Metallogenic Evolution of the Yauli Dome, Central Peru

A Summary
H.W. KOBE 1

1 Introduction

Among the Paleozoic inliers in the Mesozoic fold belt to the W of the coherent
Paleozoic in central Peru, the Yauli Dome is distinguished particularly for its
abundance of mineral deposits. In addition, due to its economic importance and
its favorable accessibility, it is the best studied among the comparable areas of
Cerro de Pasco, Chulpan, Malpaso, Yauli, and Lircay (Fig. 1).
For these reasons, it offers a unique opportunity to demonstrate the metallo-
genic evolution of a region from the Paleozoic up to our days.
With respect to the metallogeny, the analysis concerns the Paleozoic (Excelsior
and Mitu Groups) and the Lower Mesozoic (Pucara Group) formations as well
as the post-Pucara structures affecting them, as being the respective metallotects
in each period. Of importance is also the repeated igneous activity (plutonic and
volcanic) which contributes energy and/or mineralizing solutions to the environ-
ment of formation of the mineral deposits.
Structurally, the Yauli Dome Complex (Harrison 1943), extending over an area
of about 10x30km, consists of a series of subparallel regional folds in the An-
dean direction NW-SE, among which the major ones are the San Cristobal
(Chumpe)-Morococha and the Ultimatum anticlines, plunging gently to the NW
and SE (Fig. 2).

2 Stratigraphy (Sedimentary and Igneous Formations, Fig. 3)

2.1 Pre-Carboniferous Paleozoic

The oldest formations exposed in the Yauli Dome are of Lower to Middle Paleo-
zoic age (Excelsior Group) (McLaughlin 1924; Harrison 1943). They consist of a
monotonous series of blackish phyllites with rare quartzites (more abundant in
the lower portion), beds and thick lenses of white limestone (also breccias), and
irregular accumulations of dark green basic lavas and volcaniclastics. Pillow
structures can still be recognized in some lavas, and a subvolcanic plutonic dioritic
phase is observed at Ultimatum, representing one of the centers of this igneous
activity.

1 Geology Department, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Stratabound Ore Deposits in the Andes

L. Fontbote, G. C. Amstutz, M. Cardozo,
E. Cedillo, J. Frutos (Eds.)
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990
 268 H.W. Kobe

GOYlLARIS?y::o~: :. : ·...
J/~::· ~=-·:
~
·~ · :~:.
·
~CERRO~D(p::
..Q
..
' .
.
. ..
'

<JJ\JNI/'1•• ••

VAULI

D PALEOZOIC

0~--------~5~0~--------10~0~

Fig. 1. Distribution of the Paleozoic in Central Peru. (After Megard 1979)

Such complexes are interpreted to represent a submarine environment of sea-

mounts, forming the bases of calcareous reefs. Associated with the subvolcanic
and volcanic phases is a deposit of Fe-Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag sulfides at Ultimatum and
stratabound concentrations of Ni-Co sulfides at Yuraccgaga-Trapiche and other
locations along the Ultimatum anticline (Kobe this Vol.).
Tectonic activity of post-Excelsior age, accompanied by a regional metamor-
phism, caused a tight folding of the phyllites, transforming the lavas into green-
schists and the highly fossiliferous limestones into marbles. A general uplift then
exposed these formations to a detrital erosion and/or lateritic alteration.
Metallogenic Evolution of the Yauli Dome, Central Peru 269

e7JO

10 ~m ----'t...'II
~--==--==--==--==--
Rn.pos t-Mitu ;minf!I"OI deposits of Pucara oge
Mitu Gp.; related subYolcamc intrusives
G . basic volcanics and m orbl"s
Ex. I!15 ' 0 ' p., r elotl!d mineral depos•ts
r

Fig. 2. Geologic sketch map of the Yauli Dome

2.2 Carboniferous-Permian Paleozoic

The base of this interval is represented by occasional intercalations and remnants

of clastic series lying in discordance (A in Fig. 3) on the mentioned erosion sur-
face. Breccias, conglomerates, sandstones to mudstones represent erosion prod-
ucts in a continental to coastal environment; marine influence is indicated by a
minor calcareous precipitation.
The lack of fossils does not yet allow a definite age to be assigned to these sedi-
ments, and according to Megard (1979), they could represent marginal facies of
any of the Carboniferous-Permian formations established in the Cordillera Orien-
tal (Newell et al. 1953).
In slight discordance (B in Fig. 3) follow products of igneous activity in irregu-
lar and thick sequences, including lavas, pyroclastic and volcaniclastic breccias
and tuffs of andesitic to rhyolitic composition, generally of purple color, assigned
to the Mitu Group of Permian age.
270 H . W. Kobe

Sedimentary /gnt>OUS Mt>lol

5trotigrophy
key formations formations concentrotions
(.J \!) L.-n~-5tCI'1e!l, bandl!d, • Boso!IS , p<w-Pucor6

~ ~o.~o~ocaoa
w•rh gyp•um

~ u~ 0 .. Limt!l tonf .s. sandy

Basalt (MJnttroJ
Stratabound
~
~a
;:) Erosion br«cios • Tufloceou:s b~ds ~ conctn trollon of
~~·~:o·.k;;:
{g 3 Zt>,Pb,Ft ,Cu,Bo.
Q.
~ <i: • and •ond•tones

~' ~
Mn
;:)
'g •I ~+::~~6~::
or+ • Votcorun, w;konic/0$1., D•$$NnmOt ion of
i' V 1 II V II
~• 4 o.6~~v purpi• F•.Cu.Zn,Pb

; ~ gft
\!) '
2 ~ +~6 4v~A
II "V V ly
d.
2

r
OiOn tf,QUortzdior'' '
~ + + +++
•::r:.·r :.r·'- kB1
--
(type Coronuocro)
(.J Hydrothermal :..
~4
~ oft -~.'\. ij>~· fgJ
a+ olrtrorion w11h Cl:
? v ~ + 'r}>(, ~ li.
Erosion brecc10s ond
sondstonfl, porrfy c r_.!..;:..--' vt~nmtn«dizction :c!
0 v of W,Sn,U,Bi, >-
colco,.ous ootY.:---
.-?
~
~
~ 0aC++ AA?_!J d
~ Cu,Zn ,Pb,Ag,
; !Ouortlmon:on•te
A :.lf r--
0 Al ,Sb •tc .._
(typ• Chumpt)
,. ._ r- - Phyllites
l~ ~· ~~ ?-;;!/""\..
L.., 0
.... Q:
a
0 • Stratabound
~ ( concrntrar1011 of
"{
~·- Marble5. foS5rllfero;~ I Ni .Co
~ ~ J 0 1,AAAA

~n C+.
0 + ,.._rv ( Stratabound
u X
C +.,...._
0 • Ba.s1c '10icontc3, com:enuor,on of

"'""
A A f\ A A
X 'cloicanicfo!lto Ft ,Cu,Zn ,PIJ
- Quartzi tes
~

x <Z?C
• Stratigraphic pos,tron rtOt fStotJiishttd
<> I - ~ MetaiiC<}•n•c •pochs

Fig. 3. Stratigraphic scheme, Yauli Dome (San Cristobal)

The dioritic-quartzdioritic stock at Carahuacra (Lyons 1968), the quartz-

dioritic-dacitic megadyke 1.5 km NE of Andaychagua Mine, and a small stock
5 km SE of San Cristobal have been recognized as centers of this effusive activity.
No metallic deposits have been found in these volcanic series, although a dissemi-
nation of pyrite is ubiquitous and small amounts of Zn and Pb sulfides are ob-
served locally. Sedimentary series proper (besides the products derived from the
volcanic activity) of Permian age have not been recognized in the region of the
Yauli Dome.

2.3 Lower Mesozoic

However, at the end of the Paleozoic epoch, the formations were again exposed
to erosion by a slight tectonic deformation. The resulting surface is overlain in
discordance (C in Fig. 3) by detrital series very similar to the post-Excelsior for-
mations in some areas (see Terrones 1949) and calcareous deposits in others. In
general, basal detrital sediments become progressively more calcareous higher up
in the profile. Another transition from a terrestrial to a marine environment is
therefore expressed in the Lower Mesozoic Pucara Group. Beds and lenses of
evaporites and tuffs are intercalated among the limestones, and a black basalt
sheet can be followed all around the Yauli Dome (with the exception of part of
the Western flank where - for tectonic reasons - it does not outcrop continu-
ously).
Intercalated in these series are stratabound deposits of Fe-Zn-Pb-Ag sulfides
with barite and Mn-Fe carbonates (Kobe 1977, 1982a; Rivera and Kobe 1983a, b).
Metallogenic Evolution of the Yauli Dome, Central Peru 271

2.4 Post-Pucara Mesozoic

The formations of Cretaceous age follow the Pucara Group in discordance with
detrital and calcareous deposits, but they occur already outside the Yauli Dome
proper and are of no metallogenic importance in the region. There are still some
basaltic flows intercalated among the sediments.

2.5 Tertiary

In the region of the Yauli Dome, sedimentary beds of this age do not occur; how-
ever, the Tertiary was an essential epoch for the formation of the do mal structures
at Morococha and San Cristobal with their fans of transversal faults (Rivera and
Kobe 1983 b).
The intrusion of igneous stocks and dykes of quartzmonzonitic composition
and the associated hydrothermal systems caused extensive alteration in the sur-
rounding Paleozoic country rocks and emplaced a polymetallic mineralization in
veins.

2.6 Quaternary

Among the Recent formations, consisting of glacial (moraines) and alluvial de-
posits, there are abundant calcareous sinter deposits formed by chemical precipi-
tation from cold and/or hot springs.

3 Metallogeny

The concentration of metals in the Yauli Dome in general and in the domal struc-
tures at Morococha and San Cristobal in particular was an intermittent process
from the Middle Paleozoic to the Tertiary (or Quaternary) intimately related to
the sedimentary environment, the magmatic influence, and the structural condi-
tions, respectively. Seen in this general way, the character of the deposits and the
conditions of formation progressed from essentially syn-diagenetic to epigenetic
concentrations (Rivera and Kobe 1983 b) (Fig. 3).

3.1 Pre-Carboniferous Paleozoic

Two types of metallic deposits can be distinguished in the formations of this age,
both stratabound and related to basic volcanic activity (see Fig. 3 in Kobe this
Vol.).
a) At Ultimatum, a dioritic subvolcanic stock and overlying lavas contain sul-
fides of Fe and Cu (pyrite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite) disseminated and in mas-
sive lenses towards their top. Laterally, an accumulation of massive sulfides of Fe,
 272 H. W. Kobe

Phyflites, blackish

1
Shrinkage fr actures
(filled w1th quortz,cofcite)
Increasing M (fine-grained ) block
content of A
Ni,Co suffides , 1'--.--11-.....-J--\ R (medium-groined)brown
silica ,chlorite, -'-ll\r-L..-,\IU--,.-1\ B
hemotite ,Mn } (coorse - groined)white

Basic volcanics, green

Fig. 4. Schematic section through the stratabound Ni-Co mineral deposit, type Thraccgaga/Trapiche

Zn, Pb (As, Ag) (pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena) with quartz and carbonates forms
a manto, overlain by the blackish phyllites (see Fig. 4 in Kobe this Vol.).
The environment of formation is intimately related to a proximal, basic sub-
marine volcanic activity, i.e., the exhalation of hydrothermal fluids of relatively
high temperature, precipitating their metal content as sulfides while mixing with
seawater.
b) An enrichment of Ni, Co in the association of phyllites, limestones, and ba-
sic volcanics is unique in the Yauli Dome. The stratabound character is pro-
nounced, and the occurrences are restricted to this environment (see Kobe
1982b, 1984 and this Vol. for details). Deposits have been located in the S (Yurac-
cgaga/Trapiche) (see Fig. Sa, b in Kobe this Vol.) and N (Morro Blanco) of the
Ultimatum anticline. In spite of intense deformation, the coherence of the typical
association allows the derivation of a sequence (interpreted to be from top to
base) schematized in Fig. 4 and detailed in Table 1.
The formation of such syn-sedimentary/diagenetic concentrations of sulfides
is interpreted as follows:
Basic submarine volcanics were emplaced among and upon argillaceous sedi-
ments, accumulating with the build-up of seamounts, allowing organisms to con-
struct calcareous reefs on them. Derivatives of more distal volcanic activity, tuffs,

Table 1. Scheme of coherence of typical association

Top: Blackish phyllites Barren

Limestone (marble) Impure, fine-grained with Mn(Fe) carbonates, silica, chlorite, hematite,
richly fossiliferous Ti-oxyde (tuffaceous sediment); weathering color black; concentration of
disseminated sulfides of Ni, Co (Fe, As, Sb) (Cu, Zn)a
Medium-grained with Fe(Mn) carbonates; weathering color brown; sul-
fides more sparsely disseminated
Coarse-grained with calcite; weathering color white; barren
Base: Basic volcanics Upper part interlayered with limestone; lower part solid Java (with occa-
sional disseminated sulfides, magnetite, and ilmenite)

a The sulfides observed are (in order of decreasing abundance: millerite (NiS), violarite (Ni,Fe,Co) 3S4 ,
gersdorffite (2 types) (Co,Ni,Fe) 8As4S6, tucekite (Ni,Fe) 9Sb2S8 accompanied by pyrite, chalcopyrite,
sphalerite.
Metallogenic Evolution of the Yauli Dome, Central Peru 273

and exhalations carrying silica and metals, mixed with the organogenic calcareous
deposit concentrating its precipitate of metallic sulfides and silica until all organic
activity was suffocated by the intoxication of the environment. The argillaceous
sedimentation continued, covering and preserving therefore the metalliferous de-
posits. The pre-Permian diagenesis and slight metamorphism resulted in the
recrystallization of the pre-existing assemblage without excessively altering the
original sedimentary fabrics.

3.2 Carboniferous-Permian Paleozoic

The volcanism of this epoch did not produce a notable concentration of metals,
although the subvolcanic masses and the lavas contain widespread disseminated
pyrite, with a slight local enrichment of disseminated sulfides like bornite, chalco-
pyrite, sphalerite, and galena (Abrade Chumpe, Tingo de Andaychagua etc.).
Although these characteristics could suggest the possible presence of a
metallogenic system of porphyry type, detailed studies have not yet been made.

3.3 Lower Mesozoic

The terrestrial, fluviomarine, lagoonal environmental conditions at the end of the

Paleozoic with the erosional decomposition of older formations, the precipitation
of evaporites, the intermittent transgression of the sea upon a well-modeled sur-
face, and the continuation of a contemporaneous volcanism were favorable for a
metalliferous concentration among the sediments of this epoch.
Around the Yauli Dome, a whole series of stratabound deposits (or mantos)
are present, including accumulations of sulfides of Fe, Zn, Pb, Ag, barite, gyp-
sum, and Mn-Fe carbonates (cf. Kobe 1977, 1982a; Rivera and Kobe 1983b). The
stratabound character of the metal concentrations is pronounced and the sulfides,
sulfates and carbonates participate in the sedimentary and diagenetic fabrics, in-
cluding coarse- and fine-grained layers, cross-bedding, sedimentary breccias, and
rhythmites.
Although a concentration of sulfides occurs often near the base of the Pucara
sediments, mantos are present also at higher levels, even close to the upper contact
with the sandstones of the overlying Cretaceous Goyllarisquizga Group.
Apart from the breccias, the banded character of the metalliferous precipitates
is pronounced and the paragenesis of the principal components (pyrite, marcasite,
sphalerite, galena, pyrargyrite, hematite, barite, Fe-Mn carbonates, calcite, and
little quartz) demonstrates its origin from meso- to epithermal solutions. In addi-
tion, the absence of hydrothermal alteration in the adjoining sediments indicates
a syn-sedimentary deposition.
It has not yet been possible to locate the centers of this hydrothermal activity,
but it appears that mantos of massive pyrite (occasionally interstratified with
sphalerite) such as at Morococha SE directly overlying the Mitu volcanics, are
proximal, while others with predominance of banded sphalerite, galena, carbo-
nates, and barite, as at Carahuacra-Huaripampa, are more distal.
274 H.W. Kobe

With the latter, one can count also the stalactitic formations of the same com-
ponents as products of diagenesis observed locally (Kobe in Rivera 1964;
Dalheimer 1985).

3.4 Tertiary
The emplacement of metalliferous mineralization in this epoch is intimately relat-
ed to the domal upwarping of the area with the generation of fan-shaped systems
of transversal faults, accompanied by the intrusion of quartzmonzonitic stocks
and dykes in the axial zones Chumpe-San Cristobal and San Francisco/Ger-
trudis-Morococha (Fig. 2); (Rivera and Kobe 1983 b).
Two types of deposits, partly related, were formed in this environment by the
interaction of hydrothermal solutions with the country rock:
a) A deposit of porphyry type has been recognized in the multiphase intrusive
of C0 Taro Macho at Morococha SW, with accumulations of disseminated py-
rite, chalcopyrite, and molybdenite in the quartzmonzonitic intrusive traversed by
veins with enargite and tetrahedrite.
b) The type of deposit most frequently exploited in the region is that of vein
fillings with multimetal sulfides. This mineralization resulted from the hydrother-
mal systems generated by the events mentioned above, which extended around the
igneous centers, precipitating their mineral content in the veins and producing al-
teration haloes in the adjacent country rock. A pronounced zonation of the alter-
ation and of the regional distribution of the principal minerals/metals in the veins
(the San Cristobal mineral district is given as an example in Fig. 5) resulted from
the interaction of hydrothermal solutions with the country rock by decrease of the
temperature and the change in composition from acid to alkaline (Petersen 1965;
Rivera and Kobe 1983 b; Kobe 1984).
Although the hydrothermal activity was intermittent, related to an episodic
tectonic fracturing, it is possible to generalize the result in a way originally ex-
pressed by Rivera (1964) in a list, completed with additional rarer phases (Fig. 6),
but note also Petersen and Campbell (1983) and Rivera (1985).
Regionally, the sequences (in centrifugal direction) of alteration zones and the
distribution of metals is as follows:
Alteration: silicification, sericitization, kaolinization, leaching with precipita-
tion of alunite, chloritization
Vein content (main metallic components):
Morococha: Mo (molybdenite)
Cu (W, Zn) (enargite, tetrahedrite, hubnerite, chalcopyrite,
sphalerite)
Zn-Pb (sphalerite, galena)
Pb-Ag (galena, argentiferous tetrahedrite)
San Cristobal: W (Fe) (wolframite, pyrite)
Cu (bornite, chalcopyrite)
Zn-Pb (sphalerite, galena)
Pb-Ag (galena, pyrargyrite, polybasite)
Sb (stibnite).
Metallogenic Evolution of the Yauli Dome, Central Peru 275

ZONATION OF METALS AND HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION

r:] Gabbro, doltrltt,bosolt (after N.Rivero ,1964 ; modif:ed by
II1IJIIl] Jilic/1/cation holo H. w.Kobe ,1981}

!:"
Sb

- --

SAN CRISTOBAL- ANDAYCHAGUA

~"· " ~x Carohuacro
x fl.Jartzdlorlt~
Chump•
MINERAL DISTRICT -GEOLOGY auortzmOIIlonit•
(after N.Rivero,1964
and HW Kobe,1964) [] ~~~~~~·dolorll•.
~ Gtoc/,.r
- - - F"outt, v•ln
'>-- Mint
~.,--,.~......,

=
.-
MACHAY GP. MIO CRETACEOUS
GOYLLAR.GP. LOW. CRETACEOUS
::;;:; PUCARA GP TRIAS. -JURA.
a""" MITU GP. PERJ.!f/AN
.::::::EXCELSIOR GP. PALEOZOIC

Fig. 5. Geology, alteration, and metal zonation in the Tertiary vein systems of the San Cristobal min-
ing district

About the origin of mineralizing substances in the Tertiary hydrothermal, epi-

genetic systems, it can be inferred that both, the country rocks (above all Paleozo-
ic) and the pre-existing syn-genetic metalliferous concentrations could have con-
tributed to the metasomatic processes (by way of circulating meteoric waters) in
addition to the possible magmatic supply. The geochemical and isotope investiga-
tions on the content of the San Cristobal vein (Campbell et al. 1984; Bartlett and
276 H.W. Kobe

Slz t~ of c:rysfa(!j : coorsr 10). One (e )

Fig. 6. Paragenesis of the San Cristobal vein system

Field 1984) resulted in the proposition of a major interaction of the acid magma
with meteoric waters.
However, their effect on the mantos (and their role in the formation of the
"cuerpos" - massive sulfide concentrations adjacent to veins and/or igneous
bodies - as well as the effects of the hydrothermal alteration of the enclosing
country rocks (for example with respect to the provenance of W and Sn regarding
their regional distribution) remains to be documented.

3.5 Quaternary

The formation of calcareous sinters is observed throughout the region. They re-
sult from precipitation of calcium carbonate by hot (Banos de Yauli) or cold (Cut
Off, Sta. Rosa de Saco) subterranean or surficial waters. Some deposits are ex-
ploited for the production of burnt lime, others for their use as flux in the metal-
lurgical furnaces at La Oroya.
Metallogenic Evolution of the Yauli Dome, Central Peru 277

4 Conclusions
A review of the information on mineral deposits in the Yauli Dome and its imme-
diate surrounding reveals that in most geologic epochs (from Low-Mid Paleozoic
to the Quaternary) represented here, metallogenic concentration processes were
operating (Fig. 3).
A definite evolutionary trend is realized in the mode of formation of such con-
centrations, with respect to the kind of metals, the possible source, and the condi-
tions of their precipitation. Metals were concentrated by contemporary processes
forming also their immediate environment (sedimentary or igneous) during ep-
ochs 1-3 (syn-diagenetic formations) while especially during epoch 4 (partly 5)
metal concentrations were realized by igneous activity and hydrothermal systems
developed along contemporary structures, affecting the pre-existing country rock
(Paleozoic) by intense metasomatism (epigenetic formations).
Because of this evolutionary trend throughout a considerable geologic time in-
terval in the geographically small area of the Yauli Dome alone, any proposal of
regional metal zonation across the Andes must also be formulated in terms of
metallogenic epochs in order to be meaningful.

References

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