Mass Relationships in

Chemical Reactions
Chapter 3 1
 Objectives

By the end of this chapter you should be able to

} know and calculate Atomic Mass
} calculate Molecular Mass
} calculate Percent Composition of Compounds
} Determine the Empirical Formula

} Find Limiting Reagents

} calculate Reaction Yield
2
2
 Outline

Chemistry by Chang, 10th ed, Chapter 3

} Atomic Mass

} Avogadro’s Number and Molar Mass of an Element

} Molecular Mass
} Percent Composition of Compounds
} Experimental Determination of Empirical Formula
} Limiting Reagents

} Reaction Yield 3
 Atomic Mass
Mass of an atom = mass of p + mass of n + mass of e
mass of p = mass of n = 1840 mass of e
Mass of atom = mass of p + mass of n
§ The atom is too small to be weighted.
§ However, we can determine the mass of one atom relative to another.
§ Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in atomic mass units amu
§ amu is the mass that exactly equal to one-twelfth the mass of one carbon-12
(12C) atom.
§ By definition: 1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu
§ On this scale; 1H = 1.008 amu
16O = 16.00 amu
4
 Average Atomic Mass
• Atomic mass of carbon = 12.01 not 12.00

• The carbon exist in more than one form (isotopes 12C & 13C)

• Carbon is a mixture of Isotopes

• Thus: Atomic Mass = Average Atomic Mass

Natural Abundance

‫اﻟوﻓرة اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬

5
 How to find the Average Atomic Mass?
§ Average atomic mass of natural carbon =
∑ (The natural abundance x Atomic Mass) for each isotope

§ Example: calculate the average atomic mass of carbon?

C-12 natural abundance = 98.90% , atomic mass = 12 amu
C-13 natural abundance = 1.10% , atomic mass = 13 amu

% abundance of isotope 1 % abundance of isotope 2

Average Atomic Mass = (mass of isotope 1) + (mass of isotope 2) + ...
100 100

98.90 x 12 + 1.10 x 13
Average atomic mass = = 12.01 amu
100
§ Notes : carbon is mainly 12C → the Average Atomic Mass is 12.01 amu →
6
closer to 12 amu than 13 amu
 Average atomic mass for
C = 12.011 amu

7
Extra practice: Example 3.1, Chemistry by Chang, 10th ed
 The mole
Dozen = 12
1 dozen = 12 Anything
1 mol = 6.022 x1023 particles

The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that contains as many elementary
entities as there are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C

1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 x 1023 Avogadro’s number (NA)

THUS:
One mole of H atoms has 6.022 x 1023 atoms
One mole of H2 molecules has 6.022 x 1023 molecules
8
 Molar Mass
• The atomic mass of 12C is 12.00 amu
• 1 mole of carbon-12 atoms has a mass of exactly 12 g
• Thus: the Molar Mass (M) of 12C = 12.00 g/mol

Molar mass (M) is the mass (in grams or kilograms) of 1 mole of a substance.

For any element

atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (g/mol)

Example:
• Atomic mass of Na is 22.99 amu then Molar mass is 22.99 g/mol
• Atomic mass of P is 30.97 amu then Molar mass is 30.97 g/mol 9
 Did You Understand Molar Mass?

⸪ One mole = NA ( 6.0221367 x 1023)

⸫ How to Calculate the Number of Moles (n)

mass (m) N (atoms or molecules)

n= n=
Molar Mass (MM) N! (Avogadro’s number)

10
 Example
1. How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K) ?

!"## (!) *.,,-

!= = = 0.0141 mol
&'(") &"## (&&) ./.-*

0
!= ► N = n x NA
0!
∴ N = 0.0141 x 6.022 x 1023 = 8.49 x 1021 atoms K

Extra practice: Example 3.2, 3.3 & 3.4, Chemistry by Chang, 10th ed

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 Molecular Mass
The molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of the atomic masses
(in amu) in the molecule.

1S 32.07 amu
2O + 2 x 16.00 amu
SO2
SO2 64.07 amu

For any molecule

molecular mass (amu) = molar mass (g/mol)
1 molecule SO2 = 64.07 amu
1 mole SO2 = 64.07 g SO2
12
 Atomic mass (in amu) = Molar Mass (g/mol)
Molecular Mass (in amu) = Molar Mass (g/mol)

Example 3.6:
How many moles of CH4 are present in 6.07 g of CH4?

Molecular Mass CH4= (1x12 .01) + (4x1.008) = 16.04 g/mol

!"## (!) 2.*3
!($%1 ) = = = 0.378 ,-.
&'(") &"## (&&) -2.*1

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 Example 3.7:
How many hydrogen atoms are present in 25.6 g of urea [(NH2)2CO].
The molar mass of urea is 60.06 g/mol.
m 25.6 g
n[( NH 2 ) 2 CO ] 0.426 mol
M 60.06 g / mol
N
n[( NH 2 ) 2 CO ]
NA
N nxN A 0.426 mol x6.022 x1023 molecules/mol
N 2.567 x1023 molecules
1 molecule [(NH 2 ) 2 CO ] 4 H atoms
2.567x1023 [(NH 2 ) 2 CO ] molecules ?H atoms
4 atomx2.567x1023 molecule
number of H atoms 1.03 x1024 atoms
1 molecule
14
Extra practice: Example 3.6, Chemistry by Chang, 10th ed
 Percent Composition of Compounds
§ The percent composition by mass is the percent by mass of each
element in a compound.

Percent composition of an element in a compound =

n x molar mass of element
x 100%
molar mass of compound

n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole of the compound

§ The Percent Composition by Mass:

→ The Empirical Formula
15
→ The Molecular Formula
 Example :
Calculate the percentage of each element in C2H6O?
Molar mass of C = Atomic mass of C = 12.01 g /mol
Molar mass of H = Atomic mass of H = 1.008 g/mol
Molar mass of O = Atomic mass of O = 16.00 g/mol
Molar mass of C2H6O = Molecular mass C2H6O = (2 x 12.01) + (6 x 1.008) + (1 x16.00) = 46.07 g/mol
2 x (12.01 g)
%C = x 100% = 52.14%
46.07 g
6 x (1.008 g)
%H = x 100% = 13.13%
46.07 g
1 x (16.00 g)
%O =
46.07 g
x 100% = 34.73% C2H6O
52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%
16
Extra practice: Example 3.8, Chemistry by Chang, 10th ed
 Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas

To determine the empirical formula from the percentage of

elements in the compound:

1- change % to g

2- change g to mole.

3- divide by the smallest number of moles.

4- if there was fraction after division change to integer

subscripts (multiply by 1 or 2 or 3 etc until reach integer.

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 Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas
Example
Determine the empirical formula of a compound that has the following percent
composition by mass: K 24.75, Mn 34.77, O 40.51 percent.

Solution:

K Mn O
% ®100g 24.75g 34.77g 40.51g
24.75/39.10 34.77/54.94 40.51/16.00
n=m/MM
=0.633mol =0.6329mol = 2.532mol
0.633/0.632 0.6329/0.632 2.532/0.632
÷ on smallest no. of mole
=1 =1 =4
K1 Mn1 O4
The empirical formula is
KMnO4
18
Extra practice: Example 3.9, Chemistry by Chang, 10th ed
 Percent Composition and Molecular Formulas
To determine the molecular formula from the percentage of elements in the
compound:
1-determin the empirical formula (as before)
a-change % to g Present Composition
by Mass
b- change g to mole
c- divide by the smallest number of moles. ↓
d- if there was fraction after division change to integer Empirical Formula
subscripts ( multiply by 1 or 2 or 3 etc until you reach integer.
2- calculate the molecular mass of empirical formula ↓
3- calculate the ratio between molecular formula and empirical Molecular Formula
formula as following:
molar mass of compound
Ratio
empirical molar mass
4- The molecular formula = (empirical formula)Ratio 19
 Percent Composition and Molecular Formulas
Example 3.11
A sample compound contains 1.52g of N and 3.47g of O. The molar mass of this
compound is between 90g and 95g. Determine the molecular formula.
Solution:
Present Composition
by Mass
N O
% ®100g 1.52 3.47 ↓
1.52/14.01 3.47/16.00 = Empirical Formula
n=m/MM
= 0.108mol 0.217mol

÷ on smallest no. of mole

0.108/0.108 0.217/0.108 = ↓
=1 2
Molecular Formula
The empirical formula is NO2

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§ The molar mass of the empirical formula
NO2 = 14.01 + (2x16.00) = 46.01g

§ The ratio between the empirical formula and the molecular formula:

molar mass of compound 92.5

Ratio Ratio 2.01
empirical molar mass 46.01

§ The molecular formula = (empirical formula)Ratio

⸫ The molecular formula is (NO2)2 = N2O4

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 Chemical Reactions and Chemical
Equations

q Chemical Reaction: is a process in which one or more

substances is changed into one or more new substances

q Chemical Equation: uses chemical symbols to show what

happens during a chemical reaction

reactants products

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3 ways of representing the reaction of H2 with O2 to form H2O

23
 How to “Read” Chemical Equations?

2 Mg + O2 2 MgO Read it!

a) 2 atom of Mg + 1 molecules of O2 makes 2 molecules of MgO

b) 2 mole of Mg + 1 mole of O2 makes 2 mole of MgO
c) From periodic table:
48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O2 makes 80.6 g MgO
Molar masses (g/mol)

X
2 grams of Mg + 1 gram of O2 makes 2 g of MgO

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 Balancing Chemical Equations
1. Identify all reactants and products and write their correct formula on the left side and right side
of the equation.
Ex. Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

2. Begin balancing by Change the numbers in front of the formulas (coefficients) to make the
number of atoms in each element the same on both sides of the equation. Do not change the
subscripts.
Ex. NO2 when multiply by 2: 2NO2 not N2O4
3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in only one reactant and one product.
4. Balance those elements that appear in two or more reactants or products.
5. Check to make sure that you have the same number of each type of atom on both sides of
the equation. 25
 Balancing Chemical Equations

Example1 :
Balance the following equation:
C5H12 + O2 CO2 + H2O

1. Identify all reactants and products and write their correct

formula on the left side and right side of the equation.

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 Balancing Chemical Equations
2. Start by balancing those elements that appear in only one reactant and one product.
So we should start with C or H but not with O
C5H12 + O2 CO2 + H2O

Multiply CO2
5 carbon 1 carbon by 5
on left on right

C5H12 +O2 5CO2 + H2O

2 hydrogen Multiply H2O

12 hydrogen by 6
on left on right

C5H12 +O2 5CO2 + 6H2O

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 Balancing Chemical Equations
3. Balance those elements that appear in two or more reactants or products

C5H12 +O2 5CO2 + 6H2O

2 oxygen 5x2 oxygen 6 oxygen = 16 oxygen

on left on right on right on right

Multiply O2 by 8

C5H12 + 8O2 5CO2 + 6H2O

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 Balancing Chemical Equations

4. Check to make sure that you have the same number of each type of atom on
both sides of the equation.

C5H12 + 8O2 5CO2 + 6H2

C5 C 5X1 =5
H 12 H 6X2 =12
O 8X2=16 O 5X2 + 6 = 16

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 Homework
1. What is the coefficient of H2O when the equation is balanced:
_ Al4C3 + _ H2O ® _ Al(OH)3 + 3CH4
a. 13
b. 4
c. 6
d. 12

2. What are the coefficients of Al4C3 ,H2O and Al(OH)3, respectively, when the equation
is balanced:
_ Al4C3 + _ H2O ® _ Al(OH)3 + 3CH4
a. 4,1,5
b. 1,12,4
c. 1,24, 4
30
d. 4,12,1
 Amounts of Reactants and Products

Two basic question in chemical laboratory:

§ How much product will be formed from specific amounts of starting materials
(reactant)?
e.g. 6.0 g reactant→ ? Product

§ How much starting materials must be used to obtain a specific amount of

product?
e.g. ? reactant → 6.0 g product

31
 Amounts of Reactants and Products

To do that you have to follow the following rules.

1- write the balanced equation for the reaction

2- convert the given amount of reactant to moles

3- use the mole ratio (coefficients) from the balanced equation to

calculate the number of moles of product.

4- convert the number of moles of product to grams.

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Amounts of Reactants and Products

33
 Example 3.13 p101:
If 856g of C6H12O6 is consumed by a person over a certain period, what is
the mass of CO2 produced?

C6 H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6 H 2O

Solution:
1. Write balanced chemical equation
C6 H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6 H 2O

Balanced!

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2- convert g to mole of glucose C6H12O6

m(C6 H12O6 )
n(C6 H12O6 )
M (C6 H12O6 )
856g
4.750 mol
180.2g/mol

The molar mass of glucose from periodic table=

6x12.01 + 12x1.008 + 6x 16.00 = 180.02 g/mol

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3. use the mole ratio (coefficients) from the balanced equation to
calculate the number of moles of product.

C6 H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6 H 2O

1 mole C6H12O6 → 6 mole of CO2
4.754 mole C6H12O6 → ? mole CO2

6 mol x 4.754 mol

n(CO2 ) 28.50 mol
1 mol

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 4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units →
convert the moles of CO2 → grams of CO2 (Theoretical yield)

m(CO2 )
n(CO2 ) m nxM
M (CO2 )
m(CO2 ) 28.50 mol x 44.01 g/mol 1.25 x103 g

Summary: grams of C6H12O6 → moles of C6H12O6 → moles of CO2 →

grams of CO2 (Theoretical yield)

37
Extra practice: Example 3.14, Chemistry by Chang, 10th ed
 Limiting Reagent

• Limiting Reagent is the reactant used up first in a reaction and thus

determine the amount of product

• Excess Reagent is the reactant present in quantities greater than

necessary to react with the quantity of the limiting reagent (the one that
is left at the end of the reaction).

• Limiting reagent is in a reaction of more than one reactant!

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 Limiting Reagent:
Reactant used up first in the reaction.

2NO + O2 2NO2

NO is the limiting reagent

O2 is the excess reagent

39
 Questions in Limiting Reagent:

First: we have to determine which reactant is the limiting

reagent and which is the excess reagent!

Second: after we know which one is the limiting reagent, we

could determine the amount of the product!!

Third: after we know the excess reagent, we could

determine how much excess of it is left at the end of the
reaction!!!

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 Example 3.15 P102:
Urea is [(NH2)2CO] is prepared by reacting ammonia with carbon dioxide:
In one process, 637.2g of NH3 are treated with 1142g of CO2.

2 NH 3 ( g ) CO2 ( g ) ( NH 2 ) 2 CO (aq ) H 2O(l )

a) Which of the two reactants is the limiting reagent?

b) Calculate the mass of (NH2)2CO formed.
c) How much excess reagent (in grams) is left at the end of the reaction?

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Solution:
a) Which of the two reactants is the limiting reagent?

Steps:
2NH3 (g) +1CO2 (g) → (NH2)2CO (aq) + H2O (ι)

convert the mass → to moles

Steps:
n NH3 = 637.2 /17=37.482 /2 = 18.74 1. Convert reactants into moles

n CO2 = 1142/ 44= 25.95 /1 = 25.95 2. Divide by coefficient

3. Reactants with small
18.74 < 25.95 number (ratio) is limiting
So NH3 is the limiting reagent

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b) Calculate the mass of (NH2)2CO formed.

2NH3 (g) +CO2 (g) → 1 (NH2)2CO (aq) + H2O (ι)

From chemical eq. 2 mol NH3 = 1 mol (NH2)2CO

37.48 mol NH3 = x

number of moles of (NH2)2CO produced = (37.48 x 1) /2

= 18.71 mol
0
/= ∴ 0 = / 3 11
11
m [ 45! !67] = 18.71 mol x 60.06 g/mol = 1124 g
43
c) How much excess reagent (in grams) is left at the end of the
reaction?
Excess reagent is CO2:
grams of CO2 left = initial grams (CO2) – reacted grams (CO2)

From chemical eq. 2 mol NH3 = 1 mol CO2

37.482 mol = x
number of moles of CO2 reacted = 37.482 x 1/2 = 18.74 mol

mass of CO2 = n × MM = 18.74 x 44 = 824.56 g

grams of CO2 left = initial grams (CO2) – reacted grams (CO2)
= 1142 - 823.4 =318.6g
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 Homework
1. When 22.0 g NaCl and 21.0 g H2SO4 are mixed and react according to the equation
below, which is the limiting reagent?
2NaCl + H2SO4 ® Na2SO4 + 2HCl
(a) NaCl
(b) H2SO4
(c) Na2SO4
(d) HCl
(e) No reagent is limiting.
2. Consider the combustion of carbon monoxide (CO) in oxygen gas:
2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g)
Starting with 3.60 moles of CO, calculate the number of moles of CO2 produced if
there is enough oxygen gas to react with all of the CO.
(a) 7.20 mol
(b) 44.0 mol
(c) 3.60 mol
(d) 1.80 mol 45
 Reaction Yield
n Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that would result if all the limiting
reagent reacted.
n Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained from a reaction.
n Normally the actual yield is less than theoretical d.
n To determine how efficient a given reaction is, we calculate the percent yield.

Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield

n Normally actual yield is given in the question

n We calculate the theoretical yield from the limiting reagent.
46
 Example 3.16
TiCl4 ( g ) 2 Mg (l ) Ti ( s ) 2 MgCl2 (l )

In a certain industrial operation 3.54 x 107 g of TiCl4 are reacted with 1.13 x
107 g of Mg.
a) Calculate the theoretical yield of Ti in grams.
b) Calculate the percent yield if 7.91 x 106 g of Ti are actually obtained.

47
Solution:
(a) Calculate the theoretical yield of Ti in grams.

Strategy:

1. Given: Masses of two reactants → limiting reagent problem

2. Masses of reactants → moles of reactant
3. Moles of reactants → used to calculate the moles of product
4. Moles of product is the less number of moles (limiting reagent)
5. Moles of product → grams of product (theoretical yield of the product)

48
 1TiCl4 (g) + 2Mg (ɭ)→ Ti (s)+ 2MgCl2 (ɭ)
n TiCl4 = 3.54×107 /189.68 = 1.87x105 mol
from the equation, Ratio= 1.87x105/1 = 1.87x105

n Mg = 1.13×107 g / 24.3 = 4.64 x105 mol

from the equation, Ratio= 4.64 x105/2 = 2.32 x105

ratio of TiCl4 (1.87x105) < ratio of Mg (2.32 x105)

So TiCl4 is the limiting reagent

49
From chemical eq.
1 mole TiCl4 → 1 mole Ti
1.87 x105 mole → ? n Ti
n (Ti) =1.87 x105 mol

mass of Ti = theoretical yield of Ti

m(Ti) = n x MM
= 1.87x105 mol x 47.88 g/mol = 8.95x106 g

50
(b) Calculate the percent yield if 7.91 x 106 g of Ti are actually obtained.

actual yield
% yield x100
theoretical yield
7.91x106 g
6
x100 88.4%
8.95 x10 g

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Chemistry 110 development team

Edited by
Dr. Nahed O. Bawakid

52