Y Is I

II

Chapter 2 – Software Processes

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 1

The software process

 A structured set of activities required to develop a

software system.

 Many different software processes but all involve:

▪ Specification – defining what the system should do;

▪ Design and implementation – defining the organization of the

system and implementing the system;

▪ Validation – checking that it does what the customer wants;

▪ Evolution – changing the system in response to changing

customer needs. ‫تجريدي‬

 A software process model is an abstract representation

of a process. It presents a description of a process from

some particular perspective. It present the formal version of the software process

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes ‫النموذج النظري‬ 2



Software process descriptions

 When we describe and discuss processes, we usually

talk about the activities in these processes such as

specifying a data model, designing a user interface, etc.

and the ordering of these activities.

 Process descriptions may also include:

▪ Products, which are the outcomes of a process activity;

▪ Roles, which reflect the responsibilities of the people involved in

the process;

▪ Pre- and post-conditions, which are statements that are true

before and after a process activity has been enacted or a

product produced.

Documents (requirement doc. , design doc. , etc.) +code

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 3


Software process models categories

Plan-driven and agile processes

 Plan-driven processes are processes where all of the

process activities are planned in advance and progress

is measured against this plan. The start date and end date (delivery date)

and the dates of all activities all are xed

 In agile processes, planning is incremental and it is ‫تدريجي‬

easier to change the process to reflect changing

customer requirements. only the start date and end date( delivery date ) are xed

 In practice, most practical processes include elements of

both plan-driven and agile approaches.

 There are no right or wrong software processes.

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 4

What is the di erence between the unit testing and the

testers work?

Unit testing is making a program to test the code.

Testing is to see if the program is working properly.

‫يحذف بعد التجربه‬

Unit testing

8‫ساليد‬

Software process models

The only test executed by programmers. e.g,

public int sum(int a, int b) {

return a+b;

public void testSum() {

if(sum(3 , 4) != 7) {

System.out.println(“Error with 3 and 4”); }

if(sum(-33333 , 44444) != 11111) {

System.out.println(“Error with -33333 and -44444”); }

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 5

You can integrate the characteristics of more than one of Software process model

Software process models ‫مزج‬/‫دمج‬

 The waterfall model

‫منفصلة‬ ‫مراحل متميزة‬

▪ Plan-driven model. Separate and distinct phases of specification

and development.

 Incremental development

▪ Specification, development and validation are interleaved. May

be plan-driven or agile.

 Integration and configuration

▪ The system is assembled from existing configurable

components. May be plan-driven or agile.

 In practice, most large systems are developed using a

process that incorporates elements from all of these
‫يدمج‬

models.

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The waterfall model

You are not allowed to

go back

s s
it

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 7

Waterfall model phases

‫محددة‬

 There are separate identified phases in the waterfall

model: System design

/architecture

▪ Requirements analysis and definition design

/ high level
▪
System and software design
5 ‫ساليد‬ design

▪
Implementation and unit testing

Low level design(UML class,…)

▪ Integration and system testing

▪ Operation and maintenance High level design then low level design

‫عائق‬

 The‫استيعاب‬main drawback of the waterfall model is the difficulty

of accommodating change after the process is
‫قيد التنفيذ‬

underway. In principle, a phase has to be complete

before moving onto the next phase.

Integration of software model
30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 8

Waterfall model problems

 Inflexible partitioning of the project into distinct stages

makes it difficult to respond to changing customer

requirements.

▪ Therefore, this model is only appropriate when the requirements

are well-understood and changes will be fairly limited during the

design process. ‫محدودة الى حدن ما‬

▪ Few business systems have stable requirements.

 The waterfall model is mostly used for large systems

engineering projects where a system is developed at

several sites.

▪ In those circumstances, the plan-driven nature of the waterfall

model helps coordinate the work.

‫تنسيق‬

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 9

Software process model number.2

Incremental development

‫تكرار‬ Iteration ends with new version of the software(‫في كل مره تكتمل‬

‫ )العمليات الثالث‬there will be more then 1 iteration

This is a DFD.

DFD=Data Flow Diagram At the same time

Docs
Process

‫اصدار مبدئي‬
‫استخراج املتطلبات‬

Docs

Feasibility study

(‫)دراسة جدوى‬
‫إصدارات وسيطة‬
Design+coding

‫إصدار نهائي‬

Testing

5 ‫ ساليد‬.1 ‫املعاني موجودة في شابتر‬

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 10

Incremental development benefits

‫استيعاب‬

 The cost of accommodating changing customer

requirements is reduced.

▪ The amount of analysis and documentation that has to be

redone is much less than is required with the waterfall model.

 It is easier to get customer feedback on the development

work that has been done. ‫عروض توضيحية‬

▪ Customers can comment on demonstrations of the software and

see how much has been implemented.

‫سريع‬ ‫ توفير‬/‫نشر‬

 More rapid delivery and deployment of useful software to

the customer is possible.

▪ Customers are able to use and gain value from the software

earlier than is possible with a waterfall process.

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 11

Incremental development problems

 The process is not visible. It is hard to know the progress percent%

▪ Managers need regular deliverables to measure progress. If

systems are developed quickly, it is not cost-effective to produce

documents that reflect every version of the system. ‫فعال من حيث التكلفة‬/‫غير مجدي‬
‫تدهور‬

 System structure tends to degrade as new increments

are added.

▪ Unless time and money is spent on refactoring to improve the

software, regular change tends to corrupt its structure. ‫يفسد الهيكل‬

Incorporating further software changes becomes increasingly

difficult and costly.

‫تناقض بني املتطلبات الجديدة بسبب القرارات الخاطئة السابقة بسبب تناقض متطلبات العميل‬

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 12

Integration and configuration

 Based on software reuse where systems are integrated

from existing components or application systems

(sometimes called COTS -Commercial-off-the-shelf)

systems).

 Reused elements may be configured to adapt their

behaviour and functionality to a user’s requirements

 Reuse is now the standard approach for building many

types of business system

▪ Reuse covered in more depth in Chapter 15.

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 13

Reuse-oriented software engineering

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 14

Key process stages

 Requirements specification

 Software discovery and evaluation

 Requirements refinement

 Application system configuration

 Component adaptation and integration

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 15

Advantages and disadvantages

 Reduced costs and risks as less software is developed

from scratch Because models are well tested

 Faster delivery and deployment of system

‫التنازالت‬ ‫امر ال مفر منه‬

 But requirements compromises are inevitable so system

may not meet real needs of users

 Loss of control over evolution of reused system elements

Open Source ‫خاصة في‬

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 16

Process activities

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 17

Process activities

Programming and design

 Real software processes are inter-leaved sequences of

technical, collaborative and managerial activities with the

overall goal of specifying, designing, implementing and

testing a software system. Things that project manger do

 The four basic process activities of specification,

development, validation and evolution are organized

differently in different development processes.

 For example, in the waterfall model, they are organized

in sequence, whereas in incremental development they

are interleaved.

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 18

The requirements engineering process

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 19

Software specification

 The process of establishing what services are required

and the constraints on the system’s operation and

development.

 Requirements engineering process

▪ Requirements elicitation and analysis

• What do the system stakeholders require or expect from the system?

▪ Requirements specification

• Defining the requirements in detail

▪ Requirements validation

• Checking the validity of the requirements

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 20

Software design and implementation

 The process of converting the system specification into

an executable system.

Program

 Software design

▪ Design a software structure that realises the specification;

 Implementation Programming

▪ Translate this structure into an executable program;

 The activities of design and implementation are closely

related and may be inter-leaved.

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 21

A general model of the design process

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 22

Design activities

 Architectural design, where you identify the overall

structure of the system, the principal components

(subsystems or modules), their relationships and how

they are distributed.

 Database design, where you design the system data

structures

and how these are to be represented in a
Has e.g, Student(ID, Name, …)

tables database.

Course(ID, Name, Semester, …)

 Interface design, where you define the interfaces

between system components. If you intend to reues some software.
You will need to select existing models.

 Component selection and design, where you search for

reusable components. If unavailable, you design how it

will operate.
30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 23

System implementation

 The software is implemented either by developing a

program or programs or by configuring an application

system.

 Design and implementation are interleaved activities for

most types of software system.

 Programming is an individual activity with no standard

process.

 Debugging is the activity of finding program faults and

correcting these faults.

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 24


Validation

Requirements —>Design — Implementation—> Software

Software validation Veri cation

If we compare the software with its design = Veri cation

If we compare the software with its requirements = Validation

 Verification and validation (V & V) is intended to show

that a system conforms to its specification and meets the

requirements of the system customer.

 Involves checking and review processes and system

testing. We review requirements docs and design docs and contracts and the code

 System testing involves executing the system with test

cases that are derived from the specification of the real

data to be processed by the system.

 Testing is the most commonly used V & V activity.

Testing takes more time then review

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 25

Stages of testing

We test every component alone then we

integrate the components together and you

test the system as whole

At the end

Acceptance tests: are tests that the customer do by chosing a little parts of the

software that he can test it in 1 or half day.

If the customer doesn’t care or doesn’t know about Acceptance tests we will

make Acceptance tests ourselves.

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 26

Testing stages

 Component testing

▪ Individual components are tested independently;

▪ Components may be functions or objects or coherent groupings

of these entities.

 System testing

▪ Testing of the system as a whole. Testing of emergent properties

is particularly important.

 Customer testing

▪ Testing with customer data to check that the system meets the

customer’s needs.

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 27

Testing phases in a plan-driven software

process (V-model)

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 28

Software evolution

 Software is inherently flexible and can change.

 As requirements change through changing business

circumstances, the software that supports the business

must also evolve and change.

 Although there has been a demarcation between

development and evolution (maintenance) this is

increasingly irrelevant as fewer and fewer systems are

completely new.

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 29

System evolution

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 30

Agile software development

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 31

Rapid software development

‫بسرعة‬

 Rapid development and delivery is now often the most

important requirement for software systems

▪ Businesses operate in a fast –changing requirement and it is

practically impossible to produce a set of stable software

requirements

▪ Software has to evolve quickly to reflect changing business needs.

 Plan-driven development is essential for some types of

system but does not meet these business needs.

‫ظهرت‬

 Agile development methods emerged in the late 1990s

whose aim was to radically reduce the delivery time for

working software systems ‫تقليل جذري‬

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 32

Agile development

 Program specification, design and implementation are

inter-leaved

‫تكرارات‬ The system

is developed as a series of versions or

Iterations increments

with stakeholders involved in version

specification and evaluation

 Frequent delivery of new versions for evaluation

 Extensive tool support (e.g. automated testing tools)

used to support development.

 Minimal documentation – focus on working code

Stakeholders: It is every person directly or indirectly related to the project.

e.g, if we are going to make new electronic gate for registrations in university Stakeholders for this
project are:-

directly: students, faculty members, university sta .

indirectly: ministry of education, parents.

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 33

(if there is a customer he will be on the top of the list)


Plan-driven and agile development

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 34

Plan-driven and agile development

 Plan-driven development

▪ A plan-driven approach to software engineering is based around

separate development stages with the outputs to be produced at

each of these stages planned in advance.

▪ Not necessarily waterfall model – plan-driven, incremental

14 11 11

development is possible

▪ Iteration occurs within activities.

 Agile development
I

▪ Specification, design, implementation and testing are inter-

leaved and the outputs from the development process are

decided through a process of negotiation during the software

development process.

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 35

Agile methods

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 36

Agile methods

excessive documentation

‫عدم الرضا‬

 Dissatisfaction with the overheads involved in software

design methods of the 1980s and 1990s led to the

creation of agile methods. These methods:

▪ Focus on the code rather than the design

▪ Are based on an iterative approach to software development

▪ Are intended to deliver working software quickly and evolve this

quickly to meet changing requirements.

 The aim of agile methods is to reduce overheads in the

software process (e.g. by limiting documentation) and to

be able to respond quickly to changing requirements

without excessive rework.

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 37

The principles of agile methods

Principle Description ‫ توفير‬/‫تقديم‬ ‫تحديد األولويات‬

Customer involvement Customers should be closely involved throughout the

development process. Their role is provide and prioritize new

Customer representative system

requirements and to evaluate the iterations of the
system.

Incremental delivery The software is developed in increments with the customer

specifying the requirements to be included in each increment.

‫الزيادات‬

People not process The skills of the development team should be recognized and

exploited.

Team members should be left to develop their own
in 1998-1999 Trust developers ways
of working without prescriptive processes.

Embrace change Expect the system requirements to change and so design the

system to accommodate these changes. Design and code

in 90s be courageous
‫يستوعب‬

Maintain simplicity Focus on simplicity in both the software being developed and

in the development process. Wherever possible, actively work

to eliminate complexity from the system. Using refactoring

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 38

Agile method applicability

 Product development where a software company is

developing a small or medium-sized product for sale.

▪ Virtually all software products and apps are now developed

using an agile approach

 Custom system development within an organization,

where there is a clear commitment from the customer to

become involved in the development process and where

there are few external rules and regulations that affect

the software.
The nature of some software requires that
If the customer want to be involved in the development we take into account the laws of the
process. Agile will be Appropriate. municipality and the ministry etc...

‫تتطلب طبيعة بعض البرامج أن نأخذ بعني االعتبار قوانني‬

... ‫البلدية والوزارة وغيرها‬

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 39

Agile development techniques

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 40

XP(Extreme Programming) is the rst and

the oldest Agile software processes. He is

the one who in uenced those who came

Extreme programming after him.

.‫ وهو الذي اثر في من جاء من بعده‬.‫هو األول واألقدم‬

 A very influential agile method, developed in the late

1990s, that introduced a range of agile development

techniques.

 Extreme Programming (XP) takes an ‘extreme’ approach

to iterative development.

▪ New versions may be built several times per day;

▪ Increments are delivered to customers every 2 weeks;

▪ All tests must be run for every build and the build is only

accepted if tests run successfully.

SCRUM better than XP

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 41

The extreme programming release cycle Activities

One Iteration=‫
كل دورة تعطينا‬

each iteration produce a new release.

I

2 3

or cards

6 Y

This step is done

by the Customer

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 42

Extreme programming practices (a)

Principle or practice Description

Incremental planning Requirements are recorded on story cards and the stories to be

included in a release are determined by the time available and

their relative priority. The developers break these stories into

development ‘Tasks’. See Figures 3.5 and 3.6.

Small releases The minimal useful set of functionality that provides business

value is developed first. Releases of the system are frequent

2-4 weeks
and incrementally add functionality to the first release.

Simple design Enough design is carried out to meet the current requirements

and no more. Because of this is agile(simple design and simple coding)

Test-first development An automated unit test framework is used to write tests for a

new piece of functionality before that functionality itself is

Extreme
implemented. Make the unit test before the actual code

Refactoring All developers are expected to refactor the code continuously as

soon as possible code improvements are found. This keeps the

code simple and maintainable.
Normally

30/10/2014
It is not extreme to make thisChapter
when 3you
Agileare
Software Development
making user interface 43

Extreme programming practices (b)

Increased cost + di cult code, because each of the two colleagues is trying to show that he is the
best.
Pair programming Developers work in pairs, checking each other’s work and

providing the support to always do a good job.

Collective ownership The pairs of developers work on all areas of the system, so that

no islands of expertise develop and all the developers take

responsibility for all of the code. Anyone can change anything.

Continuous integration As soon as the work on a task is complete, it is integrated into

the whole system. After any such integration, all the unit tests in

the system must pass.

Sustainable pace Large amounts of overtime are not considered acceptable as

the net effect is often to reduce code quality and medium term

productivity

On-site customer A representative of the end-user of the system (the customer)

should be available full time for the use of the XP team. In an

Customer representative extreme

programming process, the customer is a member of

development team and is responsible for bringing system
the

requirements to the team for implementation.

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 44

XP and agile principles

 Incremental development is supported through small,

frequent system releases.

 Customer involvement means full-time customer

engagement with the team.

Software

 People not process through pair programming, collective

ownership and a process that avoids long working hours.

 Change supported through regular system releases.

 Maintaining simplicity through constant refactoring of

code. The fth principle of agile methods: simple code, simple design

Forth principle of agile methods:Be courageous

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 45

Influential XP practices

 Extreme programming has a technical focus and is not

easy to integrate with management practice in most
organizations. ‫يصعب تقبله‬

 Consequently, while agile development uses practices

from XP, the method as originally defined is not widely
used.
 Key practices
▪ User stories for specification
▪ Refactoring
▪ Test-first development
▪ Pair programming

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 46

User stories for requirements

 In XP, a customer or user is part of the XP team and is

responsible for making decisions on requirements.
 User requirements are expressed as user stories or
scenarios.
 These are written on cards and the development team
break them down into implementation tasks. These tasks
are the basis of schedule and cost estimates.
 The customer chooses the stories for inclusion in the
next release based on their priorities and the schedule
estimates.

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 47

 Each paragraph = user story.

User stories each of them are converted into cards.

It is possible for a user story to have more than one card.

A ‘prescribing medication’ story

.‫كل فقرة= قصة مستعمل‬

.‫قصص املستعمل كل واحدة منهم يتم تحويلها الى بطاقات‬
.‫من املمكن ان يكون لقصة املستعمل اكثر من بطاقة‬

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 48

Examples of task cards for prescribing
medication Each user story will be one or more
task card

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 49

Refactoring

 Conventional wisdom in software engineering is to

design for change. It is worth spending time and effort
anticipating changes as this reduces costs later in the life
cycle.
 XP, however, maintains that this is not worthwhile as
changes cannot be reliably anticipated.
 Rather, it proposes constant code improvement
(refactoring) to make changes easier when they have to
be implemented.

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 50

Refactoring

 Programming team look for possible software

improvements and make these improvements even
where there is no immediate need for them.
 This improves the understandability of the software and
so reduces the need for documentation.
 Changes are easier to make because the code is well-
structured and clear.
 However, some changes requires architecture
refactoring and this is much more expensive.

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 51

Examples of refactoring

 Re-organization of a class hierarchy to remove duplicate

code.
 Tidying up and renaming attributes and methods to make
them easier to understand.
 The replacement of inline code with calls to methods that
have been included in a program library.

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 52

Test-first development

 Testing is central to XP and XP has developed an

approach where the program is tested after every
change has been made.
 XP testing features:
▪ Test-first development.
▪ Incremental test development from scenarios.
▪ User involvement in test development and validation.
▪ Automated test harnesses are used to run all component tests
each time that a new release is built.

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 53

Test-driven development

 Writing tests before code clarifies the requirements to be

implemented.
 Tests are written as programs rather than data so that
they can be executed automatically. The test includes a
check that it has executed correctly.
▪ Usually relies on a testing framework such as Junit.
 All previous and new tests are run automatically when
new functionality is added, thus checking that the new
functionality has not introduced errors.

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 54

Customer involvement
The client determines what tests will be performed.

 The role of the customer in the testing process is to help

develop acceptance tests for the stories that are to be
implemented in the next release of the system.
 The customer who is part of the team writes tests as
development proceeds. All new code is therefore
validated to ensure that it is what the customer needs.
 However, people adopting the customer role have limited
time available and so cannot work full-time with the
development team. They may feel that providing the
requirements was enough of a contribution and so may
be reluctant to get involved in the testing process.

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 55

Test automation

 Test automation means that tests are written as

executable components before the task is implemented
▪ These testing components should be stand-alone, should
simulate the submission of input to be tested and should check
that the result meets the output specification. An automated test
framework (e.g. Junit) is a system that makes it easy to write
executable tests and submit a set of tests for execution.
 As testing is automated, there is always a set of tests
that can be quickly and easily executed
▪ Whenever any functionality is added to the system, the tests can
be run and problems that the new code has introduced can be
caught immediately.

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 56

Problems with test-first development

 Programmers prefer programming to testing and

sometimes they take short cuts when writing tests. For
example, they may write incomplete tests that do not
check for all possible exceptions that may occur.
 Some tests can be very difficult to write incrementally.
For example, in a complex user interface, it is often
difficult to write unit tests for the code that implements
the ‘display logic’ and workflow between screens.
 It difficult to judge the completeness of a set of tests.
Although you may have a lot of system tests, your test
set may not provide complete coverage.

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 57

Pair programming

 Pair programming involves programmers working in

pairs, developing code together.
 This helps develop common ownership of code and
spreads knowledge across the team.
 It serves as an informal review process as each line of
code is looked at by more than 1 person.
 It encourages refactoring as the whole team can benefit
from improving the system code.

30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 58

Pair programming

 In pair programming, programmers sit together at the

same computer to develop the software.
 Pairs are created dynamically so that all team members
work with each other during the development process.
 The sharing of knowledge that happens during pair
programming is very important as it reduces the overall
risks to a project when team members leave.
 Pair programming is not necessarily inefficient and there
is some evidence that suggests that a pair working
together is more efficient than 2 programmers working
separately.
30/10/2014 Chapter 3 Agile Software Development 59
 Process improvement

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 60

Process improvement

 Many software companies have turned to software

process improvement as a way of enhancing the quality
of their software, reducing costs or accelerating their
development processes.
 Process improvement means understanding existing
processes and changing these processes to increase
product quality and/or reduce costs and development
time.

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 61

Approaches to improvement

 The process maturity approach, which focuses on

improving process and project management and
introducing good software engineering practice.
▪ The level of process maturity reflects the extent to which good
technical and management practice has been adopted in
organizational software development processes.
 The agile approach, which focuses on iterative
development and the reduction of overheads in the
software process.
▪ The primary characteristics of agile methods are rapid delivery of
functionality and responsiveness to changing customer
requirements.

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 62

The process improvement cycle

2
with team

2
3

30/10/2014 Chapter 2 Software Processes 63

Process improvement activities

 Process measurement
▪ You measure one or more attributes of the software process or
product. These measurements forms a baseline that helps you
decide if process improvements have been effective.
 Process analysis
▪ The current process is assessed, and process weaknesses and
bottlenecks are identified. Process models (sometimes called
process maps) that describe the process may be developed.
 Process change
▪ Process changes are proposed to address some of the identified
process weaknesses. These are introduced and the cycle
resumes to collect data about the effectiveness of the changes.

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Process measurement

 Wherever possible, quantitative process data

should be collected
▪ However, where organisations do not have clearly defined
process standards this is very difficult as you don’t know what to
measure. A process may have to be defined before any
measurement is possible.
 Process measurements should be used to
assess process improvements
▪ But this does not mean that measurements should drive the
improvements. The improvement driver should be the
organizational objectives.

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Process metrics

 Time taken for process activities to be

completed
duration ‫املدة‬
▪ E.g. Calendar time or effort to complete an activity or process.
 Resources required for processes or activities
▪ E.g. Total effort in person-days.
 Number of occurrences of a particular event
▪ E.g. Number of defects discovered.
E ort = 10 man.month

ort ‫وحدة ال‬
e

= man.month
Duration = 10 months if 1 developer

Duration = 5 months if 2 developers

Duration = 2 months if 5 developers

Duration = 1 month if 10 developers

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Capability maturity levels

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The SEI capability maturity model

 Initial
▪ Essentially uncontrolled
 Repeatable
▪ Product management procedures defined and used
 Defined
▪ Process management procedures and strategies defined
and used
 Managed
▪ Quality management strategies defined and used
 Optimising
▪ Process improvement strategies defined and used
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 Discussion

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 What is the suitable software process for the following
software projects?
▪ Edugate
▪ Improvement of Edugate
▪ Website of Saudi Airlines
▪ Microsooft Excel
▪ New version of Windows
▪ Autonomous car embedded software

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