“The Effects of being a Barangay Official in Leading the Community in Baguio

City Year 2023”

CHAPTER I.
Introduction:
The concept of “governance” is not new. It is as old as human civilization. Simply put

“governance” means the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are

implemented (or not implemented). Governance can be used in several contexts such as

corporate governance, international governance, national governance and local governance. It

is the practical application of processes and policies, especially those involving it towards

meeting organizational goals. According to It refers to the act or practice of governing control

and also the constant assertion of a leader’s authority over and the carrying out duties for a

political entity. In accordance to the research of Perfecto Ortaleza- Cave (2006) A leader is the

person who comes closest to realizing the norms the group values highest, this conformity gives

high rank, which attract the people and implies the right to assume control of the group. He/She

is the person who leads, guides, or directs the individuals and events towards the realization of

the objectives and a person who has the “know how”. A person who creates the most effective

changes in-group performance, and the one who succeeds in getting others to follow.

Leadership is the energetic process of getting other people, fully and willingly commited to an

action, to meet common agreed objectives. It is an act of leading the individual’s impulses,

motives, and efforts to discovering the individual’s potentials for the purpose of directing wisely

the event of society to the extent that the people desires are integrated for the fulfillment of

leadership, and bringing the people together as achievers for the common good of all.

Furthermore, leadership style refers to the manner or method by which a person in the

leadership position exerts influence over the others. It is how the leader behaves in an effort to

influence and stimulate the performance of their subordinates.

Nonetheless, Barangay governance plays a vital role in the empowerment of the local

government in the country. This is linked with the leader’s accountability, fairness, and
transparency in the exercise of his duties and functions as a servant in his community. In our

country, the barangay is the basic political unit, it serves as the primary planning and

implementing unit of the government therefore the welfare and program of the nation depends

basically on it. The barangay has its own officials and officers who exercise authority within the

barangay. Government always face problems which is quite difficult that affects the delivery of

basic services. All government functions require managerial competence and skill to function

satisfactorily within the larger community of the municipality. Public administration must be

innovative and creative in order to respond appropriately to the new sets of problems that

arises.

The development of the country reflects the comprehensive concern that the government

demonstrates to meet the need of the people and enhance their systematic and purposive

coordination toward progress. Development depends on the capability leaders not only at the

national level but more particularly on the local government level down to the lowest political unit

of governance which is the barangay. It is then important that we look at the leadership aspect

on the barangay level through the barangay officials. The community reflects the state of

governance and shows how good the leaders are in leading a community. As a resident of a

barangay, the researchers are truly encouraged to conduct this study in order to have a better

understanding on how the barangay officials manages the affairs of their respective

communities. These said community leaders are part of nation-building by directing their

constituents toward the development of the locality where their leaderships are needed.

Community development as an approach for economic and social upliftment is basically

anchored on the capabilities of local governments (Guinid,2003). The community development

perspective is a holistic approach towards an improved quality of life. The LGU’s should also

have a good development orientation. Development orientation refers to a set of value

commitments that presumably have a large bearing on an administrator’s behaviors towards

society’s goals. It is within this context that the Local Government Code of 1991 known as RA
7160 has major features focusing on development-orientedness and declares that,“the territorial

and political subdivisions of the State shall enjoy genuine and meaningful local autonomy in

order to enable them to attain their fullest development as self-reliant communities and make

them more effective partners in the attainment of national goals. After more than two decades of

the implementation of RA 7160, local government units (LGU’s) have become more aware of

their roles, responsibilities and accountabilities. They have become more development-oriented,

innovative, and responsive to the national government thrusts, as well as more committed to

international declarations.

Background of the Study:

The study aims to determine the leadership styles of the barangay officials in the City of

Baguio. First is to determine the level of effectiveness of all the strategies and approaches

implemented by the Barangay Officials as they perceived by themselves in settling and solving

barangay conflicts and dispute within their territorial jurisdictions. Secondly, the significant

difference among the perceptions of the respondent Barangay Officials on the level of adequacy

of all the sources from which they tapped their funds to finance and execute barangay projects

and other related community development and lastly the performance level of the Barangay

Officials on the following areas such as Health and Sanitation/Cleanliness, Sports and Youth

Development and Educational and Social Services. Barangay Officials are at the forefront of

public service. Although they are the sector closest to the people, they are underappreciated,

including in terms of salary and benefits. This representation believes that barangay officials are

tedious workers who optimize their resources despite limited funding. They wholeheartedly

perform their mandated duties and responsibilities at the community level by maintaining public

order, and forcings laws and ordinances, and by promoting the general welfare of the

community, among others. Barangay Officials are heavily-relied upon by their constituents at the

grassroots level. The significant endeavor of the study focused on the development of the
barangay as a whole. The study is also beneficial to the barangay as a community, barangay

officials and the residents of the barangay in terms of barangay management. Moreover, the

study will be helpful and soon be utilized by the Barangay in promoting good governance in

terms of implementing the programs and having a quality result. The nature of development,

including the strategies to attain it is dependent on what is in the mind of whoever is at the helm

of leadership. This, in turn, is influenced by the leader’s value and development perceptions or

orientation. According to Bautista (2003), “the value commitments which constitute the frame of

reference of administrators in assessing their behavior against societal goals have a large

bearing on the behavior of administrators towards development”.

There are a number of best practices and innovations spearheaded by various

communities, it is disappointing to note, however, that there are some local officials who either

abuse or misuse their powers. Some local officials refuse to maximize their powers especially

on matters of taxation for fear of voter backlash (Pimentel,2003). This is true to some newly

elected local leaders. They usually prefer to introduce and implement their own programs and

projects, which are apparently formed based on their own perspective and definition of

development. Most often, infrastructure projects are preferred since these are more tangible

evidence of performance even if the same do not contribute at all to the improvement of the

people’s standard of living. There are local leaders who are more interested in activities in the

furtherance of personal interest, while some are implementing projects in the name of

development, but in reality, these are allegedly just mere conduits to recoup investments during

the electoral campaigns. These local leaders will always claim that what they are doing is for the

development of their locality. However, oftentimes their activities are anchored on their own

concept. Public administration or governance works in a highly political environment. Politics

searches for ends as well as means for the betterment of the society it serves: in terms of

structure, political exercise, influences and attempts to bind communities on political issues.

According to Lipson (1965), Politics involves the fundamentals of social order with the formation
of groups. Society is a system of groups which are the breeding grounds for politics. Good

governance can foster public participation in policymaking and promote inclusion in decision-

making processes. A society that is well governed should provide maximum opportunities for

every individual to realize his full human potential. Thus by practicing good governance in a

basic political unit such as the barangay, it can be an effective tool for the promotion of the

general welfare of the people, thus would serve as an assessment for the performance of the

elective barangay officials. This inquiry notes that good governance of a barangay can be

affected by the lack of capabilities of officials; indecisiveness during assumption of duties as

officers‐in‐charge. Influence of their siblings and family relatives and sensitivity of the issues and

concerns being addressed. We cannot deny the fact that most of the people who run for political

positions were mostly influenced by their family of traditional politicians, if not, most of them just

rose to fame and won the election due to popularity, without considering the capability of that

person, hence, disregarding their merits and competencies. The barangay being the basic

political unit has always been at the forefront of local development undertakings in the country.

Collectively, the barangays are partners of the national government to respond to development

challenges because of their strategic situation at the grassroots level especially in the effective

and efficient service delivery to the community.

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework:

In this section, the researchers came up two theories that are individually discussed

concerning the effect of being a Barangay Officials in leading the community.

1. Community Leadership Development Theory 1

Community leadership operates with a different domain: an environment with

different dynamics, structures, and goals (Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences),

n.d.-6,2023)
 The aspect of community leadership is distinctive in that leaders often do not

have formal training rely on informal networks of diverse citizens, each with a unique

local capacity, as the basis for change. Thus, leading a community can help the citizens

to organize and to prevent violence. Moreover, leaders in the community have a different

roles in leading a community. The extent of such relationships may have some bearings

on the effectiveness of these barangay local unit executives in the manner they manage

the economic, social, and political affairs of their respective communities, and/or in their

failure to identify vulnerabilities and weakness as political teachers and managers.

2.Community Leadership: A Based Model Theory 2

Community development is one of the most productive ways to improve the lives and

livelihoods of individuals within a community (Syne and Ritterman,2009).

Community leaders have been shown to be an effective mechanism to support and

enable community development in the past (Kirk and Shutte,2004). Furthermore, a

community leadership should aid not only community leaders directly, but also secondary

recipients within the community that benefit from development activities. Community has

been a process of interrelated action through which residents express their common interest

in the local society.

Community development and progress largely depends upon the availability of local

leaders who are able to mobilize both the human and non-human resources in the country,

the government traces its philosophical, psychological and sociological foundation from the

ancient barangay where leadership resides.

Paradigm of the Study:

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

1. Strategies and approaches of 1. Level of management capabilities of

Barangay Officials in settling and Barangay Officials in handling problems
solving barangay conflicts and or crimes in each Barangay.
disputes within their territorial 2. Level of preparedness of Barangay
jurisdiction. Officials in addressing certain issues or
2. Measures needed to be implemented calamities.
to improve the service of each 3. Level of performance of the Barangay
Barangay. Officials.
3. Sources from which the Barangay
Officials financed and executed their
barangay projects and other related
development activities.

Review of Related Literature:

Upon the Spaniards arrival in the late 16 th century, they discovered a well-organized

settlement of native filipinos called “Barangays” – the name barangay derived from balangay, a
malay word “sailboat”. Historically the barangay is a relatively small community of around 50-

100 families, each under a datu leadership or a chieftain (Borlaza and Hernandez 2021). The

Datu, being the leader of the barangay, had vast powers comparable to an autocratic type of

government because he served as the lawmaker, interpreter and executor. The Agurangs or

Council of Elders only serves as advisers. Then again, this dynamics of political and social

power of the Datu changed during the Spanish colonization. The success of the colonization of

the Philippines by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi paved the way for the establishment of the Spanish

structure of government wherein the barangays became part of the pueblos or municipios. This

means that the formerly decentralized barangays were made centralized under the control of

the gobernadorcillo who headed the said pueblo or municipio. Thus, the structural political

powers of the Datus diminished although as political concessions, they came to be as the

Cabeza de Barangay. Nonetheless, they were still under the jurisdiction of the gobernadorcillo.

The continuous presence of the Spaniards resulted into the evolution of the term barangay into

barrio, a Spanish word for a small unit of local government. Hence, it is not surprising to

encounter the term Barrio Captain or Teniente Del Barrio. Consequently, the term barrio

became more common than the barangay.

Governance is an act or process of governing with authoritative direction or control. It is

also a leader’s continuous exercise of authority over and the performance of functions for a

political unit like the barangay. It refers to the organization, machinery or agency through which

a political unit is exercise, authority and performs functions with distribution of powers to official

or governing body. According to Robert Presthus (1975), political interest permeates the whole

fabric of Government- a machinery or agency in which the political unit exercises authority and

performs its functions. Public administration or governance works in a highly political

environment. Politics searches for ends as well as means for the betterment of the society it

serves: in terms of structure, political exercise, influences and attempts to bind communities on

political issues. According to Lipson (1965), Politics involves the fundamentals of social order
with the formation of groups. Society is a system of groups which are the breeding grounds for

politics. Good governance can foster public participation in policymaking and promote inclusion

in decision-making processes. A society that is well governed should provide maximum

opportunities for every individual to realize his full human potential. Thus by practicing good

governance in a basic political unit such as the barangay, it can be an effective tool for the

promotion of the general welfare of the people, thus would serve as an assessment for the

performance of the elective barangay officials. This inquiry notes that good governance of a

barangay can be affected by the lack of capabilities of officials; indecisiveness during

assumption of duties as officers‐in‐charge. Influence of their siblings and family relatives and

sensitivity of the issues and concerns being addressed. We cannot deny the fact that most of

the people who run for political positions were mostly influenced by their family of traditional

politicians, if not, most of them just rose to fame and won the election due to popularity, without

considering the capability of that person, hence, disregarding their merits and competencies.

The barangay being the basic political unit has always been at the forefront of local

development undertakings in the country. Collectively, the barangays are partners of the

national government to respond to development challenges because of their strategic situation

at the grassroots level especially in the effective and efficient service delivery to the community.

The synergy created by the barangays in service delivery reflects the state of governance of the

city or the municipality. As the basic political unit, the barangay serves as the primary planning

and implementing unit of government programs, basic services, projects and activities and as a

forum in which the collective views of the people in the community may be crystallized and

considered. Through the barangay assembly, people at the grassroots level may legislate

directly on matters of local concerns, making it the nearest conduit to direct democracy in the

Philippines. In the same manner, Republic Act 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government

Code of 1991 mandates that the barangay discharges three seminal functions: a) as a political

unit b)as a primary planning and implementing unit and c) as a forum. As a basic political unit,
the barangay is the smallest body politic used for governance in the country being a political

subdivision of the national government. As a primary planning and implementing unit, the

barangay is mandated to plan development projects and programs and implement government

policies and activities in the community, create projects in its territory and to deliver basic

services of the government to the people. As a forum, the barangay gets the sound views of the

people on various political topics. Moreover, it also provides a venue for settling disputes

amicably. In society today, man has always encountered management challenges and

peculiarities everywhere he goes. However, it does not necessarily mean that man has to enter

politics in order to serve his people. Although, in today’s trend, man usually renders service to

his fellowmen, if one positions himself in an elective office. Our society is increasingly

dominated by the belief of individual merit. This belief is that people should achieve success

through hard work and ability. This is seen as the fairest and most especially an efficient way to

distribute the social status and marital rewards within the society. We need to have competent

government leaders that can promote the general welfare of the public especially the grassroots

level.

The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) said that one of the reasons why a

nation fails is achieving its millennium development goals is due to poor governance. If

governance is such an important factor in the development of a country, then it is important to

understand the factors leading to poor government performance, measure it, and improve it.

(Adriano and estimada,2014)

Republic Act. 7160, otherwise known as The Local Government Code of 1991, declares

that, “The territorial and political subdivisions of the State shall enjoy genuine and meaningful

local autonomy in order to enable them to attain their fullest development as self-reliant

communities and make them more effective partners in the attainment of national goals.

Towards this ends , the State shall provide for a more responsive and accountable local

government structure instituted through a system of decentralization whereby local government

units shall be given more powers, authority, and resources. The process of decentralization

shall proceed from the national government to the local government units”.

Sections 389 and 391 of the code enumerates all the duties, functions/ and powers of

the punong barangay and the sangguniang barangay while Sections 394 and 395 enumerates

the functions and duties of the barangay secretary and barangay treasurer (Local Government

Code of 1991). According to Jose Leveriza (1986), planning, organizing, directing, and

controlling must be properly carried out by the manager if they are to manage an organization to

achieve its goals. An organization, according to Sison (1976), is a means for people to work

together and achieve their objectives. In a good organizational set-up, the efforts of every

individual are balanced, coordinated, unified, and helped to operate within clearly defined limits.

With operating guidelines and practices, the organization utilizes the most effective methods to

complete tasks. It also creates the desired connection between the activities and the people

who execute them.

Statement of the Problem:

1. What is the level of effectiveness of all the strategies and approaches implemented

by the Barangay Officials as they perceived by themselves in settling and solving

barangay conflicts and dispute within their territorial jurisdictions?

2. Is there significant difference among the perceptions of the respondent Barangay

Officials on the level of adequacy of all the sources from which they tapped their

funds to finance and execute barangay projects and other related community

development?

3. What is the performance level of the Barangay Officials on the following areas:

a. Health and Sanitation/Cleanliness

 b. Sports and Youth Development

c. Educational and Social Services

Hypothesis:

1. The development of a community is on the leadership styles and governance of

Barangay Officials.

Significance of the Study:

The study of the effect of being a barangay officials in leading the community is

important to gain insight into how these officials can be effective in their roles. This study can

help provide a better understanding of what makes a successful barangay officials, and the

strategies and techniques they can use to engage and serve their constituents. This study can

also help inform policy makers and local government officials, in order to create an environment

in which effective barangay officials can thrive. Nonetheless, the finding of this study can help to

ensure that barangay officials are able to lead their communities in a way that is successful and

beneficial for all.

CHAPTER II.

Methodology:

This part presents the overall methods and process used in completing the study. It

consist of the research design, population and locale of the study, data gathering tools, data

gathering procedure, and analysis of the data or treatment of the data.

Research Design

Descriptive statistics would be used to summarize quantitative . The study focused on

the Effects of Being a Barangay Official in Leading the Community. According to Bhandari

(2022), he defined that quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing

numerical data. It can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal

relationships, and generalize results to wider populations.

Population and Locale of the study

The researchers setting is only limited in the area of Baguio City. The study included the

barangay officials as the selected respondents. The researchers used random sampling method

in selecting the participants. The participants were made up of barangay officials in Baguio City

who are knowledgeable about leading the community. The researchers conducted the interview
Exactly in the barangay hall during the respondents vacant time.

Data Gathering Tool/s

The primary data collection tool for this study is on survey questionnaires.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers had personally propounded the survey questionnaires to the

respondents, the barangay officials. Considering of the wide dimension of the subject area

where the respondents located to keep in touch with for this study, aside from the difficulty to

travel and the condition of the roads as well as the difficulty to find the whereabouts of these

Barangay Officials.

Treatment of the Data

QUESTIONNAIRE/ QUESTIONS TO BE ASKED FOR INTERVIEWS:

1.The Barangay ____________ established and enforced a curfew for minors.

2. The Barangay _________ implement a zero-tolerance policy for drug and alcohol use in
public areas.
3. The Barangay _________ established a Neighborhood Watch program to help reduce crime.
4. The Barangay _________established a policy for the proper disposal of solid waste and
encourage the use of eco-friendly practices.
5. The Barangay _________established a policy for the proper management of public
gatherings and events.
6. The Barangay _________ established a policy for the proper management of public spaces,
such as parks and playgrounds.
7. The Barangay _________established a policy for the proper management of traffic in the
barangay.
8. The Barangay _________established a policy for the proper regulation of businesses in the
barangay.
9. The Barangay _________established a policy for the proper management of noise levels in
the barangay.
10. The Barangay _________established a policy for the proper management of water
resources in the barangay.
1. How long have you been in charge of managing the rules and regulations of the barangay?
2. What are the typical violations that you have encountered among the barangay members?
3. What steps do you take when someone violates the rules and regulations of the barangay?
4. How do you ensure that the rules and regulations are followed?
5. Do you use any specific strategies to prevent violations of the rules and regulations?
6. How do you handle people who are caught violating the rules and regulations which affects
the image and records of the barangay?
7. What kind of consequences do you give to people who are found to be violating the rules
and regulations of the barangay?
8. How do you ensure that people who violate the rules and regulations understand the
importance of following them?
9. How do you ensure that the rules and regulations are regularly updated and revised?
10. Do you have any advice for people who are not aware of the rules and regulations of the
barangay?

1. What types of rules have been implemented in your area to reduce crime rates?
2. How have these rules been enforced?
3. How have the rules been communicated to the public?
4. Do you think the public is aware of the rules?
5. What has been the impact of the rules on crime rates?
6. Are there any unintended consequences of the rules?
7. How do you measure the effectiveness of the rules in reducing crime rates?
8. What feedback have you received from the public about the rules?
 9. How has the community responded to the implementation of the rules?
10. What further steps are needed to ensure the continued effectiveness of the rules?

References:

BOOKS

Perfecto. O (May 2006) Leadership Styles of Punong Barangays in the Three Towns

and one City of Pangasinan-I,2004-2005.

Domingo. M (June 2018) Development Orientation and Performance of the First-Term

Barangay Chiefs in the City of Batac.

Culangan.M (October 2003) Management Capabilities of Barangay Officials of Tabuk

Dulnuan. B ( March 2007) The Effectiveness of the Lupon Tagapamayapa in La

Trinidad, Benguet in Settling Disputes to Strengthen Barangay Governance.

 INTERNET

GOVERNANCE OF THE BARANGAY CHAIRPERSONS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF

UBAY BOHOL (2017)https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/440187

COMPETENCIES OF PUNONG BARANGAY FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE: AN

ASSESSMENT (2017)https://garph.co.uk/IJARMSS/May2017/10.pdf

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES EXPLANATORY NOTE (2022) https://hrep-

website.s3.ap-southeast