Name

Date 10/2/20
Book / Essential Question: How did Eurasian empires grow over time, and how did their expansion influence trade and communication?
Unit / AMSCO / 2.2 / Mongol Empire
Topic and the Modern World
Page #s 85-91
Heading (Subheading) Main Ideas Factual/Supporting Details Key Terms / People (w/ Explain.) Section Context Questions
Many European writers such as Matthew Parris
The silk road was revived due to
wrote about the Mongols but never encountered
the Mongols unification (2.1)
The Mongols had a reputation for destruction and them
Introduction
chaos Although the Mongols might have brought
destruction they also brought connection and
exchange to the world
Located North of the Gobi Desert, harsh conditions
shaped their culture
The Mongols began as a group of clans who herded Expected everyone to be skilled horse riders, highly
The Mongols and their Surroundings
goat and sheep valued courage and warfare
Benefited from being close to the silk road and
having access to luxury goods
Born in 1162, created early alliances and defeated
neighboring tribes
Temujin (Genghis Khan) was a ruthless leader who Appointed rulers outside his own family and killed
Genghis Khan
seeked power for the empire his own step brother
Was elected khan of the Mongolian Kingdom in
1206 at the kuriltai
Attacked the Jin Empire in 1210
Earned a reputation as a terrifying warrior, anyone
who resisted him would be killed
Mongols would sometimes wipe out entire town
populations after armies were defeated
Genghis Khan was a very successful leader that Fear spread throughout the world and leaders
The Beginning of Conquest
defeated many kingdoms with brutality would sometimes surrender without putting up a
fight
In 1219 conquered the Central Asian Kara Khitai
Empire and the Khwarazm Empire
By 1227 khanate reached north China Sea to East
Khanate- Kingdom
Persia
Mongol warriors were very proficient on horseback
and with the short bow
The skill of Mongol warriors greatly contributed to
Warriors were trained well and highly disciplined
their success
Messengers rode for days without stopping and are
known to sleep while riding there horses
Armies contained special units that would map out
terrain before battle, this allowed better strategy
Genghis Khan at War Used tactics such as sending in small armies to bait
and confuse the enemy
Before conquering settlements small groups were
Mongols used advanced tactics to defeat their
sent to ask for surrender, if they refused the
enemies
Mongols killed the aristocrats, recruited people with
special skills and used others as laborers
Used captured enemy engineers to improve there
siege weapons such as catapults or portable towers
Had a pony express to deliver oral messages
Capital was established at Karakorum in present
day Mongolia.
Responsible for new bridges more than any other
leader in history
Instituted religious tolerance which was unusual
The Mongolian Empire went through a time of during this time
Genghis Khan at Peace
peace known as the Pax Mongolica Mongol soldiers were tasked with protecting the Silk
road and trade flourished with old trade routes
being reused
Collaborated with Islamic and Chinese engineers
Attempted to make the Uyghur alphabet a unified
writing system but it failed
Three of Genghis Khan grandsons created their
The empire continued to grow even after Genghis own khanates expanding the empire into new
Mongolian Empire Expands territories such as Asia and Europe
Khan
Expansion brought more trade
 Batu and the golden horde conquered much of
Russia and parts or Europe
Batu ended his conquering when Ogodei Khan died
and he returned for the funeral, lost interest in
conquering afterwards
Batu the oldest son of Khan was the leader of the
Batu and the Golden Horde Russian city states began to oppose the mongols
Golden Horde
and defeated them in 1380 by the 16 century
Russia had defeated all the khans of the Mongols
The Mongols had an everlasting impact on Russia
which took a while to recover from
The modern Russian foundation began to form
Destroyed the city of Baghdad and killed the caliph
along with many citizens Ilkhanate: Hulegu's kingdom
Defeated when Muslim Mamluks and crusaders
Hulegu Khan led attacks in the middle east and formed an alliances, both religions viewed Mongols
Hulegu and the Islamic Heartlands
Abbasid territories as a threat
Hulegu and the empire converted to Islam and
slaughtered other believers were before they were
accepting of all religions
At the time China was ruled by the Song dynasty,
Kublai spent the years from 1235 to 1271
attempting to conquer China
Became Great Khan in 1260 and defeated China
eleven years later
Founded the Yuan Dynasty and founded the capital
at Zhongdu renaming it Dadu
The Yuan dynasty was a result of Kublai conquering Accepted religious tolerance which brought loyalty
Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty
China to oppressed groups such as Buddhists and
Daoists, proved to be a great ruler like his
grandfather
Brought prosperity and trade increased
Women had independent lives compared to other
nations, tended livestock, raised children, prepared
meals, rode horses, wore similar clothing, could
remarry and divorce
Mongols took out the civil service exams which
upset the scholar gentry class
Foreigners were
elected to
government
jobs
Mongols Lose Power Many factors led to the decline of the Mongols Attempted to conquer neighboring states but failed White Lotus Society: Secret organization that
in places such as Japan wanted to overthrow the Dynasty
In 1368 Zhu Yuanzhang a poor buddhist monk
overthrew the dynasty and founded the Ming
Dynasty
Once Mongols lost China they began to Decline in
most parts of the world
Became the largest contiguous land empire in
Long Term Impacts of the Mongols
history
During the Pax Mongolica Mongols reunited trade
between Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe,
they built roads and guarded trade routes
Started a wide cultural exchange from Islamic
science to paper, medical knowledge, and and
arabic number system
Mongol conquest spread the Bubonic plague from
China to Southeast Asia
Mongols had a strong understanding of central
government and had unified laws, this passed down
to many succeeding nations
Mongol fighting techniques ended knights in armor
because knights could not keep up with mongol
speed
Walls began to prove useless in Europe with new
inventions such as siege machines and the canon,
credited to the mongols using a variety of
technology from throughout the world