HUE UNIVERSITY

OPEN AND INFORMATICS INSTITUTE



ASSIGNMENT ON

LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

TOPIC:
CULTURE IS THE PRODUCT OF SOCIALLY AND
HISTORICALLY SITUATED DISCOURSE COMMUNITIES

Lecturer: Huỳnh Công Minh Hùng

Student:Trần Danh Việt
Class: Hà Tĩnh 2

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Culture is a multifaceted and intricate concept that is influenced by a range of
factors, including social, historical, and linguistic elements. Experts in the field
of cultural studies have acknowledged the crucial role that discourse
communities play in shaping cultural practices and beliefs. In this essay, we will
explore the meaning of the statement "Culture is the product of socially and
historically situated discourse communities" by analyzing it, providing relevant
examples, and supporting our arguments with evidence.

Firstly , what does Cultural discourse analysis raise the general question about ?
It is: how is communication shaped as a cultural practice? Specific questions
may focus upon acts, events, and styles of communication that people use when
conducting their everyday lives, including their practical rhetorical arts
(Carbaugh & Wolf, 1999; Townsend, 2004, 2006). Whatever the particular
phenomena of concern, the inquiry explores what people in particular places
make of communication when practiced in their own way, when understood
through their own terms, through their own explanations. How is
communication conducted, conceived and evaluated in this place among these
people? Investigations designed to respond to these questions help us understand
the local shapes and forms communication takes such as a Chinese version of
‘‘pure talk’’ (Garrett, 1993), loathing the ‘‘sucker’’ role in Israel (Bloch, 2003),
a Puerto Rican view of time (Milburn, 2000, 2002), or suppressing an East
Asian identity in specific interactional contexts (Hastings, 2000). Investigations
also can tackle the complexities of intercultural interactions between racial,
ethnic, and national styles of engagement (e.g., Carbaugh, 1990a,b, 2005). A
second, related question asks: what system of symbolic meanings or what
cultural commentary is imminent in practices of communication? When people
are engaged in communication, what significance and meaning does it have for
them? When addressed, analyses delve into the deep meanings that are active in
communication practices, and how these are part of a practical way of living.
Inquiry proceeds in order to hear the rich symbolic texture, the presumed view
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of the symbolic world that is presumed in order to communicate in this way.
These general research questions, about the cultural nature and the meanings of
communication, are based upon the view that communication both presumes and
constitutes social realities; and further, that as people communicate, so they
engage in a meta-cultural commentary, that is, they (and we) say things
explicitly and implicitly about who they are, how they are related to each other,
how they feel, what they are doing, and how they are situated in the nature of
things. These latter concerns about identity, relationships, emotions, actions, and
dwelling, respectively, are central concepts in cultural discourse analysis, and
are elaborated below. A Brief Summary of Cultural Discourse Cultural
discourse analysis is a particular way of investigating communication
ethnographically. It is indebted to the Hymesian program of work (Hymes,
1972; Philipsen & Carbaugh, 1986), while standing at the juncture of the
theories of cultural communication (Philipsen, 1987, 2002) and communication
codes (see Philipsen, 1997; Philipsen, Coutu & Covarrubias, 2005). The
program of work 168 D. Carbaugh focuses inquiries on communication as a
practice and culture as emergent in practices; special attention is given to
interpreting the deeply meaningful commentary that is intelligible to participants
as part of their ongoing social life. The concept, cultural discourse, has therefore
been used systematically to organize ways of understanding how culture is an
integral part, and a product of discourse systems. The concept has been focused
from the beginning on the relationship between discourses of personhood and
communication, with these discourses being understood, like intercultural
interactions, to be multidimensional, polysemic, deeply situated, and complex
functional accomplishments (Carbaugh, 1988a, esp. pp. 177–184). Focused on
discursive dynamics, cultural discourse has been defined as a historically
transmitted expressive system of communication practices, of acts, events, and
styles, which are composed of specific symbols, symbolic forms, norms, and
their meanings (see Carbaugh, Gibson & Milburn, 1997). How analysts can
describe, and then subsequently interpret communication practices, that is, how
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analysts identify the cultural features of acts, events, and styles of
communication, is the focus of what follows.
The general research questions introduced above focus cultural analyses of
discourse on specific communication practices, as well as the significance and
importance of those practices to people who use them. Analyses of a cultural
discourse can proceed in any number of ways, and can respond to any number of
specific research problems, focusing on one or some combination of the
following. Two specific and typical research questions, in no particular order,
are: 1. The question of functional accomplishment: What is getting done when
people communicate in this way?2 As people use discourse they can of course
accomplish any number of things. The focus here is on the pragmatic
accomplishments from the view of the participant’s conduct, their actions, and
their sense of what they are doing. For example, as we use discourse, we can
create a deep sense of who we are (see Benotti Mackenzie, 2005), thereby
cultivating a sense of membership in a group (e.g., Milburn, 2000, 2002). We
can engage in various types of wit and humor (see Garrett, 1993; Ojha, 2003;
Scollo, 2007.

To begin with , socially situated discourse communities are groups of people

who share a common language, practices, and ways of thinking about the world.
These communities are shaped by their social context, including factors such as
gender, race, class, and sexuality. The language used within these communities
is specific to their shared experiences and reflects the unique perspectives of
their members. This language is often used to express cultural values, traditions,
and beliefs that are passed down through generations.

One example of a socially situated discourse community is the LGBTQ+

community. Members of this community share a common language and set of
practices that are shaped by their experiences of discrimination and
marginalization. The language used by members of the LGBTQ+ community is

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constantly evolving to reflect new developments in the culture and the
experiences of its members. LGBTQ+ culture, including music, art, and
literature, reflects the experiences and perspectives of this community and
provides a space for its members to express themselves and assert their
identities. For example, the rainbow flag is a widely recognized symbol of the
LGBTQ+ community, representing its values of inclusivity and diversity.

Another example of a socially situated discourse community is the hip hop

culture, which originated in the African American and Latino communities in
the South Bronx in the 1970s. Hip hop culture includes music, dance, fashion,
and visual art that are shaped by the experiences and perspectives of these
communities. Hip hop has become a global phenomenon, influencing youth
culture around the world and providing a platform for marginalized voices to
express themselves and challenge dominant narratives. Hip hop language,
including slang and colloquialisms, has been incorporated into mainstream
culture and has become a recognized part of popular discourse.

Therefore socially situated discourse communities play a critical role in shaping

cultural practices and beliefs. These communities provide a space for members
to express themselves and assert their identities, and their language and practices
reflect their unique experiences and perspectives. As culture is constantly
evolving, it is important to recognize the importance of discourse communities
in shaping the cultural landscape and to ensure that marginalized voices are
heard and represented. Moreover , like example of religion. Religious discourse
communities are characterized by shared beliefs, values, and practices. They
provide a framework for understanding the world and one's place in it. Religion
shapes cultural practices, such as rituals and traditions, and influences social
norms and values. For example, in many societies, religious beliefs dictate the
roles and behaviors of men and women, influencing everything from family
structures to political systems.

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The second point is about historically situated discourse communities . It refers
to groups of people who share a common language, practices, and ways of
thinking about the world that are shaped by their historical context. These
communities are often formed in response to oppression and marginalization,
and their language and practices reflect their experiences of struggle, resistance,
and resilience.

One example of a historically situated discourse community is African

American culture. The history of slavery and discrimination against African
Americans has had a profound impact on their language, music, art, and
literature. African American culture reflects their experiences of struggle and
resistance against racism and oppression. African American music, such as jazz,
blues, and hip hop, has become a major part of American popular culture,
influencing music around the world. African American literature, such as the
works of Toni Morrison and James Baldwin, has been widely recognized for its
unique perspectives and its exploration of the African American experience.
African American culture has also influenced mainstream American culture in
many ways, including music, dance, and fashion.

Another example of a historically situated discourse community is the

Indigenous community. Indigenous cultures are shaped by their experiences of
colonialism, genocide, and cultural erasure. Indigenous cultures include
language, music, art, and literature that reflect their experiences of resistance
and resilience in the face of colonization. For example, Indigenous languages
often incorporate the natural world and spiritual beliefs, reflecting their
connection to the land and their spiritual traditions. Indigenous art, such as
beadwork and weaving, reflects their cultural heritage and traditions. Indigenous
literature, such as the works of Leslie Marmon Silko and Sherman Alexie,

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explores the complexities of Indigenous experiences and the ongoing effects of
colonialism.

Historically situated discourse communities have the power to challenge

dominant narratives and provide alternative perspectives on history and culture.
By centering the experiences of marginalized communities, these communities
can offer a counter-narrative to the dominant culture, which often ignores or
erases their experiences. By recognizing the importance of historically situated
discourse communities, we can better understand the complexities of culture and
history and work towards a more inclusive and equitable society.

And here's a more detailed discussion on the intersection of socially and

historically situated discourse communities:

The intersection of socially and historically situated discourse communities is a

complex and multifaceted phenomenon that shapes cultural practices, beliefs,
and identities in significant ways. These intersections occur when individuals
belong to multiple communities that are defined by social and historical
contexts, such as race, sexuality, gender, class, religion, and other forms of
identity.

For example, the experience of being a Black LGBTQ+ person in the United
States involves navigating the interplay between race, sexuality, and gender.
Black LGBTQ+ individuals may face discrimination and prejudice based on
both their race and their sexual orientation or gender identity. This
intersectionality is reflected in the cultural products produced by this
community, including music, literature, and art. Black LGBTQ+ artists and
activists have used these cultural products as a form of expression and
resistance, highlighting their unique experiences and challenges. These cultural
products not only reflect the lived experiences of this community but also
contribute to a broader cultural conversation about race, sexuality, and gender,

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challenging dominant narratives and promoting social change. Understanding
and acknowledging these intersections is crucial in promoting inclusivity,
diversity, and social change, and in fostering a more nuanced and holistic
understanding of culture and society.

Similarly, feminist discourse communities have played a significant role in

shaping contemporary culture. Feminism, as a social and historical movement,
challenges patriarchal norms and promotes gender equality. Feminist discourse
communities, comprising individuals from diverse backgrounds and identities,
engage in discourse through literature, art, and activism to raise awareness,
challenge societal norms, and advocate for gender equality. Feminist writers
such as Virginia Woolf, Toni Morrison, and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie have
made significant contributions to feminist discourse through their literary works,
which have influenced the way we think about gender and power. These writers
have addressed issues such as women's rights, intersectionality, and the impact
of gender on identity and society. Feminist activists such as Gloria Steinem, bell
hooks, and Angela Davis have been at the forefront of feminist movements,
advocating for social and political change, and challenging oppressive systems.

About discourse Communities Today : it continues to shape culture today,

although the ways in which they do so have changed. With the rise of digital
media, discourse communities have become more diverse and decentralized.
Social media platforms, in particular, have provided a space for individuals to
connect with others who share their interests and beliefs. This has led to the
formation of new discourse communities and the proliferation of existing
ones.The decentralized nature of digital discourse communities has made it
easier for marginalized voices to be heard. For example, the #MeToo movement,
which began as a hashtag on social media, gave voice to survivors of sexual
assault and harassment. The movement quickly gained momentum and led to
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changes in social norms and behaviors . Another example is about :Language
Socialization into Academic Discourse Communities: Digital Discourse and
Social Media Duff ( 2010) analyzes socialization into oral, written, and online
academic discourse, and the social practices associated with each mode, across
educational contexts. She defines “academic discourse ” as “forms of oral and
written language and communication – genre, registers, graphics, linguistic
structures, interactional patterns – that are privileged, expected, cultivated,
conventionalized, or ritualized” in various academic contexts (p. 175). She
shows how these aspects of discourse vary across disciplines and professional
areas, both in interaction and in various forms of representation. She also shows
how academic discourse is evolving, as new genres emerge, with new linguistic,
discursive, and multimodal conventions. Increasingly, academic discourse
communities are mediated in significant part by various technological tools,
including social media . These new media environments involve what has been
called “digital discourse ,” a broad concept which covers metadiscursive
framings, genres, style, and stylization as well as ideological stance (Thurlow
and Mroczek 2011). Digital discourse has semiotic characteristics including
coherence and cohesion , or texture and flow (Gee 2015); intertextuality and
interdiscursivity (Vásquez 2015); a dialogic character, the interaction between
readers and writers and between human users and machines (Jones 2015);
multimodality ; and reflexivit y, the ability to analyze input and customize based
on human actions (Jones 2015). These semiotic characteristics are deeply
influenced by various affordances of social media such as hyperlinking and
tagging. Recent work on digital discourse, applied to academic contexts, has
shown that new media have distinctive affordances for learning. These include
the multimodality of digital discourse, which allows for new combinations of
meaning and interpretation; the creation of new genres of social interaction
made possible through social media; the opportunity for remixing and “curating”
practices, through which content is recycled in ways heretofore not possible;
hypertextual linking, embedding, copying and pasting, liking, tagging, and other
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means of connecting and combining resources; and the lamination of virtual
reality layers onto each other and real-time actions

Culture is the product of socially and historically situated discourse

communities. These communities are shaped by their social and historical
contexts, including factors such as gender, race, class, and sexuality. Socially
situated discourse communities, such as the LGBTQ+ and hip hop communities,
are shaped by their social context, while historically situated discourse
communities, such as African American and Indigenous cultures, are shaped by
their historical context. The intersection of socially and historically situated
discourse communities is particularly important in shaping cultural practices and
beliefs. Understanding the role of discourse communities in shaping culture is
essential for understanding cultural diversity and promoting cultural exchange.

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