EXPERIMENT 5
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS
AIM: To calculate the thermal conductivity of a liquid.
INTRODUCTION: When a temperature gradient exists in a body, there is an energy transfer from
the high temperature region to the low temperature region. Energy is transferred by conduction
and heat transfer rate per unit area is proportional to the normal temperature gradient.
When the proportionality constant is inserted.
When q is the amount of heat transfer and ΔT /ΔX is the temperature gradient in the direction of
heat flow. The constant k is called thermal conductivity of the material.
THEORY: For thermal conductivity of liquids using fourier’s law, the heat flow through the liquid
from hot fluid to cold fluid is the heat transfer through conductive fluid medium.
Fourier’s equation:
Fourier’s law for the case of liquid
At steady state, the average face temperatures are recorded (Th and Tc) along with the amount of
heat transfer (Q) knowing, the heat transfer area (Ah) and the thickness of the sample (ΔX) across
which the heat transfer takes place, the thermal conductivity of the sample can be calculated using
Fourier’s law of heat conduction.
DESCRIPTION: The apparatus consists of a heater, it heats a thin layer of liquid. Funnel is
provided with valve for fill the liquid. Drain valve is given for maintain the liquid level. Plat is for
circulation of water. Flow control vale is provided for control the flow of water. Six temperature
sensors are provided to measure the temperature across the liquid layer.
UTILITIES REQUIRED:
Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 5-15 Amp combined socket with Earth
connection.
Water Supply: Continuous at 2 LPM at 1 Bar.
Floor Drain Required.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Close all the valves Vi — V3.
2. Connect continuous water supply to the inlet of water chamber.
3. Connect outlet of chamber to drain.
4. Open the valve V2 & fill the liquid (whose thermal conductivity have to be measure)
through funnel till the liquid retain in funnel.
5. Adjust the valve V3 to keep the liquid at axis level.
6. Ensure that mains ON/OFF switch given on the panel is at OFF position and dimmer stat
is at zero position.
7. Connect electric supply to the set up & switch ON the mains ON/OFF switch.
8. Start the water supply and adjust the flow of water by valve V3.
9. Set the heater input by the dimmer stat, voltmeter in the range 40 to 100 V.
10. After 1.5 hrs. note down the reading of voltmeter, ampere meter and temperature sensors
in the observation table after every 10 minutes interval till observing change in consecutive
readings of temperatures.
11. Repeat the experiment for different liquids.
12. When experiment is over set the dimmer stat to zero position.
13. Switch OFF the mains ON/OFF switch also switch OFF electric supply to the set up. 3
14. Stop flow of water by closing the valve Vi.
15. Drain the liquid by open the valve V3.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:
DATA:
Thickness of liquid ΔX 0.018 m
Diameter of plate D 0.160 m
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. No. V I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
(volts) (amp) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
CALCULATIONS
CALCULATION TABLE:
Sr.No. K(W/m°C)
NOMENCLATURE:
Nom Column Heading Units Type
m2
A Heat transfer area Calculated
D Diameter of plate M Given
I Ammeter reading Amp Measured
k Thermal conductivity of liquid W/m°C Calculated
Q Heat supplied by heater W Calculated
T1-T3 Temperature of the temperature sensors on the hot side °C Measured
T4-T6 Temperature of the temperature sensors on the cold side °C Measured
Tc Cold face average temperature °C Calculated
Th Hot face average temperature °C Calculated
V Volt meter reading Volts Measured
ΔX Thickness of liquid m Given
RESULT:
The mean value of Thermal Conductivity of the liquid is: __________
PRECAUTION:
Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 300 volts and more than 230 volts.
Never switch ON mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches given on the
panel are at OFF position.
Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.
Always keep the apparatus free from dust.
EXPERIMENT 6
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METAL BAR
AIM: To calculate the thermal conductivity of metal rod. |
To plot the temperature distribution along the length of rod.
INTRODUCTION: Thermal conductivity of substance is a physical property, defined as the
ability of a substance to conduct heat. Thermal conductivity of material depends on chemical
composition, state of matter, crystalline structure of a solid, the temperature, pressure and weather.
THEORY: The heater will heat the rod on its one end and heat will be conducted through the rod
to the other end. Since the rod is insulated from outside, it can be safety assumed that the heat
transfer along the brass rod is mainly due to axial conduction and at steady state the heat conducted
shall be equal to the heat absorbed by water at the cooling end. The heat conducted at steady state
shall create a temperature profile within the rod. (T =f (x)). The steady state heat balance at the
rear end of the rod is:
Heat absorbed by cooling water,
Heat conducted through the rod in axial direction:
At steady state;
So thermal conductivity of rod may be expressed as:
DESCRIPTION: The apparatus consists of a metal rod, one end of which is heated by an electric
heater while the other end of the rod projects inside the cooling water jacket. The middle portion
of the rod is surrounded by a cylindrical shell filled with the glass wool. Six temperature sensors
are provided to measure temperature of rod at different section. The heater is provided
with a dimmer stat for controlling the heat input. Water under constant head conditions is circulated
through the jacket and its flow rate and temperature rise are noted by two temperature sensors
provided at the inlet and outlet of the water.
UTILITIES REQUIRED:
Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 5-15 Amp combined socket with
earth connection.
Water Supply: Continuous at 2 LPM at 1 Bar.
Floor Drain Required.
Stop watch.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Close all the valves Vi — V2.
2. Connect continuous water supply to the inlet of water chamber.
3. Ensure that mains ON/OFF switch given on the panel is at OFF position and dimmer stat
is at zero position.
4. Connect electric supply to the set up.
5. Switch ON the mains ON/OFF switch.
6. Set the heater input by the dimmer stat, voltmeter in the range 40 to 100 V.
7. Open the valve V: and start the flow of water.
8. Start the stop watch and collect the water in measuring cylinder.
9. Note down the time and volume of water.
10. After 1.5 hrs. note down the reading of voltmeter, ampere meter and temperature sensors
at every 10 minutes (till observing change in consecutive readings of temperatures).
11. When experiment is over set the dimmer stat to zero position.
12. Stop the water supply by closing the valve V1.
13. Switch OFF the mains ON,/OFF switch.
14. Switch OFF electric supply to the set up.
15. Drain the water by open the valve V2.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:
DATA
Specific heat of water Cp 4186 J/kg°C
Density of water ρw 1000 kg/m3
Diameter of rod d 0.020 m
Distance of first temperature sensor (T 1) from the one end point of pipe X1 0.040 m
Distance of second temperature sensor (T 2) from the one end point of pipe X2 0.066 m
Distance of third temperature sensor (T 3) from the one end point of pipe X3 0.092 m
Distance of fourth temperature sensor (T 4) from the one end point of pipe X4 0.118 m
Distance of fifth temperature sensor (T5) from the one end point of pipe X5 0.144 m
Distance of sixth temperature sensor (T 6) from the one end point of pipe X6 0.170 m
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr. Volts I F t T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
No. (V) (amp) (ml) (sec) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
CALCULATIONS:
CALCULATION TABLE
Sr.No. Q (W) K(W/m°C)
NOMENCLATURE:
Nom Column Heading Units Type
A Cross-sectional area of the metal rod m2 Calculated
Cp Specific heat of water J/kg°C Given
F Volume of water collected for flow measurement ml Measured
k Thermal conductivity of metal rod W/m°C Calculated
M Mass flow rate of cooling water kg/sec Calculated
Q Heat gained by water W Calculated
T1 – T5 Temperature of metal rod along the length from heater to cooling °C Measured
jack
T7 Inlet temp of cold water °C Measured
I Ammeter reading Amp Measured
V Volt meter reading volts Measured
X1 Distance of first temperature sensor (T 1) from the one end point of m Given
pipe X1
X2 Distance of second temperature sensor (T 2) from the one end m Given
point of pipe X2
X3 Distance of third temperature sensor (T 3) from the one end point m Given
of pipe X3
X4 Distance of fourth temperature sensor (T 4) from the one end point m Given
of pipe X4
X5 Distance of fifth temperature sensor (T5) from the one end point m Given
of pipe X5
X6 Distance of sixth temperature sensor (T 6) from the one end point m Given
of pipe X6
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 200 volts and more than 230 volts.
2. Never switch ON mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches
given on the panel are at OFF position.
3. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.
4. Always keep the apparatus free from dust.
EXPERIMENT 7
HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
AIM: To calculate total thermal conductivity of composite wall.
INTRODUCTION: When a temperature gradient exists in a body, there is an energy transfer
from the high temperature region to the low temperature region. Energy is transferred by
conduction and heat transfer rate per unit area is proportional to the normal temperature gradient.
When the proportionality constant is inserted.
Where q is the amount of heat transfer and AT/AX is the temperature gradient in the direction of
heat flow. The constant k is called thermal conductivity of the material.
THEORY: A direct application of fourier’s law is the plane wall.
Fourier’s equation:
Where the thermal conductivity is considered constant. The wall thickness is AX, Q, A are amount
of heat transfer and heat transfer area respectively. T: and T2 are surface temperature. If more than
one material is present, as in the multiplayer wall, the analysis would proceed as follows:
The temperature gradients in the three materials (A, B, C) the heat flow may be written
DESCRIPTION: The apparatus consists of a heater sandwiched between two asbestos sheets.
Three slabs of different material are provided on both sides of heater, which forms a composite
structure. A small press frame is provided to ensure the perfect contact between the slabs. A variac
is provided for varying the input to the heater and measurement of input power is carried out by a
digital voltmeter & digital ammeter. Eight temperature sensor are embedded between inter faces
of the slab, to read the temperature at the surface.
UTILITIES REQUIRED:
Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 6-15 Amp combined socket with
earth connection.
Bench Area Required: 1m x 1m
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure that mains ON/OFF switch given on the panel is at OFF position & dimmer statis
at zero position.
2. Connect electric supply to the set up
3. Switch ON the mains ON/OFF switch
4. Set the heater input by the dimmer stat, voltmeter in the range 40 to 100 volt.
5. After 1.5 hrs. note down the reading of voltmeter, ampere meter and temperature sensors
in the observation table after every 10 minutes interval till observing change in
consecutive readings of temperatures.
6. When experiment is over set the dimmer stat to zero position.
7. Switch OFF the mains ON/OFF switch.
8. Switch OFF the power supply to the set up.
OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS:
DATA:
Thermal conductivity of cast iron k1 = 52 W/m°C Cast iron thickness X1 = 0.02 m
Thermal conductivity of Bakelite k2 = 1.4 W/m°C Bakelite thickness X2 = 0.015 m
Diameter of slab d = 0.25 m Press wood thickness X3 = 0.012 m
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr. V I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
No. (Volts) (Amp) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
CALCULATION TABLE:
Sr Q DT Rt Keff K3 TA1 TA2 TA3 TA4
.No. (W/m2) (°C) (°Cm2/W) (W/m°C) (W/m°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
NOMNCLATURE:
Nom Column Heading Units Type
A Area of heat transfer m2 Calculated
D Diameter of slab M Given
I Ammeter Amp Measured
Keff Total thermal conductivity of composite wall W/m°C Calculated
Q Amount of heat transfer W Calculated
q Heat flux W/m2 Calculated
R1 Total thermal resistance of composite wall °Cm2 /W Calculated
T1-T2 Interface temperature of cast iron and heater °C Measured
T3-T4 Interface temperature of cast iron and bakelite °C Measured
T7-T8 Top surface temperature of bakelite and press wood °C Measured
TA1 Average temperature at the interface of cast iron slab and °C Calculated
heater
TA2 Average temperature at the interface of cast iron slab and °C Calculated
bakelite slab
TA3 Average temperature at the interface of cast iron slab and °C Calculated
press wood slab
TA4 Average temperature at the surface of press wood slab °C Calculated
V Voltmeter reading Volt Measured
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 900 volts and more than 230 volts.
2. Never switch ON mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches
given on the panel are at OFF position.
3. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently
4. Always keep the apparatus free from dust.
