AFFIXATION

Tugas Mata Kuliah Introduction to Morphology

Dosen Pengampu: Faizal Risdianto, S.S., M.Hum.

Disusun oleh:
1. Melinda Alifia 23030210094
2. Rizqi Pratama 23030210086
3. Sofya Nadya Salma Arifin 23030210082
4. Sulton Nur Alif 23030210091
5. Rian Ahmad Al Ghozali 23030210084
6. Pramesti Nur Tazkiya 23030210076

TADRIS BAHASA INGGRIS

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SALATIGA
2023
A. Affixes

An affix is a sound that is added at the beginning, middle or end of a word.

Various affixes include:

1. Prefix is an affix added in the beginning of words. Prefix also to create a new word with a
different meaning, Example of prefixes:
•Pre- Prehistory
•Re- Reupload
•Dis- Disagree
•Un- Unlock
2. Suffixes is an affix that is added in the end of base words,Example of suffixes :
•-s, -es (Plural): Hotels, cats, wishes, runs, prefixes
• -ed (Past tense):Walked, jumped, helped, cooked
•-ing (Present tense): Walking, singing, driving, dancing
•-ate (Verb): Complicate, demonstrate, eradicate.
3. And Infixes is a word element (a type of affixes) that can be inserted within a word. infixes
are relatively very rare in english,Even if it is used, it is non-formal.
Such as:
• Cupsful : Cup-s-ful
• Spoonsful : spoon-s-ful
• Passersby : passer-s-by .

B. Root,Stem,And Base

In the context of affixations in English, the distinction between root, stem, and base is
important because some affixes can only be added to one of the three parts, depending
on the grammar rules.

Here are examples of the grammar rules that determine the use of root, stem, or base
in affixations in English:

The "un-" prefix can only be added to the root.

For example, "happy" becomes "unhappy" instead of "unhappy."

The prefix "re-" can only be added to a stem.

For example, "move" becomes "remove" instead of "removal".

The suffix "-ness" can only be added to the base.

For example, "happy" becomes "happiness" instead of "happyness".

The "-ify" infix can only be added to root.

For example, "beauty" becomes "beautify" instead of "beautifulize".

Within each grammar rule, the distinction between root, stem, and base affects which
words can be formed with certain affixes.
 Therefore, it is important to understand the difference between the three terms in the
context of affixation in English.

Root

-A root is the core of word that is irreducible into more meaningful elements.

•It is the word form that remains after removing all affixes, and it is the form
representing the lexeme.
It is a morphological unit which can be left bare.

•For example, accept in unacceptable is the root because it is not analyzable any
further.

Stem

•A stem refers to a word-form that remains after inflectional affixes have been
removed.

•Inflectional affixes represent grammatical categories such as tense, number,

gender...etc.

•For instance, acceptable is the stem of unacceptably, but it is not a root because it is
still breakable into un-, accept, -able, and -ly

Base

•A base refers to the word-form to which any affixes can be attached.

•For example, disappear and appeared are bases in disappeared, where the prefix is
derivational, as it derives the negative form , and the suffix is inflectional, since it
inflects the verb for tense .

C.Inflectional and Derivational Affixes

1.Inflectional Affixes

Inflectional affixes are morphemes that are added to the end of a word to indicate
grammatical features such as tense, number, case, person, and gender. In contrast
to derivational affixes, which create new words with different meanings, inflectional
affixes do not change the basic meaning of a word.In essence, an affix is used to
change the form of a word, but does not change the class of the word or the basic
meaning of the word.

Examples of inflectional affixes in English include:

•s, which is added to nouns to indicate plural form (e.g., cats, dogs)
•ed, which is added to verbs to indicate past tense (e.g., walked, talked)
•ing, which is added to verbs to indicate present participle (e.g., walking, talking)
•en, which is added to verbs to form the past participle (e.g., taken, broken)
•er, which is added to some adjectives and adverbs to form comparative degree
(e.g., faster, better)
•est, which is added to some adjectives and adverbs to form superlative degree (e.g.,
fastest, best)
•'s, which is added to nouns to indicate possession (e.g., John's book, the cat's tail)
•s, which is added to verbs to indicate third person singular present tense (e.g., he
walks, she talks).

2. Derivational Affixes

Derivational affixes are morphemes that are added to the base or root of a word to
create a new word with a different meaning. These affixes can change the part of
speech of the base word, or they can alter its meaning in some other way. The point
is that the derivative suffix does not change the class of the word but only changes
the meaning of the word.

There are two main types of derivational affixes: prefixes and suffixes. A prefix is
added to the beginning of a word, while a suffix is added to the end of a word.
These are the prefixes and suffixes that include into derivational affixes:

a.Prefixes: dis-, re-, in-, be-, en-, un-, a-, anti-, etc
b. Suffixes: -ly, -ance, -able, -ize, -ish, -like, -ship, -ment, -ing, -age, etc.

Here are some examples of common derivational affixes:

Prefixes:
•Un- (unhappy, unable)
•Dis- (dislike, disagree)
•Pre- (preview, preheat)
•Re- (redo, rewrite)

Suffixes:

•ness (happiness, kindness)

•able/-ible (readable, visible)
•ment (movement, improvement)
•er/-or (teacher, actor)
•ly (slowly)

It's important to note that derivational affixes can sometimes change the spelling of
the base word. For example, when the suffix -able is added to the base word
"create,"it becomes "creatable"instead of "createable."