f=kdks.

kfefr dk ifjp; 127

f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 8
There is perhaps nothing which so occupies the
middle position of mathematics as trigonometry.
(laHkor% f=kdks.kfefr osQ vfrfjDr xf.kr dh dksbZ ,slh
'kk[kk ugha gS] tks mldh eè; fLFkfr dk LFkku ys losQA)
– J.F. Herbart (1890)
8.1 Hkwfedk
vki viuh fiNyh d{kkvksa esa f=kHkqtksa] fo'ks"k :i ls ledks.k f=kHkqtksa osQ ckjs esa vè;;u
dj pqosQ gSaA vkb, ge vius vkl&ikl osQ ifjos'k ls oqQN ,sls mnkgj.k ysa] tgk¡ ledks.k
f=kHkqtksa osQ cuus dh dYiuk dh tk ldrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, %
1. eku yhft, ,d Low Q y os Q Nk=k
oqQrqcehukj ns[kus x, gSaA vc] ;fn
dksbZ Nk=k ehukj osQ f'k[kj dks ns[k jgk
gks] rks ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt cuus dh
dYiuk dh tk ldrh gS tSlkfd vko`Qfr
8-1 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA D;k okLro esa
ekis fcuk gh Nk=k ehukj dh Å¡pkbZ
Kkr dj ldrk gS\ vko`Qfr 8.1
2. eku yhft, ,d yM+dh unh osQ fdukjs fLFkr vius edku dh ckyduh ij cSBh
gqbZ gS vkSj og bl unh osQ nwljs fdukjs ij fLFkr ikl gh osQ eafnj dh ,d fupyh
lh<+h ij j[ks xeys dks ns[k jgh gSA bl fLFkfr esa] ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt cuus dh

Rationalised 2023-24
128 xf.kr
dYiuk dh tk ldrh gS tSlkfd vko`Qfr
8-2 esa fn[kk;k x;k gS] ;fn vkidks og
Å¡pkbZ Kkr gks] ftl ij yM+dh cSBh gqbZ
gS] rks D;k vki unh dh pkSM+kbZ Kkr dj
ldrs gSa\
3. eku yhft, ,d xeZ gok okyk xqCckjk vko`Qfr 8.2
gok esa mM+ jgk gSA vkleku esa mM+us ij
bl xqCckjs dks ,d yM+dh ns[k ysrh gS
vkSj bl ckr dks crkus osQ fy, og
viuh ek¡ osQ ikl nkSM+dj tkrh gSA
xqCckjs dks ns[kus osQ fy, mldh ek¡ rqjar
?kj ls ckgj fudy vkrh gSA vc eku
yhft, fd tc igys&igy yM+dh xqCckjs
dks ns[krh gS] rc xqCckjk ¯cnq A ij FkkA
tc ek¡&csVh nksuksa gh xqCckjs dks ns[kus osQ vko`Qfr 8.3
fy, ckgj fudydj vkrh gSa rc rd xqCckjk ,d vU; ¯cnq B rd vk pqdk gksrk
gSA D;k vki tehu osQ ml LFkku ls] tgk¡ ek¡ vkSj csVh nksuksa [kM+h gSa] B dh Å¡pkbZ
Kkr dj ldrs gSa\
Åij crkbZ xbZ lHkh fLFkfr;ksa esa nwfj;k¡ vFkok Å¡pkbZ;k¡ oqQN xf.krh; rduhdksa dks]
tks f=kdks.kfefr uked xf.kr dh ,d 'kk[kk osQ varxZr vkrs gSa] ykxw djosQ Kkr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA vaxzsth 'kCn ‘trigonometry’ dh O;qRifÙk xzhd 'kCnksa ‘tri’ (ftldk vFkZ gS
rhu)] ‘gon’ (ftldk vFkZ gS] Hkqtk) vkSj ‘metron’ (ftldk vFkZ gS eki) ls gqbZ gSA
oLrqr% f=kdks.kfefr esa ,d f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa vkSj dks.kksa osQ chp osQ laca/ksa dk vè;;u
fd;k tkrk gSA izkphu dky esa f=kdks.kfefr ij fd, x, dk;Z dk mYys[k felz vkSj
cschykWu esa feyrk gSA izkphu dky osQ [kxksyfon~ f=kdks.kfefr dk iz;ksx i`Foh ls rkjksa vkSj
xzgksa dh nwfj;k¡ ekius esa djrs FksA vkt Hkh bathfu;¯jx vkSj HkkSfrd foKku esa iz;qDr
vf/dka'k izk| S ksfxdh; mUur fof/;k¡ f=kdks.kferh; ladYiukvksa ij vk/kfjr gSaA
bl vè;k; esa ge ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa osQ oqQN vuqikrksa dk mlosQ U;wu
dks.kksa osQ lkis{k vè;;u djsaxs ftUgsa dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr dgrs gaAS ;gk¡ ge
viuh ppkZ osQoy U;wu dks.kksa rd gh lhfer j[ksaxsA ;|fi bu vuqikrksa dk foLrkj nwljs

Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 129

dks.kksa osQ fy, Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;gk¡ ge 0° vkSj 90° osQ eki okys dks.kksa osQ
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dks Hkh ifjHkkf"kr djsaxsA ge oqQN fof'k"V dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh;
vuqikr ifjdfyr djsaxs vkSj bu vuqikrksa ls lacaf/r oqQN loZlfedk,¡ (identities), ftUgsa
f=kdks.kferh; loZlfedk,¡ dgk tkrk gS] LFkkfir djsaxsA
8.2 f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr

dks.k A dh lEeq[k Hkqtk

vuqPNsn 8-1 esa vki fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa cus oqQN
ledks.k f=kHkqtksa dh dYiuk dj pqosQ gSaA
d.kZ
vkb, ge ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC ysa] tSlkfd
vko`Qfr 8-4 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
;gk¡] Ð CAB (;k la{ksi esa dks.k A) ,d U;wu dks.k
gSA dks.k A osQ lkis{k Hkqtk BC dh fLFkfr ij è;ku nhft,A dks.k A dh
;g Hkqtk dks.k A osQ lkeus gSA bl Hkqtk dks ge dks.k A layXu Hkqtk
dh lEeq[k Hkqtk dgrs gSa] Hkqtk AC ledks.k f=kHkqt dk vko`Qfr 8.4
d.kZ gS vkSj Hkqtk AB, Ð A dk ,d Hkkx gSA vr% bls ge
dks.k A dh layXu Hkqtk dgrs gSaA

dks.k C dh layXu Hkqtk

è;ku nhft, fd dks.k A osQ LFkku ij dks.k C ysus ij
Hkqtkvksa dh fLFkfr cny tkrh gSA (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-5)
fiNyh d{kkvksa esa vki ¶vuqikr¸ dh ladYiuk d.kZ
osQ ckjs esa vè;;u dj pqosQ gSaA ;gk¡ vc ge ledks.k
f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa ls lacaf/r oqQN vuqikrksa dks] ftUgsa
ge f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr dgrs gSa] ifjHkkf"kr djsaxsA dks.k C dh
ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-4) osQ lEeq[k Hkqtk
dks.k A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr fuEu izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr vko`Qfr 8.5
fd, tkrs gSa%
dk.sk A dh lEeq[k Hkt
q k BC
Ð A dk sine = =
d.kZ AC

dk.sk A dh ly a Xu Hkqtk AB
Ð A dk cosine = =
d.kZ AC

Rationalised 2023-24
130 xf.kr
dks.k A dh lEeq[k Hktq k BC
Ð A dk tangent = =
dk.sk A dh layXu Hktq k AB

1 d.kZ AC
Ð A dk cosecant = = =
∠ A dk sine dk.sk A dh lEeq[k Hkqtk BC

1 d.kZ AC
Ð A dk secant =  A dk cosine  
dks.k A dh lEe[qk Hkt
q k AB

1 dk.sk A dh ly
a Xu Hktq k AB
Ð A dk cotangent = = =
∠ A dk tangent dk.sk A dh lEe[qk Hkqtk BC

Åij ifjHkkf"kr fd, x, vuqikrksa dks la{ksi esa Øe'k% sin A, cos A, tan A, cosec A,
sec A vkSj cot A fy[kk tkrk gSA è;ku nhft, fd vuqikr cosec A, sec A vkSj cot A
vuqikrksa sin A, cos A vkSj tan A osQ Øe'k% O;qRØe gksrs gSaA BC
BC AC sin A
vkSj vki ;gk¡ ;g Hkh ns[k ldrs gSa fd tan A =   vkSj
AB AB cos A
cos A AC
cotA = sin A

vr% ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt osQ ,d U;wu dks.k osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr f=kHkqt osQ
dks.k vkSj mldh Hkqtkvksa dh yackbZ osQ chp osQ laca/ dks O;Dr djrs gSaA
D;ksa u ;gk¡ vki ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt osQ dks.k C osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dks
ifjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;kl djsa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-5)\
'kCn “sine” dk lcls igyk iz;ksx ftl :i esa vkt ge
djrs gSa mldk mYys[k 500 bZ- esa vk;ZHkêð }kjk fyf[kr
iq L rd vk;Z H kêh;e es a feyrk gS A vk;Z H kêð us 'kCn
v/Z&T;k dk iz;ksx v/Z&thok osQ fy, fd;k Fkk ftlus
le;&varjky esa T;k ;k thok dk laf{kIr :i ys fy;kA tc
iqLrd vk;ZHkêh;e dk vuqokn vjch Hkk"kk esa fd;k x;k]
rc 'kCn thok dks ;Fkkor j[k fy;k x;kA 'kCn thok dks
lkbul (Sinus) osQ :i esa vuwfnr fd;k x;k] ftldk vk;ZHkêð
vFkZ oØ gS] tcfd vjch :ikarj dks ySfVu esa vuwfnr fd;k 476 – 550 lk-;q-

Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 131

x;kA blosQ rqjar ckn sine osQ :i esa iz;qDr 'kCn sinus Hkh iwjs ;wjksi esa xf.krh; ikBksa
esa iz;qDr gksus yxkA [kxksyfon~ osQ ,d vaxszth izksi+sQlj ,MeaM xqaVj (1581&1626)
us igys&igy laf{kIr laosQr ‘sin’ dk iz;ksx fd;k FkkA
'kCnksa ‘cosine’ vkSj ‘tangent’ dk mn~xe cgqr ckn esa gqvk FkkA cosine iQyu dk
mn~xe iwjd dks.k osQ sine dk vfHkdyu djus dks è;ku esa j[kdj fd;k x;k FkkA
vk;ZHkêð us bls dksfVT;k dk uke fn;k FkkA uke cosinus dk mn~xe ,MeaM xqaVj osQ
lkFk gqvk FkkA 1674 esa vaxzst xf.krK lj tksukl ewjs us igys&igy laf{kIr laosQr
‘cos’ dk iz;ksx fd;k FkkA

fVIi.kh : è;ku nhft, fd izrhd sin A dk iz;ksx dks.k A’ osQ

sin osQ laf{kIr :i esa fd;k x;k gSA ;gk¡ sinA, sin vkSj A
dk xq.kuiQy ugha gSA A ls vyx jgdj ‘sin’ dk dksbZ vFkZ
gh ugha gksrkA blh izdkj cosA, ‘cos’ vkSj A dk xq.kuiQy
ugha gSA bl izdkj dh O;k[;k vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa
osQ lkFk Hkh dh tkrh gSA d.kZ
vc] ;fn ge ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC osQ d.kZ AC ij
,d ¯cnq P ysa ;k c<+h gqbZ Hkqtk AC ij ¯cnq Q ysa vkSj AB
ij yac PM Mkysa vkSj c<+h gqbZ Hkqtk AB ij yac QN Mkysa
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-6)] rks D PAM osQ Ð A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vko`Qfr 8.6
vuqikrksa vkSj D QAN osQ Ð A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa esa
D;k varj gksxk\
bl iz'u dk mÙkj Kkr djus osQ fy, vkb, igys ge bu f=kHkqtksa dks ns[ksaA D;k
D PAM vkSj D CAB le:i gSa\ vkidks ;kn gksxk fd vè;k; 6 esa vki AA le:irk
dlkSVh osQ ckjs esa vè;;u dj pqosQ gSaA bl dlkSVh dks ykxw djus ij vki ik,¡xs fd
f=kHkqt PAM vkSj CAB le:i gSaA vr% le:i f=kHkqtksa osQ xq.k/eZ osQ vuqlkj bu f=kHkqtksa
dh laxr Hkqtk,¡ vkuqikfrd gSaA
AM AP MP
vr% = 
AB AC BC
MP BC
blls gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS =  sin A
AP AC

Rationalised 2023-24
132 xf.kr

AM AB MP BC
blh izdkj  = cos A,   tan A vkfn&vkfn
AP AC AM AB
blls ;g irk pyrk gS fd D PAM osQ dks.k A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr vkSj
DCAB osQ dks.k A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa esa dksbZ varj ugha gksrkA
blh izdkj vki ;g tk¡p dj ldrs gSa fd D QAN esa Hkh sinA dk eku (vkSj vU;
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dk eku) leku cuk jgrk gSA
vius izs{k.kksa ls vc ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd ;fn dks.k leku cuk jgrk gks]
rks ,d dks.k osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ ekuksa esa f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa dh yackb;ksa
osQ lkFk dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrkA
fVIi.kh : lqfo/k osQ fy, (sinA)2, (cosA)2, vkfn osQ LFkku ij ge Øe'k% sin2A, cos2A
vkfn fy[k ldrs gSaA ijarq cosec A = (sin A)–1 ¹ sin–1 A (bls lkbu buolZ A dgk tkrk
gS)A sin–1 A dk ,d vyx vFkZ gksrk gS ftl ij ppkZ ge mPp d{kkvksa esa djsaxsA blh
izdkj dh ijaijk,¡ vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa ij Hkh ykxw gksrh gSaA dHkh&dHkh xzhd v{kj
q (FkhVk) dk iz;ksx dks.k dks izdV djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
;gk¡ geus ,d U;wu dks.k osQ N% f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr ifjHkkf"kr fd, gSaA ;fn gesa
dksbZ ,d vuqikr Kkr gks] rks D;k ge vU; vuqikr izkIr dj ldrs gSa\ vkb, ge bl
ij fopkj djsaA
;fn ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC esa
1 BC 1
sin A = , rc bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd  ,
3 AC 3
vFkkZr~ f=kHkqt ABC dh HkqtkvksaBC vkSj AC dh
yackb;k¡ 1 : 3 osQ vuqikr esa gSa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr vko`Qfr 8.7
8-7)A vr% ;fn BC, k osQ cjkcj gks] rks AC, 3k osQ cjkcj gksxh] tgk¡ k ,d /u la[;k
gSA dks.k A osQ vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr Kkr djus osQ fy, gesas rhljh Hkqtk AB dh
yackbZ Kkr djuh gksrh gSA D;k vkidks ikbFkkxksjl izes; ;kn gS\ vkb, ge ikbFkkxksjl
izes; dh lgk;rk ls visf{kr yackbZ AB Kkr djsaA
AB2 = AC2 – BC2 = (3k)2 – (k)2 = 8k2 = (2 2 k)2

vr% AB =  2 2 k
vr% gesa izkIr gksrk gS AB = 2 2 k (AB = – 2 2 k D;ksa ugha gS\)

Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 133

AB 2 2 k 2 2
vc cos A =  
AC 3k 3
blh izdkj] vki dks.k A osQ vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr izkIr dj ldrs gSaA
fVIi.kh : D;ksafd ledks.k f=kHkqt dk d.kZ] f=kHkqt dh lcls yach Hkqtk gksrk gS] blfy,
sin A ;k cos A dk eku lnk gh 1 ls de gksrk gS (;k fo'ks"k fLFkfr esa 1 osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA)
vkb, vc ge oqQN mnkgj.k ysasA
4
mnkgj.k 1 : ;fn tan A = , rks dks.k A osQ vU;
3
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr Kkr dhft,A
gy : vkb, lcls igys ge ,d ledks.k D ABC [khapsa
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-8)A
BC 4
vc] ge tkurs gSa fd tan A = 
AB 3
vr% ;fn BC = 4k, rc AB = 3k, tgk¡ k /u
la[;k gSA vko`Qfr 8.8
vc ikbFkkxksjl izes; ykxw djus ij gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = (4k)2 + (3k)2 = 25k2
blfy, AC = 5k
vc ge budh ifjHkk"kkvksa dh lgk;rk ls lHkh f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr fy[k ldrs gSaA
BC 4k 4
sin A = 
AC 5k 5
AB 3k 3
cos A =  
AC 5k 5
1 3 1 5 1 5
vr% cot A =  , cosec A =  vkSj sec A = 
tan A 4 sin A 4 cos A 3

mnkgj.k 2 : ;fn Ð B vkSj Ð Q ,sls

U;wudks.k gksa ftlls fd sin B = sin Q,
rks fl¼ dhft, fd Ð B = Ð Q
gy : vkb, ge nks ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC
vkSj PQR ysa] tgk¡ sin B = sin Q
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-9)A
vko`Qfr 8.9

Rationalised 2023-24
134 xf.kr
AC
;gk¡ sin B =
AB
PR
vkSj sin Q =
PQ

AC PR
rc =
AB PQ

AC AB
vr% = k (eku yhft,) (1)
PR PQ
vc] ikbFkkxksjl izes; ykxw djus ij gesa ;s izkIr gksrs gSa
BC = AB2  AC 2

vkSj QR = PQ 2 – PR 2

BC AB2  AC2 k 2 PQ 2  k 2 PR 2 k PQ 2  PR 2
vr% =   k (2)
QR PQ 2  PR 2 PQ 2  PR 2 PQ 2  PR 2
(1) vkSj (2) ls gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS
AC AB BC
= 
PR PQ QR
rc izes; 6-4 dk iz;ksx djus ij D ACB ~ D PRQ izkIr gksrk gSA vr% Ð B = Ð Q
mnkgj.k 3 : D ACB yhft, ftldk dks.k C ledks.k
gS ftles a AB = 29 bdkbZ ] BC = 21 bdkbZ vkS j
Ð ABC = q (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-10) gSa rks fuEufyf[kr
osQ eku Kkr dhft,A
(i) cos2 q + sin2 q
(ii) cos2 q – sin2 q.
gy : D ACB esa gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS
vko`Qfr 8.10
AC = AB2  BC 2 = (29)2  (21)2

= (29 − 21) (29 + 21) = (8) (50) = 400 = 20 bdkbZ

Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 135

AC 20 , BC 21
vr% sin q =  cos  =  
AB 29 AB 29
2 2
 20   21  202  212 400  441
vc] (i) cos2q + sin2q = 
       1,
 29   29  292 841
2 2
 21   20  (21  20) (21  20) 41
vkSj (ii) cos2 q – sin2 q =      2

 29   29  29 841

mnkgj.k 4 : ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC esa] ftldk dks.k

B ledks.k gS] ;fn tan A = 1 rks lR;kfir dhft, fd
2 sin A cos A = 1
BC
gy : D ABC esa tan A = = 1 (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-11)
AB
vFkkZr~ BC = AB
eku yhft, AB = BC = k, tgk¡ k ,d /u la[;k gSA
vko`Qfr 8.11
vc AC = AB2  BC2

= (k ) 2  (k )2  k 2
BC 1 AB 1
vr% sin A =  vkSj cos A = 
AC 2 AC 2

 1  1 
blfy, 2 sin A cos A = 2     1, tks fd visf{kr eku gSA
 2  2 
mnkgj.k 5 : D OPQ esa] ftldk dks.k P ledks.k
gS ] OP = 7 cm vkS j OQ – PQ = 1 cm
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-12)] sin Q vkSj cos Q osQ eku
Kkr dhft,A
gy : D OPQ ls gesa ;g izkIr gS fd
OQ2 = OP2 + PQ2
vFkkZr~ (1 + PQ)2 = OP2 + PQ2 (D;ksa\)
vFkkZr~ 1 + PQ2 + 2PQ = OP2 + PQ2
vFkkZr~ 1 + 2PQ = 72 (D;ksa\) vko`Qfr 8.12

Rationalised 2023-24
136 xf.kr
vFkkZr~ PQ = 24 cm vkSj OQ = 1 + PQ = 25 cm
7 24
vr% sin Q = vkSj cos Q =
25 25

iz'ukoyh 8.1
1. D ABC es]a ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gS] AB = 24 cm vkSj BC = 7 cm gSA fuEufyf[kr dk eku
Kkr dhft, %
(i) sin A, cos A
(ii) sin C, cos C
2. vko`Qfr 8-13 esa] tan P – cot R dk eku Kkr dhft,A
3,
3. ;fn sin A = rks cos A vkSj tan A dk eku ifjdfyr dhft,A
4
4. ;fn 15 cot A = 8 gks rks sin A vkSj sec A dk eku Kkr dhft,A vko`Qfr 8.13
13 ,
5. ;fn sec q = gks rks vU; lHkh f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr ifjdfyr dhft,A
12
6. ;fn Ð A vkSj Ð B U;wu dks.k gks] tgk¡ cos A = cos B, rks fn[kkb, fd Ð A = Ð B
7, (1  sin ) (1  sin ) ,
7. ;fn cot q = rks (i) (ii) cot2 q dk eku fudkfy,\
8 (1  cos ) (1  cos )
1  tan 2 A
8. ;fn 3 cot A = 4, rks tk¡p dhft, fd = cos2 A – sin2A gS ;k ughaA
1 + tan 2 A
1 ,
9. f=kHkqt ABC esa] ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gS] ;fn tan A = rks fuEufyf[kr osQ eku Kkr
3
dhft,%
(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C (ii) cos A cos C – sin A sin C
10. D PQR esa] ftldk dks.k Q ledks.k gS] PR + QR = 25 cm vkSj PQ = 5 cm gSA sin P, cos P
vkSj tan P osQ eku Kkr dhft,A
11. crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr dFku lR; gSa ;k vlR;A dkj.k lfgr vius mÙkj dh iqf"V dhft,A
(i) tan A dk eku lnSo 1 ls de gksrk gSA
12
(ii) dks.k AosQ fdlh eku osQ fy, sec A = 5
(iii) cos A, dks.k A osQ cosecant osQ fy, iz;qDr ,d laf{kIr :i gSA
(iv) cot A, cot vkSj A dk xq.kuiQy gksrk gSA
4
(v) fdlh Hkh dks.k q osQ fy, sin q =
3

Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 137

8.3 oqQN fof'k"V dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr

T;kfefr osQ vè;;u ls vki 30°, 45°, 60° vkSj 90° osQ dks.kksa dh jpuk ls vki vPNh
rjg ls ifjfpr gSaA bl vuqPNsn esa ge bu dks.kksa vkSj lkFk gh 0° okys dks.k osQ
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ eku Kkr djsaxsA
45° osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr
D ABC esa] ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gS] ;fn ,d dks.k
45° dk gks] rks vU; dks.k Hkh 45° dk gksxk vFkkZr~
Ð A = Ð C = 45° (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-14)A
vr% BC = AB (D;ksa\)
vc eku yhft, BC = AB = a vko`Qfr 8.14
rc ikbFkkxksjl izes; osQ vuqlkj AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = a2 + a2 = 2a2
blfy, AC = a 2 
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dh ifjHkk"kkvksa dks ykxw djus ij gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS %
45° osQ dks.k dh lEeq[k Hkt
q k BC a 1
sin 45° = = = =
d.kZ AC a 2 2

45° osQ dks.k dh ly

a Xu Hkqtk AB a 1
cos 45° = = = =
d.kZ AC a 2 2
45° oQs dk.sk dh lEeq[k Hkqtk BC a
tan 45° = = = =1
45° oQs dks.k dh lya Xu Hkqtk AB a
1 1 1
vkSj cosec 45° =  2 , sec 45° =  2 , cot 45° = 1
sin 45 cos 45 tan 45

30° vkSj 60° osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr

vkb,] vc ge 30° vkSj 60° osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr
ifjdfyr djsaA ,d leckgq f=kHkqt ABC ij fopkj
djsaA D;ksafd leckgq f=kHkqt dk izR;sd dks.k] 60º dk
gksrk gS] blfy, Ð A = Ð B = Ð C = 60°
A ls Hkqtk BC ij yac AD Mkfy, (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-15)A vko`Qfr 8.15

Rationalised 2023-24
138 xf.kr
vc D ABD @ D ACD (D;ksa\)
blfy, BD = DC
vkSj Ð BAD = Ð CAD (CPCT)

vc vki ;g ns[k ldrs gSa fd%

D ABD ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt gS ftldk dks.k D ledks.k gS] vkSj tgk¡ Ð BAD = 30°
vkSj Ð ABD = 60° (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-15)A
tSlk fd vki tkurs gSa] fd f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dks Kkr djus osQ fy, gesa f=kHkqt dh
Hkqtkvksa dh yackb;k¡ Kkr djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vkb,] ge ;g eku ysa fd AB = 2a
1
rc BD = BC = a
2
vkSj AD2 = AB2 – BD2 = (2a)2 – (a)2 = 3a2
blfy, AD = a 3

BD a 1 AD a 3 3
vc sin 30° =   , cos 30° =  
AB 2a 2 AB 2a 2

BD a 1
tan 30° =  
AD a 3 3

1 1 2
vkSj cosec 30º =  2, sec 30° = 
sin 30 cos 30 3

1
cot 30° =  3
tan 30

blh izdkj
AD a 3 3 1
sin 60° =   , cos 60° = , tan 60° = 3
AB 2a 2 2

2 , 1
cosec 60° =
3
sec 60° = 2 vkSj cot 60° = 3

Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 139

0° vkSj 90° osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr

vkb,] ge ns[ksa fd ;fn ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC osQ dks.k A dks rc rd
vkSj NksVk fd;k tk, tc rd fd ;g 'kwU; ugha gks tkrk gS] rc bl
fLFkfr esa dks.k A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gS
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-16)A tSls&tSls Ð A NksVk gksrk tkrk gS] oSls&oSls
Hkqtk BC dh yackbZ de gksrh tkrh gSA ¯cnq C, ¯cnq B osQ fudV vkrk
tkrk gS vkSj var esa] tc ÐA, 0° osQ dkiQh fudV gks tkrk gS rc vko`Qfr 8.16
AC yxHkx ogh gks tkrk gS tks fd AB gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-17)A

vko`Qfr 8.17

tc Ð A, 0º osQ vR;f/d fudV gksrk gS rc BC, 0 osQ vR;f/d fudV vk tkrk gSA rc
BC
sin A = dk eku 0 osQ vR;f/d fudV vk tkrk gSA vkSj] tc Ð A, 0º osQ vR;fèkd
AC
AB
fudV gksrk gS] rc AC yxHkx ogh gksrk gS tks fd AB gksrk gS vkSj cos A = dk eku
AC
1 osQ vR;f/d lehi gksrk gSA
bldh lgk;rk ls ge ml fLFkfr esa sin A vkSj cos A osQ eku ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs
gSa tcfd A = 0°, ge sin 0° =0 vkSj cos 0° = 1 ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSaA
budk iz;ksx djus ij gesa ;s izkIr gksrs gSa%
sin 0° 1 ,
tan 0° = = 0, cot 0° = tks fd ifjHkkf"kr ugha gS (D;ksa\)
cos 0° tan 0°
1 1 ,
sec 0° = = 1 rFkk cosec 0° = vkSj ;g Hkh ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA (D;ks\a )
cos 0 sin 0

vkb, vc ge ml fLFkfr esa ns[ksa fd Ð A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ lkFk D;k
gksrk gS tcfd D ABC osQ bl dks.k dks rc rd cM+k fd;k tkrk gS] tc rd fd 90° dk
ugha gks tkrkA Ð A tSls&tSls cM+k gksrk tkrk gS] Ð C oSls&oSls NksVk gksrk tkrk gSA vr% Åij
okyh fLFkfr dh Hkk¡fr Hkqtk AB dh yackbZ de gksrh tkrh gSA ¯cnq A, ¯cnq B osQ fudV gksrk
tkrk gS vkSj] var esa tc Ð A, 90° osQ vR;f/d fudV vk tkrk gS] rks Ð C, 0° osQ

Rationalised 2023-24
140 xf.kr
vR;fèkd fudV vk tkrk gS vkSj Hkqtk AC Hkqtk BC osQ lkFk yxHkx laikrh gks tkrh gS
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-18)A

vko`Qfr 8.18

tc Ð C, 0° osQ vR;f/d fudV gksrk gS rks Ð A, 90° osQ vR;f/d fudV gks tkrk
gS vkSj Hkqtk AC yxHkx ogh gks tkrh gS] tks Hkqtk BC gSA vr% sin A, 1 osQ vR;f/d
fudV gks tkrk gS vkSj] tc Ð A , 90° osQ vR;f/d fudV gksrk gS] rc Ð C, 0° osQ
vR;fèkd fudV gks tkrk gS vkSj Hkqtk AB yxHkx 'kwU; gks tkrh gSA vr% cos A, 0 osQ
vR;f/d fudV gks tkrk gSA
vr% ge ;g ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa % sin 90° = 1 vkSj cos 90° = 0
vc vki D;ksa ugha 90° osQ vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr Kkr djrs gSa\
vc ge rqjar lanHkZ osQ fy, ,d lkj.kh 8-1 osQ :i esa 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° vkSj 90°
osQ lHkh f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ eku izLrqr djsaxsA
lkj.kh 8.1

ÐA 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

1 1 3
sin A 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos A 1 0
2 2 2
1
tan A 0
3
1 3 vifjHkkf"kr
2
cosec A vifjHkkf"kr 2 2 3
1

2
sec A 1
3 2 2 vifjHkkf"kr
1
cot A vifjHkkf"kr 3 1
3
0

Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 141

fVIi.kh : mi;qZDr lkj.kh ls vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd tSls&tSls Ð A dk eku 0° ls 90° rd
c<+rk tkrk gS] sin A dk eku 0 ls c<+dj 1 gks tkrk gS vkSj cos A dk eku 1 ls ?kVdj 0 gks tkrk
gSA
vkb,] vc ge oqQN mnkgj.k ysdj Åij dh lkj.kh esa fn, x, ekuksa osQ iz;ksx dks
izn£'kr djsaA
mnkgj.k 6 : D ABC esa ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gS]
AB = 5 cm vkSj Ð ACB = 30° (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-19)A
Hkqtkvksa BC vkSj AC dh yackb;k¡ Kkr djsaA
gy : Hkqtk BC dh yackbZ Kkr djus osQ fy, ge ml
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr dks ysaxs ftlesa BC vkSj nh gqbZ
Hkqtk AB gksA D;ksafd BC dks.k C dh layXu Hkqtk gS] vkSj vko`Qfr 8.19
AB dks.k C dh lEeq[k Hkqtk gS] blfy,
AB
= tan C
BC
5 1
vFkkZr~ = tan 30° =
3
BC
ftlls BC = 5 3 cm izkIr gksrk gSA
Hkqtk AC dh yackbZ Kkr djus osQ fy, ge
AB
sin 30° = ysrs gSa (D;ksa\)
AC
1 5
vFkkZr~ =
2 AC

vFkkZr~ AC = 10 cm

è;ku nhft, fd Åij osQ mnkgj.k esa rhljh Hkqtk dh yackbZ Kkr djus osQ fy, fodYi
osQ :i esa ge ikbFkkxksjl izes; dks ykxw dj ldrs Fks]

vFkkZr~ AC = AB2  BC 2  52  (5 3) 2 cm = 10 cm

Rationalised 2023-24
142 xf.kr
mnkgj.k 7 : D PQR esa] ftldk dks.k Q ledks.k
gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-20)] PQ = 3 cm vkSj
PR = 6 cm gSA Ð QPR vkSj Ð PRQ Kkr dhft,A
gy : fn;k gqvk gS PQ = 3 cm vkSj PR = 6 cm
PQ vko`Qfr
blfy, = sin R 8.20
PR
3 1
;k sin R = 
6 2
vr% Ð PRQ = 30°
vkSj] blfy, Ð QPR = 60° (D;ksa\)
vki ;gk¡ ;g ns[k ldrs gSa fd ;fn ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt dh ,d Hkqtk vkSj dksbZ ,d
vU; Hkkx (tks ;k rks U;wu dks.k gks ;k dksbZ ,d Hkqtk gks) Kkr gks] rks f=kHkqt dh 'ks"k
Hkqtk,¡ vkSj dks.k Kkr fd, tk ldrs gSaA

1, 1
mnkgj.k 8 : ;fn sin (A – B) = cos (A + B) = , 0° < A + B £ 90°, A > B, rks A
2 2
vkSj B Kkr dhft,A
1
gy : D;ksafd sin (A – B) = , blfy,] A – B = 30° (D;ksa\) (1)
2
1
vkSj] D;ksafd cos (A + B) = , blfy,, A + B = 60° (D;ksa\) (2)
2
(1) vkSj (2) dks gy djus ij gesa A =45° vkSj B = 15° izkIr gksrk gSA

iz'ukoyh 8.2
1. fuEufyf[kr osQ eku fudkfy, %
(i) sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60° (ii) 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60°
cos 45° sin 30° + tan 45° – cosec 60°
(iii) sec 30° + cosec 30° (iv)
sec 30° + cos 60° + cot 45°
5 cos 2 60  4 sec2 30  tan 2 45
(v)
sin 2 30  cos 2 30

Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 143

2. lgh fodYi pqfu, vkSj vius fodYi dk vkSfpR; nhft,%

2 tan 30
(i) 
1  tan 2 30
(A) sin 60° (B) cos 60° (C) tan 60° (D) sin 30°
1  tan 2 45
(ii) 
1  tan 2 45
(A) tan 90° (B) 1 (C) sin 45° (D) 0
(iii) sin 2A = 2 sin A rc lR; gksrk gS] tcfd A cjkcj gS%
(A) 0° (B) 30° (C) 45° (D) 60°
2 tan 30
(iv)
1  tan 2 30
cjkcj gS%
(A) cos 60° (B) sin 60° (C) tan 60° (D) sin 30°
1
3. ;fn tan (A + B) = 3 vkSj tan (A – B) = ; 0° < A + B £ 90°; A > B rks A vkSj B dk eku
3
Kkr dhft,A
4. crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu&dkSu lR; gSa ;k vlR; gSaA dkj.k lfgr vius mÙkj dh iqf"V
dhft,A
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A + sin B.
(ii) q esa o`f¼ gksus osQ lkFk sin q osQ eku esa Hkh o`f¼ gksrh gSA
(iii) q esa o`f¼ gksus osQ lkFk cos q osQ eku esa Hkh o`f¼ gksrh gSA
(iv) q osQ lHkh ekuksa ij sin q = cos q
(v) A = 0° ij cot A ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA

8.4 f=kdks.kferh; loZlfedk,¡

vkidks ;kn gksxk fd ,d lehdj.k dks ,d loZlfedk rc
dgk tkrk gS tcfd ;g lacaf/r pjksa osQ lHkh ekuksa osQ fy,
lR; gksA blh izdkj ,d dks.k osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa ls
lacaf/r loZlfedk dks f=kdks.kferh; loZlfedk dgk tkrk
gSA tcfd ;g lacaf/r dks.k (dks.kksa) osQ lHkh ekuksa osQ fy,
lR; gksrk gSA
bl Hkkx esa] ge ,d f=kdks.kferh; loZlfedk fl¼ djsaxs
vkSj bldk iz;ksx vU; mi;ksxh f=kdks.kferh; loZlfedkvksa vko`Qfr 8.21
dks fl¼ djus esa djsaxsA

Rationalised 2023-24
144 xf.kr
D ABC esa] tks B ij ledks.k gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-21)
gesa ;g izkIr gS AB2 + BC2 = AC 2 (1)
(1) osQ izR;sd in dks AC2 ls Hkkx nsus ij gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS

AB2 BC2 AC2

 =
AC2 AC2 AC2
2 2 2
 AB   BC   AC 
;k     =  
 AC   AC   AC 
vFkkZr~ (cos A)2 + (sin A)2 = 1
vFkkZr~ cos2 A + sin2 A = 1 (2)
;g lHkh A osQ fy,] tgk¡ 0° £ A £ 90°, lR; gksrk gSA vr% ;g ,d f=kdks.kferh;
loZlfedk gSA
vkb,] vc ge (1) dks AB2 ls Hkkx nsaA ,slk djus ij gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS
AB2 BC2 AC2
 =
AB2 AB2 AB2
2 2 2
 AB   BC   AC 
;k     =  
 AB   AB   AB 
vFkkZr~ 1 + tan2 A = sec2 A (3)
D;k ;g lehdj.k] A = 0° osQ fy, lR; gS\ gk¡] ;g lR; gSA D;k ;g A = 90°
osQ fy, Hkh lR; gS\ A = 90° osQ fy, tan A vkSj sec A ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA vr% (3),
,sls lHkh A osQ fy, lR; gksrk gS] tgk¡ 0° £ A < 90º
vkb, ge ;g ns[ksa fd (1) dks BC2 ls Hkkx nsus ij gesa D;k izkIr gksrk gSA
AB2 BC2 AC2
 =
BC2 BC2 BC 2
2 2 2
 AB   BC   AC 
vFkkZr~     =  
 BC   BC   BC 
vFkkZr~ cot2 A + 1 = cosec 2 A (4)

Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 145

è;ku nhft, fd A = 0° osQ fy, cosec A vkSj cot A ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA vr% ,sls
lHkh A osQ fy, (4) lR; gksrk gS tgk¡ 0° < A £ 90°
bu loZlfedkvksa dk iz;ksx djosQ ge izR;sd f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr dks vU;
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ inksa esa O;Dr dj ldrs gSa vFkkZr~ ;fn dksbZ ,d vuqikr Kkr
gks] rks ge vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ eku Hkh Kkr dj ldrs gSaA
vkb, ge ;g ns[ksa fd bu loZlfedkvksa dk iz;ksx djosQ bls ge oSQls Kkr dj
1
ldrs gSaA eku yhft, gesa tan A = 3
Kkr gSA rc cot A = 3

2 3
D;ksfa d sec2 A = 1 + tan2 A = 1  1  4 , sec A = , vkSj cos A =
3 3 3 2
3 1
vkSj] D;ksafd sin A = 1  cos 2 A  1   . blfy, cosec A = 2
4 2

mnkgj.k 9 : vuqikrksa cos A, tan A vkSj sec A dks sin A osQ inksa esa O;Dr dhft,A
gy : D;ksfa d cos2 A + sin2 A = 1, blfy,
cos2 A = 1 – sin2 A, vFkkZr~ cos A =  1  sin A
2

blls ;g izkIr gksrk gS cos A = 1  sin 2 A (D;ksa\)

sin A sin A 1 1
vr% tan A = = vkjS sec A = =
cos A 1 – sin A 2 cos A 1 − sin 2 A

mnkgj.k 10 : fl¼ dhft, fd sec A (1 – sin A) (sec A + tan A) = 1

gy :
 1   1 sin A 
oke i{k = sec A (1 – sin A)(sec A + tan A) =   (1  sin A)   
 cos A   cos A cos A 

(1  sin A) (1 + sin A) 1  sin 2 A

= 
cos 2 A cos 2 A
cos 2 A
=  1 = nk¡;k i{k
cos 2 A

Rationalised 2023-24
146 xf.kr
cot A – cos A cosec A – 1
mnkgj.k 11 : fl¼ dhft, fd 
cot A + cos A cosec A + 1

cos A
 cos A
cot A – cos A sin A
gy : oke i{k = 
cot A + cos A cos A  cos A
sin A
 1   1 
cos A  1    1
 sin A    sin A   cosec A – 1
= nk¡;k i{k
 1   1  cosec A + 1
cos A   1   1
 sin A   sin A 

mnkgj.k 12 : loZlfedk sec2q = 1 + tan 2q dk iz;ksx djosQ fl¼ dhft, fd

sin θ − cos θ + 1 1
=
sin θ + cos θ − 1 sec θ − tan θ

gy : D;ksafd gesa sec q vkSj tan q ls lacaf/r loZlfedk iz;qDr djuh gS] blfy, vkb,
ge lcls igys loZlfedk osQ oke i{k osQ va'k vkSj gj dks cos q ls Hkkx nsdj oke i{k
dks sec q vkSj tan q osQ inksa esa :ikarfjr djsaA
sin  – cos  + 1 tan   1  sec 
oke i{k = 
sin  + cos  – 1 tan   1  sec 

(tan   sec )  1 {(tan   sec )  1} (tan   sec )

= 
(tan   sec )  1 {(tan   sec )  1} (tan  sec )

(tan 2   sec 2 )  (tan   sec )

=
{tan   sec   1} (tan   sec )

– 1  tan   sec 
=
(tan   sec   1) (tan   sec )

–1 1
= tan   sec   sec   tan 
,

tks fl¼ dh tkus okyh visf{kr loZlfedk dk nk¡;k i{k gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 147

iz'ukoyh 8.3
1. f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa sin A, sec A vkSj tan A dks cot A osQ inksa esa O;Dr dhft,A
2. Ð A osQ vU; lHkh f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dks sec A osQ inksa eas fyf[k,A
3. lgh fodYi pqfu, vkSj vius fodYi dh iqf"V dhft, %
(i) 9 sec2 A – 9 tan2 A cjkcj gS%
(A) 1 (B) 9 (C) 8 (D) 0
(ii) (1 + tan q + sec q) (1 + cot q – cosec q) cjkcj gS%
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) –1
(iii) (sec A + tan A) (1 – sin A) cjkcj gS%
(A) sec A (B) sin A (C) cosec A (D) cos A
1  tan 2 A
(iv)
1 + cot 2 A
cjkcj gS%
(A) sec2 A (B) –1 (C) cot2 A (D) tan2 A
4. fuEufyf[kr loZlfedk,¡ fl¼ dhft,] tgk¡ os dks.k] ftuosQ fy, O;atd ifjHkkf"kr gS] U;wu
dks.k gS %
1  cos 
(i) (cosec q – cot q)2 = 1  cos 

cos A 1  sin A
(ii)   2 sec A
1 + sin A cos A

tan  cot 
(iii) 1  cot   1  tan   1  sec  cosec 

[laosQr% O;atd dks sin q vkSj cos q osQ inksa esa fyf[,]
1  sec A sin 2 A
(iv) 
sec A 1 – cos A

[laosQr% oke i{k vkSj nk¡;k i{k dks vyx&vyx ljy dhft,A]

Rationalised 2023-24
148 xf.kr
(v) loZlfedk cosec2 A = 1 + cot2 A dks ykxw djosQ
cos A – sin A + 1
= cosec A + cot A
cos A + sin A – 1

1  sin A
(vi)  sec A + tan A
1 – sin A

sin   2 sin 3 
(vii)  tan 
2 cos3   cos 

(viii) (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 = 7 + tan2 A + cot2 A

1
(ix) (cosec A – sin A) (sec A – cos A)  tan A + cot A

[laosQr : oke i{k vkSj nk¡;k i{k dks vyx&vyx ljy dhft,]
2
 1  tan 2 A   1  tan A 
(x)  2    = tan2A
 1 + cot A   1 – cot A 

8.5 lkjka'k
bl vè;k; esa] vkius fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k gS%
1. ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC esa] ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gS]
dk.sk A dh lEeq[k Hkt
q k, dks.k A dh ly a Xu Hkt
q k
sin A = cos A =
d.kZ d.kZ
dks.k A dh lEe[qk Hkqtk
tan A =
dks.k A dh layXu Hktq k
1 1 1 , sin A
2. cosec A = ; sec A = ; tan A = tan A =
sin A cos A cot A cos A
3. ;fn ,d U;wu dks.k dk ,d f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr Kkr gks] rks dks.k osQ 'ks"k f=kdks.kferh;
vuqikr ljyrk ls Kkr fd, tk ldrs gSaA

Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 149

4. 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° vkSj 90° osQ dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ ekuA
5. sin A ;k cos A dk
eku dHkh Hkh 1 ls vf/d ugha gksrk] tcfd sec A ;k cosec A dk eku
lnSo 1 ls vf/d ;k 1 osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
6. sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
sec2 A – tan2 A = 1 tgk¡ 0° £ A < 90°
cosec2 A = 1 + cot2 A tgk¡ 0° < A £ 90º

Rationalised 2023-24