte from the complex matrix. It is
phase microextraction (SPME).[20] Moreover, these methods simple sensitive economically beneficial and environmentally
are sample sensitive, economical beneficial and environmen- friendly because a very less amount of solvent has been
tally friendly. The quantification of contaminants and resi- used. Different types of microextraction depend upon the
dues from the complex sample matrix normally required extraction method used for the analysis of food samples.
several steps for the sample preparation and pre-concentra- Such as SPME and liquid-phase microextraction
tion.[1] Nowadays, researchers pay more attention on the (LPME) techniques.
microextraction methods, as compared to conventional tech-
niques, the microextraction methods like as solid-phase and
liquid-liquid extraction. The reason is that the microextrac- Solid-phase microextraction
tion methods are fulfill the requirements of Green analytical SPME is a promising and innovative, greener, sample prep-
chemistry and required very less amount of organic solvents aration method in the food analysis. Since the prehistoric
for the extraction of target analyte, resulting in low amount decade, the progress of the novel extraction process and the
of waste is produce and less toxicity. Moreover, the microex- strategies has prolonged the number of the applications in
traction methods generally have excellent efficiency, eco- the food analysis. Pawliszyn introduced SPME in the
nomical beneficial shorter extraction time and analyzed on 1990s,[24] has developed as a sample preparation method. In
the flow system.[21,22] SPME process equilibrium is recognized between the sample
and fabric material during the elimination proceed where
the target analyte is dispersed between the fibers and sam-
Microextraction technique
ples.[25] SPME participates in the sampling process, separ-
The food contains a complex and diverse composition. It ation, and enrichment.[26] SPME has been applied in
covers a set of distinct matrices rather than definite matri- different fields such as the food industry, forensic sciences,
ces. The source of food, vegetal and animal, provides a and environmental study pharmaceutical and clinical appli-
number of components (e.g., minerals, carbohydrates, pro- cations.[27–29] SPME is appropriate to on-site and in vivo
teins, and vitamins). An essential array creates difficulties analysis process.[30] Working approaches of SPME depend
and challenges that necessitate analysis of recourse to the on the origin of analyte and also nature of study including
best availability of scientific technology. The analysis of food direct immersion solid phase, another taxonomy is based on
is very important for the assessment and characteristics that the geometry of the adsorbent, i.e., fiber-based microextrac-
related to the quality of the processed and fresh food prod- tion in-tube microextraction, and thin-film microextraction
ucts (e.g., flavor, nutritional value, contamination, and adul- (TF-ME).[31,32] Different commercial adsorbents have been
teration,).[22] Because Researchers are faced with a lot of used in SPME processes such as polyethylene glycol (PEG),
challenges to develop cheaper greener, highly selective, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), divinylbenzene (DVB), polya-
sensitive methods for the food analysis. In this concern, crylate (PA), C18 material and carboxen (CAR) these mate-
however, the researchers pay more attention to develop a rials have some limitations temperature dependents,
cost-effective simple and sensitive method regards to food instability, and stripping.[33,34] These methods need to com-
analysis. During food analysis one of the key step in the patible with analytical techniques.[35] Such as GC-MS,
quantitative study and sample preparation, the main aim of HPLC, MALDI-MS, LC-MS, ICP-MS.[36,37] SPME is also
 CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 3

Figure 1. Represent the working mechanism of SPME.

coupled with GC by using the adsorbent fibers in the inlet magnetic multi-walled CNT,[73] titania nanoparticles,[20,74,75]
of GC. Analytes are extracted and analyzed, thus dipping hyper-crosslinked polymer nanoparticles,[76] CNT cages,[77]
the loss of analyte.[38] LC is coupled (online or offline) to ZnO nanoparticle,[78,79] CoFe2O4 nanoparticles,[80,81] alu-
SPME for volatile substances analysis.[39] The thermal mina nanoparticles,[82] magnetic metal–organic framework
desorption process in the SPME-GC and the solvent desorp- nanocomposite,[83] fullerenes, CNTs,[84,85] Mesoporous car-
tion process in the SPME-LC are the difference in the two bon–zirconium oxide nanocomposite,[86] graphene based
hyphenations.[40] SPME has been coupled with ambient ion- composite materials, magnetic carbon nanodot/graphene
ization mass spectrometry like as direct analysis in real- oxide hybrid material,[87–89] graphene,[90–92] graphene oxide/
time,[2] direct corona beam ionization,[41] and desorption multiwall CNT/Fe3O4/SiO2,[47] Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2,[93] iron
electrospray ionization.[42] These types of analyses want (III)-based metal-organic framework/graphene oxide,[94]
minimum sample pretreatments with no any need for chro- molecular imprinted polymers, ion imprinted polymers.
matographic separations. SPME has been also combined Figure 1 represents the working mechanism of SPME.
with MALDI-MS for high throughput analysis of peptides
and proteins.[43] The coupled SPME-ICPMS has been
reported for the analysis of the biological and environmental
Fiber based SPME
sample these outstanding developments in the field of SPME
are due to the adaptability of extraction of sorbents, robust- The “Fiber”-SPME method has been currently established
ness, a uniqueness in synthesis methods, uniqueness in oper- and represents the wide range of SPME which contains fiber
ation, nature of sorbents, good LODs miniaturization to assembly and fiber holder. The fiber assemblage and com-
analytical methods and green alternative.[44] Different mate- prises of a 1–2 cm long retractable SPME fiber.[95] And
rials were used as adsorbent in the field of SPME such as made a fiber coatings that looks like a modified needle.[96]
Cu2O-CuO ball like/multiwalled carbon nanotube After the sample is inserted into the vial and sealed with a
(CNT),[45] MWCNT/Fe3O4,[46,47] silica nanoparticles,[48–50] septum-type cap, the SPME injection is pierced through the
carbon nanoparticles,[51,52] Au nanoparticles,[53,54] silver septum, and the fiber is prolonged into the vial. The parti-
nanoparticles,[55,56] copper oxide nanoparticles,[57,58] mag- tion between the analyte and sample matrices and the elim-
netic graphene oxide,[59,60] magnetic nanoparticles,[61–69] ination phase until the concentration equilibrium is
nanofiber,[70] polypyrrole-silver nanocomposite,[71] achieved. The maximum extraction efficiency is attained,
[72]
SiO2@Fe3O4@nanodiamonds, hydrophilic modified and relative relationship is achieved between the quantity of
4 M. S. JAGIRANI AND M. SOYLAK

the eliminated analyte by the SPME fiber and its initial con- Liquid-phase microextraction
centration in the sample.[97]
Recently LPME was established, it greener technique that
minimizes the number of solvents and very simple pretreat-
In-tube solid-phase microextraction ment procedure as compared to traditional extraction techni-
ques LPME is coupled with CE, GC, and HPLC. The
Currently in in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME)
working mechanism of LPME generally takes place into a
was reported by the Eisert and Pawliszyn for used with
very small amount of water-immiscible solvents from the
chromatographic techniques such as HPLC, LC-MS because
aquatic sample containing target analytes.[96] Recently differ-
the fiber SPME could hardly resist HPLC solvent condi-
ent LPME methods were reported such as membrane-assisted
tions,[98] IT-SPME overcomes. In-tube SPME overcomes
solvent extraction, LPME, single drop-phase microextraction
fiber-related disadvantages such as low adsorption capacity,
(SDME), hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-
fragility, and leaching from the thick-film coatings. It used
LPME), DLLME, liquid-liquid-liquid-microextraction
as an open tubular fused-silica capillary in which the extrac-
(LLLME), and ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microex-
tion phase is either an inner surface coating or a sorbent
traction (IL-DLLM).[238–241] LPME technique is one of the
bed. Therefore, IT-SPME procedures exhibit significantly
emerging methods in the part of modern sample preparation
higher mechanical stability than fiber SPME devices.[99]
and pre-concentration. This new technique is simple, sensi-
tive, economically beneficial, and environmental friendly. In
Applications of SPME in food analysis LPME, the targeted analytes are eliminated from the aqueous
environment and food samples and biological samples, the
Su et al. reported iron oxide-based (Fe3O4@CS@GO) mag-
thin layer organic solvents immobilized within the porous
netic adsorbent for the extraction and separation of ascorbic
membrane bag and into the accepter volume. The smaller
acid under the external magnetic field from the modified
pore size prevents larger particles. That present in the donor
magnetic glassy carbon electrode. The limit of detection
solution phase from inflowing into the accepter phase that
LOD was found at 330 pM.[100] Lv et al. proposed new
provides very effective matrices separation.[242]
SPME based fiber coating using MoS2/RGO composite
material was able to eliminate the PCBs at the ultra-trace
level in milk sample applied the saponification-headspace- Single-drop microextraction
SPME (HS-SPME) technique.[101] Acikkapi et al. reported, a
newly magnetic SPME using prepared polystyrene-g-polyo- The SDME is the type of LPME which deals with the study
leic acid-gpolyethylene glycol graft copolymer (PoleS-PEG) single drop extraction process so it is named SDME. During
based fiber applied for the extraction of selenium from the the extraction process using SDME, it contains only a single
food using ETAAS.[102] Huang et al. develop on-fiber deriva- drop of the immiscible solvent it is about (1–10 mL) it is sus-
tization SPME study of nonvolatile aliphatic diamines from pended from a needle into the gaseous or liquid media. After
the fish samples using zeolitic imidazolate framework 8 the elimination for a set time to ratio, the drop of organic
(ZIF-8) as a fabric material for SPME using GC-MS for ana- solvent is retracted back into the microneedle and transferred
lysis process. The LOD was found for putrescine and cadav- to the detector for the quantitative analysis. During elimin-
erine were 27.1 and 33.2 lg/L under the optimal ation, the targeted analytes are eliminated from the water
conditions.[11] Sarafraz-Yazdi et al. developed HS-SPME samples into hanging drop based on the passive extraction
process with two different coatings prepared by sol–gel recoveries, and diffusions are essentially detected the water to
method [such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) reinforced with organic solvent partition coefficients.[243] This technique
the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PEG/CNTs)] coupled offers a suitable strategy toward the sample preparation and
with GC–FID was applied for the determination of furan pre-concentration before the analysis of this method to be
form food samples. The LOD and LOQ was found up to considered a basic liquid-liquid microextraction extraction.
0.005 and 0.0005 ng/mL, respectively. The developed HS- The reason behind the familiarity of this SDME method is
SPME–GC–FID approach was successfully used for the that it is cheaper, greener, environmental friendly, and no
detoxification of furan in baby food and fruit juice.[103] need complicated protocols during the analysis, and it is very
Ishizaki et al. developed simple and sensitive method, con- easy to operate and has a probability of in situ derivatization
taining in-tube SPME hyphenated with HPLC-FLD, was and complexation.[244] SDME technique contains different
developed for the detection of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydro- modes such as three phases SDME, direct immersion (DI)-
carbons (PAHs) from food samples. The LOD of developed SDME, continuous flow microextraction (CFME), and head-
method for PAHs was found up to 0.32–4.63 pg/mL.[104] Liu space (HS)-SDME have been developed for the number of
et al., proposed a study for the detection of food colorants analytical applications.[245–250] Figure 2 Shows the extraction
from the beverage using diamino moiety functionalized silica mechanism of LPME.
nanoparticles (dASNPs) as adsorbents material in dispersive-
dSPME. The developed method was used for the study of
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction
four colorants in beverage.[105] The Table 1 shows the differ-
ent adsorbent materials have been used for the To improve the efficiency of extraction throughput the
food analysis. LPME, Rezaee et al., reported a DLLME method in
Table 1. Represents the different adsorbent materials have been used for the food analysis.
Material type Analytes Material Sample Type of SPE Instrument LOD (mg/L) Reference
[101]
Molybdenum disulfide/reduced Polychlorinated MoS2/RGO Food Saponification- GC-MS 0.0001
graphene oxide (MoS2/RGO) biphenyls HS-SPME
headspace solid-phase
microextraction
[106]
Solid-phase microextraction Avocado PDMS/DVB/PDMS Food SPME GCxGC-ToF/MS
matrix compatible coating
[107]
Portable micropipette tip-syringe Vanadium Multiwalled Food MTS-SPME AAS 0.008
solid-phase microextraction carbon nanotubes
[102]
Graft copolymer for magnetic Selenium Polystyrene-g-polyoleic acid- Food SPME ETAAS 0.00606
solid-phase microextraction g-polyethylene glycol graft
copolymer (PoleS-PEG)
[108]
Zirconia hollow fiber solid-phase N,N- Zirconia hollow fiber solid- Milk and milk powder HF-SPME GC-MS 0.0003
microextraction dimethylacetamide phase microextraction Water samples
[109]
CNTs reinforced hollow fiber Carbamate pesticides Carbamate pesticides Apples HF-SPME HPLC 0.0009–0.006
solid-phase microextraction
[109]
CNTs reinforced hollow fiber Aflatoxins CNTs Cereals HF-SPME HPLC–DAD 0.00074
solid-phase microextraction
[110]
MWCNTs reinforced hollow solid- Metronidazole MWCNTs Milk HF-SPME GC–MS 0.01
phase microextraction Fiber
[111]
MWCNTs reinforced hollow fiber Plasticizers MWCNTs Juice, milk and HF-SPME GC–MS DEP: 0.00003
solid-phase microextraction carbonated drink DBP: 0.00005
DEHP: 0.00002
[112]
B–cyclodextrin modified Plant hormones CNTs Vegetables HF-SPME HPCL 0.0008
carboxylic CNTs solid-phase 0.0015
microextraction
[113]
Functionalized MWCNTs Lead, cadmium MWCNTs Rice HF-SPME 0.000025,
reinforced hollow fiber solid- and Copper 0.00001, 0.0000073
phase microextraction
[114]
Fe3O4-graphene Acetanilide herbicides Fe3O4-Graphene Green tea MD-SPME GC-MS 0.00001–0.00003
[115]
Magnetic molecular imprinted Dicofol residues Magnetic molecular imprinted Tea samples MD-SPME GC-ECD 0.0005
microspheres microspheres
[116]
Molecularly imprinted polymer Estrogens molecularly imprinted Fish and pork samples MD-SPME HPLC 0.004–0.0017
Fe3O4@ZiF-8 solid-phase polymer Fe3O4@ZIF-8
microextraction
[117]
Magnetic stirrer induced Ils Vanadium Magnetic stirrer induced ILs Food and water MD-SPME AAS 0.000018–0.000125
[118]
Magnetic Ils Ils-based sol-gel Triazine herbicides Magnetic ILs ILs-based sol-gel Vegetable oils IL-SPME GC-FID 0.000030–0.0001248
coating fiber coating fiber
[119]
Ionic liquid-modified organic Acidic food additives Ionic liquid-modified organic Coca–Cola In-tube SPME HPLC 0.0012–13.5
polymer monolith polymer monolith
[120]
MWCNTs-pils fiber 2-Naphthol MWCNTs-PILs fiber Pomelo and orange HS-SPME GC 0.20–0.94
[121]
In-tube solid-phase Abietic acid and ODS-3 column and 5 mM Food in-tube SPME LC-MS 2.9 and 2.1 pg/mL
microextraction (SPME) dehydroabietic acid ammonium formate/
acetonitrile
[122]
Headspace solid-phase Furan Headspace solid-phase Food HS-SPME GC–IT-MS 70 pg g
1
microextraction microextraction
[123]
SPME Tetramethylene SPME Foods SPME SPME–GC–MS 0.0009 to 0.0043
disulfotetramine
[124]
PDMS, 100 lm HS-SPME 14 pesticides PDMS, 100 lm Apple, tomatoes, HS-SPME GC-MS 0.35–8.33
(multi-class cucumber
and cabbage
[125]
DVB/CAR/PMDS HS-SPME Ocps DVB/CAR/PDMS Bovine milk HS-SPME GC-ECD –
[126]
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Polypyrrole/montmorillonite Opps (diazinon Polypyrrole/montmorillonite Cucumber, DI-SPME GC–CD–IMS 0.20 and 0.3
nanocomposite DI-SPME and Fenthion nanocomposite lettuce, apple
(continued)
5
Table 1. Continued. 6
Material type Analytes Material Sample Type of SPE Instrument LOD (mg/L) Reference
[127]
100 lam polydimethylsiloxane 4 ocps 100 lam Cocoa powder HS-SPME GC-MS
fibers HS-SPME polydimethylsiloxane fibers
[128]
MOF-199/GO fibers HS-SPME 8 ocps MOF-199/GO fibers Water convolvulus an HS-SPME GC-ECD 0.0023–0.00 6.9
longan Cucumber,
green pepper
[129]
Sol–gel molecularly imprinted Opps Sol–gel molecularly Chinese cabbage, egg HS-SPME GC-NPD 017
0.77
polymer HS-SPME imprinted polymer plant, lettuce
[109]
Carbon nanotubes-reinforced Cps Carbon nanotubes-reinforced Apple DI-SPME HPLC-DAD 0.00009
0.006
hollow fiber DI-SPME hollow fiber
[130]
Polypyrrole/sol–gel composite Opps Polypyrrole/sol–gel composite Cucumber and lettuce DI-SPME GC-NPD 0.00015–0.01
DI-SPME
[131]
Opps Turnip, green HS-SPME GC–MS 0.01–2.5
M. S. JAGIRANI AND M. SOYLAK

PDMS, 100 lm HS-SPME PDMS, 100 lm

cabbage, French
beans, egg plant,
apple, nectarine
and
grapes Asparagus
[132]
100 lm PDMS QuEChERS/HS- Ocps 100 lm PDMS Africanus, Cleome QuEChERS/HS-SP ME GC GC- -ECD TOF-MS 0.102
1.693
SP ME hirta and
Nymphaea nouchali
[133]
PDMS, 100 lm DI-SPME 19 PDMS, 100 lm Tomatoes DI-SPME GC-ECD 0.5–8
chlorinated
Pesticides
[134]
PDMS, 100 lm HS-SPME 4 pesticides PDMS, 100 lm Apple HS-SPME GC-MS 0.01–0.2
(fenobucarb,
Diazinon,
chlorothalonil L
and Chlorpyrifos)
[135]
Carbowax/ templated resin (CW/ 10 pesticides Carbowax/ templated resin Lettuce DI-SPME HPLC-DAD 0.8
TPR) DI-SPME (multi-class) (CW/TPR)
[136]
PDMS, 100 lm HS-SPME 8 pesticide PDMS, 100 lm Tea HS-SPME GC-IDMS 1.2–19.6
[137]
PA-DI-SPME 32 pesticides PA Fruit-based soft drinks DI-SPME GC-MS/MS 0.0001–0.180
(multi-class)
[138, 139]
PDMS, 100 lm DI-SPME 31 pesticides PDMS, 100 lm Fortified white wine DI-SPME GC-MS/MS 0.05–72.35
(multi-class) and fortified
red wine
[140]
PDMS, 100 lm HS-SPME Opps and ocps PDMS, 100 lm Cucumber HS-SPME GC-ECD 0.01–1
and strawberry
[141]
PDMS, 100 lm HS-SPME Opps and ocps PDMS, 100 lm Strawberry, starfruit HS-SPME GC-ECD 0.01–1
and guava;
cucumber, tomato
and pakchoi
[142]
OH-TSO/DVB (Co-poly(hydroxy- Opps OH-TSO/DVB (Co-poly Pakchoi HS-SPME GC-NPD 0.007–0.07 ng /g
terminated silicone (hydroxy-terminated
divinylbenzene) coating) silicone
HS-SPME divinylbenzene) coating)
[143]
PDMS/DVB DI-SPME 11 pesticides PDMS/DVB Red wine DI-SPME MEKC 0.049–1.69
(multi-class)
[144]
DVB DI-SPME 54 pesticides DVB Orange, peach and DI-SPME GC-MS/MS 0.6–19.6
(Multi-class) pineapple juices
[145]
Graphene oxide-coated solid- Polycyclic aromatic Graphene oxide (GO)-coated Potatoes and SPME GC 0.015–0.025
phase microextraction hydrocarbons stainless steel wire food-wrap
(pahs) and
 phthalate
esters (paes)
[146]
Deep eutectic mixture Phenol, o-cresol, p- Deep eutectic Smoked food SPME HPLC-FLD 0.3, 0.6, 1
membrane-based cresol, eugenol, mixture membrane
microextraction isoeugenol guaiacol
[147]
Solid-phase microextraction–gas Furan Solid-phase microextraction Liquor, Coffee, SPME GC/MS 0.06163,
chromatography/mass tea, Pickle 0.07136,
spectrometry (SPMEGC/MS) 0.06828, 0.08563
[148]
Solid-phase microextraction Acrylamide Solid-phase microextraction French fries, SPME (GC–PCI-MS–MS) 1.2, 2.2
potato crisps
[149]
On-line in-tube solid-phase Aflatoxins On-line in-tube solid-phase Nuts, cereals, dried In-tube-SPME LC–MS 0.010
microextraction microextraction fruits, and spices
[11]
On-fiber derivatization SPME with Aliphatic amines On-fiber derivatization with a Putrescine (Put) and SPME GC-MS 27.1, 33.2
a novel zeolitic imidazolate novel zeolitic imidazolate cadaverine (Cad)
framework 8-coated stainless framework 8-coated
steel fiber stainless steel fiber
[103]
Two solid-phase microextraction Furan Fibers based on sol–gel Baby food and HS-SPME GC–FID 0.001 and
fibers based on fruit juice 0.00025 ng/mL
sol–gel technique
[150]
Polydimethylsiloxane/ Isophorone Polydimethylsiloxane/ Food HS-SPME GC–MS =¼
divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) divinylbenzene (PDMS/
fiber solid-phase DVB) fiber
microextraction
[104]
In-tube solid-phase Polycyclic aromatic In-tube solid-phase Foods SPME HPLC-FLD 0.32–4.63 pg/mL
microextraction (SPME) hydrocarbons microextraction (SPME)
[151]
CarboxenTM 1000 SPME N-nitrosamines CarboxenTM 1000 Meat products DSPME GC-CI-MS
[152]
[C6MIM][ntf2] SPME Acaricides [C6MIM][NTf2] Fruit juice samples DSPME HPLC-VWD
[153]
Zein nanoparticles based SPME Chlorophenols Zein nanoparticles Honey samples GC-ECD
[154]
MWCNTs SPME Heavy metal ions MWCNTs Fruit juice and DSPME AAS
biofluid samples
[155]
Chitosan-wrapped MWCNTs SPME Phenolic compounds Chitosan-wrapped MWCNTs Tea samples DSPME UHPLC-MS
[105]
DASNPs SPME Food colorant DASNPs Fruit juice DSPME CE-UV
[156]
Oxidized-MWCNTs SPME Lead ion Oxidized-MWCNTs Fish samples DSPME ETAAS
[157]
Graphene oxide SPME Heavy metal ions Graphene oxide Food DSPME ICP-OES
[158]
Imino-pyridine immobilized on Rhodamine B Imino-pyridine immobilized Food UV-Vis
iron oxide SPME on iron oxide spectrophotometer
[159]
CS-NR-MP SPME Dicyandiamide CS-NR-MP Powdered milk DSPME UFLC-MS/MS
[160]
MMIP SPME Diazinon MMIP Fruit DSPME HPLC-UV
[161]
IL-MrGO-SPME Hg(II) IL-MrGO Vegetable DSPME CV-AAS
[162]
Rgoqds@ Fe SPME Organophosphorus rGOQDs@ Fe Fruit juice DSPME GC-MS
pesticides
[163]
Vinyl-modified Fe3O4@SiO2 SPME Fenitrothion Vinyl-modified Fe3O4@SiO2 Food DSPME HPLC
[164]
Zrefeec MNPs SPME Fluoroquinolone ZreFeeC MNPs Baby food sample DSPME HPLC-FLD
[165]
Mesoporous Hybrid Materials Semivolatile Mesoporous Hybrid Materials Plant Tea SPME UHPLC-MS/MS
based SPME compounds
[166]
Poly(methyl methacrylate) SPME Cd (II), Ni(II), Cu(II) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Vegetable SPME ICP-MS
and Zn(II)
[167]
Cou-2 SPME Penicillins COU-2 Milk Samples SPME HPLC-UV
[168]
PCX SPME Melamine PCX Milk and milk powder SPME UHPLC-HRMS/MS
and cyromazine
[169]
CTAB-modified zeolite nay SPME Carbamate insecticides CTAB-Modified Zeolite NaY Fruits, and vegetables SPME HPLC-PDA
[170]
Sulfonated nanocellulose SPME Silver nanoparticles Sulfonated nanocellulose Food products SPME CE-DAD
[171]
B-CD/ATP SPME Benzoylurea b-CD/ATP Tea and Honey SPME HPLC-DAD
insecticides
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

[172]
Mil-101(cr)@GO SPME Sulfonamides MIL-101(Cr)@GO Milk samples SPME UPLC-MS/MS
[173]
PCX SPME Sulfonamides PCX Milk and Honey SPME UHPLC-MS
(continued)
7
Table 1. Continued. 8
Material type Analytes Material Sample Type of SPE Instrument LOD (mg/L) Reference
[174]
Crown ether-CNTS SPME Sudan dyes Crown ether-CNTs Duck egg yolk and SPME UHPLC
tomato sauce
[175]
Hkust-1 SPME Polycyclic aromatic HKUST-1 Fruit tea infusions SPME UHPLC-FD
[161]
Ilmil-100(Fe)5 SPME Polycyclic aromatic ILMIL-100(Fe)5 Vegetable and Fruit SPME GC-FID
hydrocarbons Juice Samples
[176]
Graphene oxide UA-DSPME Theophylline, Graphene oxide Tea beverages UA-DSPME HPLC-UV
theobromine
and caffeine
[176]
Mil-101 UA-DSPME Herbicides MIL-101 Vegetable Oil UA-DSPME HPLC-DAD
[177]
Iron oxide functionalized Sulfadiazine Iron oxide functionalized Milk, honey UA-DSPME Thermal lens
UA-DSPME
[178]
IL-MWCNT SPME Rhodamine B IL-MWCNT Food samples UA-DSPME HPLC-DAD
M. S. JAGIRANI AND M. SOYLAK

[179]
Uio-66-NH2 SPME Chlorophenoxy UiO-66-NH2 Tomato UA-DSPME HPLC-FLD
acids herbicides
[180]
Zno NPs SPME Ge(IV) ZnO NPs Food UA-DSPME ETAAS
[181]
HKUST-1-MOF-NA-MIP-SPME Nicotinamide HKUST-1-MOF-NA-MIP Milk samples UA-DSPME UVeVis
spectrophotometer
[182]
Ni/coeno3-LDH-SPME Phenolic acids Ni/CoeNO3-LDH Fruit juices UA-DSPME HPLC-UV
[183]
Zirconia NPs-SPME Mycotoxins Zirconia NPs Food UA-DSPME UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS
[183]
TDNFS-SPME Sb(III) and Sb(V) TDNFs Tea infusion UA-DSPME ETV-ICP-MS
[184]
Halloysite nanotubes-SPME Se Halloysite nanotubes Food sample UA-DSPME HR-CS GFAAS
[185]
Magnetic nylon 6-SPME Bisphenol A Magnetic nylon 6 Milk UA-DSPME HPLC-UV
[186]
MED-GO-SPME Naproxen MED-GO Milk samples UA-DSPME HPLC-DAD
and Ibuprofen
[187]
Fe4O3@SiO2@MIP-T-SPME Bisphenol A Fe4O3@SiO2@MIP-T Orange juice UA-DSPME HPLC-UV
[188]
Polyethyleneimine modified-SPME Tartrazine Polyethyleneimine modified Food UA-DSPME UVeVis
[189]
Fe3O4@SiO2@MIP-SPME Quercetin Fe3O4@SiO2@MIP Food UA-DSPME HPLC-UV
[190]
Pyridine-functionalized-SPME Ni(II) Pyridine-functionalized Food UA-DSPME GFAAS
[191]
BeW12O40/imidazole Organophosphorus BeW12O40/imidazole Fruit juices UA-DSPME GC-FID
functionalized silica- pesticides functionalized silica-coated
coated-SPME
[192]
MNP@PAMAM@CD-SPME Pyrethroids MNP@PAMAM@CD Juice samples UA-DSPME HPLC-DAD
[193]
Fe3O4/TiO2 NPs-SPME Toluene and Fe3O4/TiO2 NPs Milk samples UA-DSPME HPLCeUV
xylene biomarkers
[194]
CuO/ZnO@Fe3O4-CNTs-SPME Chlorogenic acid CuO/ZnO@Fe3O4-CNTs Food UA-DSPME HPLC-UV/Vis
[166]
Magnetic diethylenetriamine Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) Magnetic diethylenetriamine Food UA-DSPME DPV
functionalized graphene functionalized
oxide-SPME graphene oxide
[105]
Diamino moiety functionalized Food Diamino moiety Food DSPME CE
silica nanoparticles colorants beverages functionalized silica
(DASNPS) SPME nanoparticles (dASNPs
[195]
Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide Profenofos Fe3O4/reduced graphene White rice flour DSPME HPLC-UV/Vis 14.2 and 34.2 ng/g
nanocomposites based DSPME oxide nanocomposites
[196]
Headspace solid-phase Food headspace solid-phase Rice HS SPME GC-MS-SIM 0.0005 to 0.010
microextraction (HS-SPME) flavoring microextraction (HS SPME)
compounds
[197]
Ionic liquid functionalized zinc Aflatoxins (AFB1, Ionic liquid functionalized Food SPME HPLC 0.07 and 0.73 AFB1,
oxide nanorods SPME AFB2, AFG1 zinc oxide nanorods 0.01 and 0.12
and AFG2) AFB2, 0.04
and 0.44
[198]
Metal-organic framework- Fluoroquinolones Metal-organic framework- Honey IT-SPME HPLCFLD 0.39–1.1 ng/L
monolith composite IT-SPME monolith composite
[199]
Baby food DI-SPME GC–MS ¼
Direct immersion solid-phase Fungicides Direct immersion solid-phase
microextraction (DI-SPME) (azoxystrobin, microextraction (DI-SPME)
metominostrobin,
kresoxim-methyl,
trifloxystrobin,
picoxystrobin,
dimoxystrobin and
pyraclostrobin
[200]
Modified zeolitic imidazolate Amines Modified zeolitic imidazolate food SPME GC–MS ¼
framework-8 based SPME framework-8
[201]
Polypyrrole nanowire based SPME Bisphenol A Polypyrrole nanowire Food HS-SPME HS-SPME-IMS 1 ng g1
[202]
HS-SPME fiber (w80 mm Pesticides (opps) Fiber (w80 mm Apple, Tomato HS-SPME GC-FPD
[203]
DI-SPME fiber (w40 mm) Pesticides (opps) Fiber (w40 mm) Honey, DI-SPME GC-FPD
Orange, Pakchoi
[204]
HS-SPME fiber (w17 mm) Pesticides (opps) Fiber (w17 mm) Green apple, HS-SPME GC-FPD
Strawberry, Grapes
(aqueous extracts)
[130]
DI-SPME fiber (w18 mm) Pesticides (opps) Fiber (w18 mm) Lettuce and Cucumber DI-SPME GC-NPD
[205]
DI-SPME fiber (15–20 mm) Pesticides Fiber (15–20 mm) Vegetables DI-SPME GC-ECD
(pyrethroids) (Hexane extracts)
[206–208]
DI-SPME fiber (15–20 mm) Pesticides (triazines) Fiber (15–20 mm) Onion, Rice, DI-SPME GC-MS
(aqueous extracts) GC-FID
[209, 210]
DI-SPME fiber (w19.8 mm), Sudan dyes (i.e.,iv) Fiber (w19.8 mm) Tomato sauce, Hot DI-SPME HPLC-UV
fiber (w0.55 mm) Fiber (w0.55 mm) chili powder, LC-MS/MS
Poultry feed
[129]
HS-SPME fiber (w50 mm) Pesticides (opps) Fiber (w50 mm) Cucumber, Green HS-SPME GC-NPD
pepper, Chinese
cabbage,
Eggplant, Lettuce
[211]
DI-SPME fiber Multiclass Fiber Milk DI-SPME LP-GC-MS/MS
40 pesticides
[212, 213]
Commercial carbopack Z/PDMS PAHs Commercial carbopack Vegetable oils DI-SPME GCxGCToFMS
DI-SPME Z/PDMS (Hexane extracts) GC-MS
[214]
MWCNTs Solgel Hollow fiber Diethylstilbestrol MWCNTs Solgel Milk products HS-SPME HPLC
HF-SPME
[174]
Silica based and polymeric Tetracyclines Silica based and polymeric Milk DSPME HPLC-DAD
sorbents (30 mg) sorbents (30 mg)
dispersive SPME
[210]
MIP- In tube-SPME (Packed fibers) Fluoroquinolones MIP Pork liver, chicken, SPME HPLC-UV
sulfonamides (Acetornitrile
extract)
[135]
Commercial CW/TRP DI-SPME Multiclass Commercial CW/TRP Lettuce DI-SPME HPLC-DAD
10 pesticides
[215]
Commercial DVB/CAR/PDMS Multiclass Commercial DVB/Car/PDMS Tea HS-SPME GCxGCToFMS
HS-SPME 36 pesticides
[109]
CNTs -HF-SPME Pesticides CNTs Apples HF-SPME HPLC-DAD
(carbamates)
[216]
PDMS-DI-SPME fibers Multiclass 7 pesticides PDMS Cucumber DI-SPME GCeMS
[217]
PDMS modified PDMS/DVB DI- Pesticides (triazoles) PDMS modified PDMS/DVB Grapes and DI-SPME GC-ToFMS
SPME fiber Strawberries
[218]
PDMS modified PDMS/DVB DI- 40 PDMS modified PDMS/DVB Grapes DI-SPME GC-ToFMS
SPME fiber multiclass
pesticides
[219]
PDMS modified PDMS/DVB DI- 11 multiclass PDMS modified PDMS/DVB Concord grape juice DI-SPME GC-ITMS
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

SPME fiber contaminants

[106]
PDMS modified PDMS/DVB Avocado DI-SPME
(continued)
9
Table 1. Continued. 10
Material type Analytes Material Sample Type of SPE Instrument LOD (mg/L) Reference
PDMS modified PDMS/DVB DI- 9 multiclass GC-ITMS
SPME fiber contaminants GCxGCToFMS
[115]
Vortex-assisted magnetic Dicofol Magnetic molecularly Tea SPME GC 0.005
dispersive SPME (VAMDSPME) imprinted microspheres
(Mag-MIMs)
[30]
Ultrasound-assisted dispersive- Naproxen Magnetic ethylenediamine- Cow milk SPME HPLC 0.003
magnetic and ibuprofen functionalized
nanocomposites SPME graphene oxide
[70]
Vortex-assisted magnetic Triazine herbicides Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) Vegetable SPME HPLC 0.53
dispersive SPME
[220]
Silica-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles Cu(ii), Zn(ii) Fe3O4@SiO2@DAPD Vegetable SPME FAAS 0.014
with 2,6-diaminopyridine
M. S. JAGIRANI AND M. SOYLAK

[221]
Fe3O4@SiO2@polypyrrole Cd (II) L- Fe3O4@SiO2@PPy Seafood SPME FAAS 0.03
magnetic nanocomposite
for SPME
[222]
MnFe2O4 and magnetic Pb(II) [Ni6Al2(OH)16] Food SPME FAAS 0.06
takovite–aluminosilicate CO3.4H2O@MnFe2O4
adsorbent nanocomposite
[223]
SiO2-coated magnetic graphene Cu(ii, Pb(ii), Zn(ii), MGO/SiO2@coPPy-T Food SPME FAAS 0.015, 0.065, 0.023,
oxide modified with Cr(iii), Cd(ii) 0.036, 0.21
polypyrrole–polythiophene
[224]
Functionalized magnetic multi- Cd(ii), Pb(ii), Ni(ii) Fe3O4–MWCNT@8-AQ Food SPME FAAS 0.009, 0.072, 0.1
walled carbon
nanotube composite
[46]
Magnetic graphitic carbon nitride Pb(ii), Cd(ii) g-C3N4-SnFe2O4-TPED Food and water UAMSPE FAAS 0.06, 0.01
nanoparticles covalently
modified with an
ethylenediamine
[225]
Fe3O4@sio2@polyaminoquinoline Cd(ii), Pb(ii) Fe3O4@SiO2@PAQ Seafood agricultural SPME FAAS 0.01, 0.07
magnetic nanocomposite
[226]
Polythionine-coated Fe3O4 Co(II) Fe3O4@polythionine Foodstuff and water SPME FAAS 0.03
nanocomposite
[227]
Graphene oxide-based magnetic Sulfonamides Magnetic Milk SPME HPLC-MS/MS 0.002–0.013
solid-phase extraction nanocomposite
(Fe3O4@GO)
[228]
Graphene-Fe3O4 as a magnetic Sulfonamides Graphene-Fe3O4 nanoparticle Milk SPME CE-DAD 0.089–0.231
solid-phase extraction
[229]
Graphene oxide and Fe3O4 Flavonoids GO/Fe3O4 Tea, wine, urin SPME HPLC-DAD 0.02–0.60
magnetic nanoparticles for
the extraction
[177]
Iron oxide functionalized Sulfadiazine Graphene oxide@Fe3O4 Milk, honey, water SPME Spectrophotometry 0.340
graphene oxide as an efficient
sorbent for dispersive micro-
solid-phase extraction
[230]
Fe3O4@GO magnetic Flavors, fragrances Fe3O4@GO nanocomposite Orange juice, SPME HPLC-DAD 0.20–0.40
nanocomposite as chocolate,
the adsorbent fruit sugar
[231]
Magnetic solid-phase extraction Lignans Graphene oxide and Sesame oil SPME HPLC-UV 0.20–0.50
hydroxylated Fe3O4
[232]
Phytic acid-stabilized super- PAHs GOPA@Fe3O4 Vegetable oils SPME HPLC-DAD 0.006–0.015
amphiphilic Fe3O4-graphene
oxide for extraction
[233]
Organophosphorus Fe3O4@SiO2@GO-PEA SPME GC-NPD 0.002–0.01
Superparamagnetic core–shells Fruit,
anchored onto graphene oxide vegetables, water
grafted with phenylethyl
amine as a nano-adsorbent
[60]
Magnetic solid-phase Copper PV-MGO Water, black tea, and SPME FAAS 13.3
microextraction diet supplements
[234]
Magnetism-reinforced in- Cu(II), Co(II), Modified Fe3O4 magnetic Seafood SPME HPLC-DAD =¼
tube SPME and Hg(II) nanoparticles (MCEN environmental and
water samples
[56]
In-tube solid-phase Monounsaturated Ag NPs Food SPME HPLC 5.2
microextraction fatty acid methyl
esters (mufames)
[71]
Hollow fiber SPME Parabens Ag NPs Water and beverages SPME HPLC/UV 0.01
[235]
Silver-coated SPME Naphthalene, fluorene, AgNPs Disposable paper cup SPME GC-FID 0.02–0.1
fluoranthene, and instant
phenanthrene, noodle barrel
dibutyl phthalate,
dioctyl phthalate,
dicyclohexyl
Phthalate and
diallyl phthalate
[236]
SPME fiber coated with SWNTs Bisphenol F SWNTs Canned food SPME GC–MS 0.10
[236]
SWCNTs-SPME Pesticides SWCNTs Tea SPME GC–MS 0.0027–0.023
[237]
HS-SPME-MWCNTs Furan MWCNTs Food SPME GC–FID 0.0001 and 0.000025
[103]
MWCNTs poly(ethylene glycol) Furan MWCNTs Food SPME GC-FID 0.0001 and 0.000025
(PEG) for SPME
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
11
12 M. S. JAGIRANI AND M. SOYLAK

Figure 2. Represents the extraction mechanism of LPME.

2006.[246] In basics protocols of DLLME experiment process, existing solvent and as boundary between the donner and
a limited microliters of extraction solvent (water and immis- accepter phases. To make strong arrangement and no confu-
cible solvents) are homogenize with dispersive solvent sion in the mixed mode procedures like as HF-LLME with
(water-miscible organic solvent) and the homogeneous mix- the suitable membrane-based technique. The classification of
ture is quickly injected in to a water sample to form a solu- membrane based microextraction method one a non-porous
tion milky by the mechanical shaking and sonication and membrane procedure. Where the membrane forms a single
the distribution leads to a markedly increases in the surface phase (polymer or liquid) between the donor and accepter
between the extract and the sample which significant solutions. And also the microporous-membrane liquid–li-
increases the elimination efficacy. Actually, the DLLME can quid extraction (MMLLE) method is belongs to this group.
also be regarded as an extension of homogeneous liquid- In MMLLE, different types of solvents have been use for the
liquid extraction (HLLE) method first developed by the extraction and to improve the methods greenness. Also, in
Ikeda in the last mid of the earlier century.[251] By the man- this case, SUPRAs[252] and ILs[253] were approved. Moreda-
ual sonication, or shaking a milky solution has been formed neiro et al.[254] and Lambropoulou[255] reported, respect-
Pi~
due to the formation of fine droplets of the organic extrac- ively, MAE, USAEME, and the use of magnetic stirring to
tants distributed in the sample capacity. A wide number of increase the extraction capacity of membrane-based micro-
organic solvents can be used as extractants. The physical fea- extraction methods.
tures of these extractants depends upon the selected oper-
ation mode of DLLME.
HF-LLME
HF-LLME was first reported by the Pedersen Bjergaard et al.
Membrane-based microextraction in 1999.[256] In this method, the targeted analytes are elimin-
The membrane based microextraction is innovative alternate ate first from the few mL of the water sample into a thin
to SDME and HF-LLME which can further increase the cap- water immiscible phase (made of 1-octanol reported by the
acity of these LPME and minimize their weaknesses, with Pedersen Bjergaard) inside the pores of polypropylene HF
using the polymeric membrane, which support for the and then into a small amount of accepter solution contained
 CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 13

inside the same HF. HF-LLME association’s purification, PAHs. Developed method was successfully applied for the
isolation, and pretreatment of the analytes in a dis- determination of PAHs from commercial food and bever-
tinct step.[257,258] ages available in Malaysia.[269] Proposed a fast, simple and
cost-effective dLPME based on solidified floating organic
drop (SFOD-LPME), along with HPLC for the determin-
Single drop microextraction ation and enrich of trace level of four glucocorticoids,
SDME has been developed in use since 1996, it is very old including, betamethasone, prednisone, cortisone acetate, and
extraction technique existing in LLME process.[259] SDME is dexamethasone in animal-derived food. The LOD was found
a cheaper, greener, and non-exhaustive, pre-concentration up to 0.39–0.46 ng/mL (0.078–0.23 lg/kg). Developed
method in this method a very small volume of solvents method is successfully applied for the analysis of real sam-
(organic solvents) (typically single drop) saturate in water ples (pork, chicken, milk, and eggs).[269] Table 2 shows the
sample in which it is immiscible solvent, generating a two- different materials used in the LPME for the extraction of
phase heterogeneous system. The organic solvent drop can analytes from food samples.
also be placed at the interface of the water sample head-
space, therefore producing a three-phase heterogeneous sys-
tem. SDME is functioned in two modes: static dynamic Conclusions and future scenarios
SDME[260] and SDME.[247] Mainly, in SDME, the organic
Microextraction gets more attention due to its sensitivity,
solvent phase which captured the analytes is collected using
sensitivity, simplicity, and efficiency in the analysis of com-
a simple syringe and directly introduced into the analytical
plex matrices, generally food and environmental samples. It
instrument for analyte determination.[261] The SDME have
can be used for extensive range structures and polarities of
lot of advantages over other LPME methods is that only a
compounds. Sometimes the filtration and centrifugation can
common laboratory syringe is needed for its application.[241] be avoided and very less amount of organic solvents are
Advancement in the development of more efficient variants required. Still, the configuration discussed above is in their
of the basic SDME technique have been reported regularly earlier stages of improvement and there were several auto-
and included drop-to-drop solvent microextraction matic sampling arrangements in applications. Consequently,
(DDSME),[120] CFME,[262] solid-drop LPME,[263] directly further developments should be through in the automation
suspended droplet microextraction,[264] and solidification of of these microextraction with good GC/HPLC compatibility.
floating organic drop by freezing after extraction.[265] All of the traditional methods of analytical chemistry have
been obviously affected by the new adsorbing materials and
Applications of LPME in the analysis of food nanomaterials research. Currently advancement included the
use of their novel properties for the analysis, the use of
Aydin et al. developed, a new vortex assisted-DES-emulsifi- unique materials, and new approach adsorbents with new
cation liquid–liquid microextraction (VA-DES-ELLME) preparation strategies for the extraction and determination
method for the separation and pre-concentration of cad- of numerous types of analytes from the real samples. The
mium at the trace level using UV/Vis spectrophotometric smaller size larger surface area leads to very unique
analysis. The LOD was found up to 2.9 mg/L. The proposed approach for the very fast, selective, and sensitive elimin-
method was successfully used for the detection of cadmium ation and detection of targeted analytes. New adsorbent
in food and herbal tea samples.[266] Yao et al. reported new materials including MNPs, MONPs, carbon based nanoma-
technique in situ magnetic ionic liquid dispersive LLME terials (CNTs, GO, Diamond-NPs), MIPs, and mesoporous
hyphenated with HPLC was developed to extraction, pre- hybrid-materials generally possess large surface area and
treatment and determination of sulfonamides in milk sam- controllable morphology and highly porous in nature due to
ples.[267] Gupta and Dsouza proposed homogeneous-LLME these novel properties thy are used as an excellent adsorbent
(SH-LLME) with based simple and fast technique for the material applied for extraction of analytes. Microextraction
detection iodate from the food grade salt samples using is a sample-preparation and pretreatment method with great
coupled spectrophotometer the LOD was found up to 16 lg/ potential, because of its essential advantages over the con-
L.[268] Barreto et al. developed pressure variation in-syringe ventional procedures, like as easy operational protocols eco-
dispersive (PV-IS-DLLME) method was applied for the pre- nomically beneficial, low consumption of organic solvent,
treatment and determination of cobalt using digital image fast selective and sensitive speed, and high enrichment.
colorimetry. The LOD and LOQ was found up to 0.08 and Microextraction can be hyphenated with different analytical
0.23 mg/kg of proposed method. The developed method was techniques such as (UPLC, GC, HPLC, GC/MS, LC/MS,
used to the analyzed the real food samples (eggplant, green UPLC/MS, and UV) and has been broadly used in the ana-
banana flour, Tribulus terrestris, and Bahian seasoning).[269] lysis of food samples. However, future advancement of
Barreto et al. reported poly(b-cyclodextrin-ionic liquid) microextraction method still have a long road ahead, full of
grafted with magnetic nanoparticles combined with 1-octa- challenges development with new materials combining with
nol as supramolecular solvents (SUPRASs) presenting new different configurations of microextraction into one step
ferrofluid materials was used in the dLPME for the extrac- using new analytical methods innovative analytical instru-
tion and determination of seven representative PAHs. The ments and providing the possibility of automatic and
LOD was found up to 0.02–0.07 ng/mL for all studied high throughput.
Table 2. Represents the application of LPME during the analysis of food. 14
Material Type Analytes Sample Type of SPE Instrument LOD (mg/L) Reference
[270]
Deep eutectic solvents liquid phase Extraction of patulin, a, Fruit juice LPME Micro-volume 2.2
microextraction b-unsaturated lactone (4- ultraviolet-visible
hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2-c] pyran- spectrophotometry
2-(6H)-one)
[271]
Single-drop liquid-liquid-liquid Patulin Apple juice LPME ID-LC-MS 0.5
microextraction
[272]
Salting out-vortex-assisted liquid- (2-furfural (2-F), 3-furfural (3-F), Fruit juice LPME HPLC-DAD ¼
liquid microextraction 5-methylfurfural (5-MF) and 5-
hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF))
and patulin (PAT)
[273]
ES: chloroform (300 mL) Fatty acid Bovine milk LPME GC-FID 0.04–0.09
DS: methanol (1 mL) DLLME
M. S. JAGIRANI AND M. SOYLAK

[274]
Reverse-micelle based HF-LPME Quercetin Onion and tomato HF-LPME HPLC-UV 0.1 ng/mL
[275]
Electrokinetic extraction LPME Caffeine, Gallic acid Coffee LPME HPLC-PDA
[266]
Vortex-assisted DES Curcumin Root, herbal tea LPME UV/Vis 0.00286
emulsification LLME
[276]
DES-DLLME Oxyprenylated phenylpropanoids Olive, soy, peanuts, corn, sun LPME UHPLC-PDA
flower oil
[277]
UA-RA-SUPRAs-LPME Quercetin Tomato, onion, plum, red grapes LPME UVeVis 0.0098
[278]
Vortex-assisted LLLME-LPME Phenolic acids Honey, iced tea, and canned LPME HPLC-DAD 0.05–0.68 ng/mL
coffee drinks
[279]
Dual ultrasound assisted Phytosterols Vegetable oils, milk, orange juice, LPME UHPLC-MS/MS 0.005–0.015 ng/mL
DLLME-LPME Ginseng, Ganoderma lucidum,
Cordyceps, Polygonum
multiflorum
[280]
EME-LPME Acidic plant hormones Hamlin tree Leaf (Citrus sinensis) LPME LC-MS/MS 0.1–10 ng/mL
[280]
Vortex-assisted RP-DLLME-LPME Hydrophilic phenols Olive oil LPME SPCEV 0.022 ng/mL
[281]
DLLME d-Tocopherol Bovine milk LPME HPLC-UV 0.01
[271]
Single-drop LLLME- LPME Patulin Apple juice LPME LC-MS/MS 0.5 ng/mL
[282]
Air-assisted LLME-LPME Aristolochic acid I Flour, Aristolochiaceae Fruit LPME HPLC 0.16
[283]
DLLME-LPME Alternaria toxins Cereal (rice, wheat) LPME UHPLC-PDA/FLD & 0.6–27.8, 0.6–48.0
UHPLC-MS/MS
[284]
Vortex-assisted DLLME-LPME Aspergillus, Rice wine LPME HPLC-MS 0.05–0.5 ng/mL
Penicillium mycotoxins
[285]
Improved HF-LPME-LPME Aflatoxins Edible oil LPME LC-MS/MS 0.02–0.32 ng/kg
[286]
Vortex-assisted low density solvent Aflatoxins Rice LPME HPLC-FD 0.0011–0.17
microextraction
[287]
Vortex-assisted FS-LPME Ochratoxin A Fruit juice LPME HPLC-FD 0.015 ng/mL
[288]
Microwave-assisted extraction Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Toasted bread LPME HPLC-UV 0.03–0.11 ng/g
& DLLME
[289]
Ultrasonic-assisted extraction Acrylamide Potato chip LPME GC-MS 0.6 ng/g
& DLLME
[290]
DLLME Acrylamide Bread, Biscuit LPME HPLC-UV 9.0
[291]
SDME Acrylamide Bread, Potato chips, Cookie LPME GC-ECD 0.60
[292]
Ultrasound-assisted DLLME & salting- Natural pyrethrins Fruit, cereal/milk-based LPME LC-MS/MS 0.2–1.7, 0.8–8.0
out assisted LLE baby food
[293]
Homogeneous LLME Caffeine Tea and coffee LPME GC-MS 0.05
[294]
Tandem of PHWE and DLLME N-nitrosamines Salted duck eggs LPME HPLC-UV 0.08–0.55
[295]
Ultrasonic assisted dispersive liquid Cadmium Food LPME ETAAS 0.023 ng/ L
phase microextraction based on
deep eutectic solvent
[296]
ionic liquid dispersive Liquid phase Synthetic food colorants Soft drinks, sugar- and gelatin- LPME HPLC 0.015–0.32 ng/mL
microextraction based confectionery
 [297]
Deep eutectic solvent based air Lead Food LPME GFAAS 0.60 ng/ L
assisted liquid phase
microextraction
[298]
Ultrasound assisted and ionic liquid Tin Food LPME ETAAS 3.4 and 11.3 ng L
dispersive
microextraction procedure
[270]
Alcohol-DES based vortex assisted Selenium Food LPME HG AAS 3.5 ng L
homogenous liquid-liquid
microextraction
[299]
Supramolecular Solvent-based Aluminum Food LPME Thymol blue 1.20
liquid–phase microextraction spectrophotometry
[121]
In-tube solid-phase microextraction Abietic acid and Food LPME LC/MS- HPLC 2.9 and 2.1
dehydroabietic acid
[300]
Reversed-phase dispersive liquid- Cd(II) and Zn(II) Oil samples LPME FAAS 0.30–20 and 0.50–30
liquid microextraction
[301]
Ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid Endocrine Food packaging LPME IL-DLLMEHPLC-DAD 0.50 to 1.50 ng mL
phase microextraction
[302]
Aqueous two-phase based on ionic Food colorants Food LPME HPLC 0.051–0.074 ng/mL
liquid liquid–liquid microextraction
[303]
Centrifuge-less deep eutectic solvent Cadmium, lead, copper, Food LPME ETAAS 4.2, 3, 3.5 and
based magnetic nanofluid-linked and arsenic 3.6 ng L
air agitated liquid–liquid
microextraction
[304]
Combination of hollow fiber liquid Antibacterial residues Foods LPME HPLCDAD 0.5
20 and 1.25 and
phase microextraction 40 ng g-1
[149]
Automated on-line in-tube solid- Aflatoxins Food LPME LC–MS 2.1–2.8 pg/mL
phase microextraction
[305]
Salting out-assisted dispersive liquid- Fluoroquinolones Milk, honey LPME SO-DLLME-DES- 0.010
liquid microextraction BE-MECC
[306]
Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Malondialdehyde, acrolein Food LPME GC-MS 0.05 or 0.10
Microextraction
[307]
Ultrasound-assisted extraction and Organophosphorus Cereal-based baby foods LPME GC 0.29 and 3.20
hollow-fiber liquid-phase
microextraction
[104]
On-line in-tube solid-phase Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Food LPME HPLC-FLD 0.32–4.63
microextraction
[290]
Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent- Red dyes Food LPME HPLC 0.01–0.08
based vortex assisted dispersive
liquid-liquid microextraction
[308]
Dispersive liquid-liquid Molybdenum Bovine meat LPME ETAAS 0.03
microextraction
[309]
Switchable solvent based green Cobalt Food LPME FAAS 3.2
liquid phase microextraction
[304]
Combination of hollow fiber liquid Antibacterial residues Food LPME HPLC-DAD 0.5–20 ng g
phase microextraction
[310]
Direct immersion single drop Pesticides Mango SDME GC–MS 0.14–169.20
micro-extraction
[311]
Pressurized liquid extraction and Tocopherols and tocotrienols Plant foods LLME LC 0.2–0.3 ng mL
dispersive liquid–liquid
microextraction
[312]
Ion pair-based dispersive Folate derivatives Foodstuffs IP-DLLME HPLC-UV 2–4.1 ng g
liquid–liquid microextraction
[313]
Dispersive liquid–liquid Arsenic Edible oils DLLME. ETAABS 0.03 ng
microextraction
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

[306]
Reverse liquid-liquid microextraction Doxycycline Chicken fat LLME 33
(continued)
15
Table 2. Continued. 16
Material Type Analytes Sample Type of SPE Instrument LOD (mg/L) Reference
Monochannel
spectrometric flow
injection system
[314]
Syringe-to-syringe dispersive liquid- Ochratoxin Food samples LPME HPLC-FLD 20.0 ng/L
phase microextraction with
solidified floating organic drop
[315]
Enzyme-assisted extraction and ionic Patulin Apple juice LPME HPLC-UV 0.15 ng g
liquid-based dispersive
liquid–liquid microextraction
[316]
Hollow fiber–liquid phase Phenolic compounds Beverage LPME GC-MS 9–22 ng L
microextraction
[317]
Multiple dynamic hollow fiber liquid- Active food packaging Essential oils HFLPME GC–MS –
M. S. JAGIRANI AND M. SOYLAK

phase microextraction
[318]
Hollow fiber liquid-phase Biogenic amines Food LPME HPLC-UV 0.0075 to 0.030
microextraction
[319]
In-syringe liquid microextraction Nitrate and nitrite FOOD LPME ETAAS 0.013
[320]
Ligandless switchable solvent based Nickel FOOD LL-SHS-LPME FAAS
liquid phase microextraction
[321]
Single-Drop Microextraction Fungicide Wine SDME GC 0.006–0.01
[322]
Funnelform single-drop Pyrethroid pesticides Tea SDME GC-ECD 1–12 ng/L
microextraction
[323]
Single-drop microextraction Organophosphorus pesticides Juice SDME GC-FPD 5
[324]
Ultrasonication followed by single- Organochlorine pesticides Fish SDME GC/MS 0.5 ng/g
drop microextraction
[325]
Mixed liquids for single-drop Organochlorine pesticides Vegetables SDME GC/MS 0.05 ng mL
microextraction
[326]
Single-drop microextraction Pesticide Grapes SDME GC/MS 0.0003–0.007
[327]
Liquid–liquid microextraction Strobilurin and oxazole fungicides Juices and fruits SDME GC/MS
[328]
Single-drop microextraction Pesticides residues Wine SDME GC–MS –
[329]
Single-drop microextraction followed Organic acids Fruits and fruit juices SDME GC–MS 0.6 and 164 ng/mL
by In-syringe derivatization
[330]
Drop-to-drop solvent microextraction Caffeine Beverages and foods DDSME GC–MS 4.0 ng/mL
[331]
Headspace single-drop Carbonyl compounds Oil SDME GC 0.001 to 0.003
microextraction with in-drop
derivatization
[332]
Headspace single-drop Cyclamate Artificial sweeteners HS-SDME GC 5
microextraction and beverages
[333]
Headspace single-drop Fluoride Milk HS-SDME IC 3.8
microextraction
[334]
Single-drop microextraction Organochlorine pesticides (OCP) Fresh strawberry, strawberry jam, SDME GC 0.002 to 0.150
and soil
[335]
Dispersive liquid-liquid Polychlorinated biphenyls Fish DLLME GC-ECD 0.12 and 0.35
microextraction
[336]
Ionic liquid-based in situ dispersive Polychlorinated biphenyls Food DLLME HS-GC-ECD
liquid-liquid microextraction and acrylamide
[291]
Single-drop microextraction Acrylamide Food SDME GC-ECD 0.60
[337]
ultrasound-vortex-assisted dispersive Phthalate esters Wine LLME GC-FID 0.022
liquid–liquid micro-extraction
[338]
Ultrasound-vortex-assisted liquid- Phthalates Freeze-dried baby foods UVALLME GC-IT/MS 11 and 20 ng g
liquid microextraction
[339]
Dispersive liquid–liquid Polycyclic aromatic Fruit juice samples LLME LC 0.001–0.01
microextraction hydrocarbons (PAHs)
[340]
Food LPME LC–FD 0.3–0.7
Vesicular supramolecular solvent- Polycyclic aromatic
based microextraction hydrocarbons (PAH4)
[341]
Dispersive liquid–liquid Chlorophenols and haloanisoles Wines DLLME GC/MS 0.004 to 0.108 ng mL
microextraction
[342]
Dispersive liquid–liquid Bisphenol A and bisphenol B Canned vegetables and fruits DLLME GC/MS 0.3, 0.6
microextraction
[343]
Pressurized liquid extraction Bisphenol A, octylphenol, and Powdered Milk LE LC–MS/MS
nonylphenol
[325]
Mixed liquids for single-drop Organochlorine Vegetables SDME GC/MS 0.05 ng mL
microextraction
[344]
Single-drop microextraction Organophosphates, Coconut water SDME GC/MS 1.21 and 6.69
organochlorine, pyrethroids,
carbamate, thiocarbamate and
strobilurin
[321]
Single-Drop Microextraction Fungicide Wine SDME GC 0.006–0.01
[345]
Single-drop microextraction Organophosphorus pesticides Fruit juice SDME GC-FPD 0.21 and 0.56 ng/mL
[327]
Liquid–liquid microextraction Strobilurin and oxazole fungicides Juices and fruits SDME GC/MS
methods based on ultrasound-
assisted emulsification and
single-drop
[346]
Ionic Liquid-Based Dispersive Fungicides Fruit Juices DLLME HPLC 3.1 and 10.2
Liquid–Liquid Microextraction
[205]
Ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid Pyrethroid pesticides Honey UA-IL-DLLME HPLC-DAD 0.21 to 0.38 lg L
dispersive liquid–liquid
microextraction
[310]
Direct immersion single drop Multi-class pesticides Mango SDME GC–MS 0.14–169.20
micro-extraction
[347]
Liquid–liquid microextraction Organochlorine pesticides Tomato and strawberry LLME GC 2.7–20.0 ng
L
1, 0.50–1.15
[348]
Dispersive liquid–liquid Methylparaben, Ethylparaben, Beverage DLLME GC–MS 2.9, 1.3, 0.59 and 0.46
microextraction Propylparaben and
Butylparaben
[349]
Microwave-assisted extraction— 54 pharmaceutical and personal Fish SPME fiber with MAE LC-HRMS 0.01–0.50 and
Hollow fiber—Liquid/solid-phase care products and HF-LPME 0.05, 2.00
microextraction
[350]
Dispersive liquid–liquid Cadmium and copper Food LLME UV/vis 0.01 and 0.5 ng L
microextraction
[351]
TiO2 reinforced caprylic acid hollow Pb (II) Rice, milk HF-SLPME FAAS
fiber solid/liquid phase
microextraction
[352]
Vortex assisted dispersive liquid- Butyltin Fish DLLME GC–MS 0.4, 0.6 and 0.5
liquid microextraction
[353]
Dispersive liquid–liquid Estrogenic compounds Milk and yogurt DLLME MEKC-MS/MS
microextraction
[354]
Ultrasound-assisted hollow fiber Nicotine Vegetables and commercial UA-HFLPME GC 0.2–0.5 ng g
liquid-phase microextraction food products
[355]
Low viscous hydrophobic deep Phthalate esters Packed milk LPME HPLC 1.06
4.55 ng ﹒ mL
eutectic solvents liquid-liquid
microextraction
[356]
Liquid-liquid microextraction Fluoroquinones Animal-based foods LLME HPLC 0.07–0.53
[357]
Dispersive liquid-phase Glucocorticoid residues Food SFOD-LPME HPLC 0.078–0.23
microextraction based on
solidified floating organic drop
[358]
Hollow-fiber liquid phase Polychlorinated biphenyls Human breast milk HF-LPME GC-lECD 7–14 ng L
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

microextraction
[359]
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Food LMPE GC-FID 0.02–0.07
(continued)
17
Table 2. Continued. 18
Material Type Analytes Sample Type of SPE Instrument LOD (mg/L) Reference
Poly(cyclodextrin-ionic liquid) based
ferrofluid: A new class of magnetic
colloid for dispersive liquid phase
microextraction
[269]
Pressure variation in-syringe Cobalt Food PV-IS-DLLME Digital image
dispersive liquid-liquid colorimetry
microextraction
[268]
Salting-out homogeneous liquid- Iodate Food grade salt SH-LLME Spectrophotometry 16
liquid microextraction
[267]
In situ magnetic ionic liquid Sulfonamides Milk LLME HPLC
dispersive liquid-liquid
microextraction
M. S. JAGIRANI AND M. SOYLAK

[266]
Vortex Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Curcumin in Food and Herbal Tea LLME UV/Vis 2.9
(DES)-Emulsification Liquid-Liquid
Microextraction
 CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 19

Funding [16] Timofeeva, I.; Kanashina, D.; Stepanova, K.; Bulatov, A. A

Simple and Highly-Available Microextraction of Benzoic and
Dr. Muhammad Saqaf Jagirani is highly thankful to the Scientific and Sorbic Acids in Beverages and Soy Sauce Samples for High
Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for funding Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet
this project through 2221 (visiting researcher [Postdoctoral fellow]) Detection. J. Chromatogr. A 2019, 1588, 1–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.
Research Fellowship Programme for Foreign Citizens. chroma.2018.12.030.
[17] Ding, X. J.; Xie, N.; Zhao, S.; Wu, Y. C.; Li, J.; Wang, Z.
Simultaneous Determination of Ten Preservatives in Ten
Kinds of Foods by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography.
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