Plumbing and Sanitation Installation Vocational College

Feasibility study -1

Submitted to: Ministry of Education

Samuel KASSAHUN()
[email protected]
+251-911-60-22-46

[MAY 2008]
Introduction
Plumbing, from the Latin plumbum for lead, is the skilled trade of working with pipes, tubing
and plumbing fixtures for drinking water systems and the drainage of waste. A plumber is
someone who installs or repairs piping systems, plumbing fixtures and equipment such as water
heaters. The plumbing industry is a basic and substantial part of every developed economy due to
the need for clean water, and proper collection and transport of wastes.
Plumbing also refers to a system of pipes and fixtures installed in a building for the distribution
of potable water and the removal of waterborne wastes. Plumbing is usually distinguished from
water and sewage systems, in that a plumbing system serves one building, while water and
sewage systems serve a group of buildings or a city.
Standardized earthenware plumbing pipes with broad flanges making use of asphalt for
preventing leakages appeared in the urban settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization by 2700
B.C. Plumbing originated during the ancient civilizations such as the Greek, Roman, Persian,
Indian, and Chinese civilizations as they developed public baths and needed to provide potable
water, and drainage of wastes. Improvement in plumbing systems was very slow, with virtually
no progress made from the time of the Roman system of aqueducts and lead pipes until the 19th
century. Eventually the development of separate, underground water and sewage systems
eliminated open sewage ditches.
Plumber
A plumber is a tradesperson who specializes in installing and maintaining systems used for
potable (drinking) water, sewage, drainage, venting, heating and air-conditioning, or industrial
process plant piping. In most jurisdictions the piping for HVAC, fire protection, and industrial
systems are installed by 'steam-fitters', 'pipe-fitters', or 'gas-fitters' tradespeople. Many in these
trades are members of organized labor groups, while many are nonunion. A Master Plumber is
one who has demonstrated mastery of the trade of plumbing, has worked in the field for many
years, is certified in different areas of plumbing, typically trains new plumbers in the trade, and
oversees large plumbing projects.
The word plumber dates from the Roman Emp. In Roman times, pipes were made of lead, or
plumbum in Latin (hence the periodic table of the elements symbol of Pb for lead). Thus, a
person with expertise in working with pipes was known as a Plumbumber, which was eventually
shortened to plumber.
Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazards of wastes to
promote health. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of
disease. Wastes that can cause health problems are human & animal feces, solid wastes,domestic
wastewater (sewage, greywater), industrial wastes, & agricultural wastes & now appliances in
disuse wastes like cars, computers,household appliances,electronic appliances (bulbs, regulators)
Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g. sewerage and
wastewater treatment), simple technologies (e.g.latrines, septic tanks), or even by personal
hygiene practices (e.g. simple handwashing with soap).
The term "sanitation" can be applied to a specific aspect, concept, location, or strategy, such as:
  Basic sanitation - refers to the management of human feces at the household level.
 On-site sanitation - the collection and treatment of waste is done where it is deposited.
Examples are the use of pit latrines, septic tanks, and imhoff tanks.
 Food sanitation - refers to the hygienic measures for ensuring food safety.
 Environmental sanitation - the control of environmental factors that form links in disease
transmission. Subsets of this category are solid waste management, water and wastewater
treatment, industrial waste treatment and noise and pollution control.
 Ecological sanitation - a concept and an approach of recycling to nature the nutrients from
human and animal wastes.
Problem statement
Unusually, in Ethiopia the plumbing trade still remains virtually ungoverned; there are no
effective systems in place to monitor or control the activities of unqualified plumbers or those
home owners who choose to undertake installation and maintenance works themselves, despite
the health and safety issues which arise from such works when they are undertaken incorrectly.
Furthermore, despite having in place an infrastructure dedicated to formally training plumbers
and various Statutes, Regulations and Bye-laws designed to dictate and control how and in what
manner plumbing works are undertaken, there is nothing to stop anyone without any training
whatsoever working as a plumber, safe in the knowledge that it is unlikely that their lack of
technical know-how will ever be found-out. Years of training and experience are needed to
become a skilled plumber; most jurisdictions also require that plumbers be licensed. However, in
Ethiopia the story is different. Due to these or other reasons in Addis Ababa there is over 32%
wastage in water resource.
Plumbers in Ethiopia generally undertake the installation of domestic internal water pipe work,
sanitary fittings and related waste pipe work systems. Domestic, commercial and Industrial
installation, servicing and repair works, and works related to all other appliances, although
undertaken by plumbers, also involves the use of other 'sub-trades' such as pipe fitters,
equipment supplies, repairers, commissioningers.. are not regulated by any organization (with
whom such individuals and organisations are supposed to be not registered before working in
this sphere), which although entrusted by the Government to control works related to this field,
have no direct means of controlling or policing such works and are generally only involved in
issues arising after the works are completed (and invariably, an accident has occurred). As a
consequence there is a large quantity of work undertaken by unregistered, unqualified
individuals, which is invariably a risk to the health and welfare of the user additional it lead and
contribute great deal to waste the resource.
Furthermore, due to the fact that design and installation is perceived to be too complex for
plumbers to undertake and legislation related to the use and correct disposal of refrigerant for use
in the field.
The standard sanitation technology in urban areas is the collection of wastewater in sewers, its
treatment in wastewater treatment plants for reuse or disposal in rivers, lakes or the sea. Sewers
are either combined with storm drains or separated from them as sanitary sewers. Combined
sewers are usually found in the central, older parts or urban areas.
Heavy rainfall and inadequate maintenance can lead to combined sewer overflows or sanitary
sewer overflows, i.e. more or less diluted raw sewage being discharged into the environment.
Industries often discharge wastewater into municipal sewers, which can complicate wastewater
treatment unless industries pre-treat their discharges.
The high investment cost of conventional wastewater collection systems are difficult to afford
for many developing countries. Some countries have therefore promoted alternative wastewater
collection systems such as condominium sewerage, which uses smaller diameter pipes at lower
depth with different network layouts from conventional sewerage.
Sanitation in the developing world
The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) include a target to reduce by half
the proportion of people without access to basic sanitation by 2015. In December 2006, the
United Nations General Assembly declared 2008 'The International Year of Sanitation', in
recognition of the slow progress being made towards the MDGs sanitation target. The year aims
to develop awareness and action to meet the target. Particular concerns are:
Removing the stigma around sanitation, so that the importance of sanitation can be more easily
and publicly discussed.
Highlighting the poverty reduction, health and other benefits that flow from better hygiene,
household sanitation arrangements and wastewater treatment.
Research from the Overseas Development Institute suggests that sanitation and hygiene
promotion needs to be better 'mainstreamed' in development, if the MDG on sanitation is to be
met. At present, promotion of sanitation and hygiene is mainly carried out through water
institutions. The research argues that there are, in fact, many institutions that should carry out
activities to develop better sanitation and hygiene in developing countries. For example,
educational institutions can teach on hygiene, and health institutions can dedicate resources to
preventative works (to avoid, for example, outbreaks of cholera).
Our country does not far from other developing country in the area of sanitation for further
information some texts & research our country fallen in the worst era than other countries.
The nature of and type of the business
Plumbers install and repair pipes, fittings, fixtures, and other plumbing equipment used for water
distribution, waste water disposal, and venting in residential, commercial, institutional, and
industrial buildings. Plumbing is a traditional field that typically pays well, has good job
security, and currently has need of qualified individuals in many locations worldwide [citation
needed]. Many plumbers begin their careers in plumbing as helpers to established plumbers,
while others enter formal training institutes. Therefore,
The business will provide a well organized sanitation installation system high level vocational
college as well as it will serve for the public as career and profession enhancement institution.
The college will accept any individual to take short term or long term training’s, those who take
grade 10 leaving school, engineers, urban planners, architectures, contractors……
Vision
Our vision is to be Ethiopian premier technical college – renowned for innovation and dedicated
to exceptional applied learning and graduate success.
Vision Strategy
Our college will provide key stakeholders another option and greater access to education. The
campus offers flexible entry to high quality learning experiences and reduces the barriers of time
and place. New and advance technology and knowledge are the cornerstones of this dynamic
delivery channel.
VISION STATEMENT
Our vision is to be a superior quality professional-technical college. We value a dynamic
environment as a foundation for building our College into a nationally recognized technical
education role model. We are committed to educating all students through progressive and
proven educational philosophies. We will continue to provide high quality education and state-
of-the-art facilities and equipment for our trainees. We seek to achieve a comprehensive
curriculum that prepares our students for entering the workforce, articulation to any college and
full participation in society. We acknowledge the nature of change, the need for growth, and the
potential of all challenges.
Mission
To provide applied learning opportunities for life, enhanced by applied research, and taught by
outstanding faculty in a student-centered environment.
Values
Our college core value is the celebration of people and achievements which reflect:
 Academic excellence
 Commitment to lifelong learning
 Inclusiveness and diversity
 Service and accountability
Mandate
Our Colleges of mandates that offer:
“A comprehensive program of career-oriented, postsecondary education and training to assist
individuals in finding and keeping employment, to meet the needs of employers and the
changing work environment and to support the economic and social needs of our local and
diverse communities.”
As technical college
Our college is uniquely positioned to achieve its vision to become Ethiopian premier Plumbing
& Sanitation Installation College. Distinguished by its extensive academic opportunity supported
within a creative learning environment complemented by new advanced technology, we have the
capability and capacity to:
􀂾 Provide applied education that spans across apprenticeships
􀂾 Focus on career development
􀂾 Build strong alliances with all stakeholders
􀂾 Contribute to economic development
􀂾 Conduct applied research
Goals
In alignment with its Strategic Futures Document, it continues to focus upon four priority goals:
1. Outstanding Student Experience
2. Increased Community Relevance
3. Enhanced Operational Effectiveness
4. Planned Enrolment Growth
The objectives of the company
To help people to play their part in promoting shared values through fine arts, photography, film
and cinema.
 To empower professionals in their endeavors to implement new advance technology which helpful to
safe cost and time.
 To hammer the importance of professionalism, responsibility and accountability through intensive
and research based trainings.
 To enable people to build their vocational career.
 To make people in plumbing and sanitation area to be productive social group who are skilled and
equipped with new technology.
General Background for Vocational Education
Education is one of the most essential social services for the people Quality and extensive basic
education will highlight the desperate need of young people to find their personality, expressing
themselves and thus a bigger impact on the development agenda of the country. There is a strong
positive relationship between education and society at large in terms of creating a cognizant and
dependable civil society, which is a critical part of all futures, and for this we should focus on
vocational education.
The economic cost of uneducated population is so enormous through expense of unproductively,
unknowledgeable and nonintegrated participation in holding the opportunities and benefits of
one's country in the development agenda (program). It is obvious that educating people (human
development) require time, good thinking and practicality of each field of education. The corner
block is a well functioning civil society and more effective educational system for creating those
empowering opportunities to the people for the development and implementation of country
specific action plan that can eventually strike a bigger impact in development’s endeavors.
Effective education system should give priorities and guarantee that all children get the best
possible start to life and give them a chance to grow in. Hence, the people; especially children
must have access to complete, of good quality basic education.
The need for vocational school investment is taken as axiom and as a means for breaking the
vicious poverty circle of in individual families and in countries in the long run. This is the
bottom line of the development education program of every developing country like Ethiopia.
The education strategy and policy of our country has encouraged investment in education
especially in vocational and hopes that it will have a great impact to bring better future to the
country, for social efficiency and the people at large.
Therefore, in consideration of the above facts concerned institutions should work hand-in hand
for this goal to increase the coverage and quality of education, especially in vocational stream.
The demand for education for the next decade will be reflected in potential school age
population: especially in vocational education there is a huge gap between actual enrollment and
potential school age population in every region of our country. This clearly shows the role of
demographic factors and the ruling structure of the government itself in determining its ability;
(Shortage of public expenditure in education) to meet the education requirement of the people,
the culture the parent not sending their kids to school and economic condition of the country. As
it is known, vocational education play and important role in curbing the otherwise acute problem
of unemployment, which help the country to walk parallel to the rest of the world & to bring
future individual life betterment, &eventually social efficiency, quality economic growth.
In the last seven years, the Government has also given special attention for vocational education
in amending education and training policies and strategies to bring efficient and effective
education sector development program. The essential element of the education and training
policy is to restructure the education system and aims to expand education in a form to
addressing the problem of access, quality and equity distribution.
The education sector development programs also give a great chance to private investors to
participate in this endeavor.
The Business Environment
The overall political, social and economic environment of a country has an impact on the
operation and success of any business. It is thus natural to discuss the national business
environment under which the company has been operating.
Ethiopia is now a Federal Democratic state having eleven regional state governments and two
federal cities. A policy of decentralization of political, administrative and economic decisions
has been vigorously pursued since then.
These radical political, administrative and economic decentralization steps have contributed a
lot, among other things, to the creation of conducive atmosphere for investment in all regions of
Ethiopia. All regions have developed their own investment laws and try to attract private
investment projects by providing various incentives. Thus, the overall political atmosphere is
generally good for investment.
Investment Proclamation No. 15/1992 (and its subsequent amendment issues) is one of the steps
undertaken in order to realize the new economic policy, particularly to promote private
investment in Ethiopia.
The positive economic performance of the country for the last 16 years or so years has been
mainly the result of this new investment which itself is the result of the economic reform.
Recent information (2003/2004) from the National Band of Ethiopia (NBE) reveals that GDP
grew by 11.6, which can be ascribed to strong performances in agriculture, industry and service.
Growth in Real GDP per capita has also registered a record high percentage of 8.4 in the fiscal
year of, 2003/2004. It is worth noting from the report of NBE: the service sector has surpassed
agriculture that has continues to be the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy in terms of
contribution to over all economic growth. Recent data released by different organs reveals that
aforementioned statistics has been improved at alarming rate.
MARKET STUDY
* Demand & supply
As we have tried to show in the general background (1.3), one who is familiar with Ethiopian
vocational and higher education does not need to get bogged down in to statistical detail to
substantiate a claim that it takes decades to be able to see "supply matches demand for vocational
education". According to higher official from Ministry of Education, any investor showing keen
interest in investing in vocational colleges that requires particularly huge initial outlay enjoys
untapped potential. There are currently three governmental institutions rendering trainings on
plumbing, sanitation, and general water technology. These are General Wingate Vocational
College, AA water and sewerage authority water and sanitation institution, Ethiopian water
technology managed by ministry of water resource and JICA.

One major vacuum that has existed in Ethiopia's growing industry of building is the availability
of technical expertise required in direct operation. According our feasibility study is there is a
huge gap b/n the skilled human resource vs unskilled among those are currently at work. The
main reason is those mentioned institutions are not good enough and capable to train and
equipped with appropriate relevant skill due to time, space, facilities, system and among others.
Therefore our feasibility shows if we establish our planned college there is huge human resource
to be our trainees additionally, it will better for those who want to be professional as well as for
it help for development of the profession itself

To satisfactorily address the ever increasing and unmet demand for the trained professionals in
the above fields, the college will formulated well-articulated short term and mid term plan. The
short term immediate plan is to begins training with renting premises in the capital to enhance
company's intake capacity and quality of the trainings for those already interfere in the
profession to update their knowledge, to introduce the new advance technology, to eliminate the
problem of sanitation and plumbing installation problems using short term trainings furthermore
introducing entrepreneur ship courses by seasoned instructors to see to it that the trainees will be
better equipped with necessary technical and entrepreneurial skills and necessary equipments and
apparatus. The mid-term plan, on the other hand, will be to take the college one step higher,
collage level to have conducting its training in its premises which will build in recent year with
standard and well equipped institution moreover we have plan to outlaying branch in some
regions.
TECHNICAL ANALYSIS
Type A Trainees
In this category the novice tarianees who those directly come from schools, colleges…among others
specific vocational skills/knowledge
Course Specifications highlight the links to National Occupational Standards in the vocational
area and identify progression opportunities
Opportunities for developing these skills and attitudes are highlighted in each of the Course and
Unit Specifications. These opportunities include giving young people direct access to workplace
experiences or, through partnership arrangements, providing different learning environments and
experiences which simulate aspects of the workplace.
A Curriculum for Excellence (Ministry of Education) identifies aspirations for every person.
These are that they should become:
successful learners
confident individuals
responsible citizens
effective contributors
The learning environments, the focus on experiential learning and the opportunities to develop
employability and Core Skills in these Courses contribute to meeting these aspirations.
The Intermediate our offer Course has been designed to provide a basis for progression into
further education or for moving directly into training in employment within the construction
sector. The purpose of the Course is to ensure that candidates start to develop the general skills,
practical skills, knowledge and understanding and employability skills needed within the sector.
The general aims of the Course are to:
widen participation in vocationally-related learning for unskilled human resource
allow candidates to experience vocationally-related learning
provide candidates with a broad introduction to the worldwide knowledge and technology at
vocational sector based
encourage candidates to foster a good work ethics, including timekeeping, a positive attitude
and other relevant employability skills
provide opportunities to develop a range of Core Skills in a realistic context
encourage candidates to take charge of their own learning and development
provide a range of teaching, learning and assessment styles to motivate candidates to achieve
their full potential
facilitate progression to further education and/or training
give candidates the technical knowledge, skills and understanding associated with a range of
craft skills in construction at this level
develop an awareness that health and safety issues are integral to the world of work generally
and construction in particular
encourage candidates to develop a positive attitude to waste minimization and environmental
issues enable candidates to develop and apply practical, technical and communication skills as a
foundation for future learning and progression
encourage candidates to apply their knowledge and understanding of construction by using
skills of evaluation and problem-solving in a vocational context
encourage candidates to plan their work and review their progress
prepare candidates for further learning opportunities, study and training for employment in
construction and the built environment sectors and related occupations
Type –B trainees
In this category those already engaged in the business as different stakeholders
While no formal entrance qualifications are required for this Course, it would be expected that
candidates embarking on the Course would find the following learning skills and aptitudes
helpful:
basic proficiency in literacy
basic proficiency in numeracy
some aptitude for graphical forms of communication (the reading of basic drawings is required
by the course)
motivation to work independently
Our Course supports progression into appropriate further education or for training in
employment. The Course provides the basis for candidates to gain an insight into craft
occupations such as plumber work, and to use their studies to help them decide the career they
wish to follow. Candidates studying this Course in Construction Crafts and choosing a craft
option, may be aiming to progress into a craft apprenticeship in industry. Candidates who choose
such a route will experience appropriate training and undertake in the workplace. Candidates
who are uncertain which trade to follow, or who do not obtain a placement, may undertake pre-
vocational courses at Further Education College’s level.
What can obtain from the trainings?
Outcome 1 trainee effectively can:-
Select, use and maintain basic plumbing tools and materials.
Performance methodology
a) The selection of tools and materials is appropriate for the work to be done.
b) The tools are used in the correct manner.
c) The tools are used solely for the purpose for which they are intended.
d) The tools are cleaned, maintained and stored correctly.
e) Health and safety requirements are complied with during all activities
Outcome 2
Complete practical activities involving measuring, cutting and fabricating basic plumbing
materials and associated fittings.
Performance methodology
a) The product is free from excessive marking.
b) The product is completed to within prescribed tolerances.
c) All pipe work is cut square, free from burrs and completed using associated fittings.
d) A quality check is carried out on the finished work against the prescribed standards and
tolerances.
e) Health and safety requirements are complied with during all activities.
Evidence requirements for the Unit
Performance evidence and additional evidence is required to show that all
Outcomes and Performance Criteria have been achieved.
Performance evidence will be supported by assessor checklists. This evidence will be generated
from assignments consisting of different practical activities carried out in supervised workshop
conditions. The evidence may be gathered at different points throughout the session.

The practical activities will cover:

measuring and cutting plastic pipe work correctly for subsequent assembly
fabricating plastic pipework and associated fittings into assemblies in accordance with given
drawings and specifications
candidates carrying out a quality check on their own work before submitting for final
assessment
candidates maintaining a clean and tidy workplace and adhering to health and safety
requirements throughout all activities
To be trainee some needed skills, interests, and values
 Reading blueprints, drawings, and specifications to determine layout of water supply, waste,
and venting systems
 Installing, repairing and maintaining domestic, commercial, and industrial plumbing fixtures and
systems
 Locating and marking positions for pipe connections, passage holes, and fixtures in walls and
floors
 Measuring, cutting, bending, and threading pipes using hand and power tools or machines
 Testing pipes for leaks using air and water pressure gauges
 Communicating with co-workers, other trades people and subcontractors, and management
 Planning and performing complex calculations for specialized projects
 Providing time and cost estimates of the work to be performed (both labor and materials)
 Awareness of legal regulations and safety issues
 Being comfortable when working in confined spaces or at great heights
 Ensuring safety standards and build regulations are met.
Conclusion
According our feasibility and problem statement if we get work permit and all essential
cooperative form appropriate governmental body we implement the 2008 new technological
products, machineries, equipments, service parts, materials in accordance to our country concert
evidence or reality.