College of Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Spring 2020-21

Senior Design Project Report

Solar Water Heater Geyser

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Team Members

Student Name Student ID

1 Yahya Alfaifi 201600079
2 Hassan Qudrah 201601514
3 Nawaf Alnuaim 201600036
4 Majed Aldeghreer 201502930
5 Mosab Alshammari 201502336

Project Advisors:

Advisor Name: Dr. Waqar A. Khan

Abstract
Solar water geyser is a heating device that uses the power of the sun to generate heat. A solar
geyser uses the power form the sun light which is collected using a thermal heat collector.
The thermal collector intensifies and encloses the solar radiation from the sun inside the solar
geyser system. Solar geyser systems operate in many ways; we chose a process that is called
active solar geyser. An active solar geyser refers to the circulation of water inside the system
between the tank and the collector using the help of a pump. This project is to design and
fabricate solar geyser for residential use.

Acknowledgments

First, we would like to thank our PMU faculty members specially our advisor Dr. Waqar
Khan for their continuous help and support we recieved during our work on this project.
Further more, we would like to express our gratatude for their efforts in teaching us the
knowledge and skills needed to accomplish this project.

List of Figures:
Figure 1 Components of the Solar Heater............................................................................................................... 6
Figure 2 Schematics of the Geyser Pump Flow ...................................................................................................... 7
Figure 3 3D Model of Solar Water Heater.............................................................................................................. 8
Figure 4 Solar Collector ......................................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 5 Solar Water Heating Geyser………………………………………………………………………........14
Figure 6 Flat Plate Collector………………………………………………………………………………….….15
Figure 7 Evacuated Tube Collector………………………………………………………………………………15
Figure 8: pump…………………………………………………………………………………………………...15
Figure 9: Water Tank…………………………………………………………………………………………….15
Figure 10: Evacuated Tubes……………………………………………………………………………………...15
Figure 11: Manifold………………………………………………………………………………………………16
Figure:12 Temperature Sensor…………………………………………………………………………………...16
Figure 13: Schematic diagram of the solar water heating geyser………………………………………………...16
Figure 14: Economic Evaluation…………………………………………………………………………………17
Figure 15: Sensor Location………………………………………………………………………………………18
Figure 16: Test Results…………………………………………………………………………………………..19

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 1 Table of Contents
Abstract............................................................................................................................................................... 2
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................................. 2
List of Figures: ....................................................................................................................................................... 2
Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Project Definition .................................................................................................................................. 4
1.2 Project Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 4
1.3 Project Specifications ............................................................................................................................ 4
1.4 Applications .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 2: Literature Review.................................................................................................................................. 5
2.1 Project background................................................................................................................................ 5
2.2 Previous Work....................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Comparative Study ................................................................................................................................ 9
Chapter 3: System Design ...................................................................................................................................... 9
3.1 Design Constraints and Design Methodology: ...................................................................................... 9
3.2 Engineering Design standards……………………………………………………………………………11
3.3 Theory and Theoretical Calculations .................................................................................................. 12
3.4 Product Subsystems and selection of Components ............................................................................. 16
3.5 Manufacturing and assembly (Implementation)………………………………………………………..18
3.6 Economic Evaluation ……………………………..……………………………………………………17
Chapter 4: System Testing and Analysis .............................................................................................................. 19
4.1 Experimental Setup, Sensors and data acquisition system .................................................................. 19
4.2 Results, Analysis and Discussion ........................................................................................................ 19
Chapter 5: Project Management ........................................................................................................................... 20
5.1 Project Plan ......................................................................................................................................... 20
5.2 Contribution of members: (out of 100%)…………………………………………………………………21
5.3 Project Execution Monitoring ............................................................................................................. 23
5.4 Challenges and Decision Making ........................................................................................................ 23
5.5 Project Bill of Materials and Budget ................................................................................................... 23
Chapter 6: Project analisys ................................................................................................................................... 23
6.1 Life-long Learning .................................................................................................................................. 24
6.2 Impact of Engineering Solutions ........................................................................................................... 24
6.3 Contemporary Issues Addressed…. ....................................................................................................... 24
Chapter 7: Conclusions and Future Recommendations…………………………………………………………23
7.1 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................... 24
7.2 Future Recommendations .................................................................................................................... 25
8. References .................................................................................................................................................... 25
Appendix A: Progress Report .............................................................................................................................. 25
Appendix B: Engineering Strandards ................................................................................................................... 30
Appendix C: CAD drawings and Bill of Materials ............................................................................................... 30
Appendix D: Datasheets ....................................................................................................................................... 32
Appendix E: Operation Manual ............................................................................................................................ 33

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Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Project Definition

The project aims to develop a solar water heater geyser in CAD software. A solar thermal unit
absorbs and converts the solar heat energy required to satisfy heat needs in various temperature
ranges. The solar thermal energy absorbed by the collectors heats the water in a typical solar
water heating system. The low-density heated water rises, and cold water rises from the tank
because of the gravity head and higher density. The solar water heater is designed and analyzed
in this project to get the simulation of the system to enhances the effectiveness of the solar
water heater.

1.2 Project Objectives

 The main objective of the project is to increase the performance of the solar thermal
geyser water heating system.
 There has been little research in this project on how the system can be optimized to
increase its efficiency.
 For this purpose, the whole heating system is designed by using SolidWorks to simulate
the 3D model of a system and it has been analyzed thoroughly.

1.3 Project Specifications

Researchers are also researching alternative energy technology, including wind and solar, as
many countries are seeking to minimize reliance on non-renewable energy sources (i.e., fossil
fuels). The huge use of conventional non-renewable energy emits greenhouse gases that are
major contributors to climate change. On the other hand, renewable sources of electricity, such
as solar and wind, do not make greenhouse emissions. They are durable and cost-free. The key
goal of the project is to improve the effectiveness of the solar heat heating system. In this
project little study has been carried out on improving the device to improve its efficiency. To
replicate the 3D model system, the whole heating system is designed using SolidWorks and
has been carefully analyzed.

1.4 Applications
The applications of the solar water heater geyser are given below:

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  The solar water heater geyser is installed and utilized for domestic usages such as
apartments, houses, flats, and Bungalows.
 The solar water heater geyser is installed and utilized for commercial usages such as
hospitals, hostel, restaurants, hotels, and hospitals
 The solar water heater geyser is installed and utilized for industrial usage too such as
Process Industries and Preheating boiler feed water.
 Hot water for bathing, washing garments, and utensils, etc. is used in the domestic field.
However, the criteria may differ according to the season of the year and the family
number.
 On average, 30 to 35 liters of water is observed in our experience at 50 to 55C. It's a
human eaten. 125 LPD Solar Water Heating System is therefore very adequate for a
family of 4 members.
 Solar Water Heating Systems is designed to satisfy the above requirements in
commercial & industrial sectors, where large quantities of water are needed at
reasonably high temperatures. The system can be either a modular or a high-capacity
single tank system based on the delivery pattern of hot water.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Project background
The solar water heater collects light with a collector on the roof and turns them into gas. Then
the heat is transferred by a rotating pump to a water tank. The thermal regulator activates this
exchange, but only when the collector is cooler than water in the reservoir. Not only does it
eliminate the use of electricity without the need for rotating pumps, but it also avoids
overheating. Where the sunshine is inadequate, the water will be preheated, and a back-up
mechanism will take over to get the water to the appropriate temperature. Thus, this device can
be used during the year at a stable temperature.
Solar water heating system is an effective application for the thermal energy transfer of solar
energy. In comparison to the solar electric direct conversion method with an efficiency of just
17%, solar thermal conversion efficiency stands at about 70%. Thus, in domestic as well as
industrial applications, solar water heaters play a critical role because of the ease of service and
quick maintenance. Extensive work has contributed to strategies to increase the thermal
performance of solar water thermal heaters. To improve convective heat transfer, the passive

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technique was used. As used in solar water heaters, these techniques demonstrated a major
increase in overall thermal efficiency. The solar water heater is presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Components of the Solar Heater

Solar thermal water heating systems (STWH) are cost-efficient as well as energy effective. The
STWH systems are ideally suited for hot weather and direct sunshine but are still very well
suited in cooler weather in the United States. The challenges, such as freezing, are solved by
different principles of the STWH structures. Most systems of STWH have a solar collector on
the roof of the residence facing south. Flat plate solar panels contain four parts: translucent
covers for reduced convection and heat loss radiation; dark-color, flat plate panels for optimum
heat absorption; heat transfer fluid conducting pipes extracting heat from the sensor; and heat-
isolated backpacks to avoid conductive conduction.
Loss of sun. There is a network of black tubes that flow water or some other fluid within this
collector. The fluid in the tube is rarely cold in the panel and heated by the panel while the
black outside of the tubes receives heat from the light. The heat transfer fluid and the chosen
materials for the tubes are critical criteria for the device to resist drastic frosting and
overheating temperatures. When the substance is water, it joins a hot water holding tank
straight away. The heat is then moved from the working fluid to the water in the hot water tank
using another working fluid by heat exchange in the tank.

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 Figure 2 Schematics of the Geyser Pump Flow

An upgraded variant of a closed-loop thermosiphon mechanism is a bubble pump, also called

a geyser, STWH system as seen in Figure 2. It's not an active system, it functions as an active
system. The system's special architecture is pump-like but does not require mechanical work
as an input for pump operation.
The liquid work fluid vaporizes as heat is applied to the device which produces a two-phase
flow. Gas boosts produce a pump-like effect that moves the boiling working fluid upwards.
The tank location does not depend on the solar panel, unlike the thermosiphon system.
Modeling and simulation are crucial methods to solve complex problems. It is about 300 years
after the launch of modeling and simulation. Comte de Buffon, a popular French naturalist,
originated the technique (1707-1788). He is regarded as the first example of a simulation with
his needle-throwing problem. The needle throwing technique in the Buffon is resurrected in
1946 with the concept of the hydrogen bomb by eminent mathematicians Jon Von Neumann
and Stanislaw Ulam. Hit and research methods to solve the problem of the neutron puzzle were
found to be incredibly expensive. The roulette wheel technology was then used to solve the
problem effectively and successfully.

2.2 Previous Work

Solar thermal applications began in China in the 1970s. By the end of the 1980s, China started
producing flat platform solar water heaters by launching the Canadian copper-aluminum flat
screen composite absorber production lines and by creating its production line of anodic

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selective coatings. However, because of issues such as cost and compatibilities in winter,
development was slow. Significant technical and product breakthroughs made in the 1990s in
vacuum pipe production allowed China to build a self-designed vacuum pipes production line
and to mass-produce a solar water heater with a vacuum piping system. Such accomplishments
in technology and research have led to the continuous development of solar collector and heater
efficiency with the vacuum tube and heat pipe all-glass and reduced expense. It brings
considerable impetus to the Chinese solar thermal industry's industrialization.

Figure 3 3D Model of Solar Water Heater

A CAD model of a Solar Water heater is illustrated in Figure 3. It shows the collector and
frame of the solar water heater. The tubes are designed inside the collector which contains the
hot water which goes to the tank and from there, the cold water comes to the tubes to get the
heater through the solar energy. Since the mid-1920s impressive advances have been recorded
in modeling and simulation technologies. The mechanical differential analyzer was also used
to solve only a small number of ordinary differential equations. In the 1950s, as electronics
replaced cumbersome equipment, significant technical change was recorded. The simulation
was eventually encouraged by broad-based growth and industrialization.

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 Figure 4 Solar Collector

In the 1960s, electronic development is the year in which digital computers had been replaced
by analog computers. The development was also witnessed by the modeling and simulation.
The simulation was user-friendly since computer graphics were commercially released on the
market in the 1990s.

2.3 Comparative Study

The goal of the present project is to test the efficiency of the design and development of a solar
water heater. The findings reflect the domestic use of solar energy and enable the public to use
the same devices. The difference between the previous work done on the solar water heater and
this project is that in this project, each aspect is thoroughly analyzed, and simulation has been
done which plays an important role in the design and manufacturing processes. Researchers
are trying to resolve an issue by doing various experiments. However, it is very difficult to
follow the experimental methodology because of numerous techno-commercial constraints.
Due to long-term research, modeling and simulation have proven to be viable solutions for
dramatically minimizing the number of repeated and iterative tests. Simulation can be
considered a numerical experiment, as is the physical experiment.

Chapter 3: System Design

3.1 Design Constraints and Design Methodology:

First of all, draw a 3d model of Water Solar Heater Geyser, then make a practical model and
define its Design Constraints and Design Methodology. Its Design Constraints are following:

Geometric Constrains:
Geometric Constrains are dimensional conditions imposed on Design Methodology.

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  Length of the Tubes 1800mm.

 Distance between two tubes is 125mm.

 Diameter of tube if 58mm.

 Geometric constraints are applied for designing the Design Methodology.

Figure 5 Solar Water Heating Geyser

Sustainability Constraints:
This project is basically the related to energy sustainability, so sustainability constraints are
taken into account.
 We are using Solar Energy.
 Use of renewable energy.

Economic Constraints:
Purpose of economic constrain is to make the product market compatible.
 Economical material is being used for this model.
 Material used in this project is easily available in market.

Environmental Constraints:
The purpose of Environment Constraints is to limits the production which may cause pollution
in environment.
 This project is environment friendly, and it does not have any negative impact on the
environment.
 No noise pollution, no air or land pollution.
 This product will help to keep the environment clean because it makes use of the
renewable energy instead of the fuel for heating which causes some air pollution.

Health and Safety Constraints:

Health and Safety Constraint is implemented for limiting the manufacturing of such products
which may be harmful with respect to Health and Safety.

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  This project makes use of the renewable energy instead of fuel for the heat generators,
causing the environment safe and healthy.

Manufacturability Constraints:
Concern of the Manufacturability constraint is to assure the design methodology which is easy
to manufacture in bulk quantity.
 Solar heater is manufacture in the possible easiest way for bulk production,
 Material used in the product is easily available in the market.

Social Constraints:
Purpose of social constraint is to design the product which is according to the requirements of
human and it should address some social issues.
 This project has addressed the issues of Sustainable energy and Air pollution.

Ethical Constraints:
Ethical constraint is applied to limit the product which may hurt the feelings of people. Its
purpose is to provide the user with expected results without the breach on any ethical
boundaries.

 Design of the Solar Heater is under the define ethical constraint.

Risk Analysis:

When assessing the risk on a solar water geyser we look for aspects where the product can
harm properties and human life. The risk we avoid pressurizing the system to avoid burst
in the system. Furthermore, we choose metals that would avoid corrosion and metal
toxicity.

3.2 Engineering Design standards

Engineering Standards for the Manufacturing of Solar Water Heater Geyser are following:

 NFPA 70: National Electrical Code®

 SAES-W-012 (welding)
 ASTM A193 / A193M – 20 (Steel alloy)
 ASME B31 - Pressure Piping
 ISO 2858:1975 ( for pump)
 ASTM A354 Quenched and tempered alloy bolts
 ANSI MC96.1-1982 ( temperature gauge)

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3.3 Theory and Theoretical Calculations

Solar Water Heating Geyser:

It is a geyser which is being operated by the solar energy.
It depends on the phenomenon of the natural convection, which circulate the water through
the vacuum tubes to the hot water tank.

Solar Water Heating:

There are some collectors, which are used to collect the or capture heat from the sun. Then,
they retain it and then transfer it to the liquid. Solar thermal heat is capture by the
phenomenon of greenhouse effect (ability of the reflective surface to reflect the longer waves
and transmit the short waves radiations. Heat is produced when light with shorter wave
radiation hits the collector’s absorber. Which then trap inside the collector.
There are two type of collectors: Flat Plate and Evacuated Tube.

Flat Plate and Evacuated Tube Solar Collectors

A flat plate collector consists of multiple vertical copper tubes which are arranged in parallel
configuration, these tubes are connected from the top and the bottom with copper tubes
usually larger in diameter. The larger diameter tubes are perpendicular to the smaller tubes,
this gives the plate a rectangular shape. The tubes are enclosed inside a well-insulated box
with a cover made out of tempered glass.

The Flat collector plate is usually connected to risers, the heat is gained by collecting the
solar energy from the sun which gets absorbed by the copper to heat the circulating water. (p.
1)

Figure 6 Flat Plate Collector

Evacuated tubes are made of vacuum tubes. They are tubes with an inner and an outer layer
of glass, the tube then is vacuumed. These tubes are fitted with a copper heat pipe filled with
a non-toxic liquid.

The Evacuated tube is a poor heat conductor, but the vacuum between the layers ensures that
the solar radiation is almost fully absorbed and intraped inside it. The energy gets absorbed

12
by the copper heat pipe inside the tube, which in return heats the circulating water manifold.

Figure 7 Evacuated Tube Collector

Direct and Indirect Solar Configurations

In Direct configuration, the water circulates form the tank to the solar collector directly. The
water gets passed through the collector where it gets heated.

In Indirect configuration the fluid which flows to the solar collector is not the actual geyser
water itself rather it is a glycol mixture, which is contained in a closed loop, running from the
geyser to the collector and back again.

Active & Passive Configuration

Passive and Active explains how the system water circulates from tank to the heat collector.

In a passive configuration water is being circulated by phenomenon of natural convection. In

this configuration geyser is located above the solar collector. In Passive configuration, the hot
water rises to the top of the system where it is collected, the denser cold water moves to the
lower part of the tank to get heated.

Active configuration is also known as Pumped Configuration. In this configuration the geyser
is located below the solar collector. This system make use of the circulation pump, to pump
to move the water in the system from the tank to the collector and vice versa. (p. 2)

Calculations:

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For evaluation of performance of solar water heater, we need to calculate its efficiency.
Collector efficiency is the ratio between the rates of useful heat (QU) transferred by solar
radiation on the cover plate. Efficiency can be shown in the equation as follows:

Q out is the heat energy absorbed by the water from to the collector.

Q out = m * cp * ΔT (2)
m = mass flow rate (kg/s)

cp = specific heat (kj/kg.k)

ΔT = temperature difference in manifold (k)

m=ρ*A*V

Conductive heat loss through the wall of a cylinder or pipe can be expressed as

Qin = Q conduction – Q loss (3)

Q conduction = 2 π k L (t1 – t2) / ln(r2 / r1) (4)

Q = heat transfer from manifold (w)

k = thermal conductivity of stainless steel (w/m.k)

L = length of manifold (m)

π = pi = 3.14...

t1 = manifold fluid temperature (k)

t2 = copper temperature (k)

ln = the natural logarithm

r2 = manifold outside radius (m)

r1 = manifold inside radius (m)

Q loss = 2 π L (ti - to) / [ln(ro / ri) / k] (5)

Q = heat transfer from cylinder (w)

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 k = thermal conductivity of stainless steel (w/m.k)

L = length of manifold (m)

π = pi = 3.14...

to = surface temperature (k)

ti = manifold fluid temperature (k)

ln = the natural logarithm

ro = manifold outside radius (m)

ri = manifold inside radius (m)

m=ρ*A*V

m = 998(π/4)(0.17)^2(0.146)

m = 3.3 kg/s

Q out = m * cp * ΔT

Q out = (3.3)(1.5616)(71-61)

Q out = 51.33 w

Qin = Q conduction – Q loss

Q loss = 2 π k L (ti - to) / [ln(ro / ri) ]

Q conduction = 2 π k L (t1 – t2) / ln(r2 / r1)

Qin = 2 π (15) (0.6) (353 – 344) / ln(0.08 / 0.085)- 2 π (15) (0.6)(344-334) / [ln(0.085 / 0.08)]

Qin = 63.95 w

Ƞ = (51.53/63.95)*100 = 80.5 %

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3.4 Product Subsystems and selection of Components

Major Components of the Solar Water Heating Geyser are Following:

 Circulation Pump

Figure 8: pump
 Control System

 Hot Water Tank

Figure 9: Water Tank

 Evacuated Tubes

Figure 10: Evacuated tubes

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  Manifold

Figure 11: Manifold

 Sensor

Figure:12 Temperature Sensor

The Major selection was the type of the tubes.

There were two options available:
 Flat Plate Tube
 Evacuated Tube
We select the Evacuated tubes because of its reliability, longevity, better performance.
Moreover, evacuated tube is the latest technology in the market.
We select the copper manifold because of its resistance to the heat and corrosion.
There were two options for circulating system:
 Passive
 Active
In active system, circulation of water is done with the help of a pump system.
We chose this system because they have some advantages which are following:

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  Long term durability and reliability
 Ease of repair of collectors
 Low risk of corrosion
 Good performance even in the windy conditions.
 Least expensive installation.

3.5 Manufacturing and assembly (Implementation)

Assembly of the Solar Water Heating Geyser is following

 First step is to fix the evacuated tubes in the copper manifold (heat collector).
 Second step, design and fabricate water tank
 Third step, attach the heat collector with the tank.
 After that, add water pump between the collector and the tank to circulate the water
(closed loop).
 Then, add a controller system to the pump.

Here is the schematic diagram of the solar water heating geyser and this is how we assemble
it.

Figure 13: Schematic diagram of the solar water heating geyser

3.6 Economic Evaluation

Figure 14: Economic Evaluation

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Chapter 4: System Testing and Analysis

4.1 Experimental Setup, Sensors and data acquisition system

The system was placed in its correct position which is to the south for maximum sun
exposure, the system testing started at 6am and ended at 4pm with a one hour increments for
more accurate results. The sensor was placed at the left side of the manifold where the old
water enters the manifold, the water circulates from the manifold to the system every hour.
The data was registered manually every hour while circulating the water.

Figure 15: Sensor Location

4.2 Results, Analysis and Discussion

Figure 16: Test Results

The results of the test were depending on the temperatures we were seeing on the temperature
gauge. The goal is to reach the temperature of 50 C˚ up to 70 C˚ on the temperature gauge.

19
As the data showing in figure 16 the results show that in the first three hours during the
testing we reached our goal. The temperature kept on raising each hour until the system
reached its highest temperature of 62 C˚ at 1pm. As shown on the left the change of
temperature in each hour was in the expected region, except for the hours of 10 Am and 4 Pm
were the temperature of the tank never changed or showed a decrease which may be a result
of inaccurate reading due to the gauge being analog or because the weather temperature did
not change.

Chapter 5: Project Management

5.1 Project Plan
Break Down of Tasks:

We have divided the task into 8 tasks

 Literature review, methodology

 3D modeling

 Choosing appropriate material

 Purchasing of material

 Fabricating the prototype

 Testing

 Concluding the project

 Writing the reports

Map tasks to team members.

Task Division

Literature review Nawaf

Sketch drawing Mosab

Identification of Material
Majed

Material Purchase

Yahya
Practical Model

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 Testing Yahya

All

Mosab

Concluding Project

Yahya

Mosab
Report Writing

Majed

Hassan
Table 5.1: Time duration table of tasks

Task February March April May June

Task 1 Literature review

Task 2 Modeling Modeling

Task 3 Material
Identification

Task 4 Material Material Material Purchase

Purchase Purchase

Task 5 Practical
Model

Task 6 Testing

Task 7 Report Writing

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5.2: Contribution of members: (out of 100%)

Literature review 50%

Nawaf Identification of Material 50%

Report Writing 20%

Literature review 50%

Mosab Sketch drawing 100%

Report Writing 20%

Identification of Material 50%

Majed Material Purchase 100%

Report Writing 20%

Practical Model 50%

Yahya Testing 50%

Report Writing 20%

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 Practical Model 50%

Hassan
Testing 50%

Report Writing 20%

5.3 Project Execution Monitoring

 Zoom Meeting with Advisor

 Zoom Meeting with Team members

 Testing

5.4 Challenges and Decision Making

 We faced problems with finding the Evacuated tubes in Saudi Arabia, so we reached
out to our connections in the renewable energy sector to help us with finding a
supplier.
 The Evacuated tubes arrived a week before the deadline
 The fabrication shops were very hesitant to work with us due to the complication of
the prototype.
 The fabricating shop kept on making mistakes and modifying the design without our
consolation.

5.5 Project Bill of Materials and Budget

The budget for this project was set at 5000 SAR, but unfortunately we went over the budget.
The Evacuated Tubes cost 2025, the fabrication cost is 3500 SAR, the pump cost is 380 SAR,
the tank cost 250 SAR, brochure, and banner cost 400 SAR, and the (DC to AC inverter)
which cost 90 SAR. The inverter purpose is to cut cost due to us going over budget, for this
resume the pump is working with an inventor. Furthermore, the Evacuated Tubes cost was
overpriced due to the us asking for express shipping, also the fabrication cost was expensive
and the reason behind that was the short amount of time available to execute the job. The
total expenses sum up to 6645 SAR.

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Chapter 6: Project Analysis
6.1 Life-long Learning
 Knowledge in how the fabricating industry work in Saudi Arabia.
 We gained more knowledge in the solar energy& renewable energy field.
 Our time management skills improved.
 Project management skills improved.
 Research on different types of materials that are suitable for human use.
 Handel work under pressure.
 Couple of engineering books from: Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, Manufacturing
Methods in Design.
 Couple of e-Journals using Google Scholar.

6.2 Impact of Engineering Solutions

The solar water heater has many positive impacts in various ways. In the case of:
 Society: helps the community to get access to hot water especially the people living in
rural areas of Saudi Arabia.
 Economy: This provides an economical solution to have a product that helps with their
needs and the ability to work without an electrical grid nearby.
 Environment: It helps in reducing the pollution and provide people with products that
work on renewable energy, and this goes hand to hand with Saudi vision 2030.

6.3 Contemporary Issues Addressed

The lack of renewable energy products: The Saudi Arabia vision 2030 is promoting the use of
renewable energy in Saudi households, such as the use of solar panels to power some parts of
their resident and utilizing solar energy to power solar water heater.

Chapter 7: Conclusions and Future Recommendations

7.1 Conclusions

In conclusion, the solar geyser showed how efficient it is to be used in Saudi Arabia. The
system reached its goal of 50 C˚ three hours into sunrise and kept rising until it reached its
maximum temperature of 62 C˚ at 1 PM and it stayed relatively constant for the rest of the
night. One of the challenges the team encountered is to finish the project in 8 days and that
required us to almost perfect our time management in order to fit into Ramadan odd working
hours, and that shortage of time happened to be due to shipment delay from the supplier side.
We gained knowledge and huge team work skills. We learned various renewable energy
systems and especially solar energy technologies available around the globe. The knowledge
we acquired is one of the stepping stone to the future of renewable energy. The work has
been divided among team members in such a way where each team member got a task that
suits his strength points.

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7.2 Future Recommendations
 Change the system from an active solar water heater to passive one.

 Change the position of the water tank and making it the highest point (above the
manifold).

 Finding a better reseller or fabricating the Evacuated Tubes.

 Adding a thermocouple connected to a control panel to automate the duration of water

circulation.

8. References

Brothers, H. (2019, September). Solar Water Heater. Renewable Energy. Retrieved March,
2021 from https://www.haroonbrothers.com/renewable-energy/solar/solar-water-
heater/
Solar, P. (2020). Solar Geyser | Solar Water Heater. Renewable Energy. Retrieved March,
2021 from http://www.paksolarservices.com/solar-geyser.html

Han, W. S., Lu, M., McPherson, B. J., Keating, E. H., Moore, J., Park, E., ... & Jung, N. H.
(2013). Characteristics of CO 2‐driven cold‐water geyser, C rystal G eyser in U tah:
experimental observation and mechanism analyses. Geofluids, 13(3), 283-297.

Jurgens, P. J. (2011). Feasibility analysis & operational design for local manufacturing of
solar water heating equipment.

Sankar, K., Selvam, K., Ashwin, K. J., & Prasanth, S. S. (2021). Analysis of Corrosion
Resistance in Domestic Water Geysers by Coating Nano-Film Using Thermal Spray
Coating. Trends in Manufacturing and Engineering Management, 123-134.

Vijayan, S., Subramanian, N., & Sankaranarayanasamy, K. (Eds.). (2020). Trends in

Manufacturing and Engineering Management: Select Proceedings of ICMechD 2019.
Springer Nature.

25
 Appendix A: Progress Reports
Includes copies of what you have already submitted.
SDP – MONTHLY MEETING REPORT
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University

ACADEMIC
SEMESTER: Spring 2021
YEAR:
PROJECT
Design of Solar Geyser
TITLE
SUPERVISORS Dr. Waqar Khan

Month 2: March

ID Number Member Name

Yahya Al Faifi 201600079
Mosab Al Shammari 201502336
Majed Al Daghreer 201502930
Hassan Qudrah 201601514
Nawaf Al Nuaim 201600036

List the task s conducted this month and the team member assigned to
conduct these task s

Team member Progress

Delivery proof
# Task description assigned 0%-100%
1 Mosab 100%
Software Design
2 Literature Review Majed / Nawaf 100%
3 Calculations Hassan / Yahya 75%
4 All 100%
Design Methodology

List the task s planned for the month of April and the team member/ s assigned
to conduct these tasks

Team member/s
# Task description assigned
1 Mosab / Yahya
Fabrication
2 Assembly Nawaf / Majed
3 Calculations Hassan / Yahya
4 Majed / Nawaf / Hassan
Prototype Testing and Analysis
5 All
Report Completion
6 All
Final Presentation

26
 # Name Criteria Criteria Criteria Criteria
(MEEN4A) (MEEN5A) (MEEN5B) (MEEN5C)
1 Mosab Al Shammari 4 3 4 4

2 Majed Al Daghreer 4 4 4 4

3 Hassan Qudrah 4 3 4 4

4 Nawaf Al Nuaim 3 4 3 3

Comments on individual members

Name Comments

Mosab Al Shammari Need to put more effort into time management.

Majed Al Daghreer Overall vital team member and well organized in team meetings.

Hassan Qudrah Need to work more on developing plans on an individual level.

Nawaf Al Nuaim Great team member but need to work more on communicating with group
members.

SDP – MONTHLY MEETING REPORT

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University

ACADEMIC
SEMESTER: Spring 2021
YEAR:
PROJECT
Design of Solar Geyser
TITLE
SUPERVISORS Dr. Waqar Khan

Month 3: April

ID Number Member Name

Yahya Al Faifi 201600079
Mosab Al Shammari 201502336
Majed Al Daghreer 201502930
Hassan Qudrah 201601514
Nawaf Al Nuaim 201600036

List the task s conducted this month and the team member assigned to
conduct these task s

Team member Progress

Delivery proof
# Task description assigned 0%-100%
1 Mosab 100%
Software Design
2 Literature Review Majed / Nawaf 100%
3 Calculations Hassan / Yahya 75%

27
4 All 100%
Design Methodology

List the task s planned for the month of April and the team member/ s assigned
to conduct these tasks

Team member/s
# Task description assigned
1 Mosab / Yahya
Fabrication
2 Assembly Nawaf / Majed
3 Calculations Hassan / Yahya
4 Majed / Nawaf / Hassan
Prototype Testing and Analysis
5 All
Report Completion
6 All
Final Presentation

# Name Criteria Criteria Criteria Criteria

(MEEN4A) (MEEN5A) (MEEN5B) (MEEN5C)
1 Mosab Al Shammari 4 3 4 4

2 Majed Al Daghreer 4 4 4 4

3 Hassan Qudrah 4 3 3 3

4 Nawaf Al Nuaim 3 4 3 4

Comments on individual members

Name Comments

Mosab Al Shammari Need to work more on developing plans on an individual level.

Majed Al Daghreer Overall vital team member and well organized in team meetings.

Hassan Qudrah Need to put more effort into time management, also need to work more on
communicating with group members

Nawaf Al Nuaim Great team member but need to work more on communicating with group
members.

SDP – MONTHLY MEETING REPORT

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University

ACADEMIC
SEMESTER: Spring 2021
YEAR:

28
 PROJECT
Design of Solar Geyser
TITLE
SUPERVISORS Dr. Waqar Khan

Month 4: May

ID Number Member Name

Yahya Al Faifi 201600079
Mosab Al Shammari 201502336
Majed Al Daghreer 201502930
Hassan Qudrah 201601514
Nawaf Al Nuaim 201600036

List the task s conducted this month and the team member assigned to
conduct these task s

Team member Progress

Delivery proof
# Task description assigned 0%-100%
1 Mosab 100%
Software Design
2 Literature Review Majed / Nawaf 100%
3 Calculations Hassan / Yahya 100%
4 All 100%
Design Methodology

List the task s planned for the month of April and the team member/ s assigned
to conduct these tasks

Team member/s
# Task description assigned
1 Mosab / Yahya
Fabrication
2 Assembly Nawaf / Majed
3 Calculations Hassan / Yahya
4 Majed / Nawaf / Hassan
Prototype Testing and Analysis
5 All
Report Completion
6 All
Final Presentation

# Name Criteria Criteria Criteria Criteria

(MEEN4A) (MEEN5A) (MEEN5B) (MEEN5C)
1 Mosab Al Shammari 4 4 4 4

2 Majed Al Daghreer 4 4 4 4

3 Hassan Qudrah 4 3 4 4

4 Nawaf Al Nuaim 3 4 3 4

29
 Comments on individual members
Name Comments

Mosab Al Shammari Showed high level of time management.

Majed Al Daghreer Overall vital team member and well organized in team meetings.

Hassan Qudrah Need to work on time management, also need communicate with group members

Nawaf Al Nuaim Showed more effort in working with the group and communicating.

Appendix B: Engineering standards (Local and

International)

International

• SAES-W-012 (welding)
• NFPA 70: National Electrical Code®
• ASTM A1049
• ISO 9001-2015(Tank)

Local
SASO 2884 .2017

Appendix C: CAD drawings and Bill of Materials

30
402.5 x (5 tubes) = 2025

Tank = 250 SAR

31
Manifold and Stand = 3500 SAR

Appendix D: Datasheets

32
Appendix E: Operation Manual

 Wipe down the evacuated tubes from any dirt or debris.

 Find the direction of South using a compass.
 Direct the end of the tubes towards the South.
 Fill the system with water from the inlet valve (on left side of the manifold).
 Keep the system under the sunlight for at least one FULL hour.
 Plug the pump into the power supply.
 Run the pump for 30 seconds (or until the temperature gauge stays at constant
temperature for at least two seconds) every hour.
 Open the water valve to get hot water out of the system when needed.

33