LECTURE 6: PHILIPPINE

EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
(Introduction to Science
Education in the Philippines)
Science, Technology, and Society
PREPARED BY:
DIVINE GRACE S. BATENGA, MSC, LPT
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF MAT AND SCIENCE
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▪ EDUCATION DURING THE PRE-

SPANISH PERIOD
▪ EDUCATION DURING THE SPANISH
PERIOD
PHILIPPINE ▪ EDUCATION DURING THE AMERICAN
EDUCATIONAL PERIOD
▪ EDUCATION DURING THE JAPANESE
SYSTEM ERA
▪ EDUCATION DURING THE REPUBLIC
(1943-1972)
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Education during the Pre-Spanish Period

► Aims: For survival, conformity,

and enculturation
► Contents: Informal education,
Religion-oriented
► Methods: Tell me and show me,
observation, trial and error
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Education during the Pre-Spanish Period

► The education of Pre-Spanish

Period was fit for the needs of
their times.
► There was no formal schooling.
► Education was oral, practical and
hands-on
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Education during the Pre-Spanish Period

► Parents trained their children

informally.
► Mothers educated their female
children in housekeeping,
weaving, basket-making and
other agriculture-related
activities.
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Education during the Pre-Spanish Period

► Fathers trained their male

children in hunting, carpentry,
agriculture, shipbuilding, and
mining.
► Skills taught would vary on their
industries and locations.
▪ Example: whether highland,
lowlands or along seashores
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Education during the Pre-Spanish Period

► During the Pre-Spanish period, education was

still decentralized.
► Children were provided more vocational
training but lesser academics, which were
headed by their parents or by tribal tutors.
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Education during the Pre-Spanish Period

ALIBATA (baybayin)
► During the early period almost everyone in the society (male or
female) knows how to read and write.
► They have their own method of writing which they use sharp-pointed
tools, leaves, bamboo and trunk’s skin.
► Alibata is an ancient writing system that was used in what is now
the Philippines.
► Although it was all but extinguished by Western colonization,
variants of it are still used in parts of Mindoro and Palawan, and is
also increasingly used by Filipino youth as a way to express their
identity.
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Education during the Spanish Period

► Aims: To propagate Christianity

► Contents: Religious Education, Vocational
Course
► Methods: Dictation and Memorization
▪ the vernacular was used as the medium of
instruction in the parochial schools
▪ the religious orders introduced the parochial
school
▪ education is suppressed, exclusive (for elite),
and inadequate
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Education during the Spanish Period

► The pre-Spanish system of education underwent major changes during the

Spanish colonization.
► The tribal tutors were replaced by the Spanish Missionaries
▪ Education was “religion-centered”
▪ Education for the elite only
▪ Spanish language is compulsory
▪ Boys and girls school are separated
▪ Inadequate, suppressed, and controlled
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Education during the Spanish Period

► When the Spanish first arrived in

the Philippines, education of the
indigenous people was mainly
viewed as the duty of religious
organizations.
► Parish friars put forth great effort
to teach the indigenous people to
read believing that literacy was
the key for better lifestyles.
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Education during the Spanish Period

► The Friars establish parochial

schools linked with Churches to
teach catechism to the natives.
► Education was manage, supervised,
and controlled by the friars.
► Spanish education played a major
role in the transformation of
education.
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Education during the Spanish Period

► The oldest universities, colleges,

vocational schools and the first modern
public education system in Asia were
created during the colonial period.
► The focus of education during the Spanish
Colonization of the Philippines was mainly
religious education. University of Santo Tomas
► The Catholic doctrine schools that were set-
up initially became parochial schools which
taught reading and writing along with
catechism.

University of San Carlos

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Education during the Spanish Period

► The Augustinians opened a school in Cebu in 1565.

► Jesuits followed in 1581.
► The Dominicans in 1587, which they stated a school I
their first mission in Bataan.
► The Franciscans, in 1577, immediately took to the task
of teaching improving literacy, aside from the teaching
of new industrial and agricultural techniques.
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Education during the Spanish Period

► In 1863, an educational decree mandated the establishment of free primary schools in each
town, one for the boys and one for girls, with the precise number of schools depending on the
size of the population.
► There were 3 grades:
1) Entrada
2) Acenso
3) Termino
► Despite the decree of 1863, basic remained inadequate for the rest of the Spanish period.
► Often, there were not enough schools built and teachers tended to use corporal punishment.
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Education during the Spanish Period

► After the Spanish colonial government

was overthrown, the schools
established during the Spanish era
were closed down for a time by Emilio
Aguinaldo’s government.
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Education during the American Period

► Aim: To teach democracy as a way of

life
► Methods: Socialized recitation,
Student’s participation
► Contents: Reading, writing, arithmetic,
language, GMRC, civics, hygiene and
sanitation, gardening, domestic science,
American History, and Philippine
History
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Education during the American Period

► In 1898, American occupied Manila and

reopened schools wherein the American
soldiers were the first teachers.
► English is the medium of instruction.
► Education should be universal and free for all
regardless of sex, age, religion, and socio-
economic status of individual.
► Education was the means of giving people an
orientation towards a democratic way of life.
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Education during the American Period

► Act no. 74 – established the public

primary school in 1901 and
intermediate school in 1904 which
provides free public education.
► THOMASITES – are group of
professionals sent by the United State
Government who were assigned to
Thomasites
teach English language.
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Education during the American Period

► Act No. 372 – required all provinces to maintain a

provincial high school.
► 1901 – Philippine Normal School was founded to train
teachers.
► 1908 – University of the Philippines was established
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Education during the American Period

► Use of English language as medium of instruction.

► Providing formal education
▪ Primary education
▪ Intermediate education
▪ Secondary education
► Vocational education
► Emphasize the 3R’s (reading, writing, and arithmetic)
► Education in this period emphasize democracy and importance of people-participation in
decision making, and induction of good manner and right conduct.
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Education during the Japanese Period

► Aims: To strive for the diffusion of the

Japanese language in the Philippines
and the termination of the use of the
English language in schools; to stress
the dignity of manual labor
► Contents: Vocational, Technical
Agriculture, Values rooted on love for
labor, physical education and singing
Japanese songs, health/vocational
education
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Education during the Japanese Period

► In 1941, the Pacific War broke out and the Philippines

came under the Japanese occupation.
► MILITARY ORDER NO. 2 (1942)
▪ Japanese educational polices were embodied in the Military Order
No. 2.
▪ The Philippine Executive Commission established the
Commission of Education, Health and Public Welfare.
▪ Schools were REOPENED on June 1942.
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Education during the Japanese Period

► Make people understand the position of the

Philippines as a member of the Greater East Asia Co-
Prosperity Sphere and inspire the people with the
spirit of labor.
► TAGALOG, PHILIPPINE HISTORY and CHARACTER
were the focus.
► Love for work and dignity for labor was emphasized.
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Education during the Japanese Period

► There was the spread of elementary and

vocational education.
► NIPPONGO was used and the Japanese tried to
stop the Filipino people from using the English
Language.
► Education elevates the morality of the people.
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Education during the Republic (1943-
1972)

► Aims:
⮚ Full realization of the democratic ideals and way of life
⮚ Promotion of equal opportunities for all
► Contents:
⮚ Social orientation as manifested by the conservation of the Filipino heritage
⮚ Training for occupation
⮚ Promotion of democratic nation building
⮚ A new thrust on community development
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LESSON 6: SCIENCE
EDUCATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
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LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:

a)Discuss the concept of science education; and
b)Identify science schools established to promote
science education in the Philippines
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The Concept of Science Education

► Focuses on :
► TEACHING SCIENCE
► LEARNING SCIENCE
► UNDERSTANDING SCIENCE
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The Concept of Science Education

TEACHING SCIENCE
► Involves developing ways on how to
effectively teach science.
► Exploring pedagogical theories and models
in helping teachers teach scientific concepts
and processes effectively.
► PEDAGOGICAL THEORIES – postulate how
things should be taught and/or how one
can bring someone to learn.

Pedagogical Theories
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The Concept of Science Education

LEARNING SCIENCE
► Includes both pedagogy and
helping students understand
and love science.
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The Concept of Science Education

UNDERSTANDING SCIENCE
► Implies developing and applying
science-process skills and using
science literacy in
understanding the natural world
and activities in everyday life.
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The Concept of Science Education

JOHN DEWEY
► American philosopher and educator who was a founder of the
philosophical movement known as pragmatism.
► Stressed the importance of utilizing the natural environment to
teach students.
► “Nature must indeed furnish its physical stimuli to provide
wealth of meaning through social activities and thinking.”
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The Concept of Science Education

SCIENCE EDUCATION
► Justified by the vast amount of
scientific knowledge developed in this
area.
► Provides skills and knowledge that are
necessary for a person to live.
► Developing science culture is therefore
an immense responsibility for schools.
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Science Education in Basic and Tertiary
Education

► BASIC EDUCATION – covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic

education (six years of primary education, four years of Junior
High School, and two years of Senior High School).
► TERTIARY EDUCATION – post-secondary education, is any
level of education pursued beyond high school, including
undergraduate and graduate credentials
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Science Education in Basic and Tertiary
Education

BASIC EDUCATION
► Science education helps students learn important concepts and facts that are related to everyday
life.
► Important skills:
▪ Process skills – observing, measuring, classifying, interfering, predicting, communicating
▪ Critical thinking skills – reasoning, evaluating, problem-solving, decision making, analyzing
▪ Life skills – problem-solving, communication skills, knowledge of technology, survival skills,
knowledge of natural resources, analytical skills
► Develops positive attitude:
▪ The love of knowledge, passion for innovative things, curiosity to study about nature, and
creativity.
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Science Education in Basic and Tertiary
Education

TERTIARY EDUCATION
► Science education deals with developing students’ understanding and appreciation of
science ideas and scientific works.
▪ Offering basic science courses in the General Education curriculum (STS, Environmental
Science)
► Science education focuses on the preparation of science teachers, scientists,
engineers, and other professionals in various science-related fields such as
engineering, agriculture, medicine, and health sciences.
► The state provides scholarships to encourage more students to pursue science
courses.
▪ DOST-SEI (Department of Science and Technology-Science Education Institute)
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Science Schools in the Philippines

PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH

SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)
► Government program for gifted students in the
Philippines.
► Service institute of DOST whose mandate is to offer
free scholarship basis for secondary course,
emphasis on subject pertaining to the sciences.
► The school maintain dormitory for all students.
► Vision: To develop Filipino science scholars with
scientific minds and passion for excellence.
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Science Schools in the Philippines

SPECIAL SCIENCE ELEMENTARY

SCHOOLS (SSES) PROJECT
► The SSES Project aims to develop Filipino children
equipped with scientific and technological
knowledge, skills, and values. Its mission is to:
▪ Provide a learning environment to science-inclined
children through a special curriculum that
recognizes the multiple intelligences of the
learners;
▪ Promote the development of lifelong learning skills;
and
▪ Foster the holistic development of the learners
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Science Schools in the Philippines

MANILA SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

► Established on October 1, 1963 as the Manila
Science High School (MSHS).
► The first science high school in the
Philippines.
► Curriculum puts more emphasis on science
and mathematics.
► Aims to produce scientists with souls.
► Administers an entrance exam (MSAT).
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Science Schools in the Philippines

CENTRAL VISAYAN INSTITUTE

FOUNDATION
► The home an pioneer of the prominent
school-based innovation known as Dynamic
Learning Program (DLP).
► DLP – is a synthesis of classical and modern
pedagogical theories adapted to foster the
highest level of learning, creativity, and
productivity.
► Takes pride in its Research Center for
Theoretical Physics (RCTP).
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End of Lecture
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References:

► Serafica J.P.et. al, (2018). Science, Technology and Society Rex Book Store, Inc.