ldatiefedññtg

-
- ↳

s
↳

↳↳↳
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closeMMM

+ t +
→ _
+ &
+
1- t
_

IgG T 1-
-1 -

i
,
-

Ake
Atom becomes
negatively changed

+ + + + + + + + And• object is said to

-
be neutral if the
number of positively
- - -
-
- -

charged particles and

Fig @ fig cc)
* An object is said to be positively changed if the
negatively charged
particles are equal as

*ⁿ*÷
number of positively charged particle on the object
is more than the number of negatively charged particle
as shown in Fig (a) .
shown in fig (c)
An object is said to be
negatively charged if the + + +
number of negatively charged
particle of the object is more - -
- -

than the positively charged

particle as shown in fig (b).
 Friction
Changing by
is rubbed it become charged
* When body
.

a ,

* A
body which loses electron becomes
positively charged .

which gains electron becomes negatively charged

* A body
.

* Example : I

* Example -2

EEar thing
* in which changed body
Earthing is
a
* a
process
it to the earth by a

can be made neutral by connecting

wine .

to the earth , it
is connected
* When a changed body
becomes neutral either by gaining
elections or
by
electrons
losing
.

is + +
changed body
* For example 8 When
a
positively earth electrons move
+ + +
connected to
of
µ flowelectrons
the ,
until
from the earth to
the body + +
it becomes neutral .

when negatively changed body

similarly
a

earth electrons
is connected to the ,

to the earth
more from the body
until it becomes
neutral .

Flow of

J
-
-

- - -

- -
electrons .
 {
*HowtoehamgeametalspherepositiveY?-
+
I
"
+
=
=
-

1.
1- +
"

"
+
" +
+

it
+

" Hy
of

①
flow
•
electron
☐
•
(a) (b) ☐
(c) (d)
steptL
step#3w
changed object is brought changed object
slit is
A negatively that the neat end with the negative is removed
sphere so
the eateth connection
the
fate end place ,
Eg (c)
near
and the back
electrons cannot go
becomes positively charged that stops here
.

so
The earthing process
shown in

negatively charged
as
becomes .

to the sphere .

Eg Ca) .

step#4m
step#2m the
finally negatively changed body
connected to the
earth
is removed so
that the positive
far end
distribute uniformly
is
the sphere
that the electron from
so
to the earth
making
the changes nowthe sphere Fig(d)
throughout
more .

m.gg far end neutral

Hence the
.

sphere becomes positively charged

as shown in Fig (b)

is to neutralise a
a process
* Discharging the
removing
changed object by
excess changes
.

Insulators:
(2) *uummiddCondns
:

Heating's
:

The water
That intense heat vapour in the
causes the Air air helps to
Surrounding the remove the
charged object will
excess
be ionised. The ions
in the surrounding charges on the
air then neutralise charged
the excess charges insulator.
in the charged
object
 §
* sphere
•

, +
1-
1-
+
+
is

is
-

rod + is
-

1-
+ is
+ -

1- A -

t b
-

1- is _

* D -

earth -=
•_
rode held
A positively changed
earthed metal sphere Insulators Conductors
close to
.

an

where electrons remain

Materials that allow
Explain what happens Materials
on
to
freely
.

electrons more
the surface ofitand do not move

within the mate"ial

in the within the material
.

A8- Negative charges about freely

sphere are attracted towards
gained
when electrons are gained
the nod And the .
positive when electrons
◦* eostpnantnsulatote ,
are
otelostina conductor ,
are
changes in the sphere the electrons remains at the electrons
will be
the negative where # was redistributed
neutralised by from the
region
.

the
eohateges (electrons transferred .

earth .

like
Non metals like Example : Metals
Example Pions steel
: -

papeieioood coppers
,
,
* ETechFied → An electric field is a
region plastic •

graphite
where an electric
charge
experiences an electric force .

✗ ¢ ChgñÉgig→-
ÑÉgbÉudion
to the
'

Towards

;;¥iÉg
contact
☐
from
Away
• * •
the positive
• " negative by Friction charging
at change
f. change
changing by (rubbing)
.
.

A positive change
A negative change
. -
positive
Earthing
* Electric field always travel from humid
charge towards negative change .
Heating ,

*
weaken

µ•
• a
☐

•
stronger
• * p. •
☐

☆
☆

☆
• ↳ •

•
Electric field lines must not @ toss eachother .

•
The closer the field lines , the
the field is
stronger .

•
⇐
• •
✗ is the
neutral point
Where electric field from
,
•

+
* + •
both charges cancel
•
•
out each ◦ there .

• •
e- There is no electric effect
at ×
 Hazards of Electrostatics

Thunderclouds are
changed by Friction between water molecules in the
aPie Cake
cloud and the
surrounding pateticks in the atmosphere .
 When a balloo 18
• b .- · · .
balloon • h n _ru bed on bait, the balloon becomes negatively charged, The
I~ s own m Fig'. ·5.1. .

r • Fig. 5.1

-(a) Explain how rubbing 'causes the balloon to become negatively charged.
' . ' , 00
(b) Explain why the hair is pulled towards the balloon. [2J
(c) Explain ·why it is important that the balloon is made from an electrical
insulator. . · · . [IJ
(d) State one example whete_static electricity is useful. [IJ
{J16/P21,Q6]

. Solution COMMENT 111 'ANSWQ

{a) When the balloon i~-rubbed on hair, the negative charges -(electrons) are
" (d) Some otlKr exampes
· transferred froin the hair to the balloon. As' a result, thtt balloon becomes · ere:
ne~tively ~harged - -· · -elednaai:
(b) During rubbing, the .IJai.t lose their negative-:charges~ the balloon and they
precipitaor,
become positively charged As the opposite _charges attraci, so the positively
charged 'h. air are attracted towards the negatively charged hair.
-~.
. . . .,,.. )
. . - - ffu-ash remover,
(c) It is important so that the excess negative charges on the balloon s~y on _it - elldroslai: - '
and do not flow away into the earth through the conducting body of the person. - crop spraying. "
-,
{d) Electrostatic ·~pray painting.
Question 3
A hockey player trains on a nylon-fibre surface. As he nins around, his shoes
rub against· the ·surface and he becomes positively charged.
r
•
I

(a) (i) Explain, in terms of the particles involve_d, how he becomes positively
charged. • · [2]
(ii) S~te what _h appens to the nylon-ibre surface as he becomes positively
charged.· · - . ./ · [1]
• f , • I

(b) At -the end of the training seesion, the hockey player touches a metal gate
and feels an electric shock. e

-(i) ·· State how this shock is produced. · [1)

' •.

(ii) The shock lasts ·for~0.1~ ~s. During this time, the, current has an
average value of 1.6 m!. ·calculate the size of the.charge on the hockey
player just before he -~ uches the.·gate.;
I
[31
'-
[N09/P2/Q3}
I
SolutioJJ,
(a) (i) When the player rims around on the -nyloi;i surface and his shoes rub
against the surface, some electrons are transferred from his body to the
. nylon-fibre surface. So,. he gains a net positive charge.
(ii) As the nylon-fibre surface gains negative charges from the players' body, _
it becomes negatively charged. - - .

(b) (i) On _touching the m~tal gate, he -re-gains electrons fr~m the metal Pte into
his positively charged~body _which cause_s an electric shock.

(~) Q =lxt
. -Cl.6xl0-3fx(0~15xl0-3)
-=2.4x10-7 C
I -
 ,

Question 4 . ,
(a) An aeroplane beco~es ~ositiv~~y-c~arged as it flj.es through the air;
oecause it 10jles pa~cles from its met':ll surface.
···(i) State ~e name of th~ particles lost from the meta:1 surface. [1]
(ii) The tyres of the aeroplane are made from an electrical ·cond~ctor.
Explain what happe~ to ~e charge on the :~eroplane when it l~ds. [2]
.

· (b) Suggest why it is necessary -t o keep an aeroplane connected electrically to

earth during refuelling. [2]
[jl0/P2/Q6] <

Solution
(a) (i) Electrons
--~' . ;

. (ii) -The positive charge on the ·outer surface-of the a_

ert>.plane is·neutralised-by
the flow of electrons from the earth when the aeroplane lands on the ground.
: _ . _ \'.. !" ....._;t ~-~_..... r: . ~-·- ~, . . . . . · ._ .
(b) During re~elling, .electrostatic charges build up on the fuel and the pipe.
These opposite charges:may produce sparks if they come in contact with each
other. ..The sparks in tµrn. inay igaj.te ~he f\iel and · cause 'fire· or explosion.- .
Earthing the aeroplane, c6riducts the charge away to the ground prev~nts and·
·explosion or fire.
Question 6
A student rubs a polythene rod with a dry cloth. The polythene .rod ,becomes
negatively charged and the cloth beco~es· positiviely charged. .._. ·
(a) Describe, in terms of the mo'=ement of electrons, what happens during the
charging process. . , · [2]
' '

(b) l'here _is an electric ·field around charg~_d rod. · . - .·

Explain what is meant.by an ~lectri,c.field.: : I '
[1]

(c) The charged rod is pl~ced near .stream of water from-a_tap, as .shown in
Fig. 5.l. · . , . .

tap . .

• •

. '1
\t
. =:

i)

. '
t • • •

•1 The stream of water·bends because the rod. is .charged.

· (i) ~. Explain 'how,the charge on the rod' caus~s positive and negative par-
·tj.cles ·in. th_
e _wa~r to move. • · :_ ·. · . · [2]
(ii) On.Fig. 5.1, draw·the charge p,resent on the stream of water. [1] .
[J13/P2/Q5J
 roplc 19 static Electricity Theory 19 page 6 T h n k / n G
:..:.:--- p ' e s e s S

Solution
COMMl!NT on ANSWER

(b)
outing rubbing elec~ns move from the cloth on to the polythene rod.
(a) An electric field is a region where an electric charge experiences a force.
th .. .l .
" (a) When charging a
polythene rod by
I
(c)
(i) The rod attra~ts e pos1t1ve partic ea of water and repels the negative
particles of water.
rubbing with a dry
cloth, note that It is the
I'
electrons that are
(ii)
transferred from the
surface of the cloth to
the polythene rod. The
positive charges are
not transferred at all.
(c) According to the
fundamental law which
is also called the first ·
law of electrostatics:
'Like charges repel,
unlike charges
attract.•;,

Question 7
At an airport, fuel is pumped through a pipe from a tanker to an aeroplane,
as shown in Fig. 6.1. · ·

Fig. 6.1 .,
As it rubs against the pipe, the fuel becomes ne_gatively charged and this charges
the aeroplane. · ·
(a) ExplfilJl, in terms of the particles "involved, how the fuel becomes negatively
charged. [2]
(b) Suggest and explain one proble_m that can a·rise wh~n an aeroplane
becomes charged. · [2]
(c) Th prevent an ·aeraplan~ becoming charged, a metal ·cable connects the
aeroplane to tlie ground.
Explain .
(i) why the cable _is mad~ of metal, · [1]
(ii) how the cable prevent~ the aeroplane becoming charged. [1]
,.. {N13/P2/Q6]

Solution · · COM_
MENT on ·ANSWER

(a) As the fuel rub11 with· the pipe, the electrons are transferred from the pipe " (b) If an aeroplane
to the fuel which makes the fuel negatively charged. becomes charged, a
current may flow from,
(b) A spark mayjump from the charged surf~ce of the aeropllllle and ignite the the groun_d which may
fuel. ·, . · .
cause eleclric shock
(c) (i) A metal is a g~oi conductor of electricity due to its low resistance. to the workers and the
passengers of the ·
<ii) The charges on the aeroplane are earthed through the cable. aeroplane. "

)Q1