Computer Organization

and Software Systems

CONTACT SESSION 1
Mr. Lakshmikantha G C
BITS Pilani WILP & Department of CS & IS
Pilani Campus
Introduction

Why Study COSS? SEM

I

SEM SEM
IV COSS II

SEM
III

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 Introduction

Hardware Data

Software

Data analytics: is the process of examining data sets in order

to draw conclusions about the information they contain,
increasingly with the aid of specialized systems and
software. BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Text Books and Reference Books
Text Books:
(T1) W. Stallings, Computer Organization & Architecture, PHI, 10th ed.,
2010.
(T2) A Silberschatz, Abraham and others, Operating Systems Concepts,
Wiley Student Edition, 8th Edition

Reference Books:
(R1) Patterson, David A & J L Hennenssy, Computer Organization and
Design – The Hardware/Software Interface, Elsevier, 5th Ed., 2014.
(R2) Randal E. Bryant, David R. O’Hallaron, Computer Systems – A
Programmer’s Perspective, Pearson, 3rd Ed, 2016.
(R3)Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems: Pearson New International
Edition, Pearson Education, 2013 (Pearson Online)
(R4)Stallings, Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles :
International Edition, Pearson Education, 2013 (Pearson Online)
4
10/8/2022
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Evaluation Scheme
5 unit course.
Sl Evaluation Duration Weightage % Nature of
No. Component Component
1 Mid Sem Exam 90 min 30% CB
2 Comprehensive 180 min 40% OB
Examination
3 Quiz ---- 5% OB
4 Assignments --- 25% OB

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Assignments

• Two assignments:
• One pre-midsem exam : 10%
• One post-midsem : 15%
• Lab based
• Simulator to be used : CPU-OS simulator
• Open source tool (http://www.teach-sim.com/ )
• Virtual lab (Platify)

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Assignment should not be

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General Instructions

1. Always use note book for writing important points

and for solving problems
2. Use chat box for writing subject related questions
3. Do not repeat the questions on chat box. Questions
will be answered during last 10 minutes of the
session
4. Unanswered questions will be put up on the canvas
forum

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Today’s Session
Contact List of Topic Title Text/Ref
Hour Book/external
resource
1-2 Introduction to Computer Systems T1
• Hardware Organization of a computer
• Running a Hello Program
• Instruction Cycle State Diagram
• Operating System role in Managing
Hardware
• Processes
• Threads
• Virtual Memory
• Files.

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Definition of a Computer

• Is a complex system

• Is a programmable device

• Must be able to process data

• Must be able to store data

• Must be able to move data

• Must be able to control above three functions

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Computer System

• Hardware
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Memory
• I/O devices
• Software
• System Software
• System Management Software
• Tools and Utilities for Developing the software
• Application Software
• General Purpose Software
• Specific Purposed Software

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Hardware Organization of a
computer

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Running a Hello.c Program

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Reading ./hello command from Keyboard

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Loading the executable from
disk into main memory

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Writing the output string
from memory to the display

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Why do we need to know how
compilation works?
• Optimizing program performance.
• Understanding link-time errors
• Avoiding security holes.

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 Von Neumann Architecture
• Three key concepts:
– Data and instructions
are stored in a single
read – write memory
– The contents of this
memory are addressable
by location, without
regard to the type of
data contained there
– Execution occurs in a
sequential fashion
(unless explicitly
modified) from one
instruction to the next
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Von Neumann Architecture…

• Stored-program computers have the following

characteristics:
– Three hardware systems:
• A central processing unit (CPU)
• A main memory system
• An I/O system
– The capacity to carry out sequential instruction
processing.
– A single path between the CPU and main memory.
• This single path is known as the von Neumann
bottleneck.
• Side effect : reduced throughput (Data Rate)

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Harvard Architecture

• Uses two memory systems and two separate busses

• Instruction Memory
• Data Memory

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Instruction Cycle Diagram
• Instruction execution : Three steps:
– Fetch
– Execute
– Interrupt

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Fetch Cycle

• Program Counter (PC)

holds address of next
instruction to be fetched
• Processor fetches
instruction from memory
location pointed to by PC
• Instruction loaded into
Instruction Register (IR)
• Processor interprets
instruction and performs
required actions
• Increment PC
– Unless told otherwise

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Execute Cycle

• Processor - memory
– Data transfer between CPU and main memory
• Processor - I/O
– Data transfer between CPU and I/O module
• Data processing
– Some arithmetic or logical operation on data
• Control
– Alteration of sequence of operations
– e.g. jump
• Combination of above

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Interrupt Cycle

• Interrupts: Mechanism by which other modules (e.g.

I/O) may interrupt normal sequence of processing
• Interrupts enhances processing efficiency

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Program Flow Control (No Interrupts)

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Program Flow Control

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Contd…

• Classes interrupts:
• Program
• e.g. overflow, division by zero
• Timer
• Generated by internal processor timer
• Used in pre-emptive multi-tasking
• I/O
• from I/O controller
• Hardware failure
• e.g. memory parity error

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Interrupt Cycle

• Added to instruction cycle

• Processor checks for interrupt
– Indicated by an interrupt signal
• If no interrupt, fetch next instruction
• If interrupt pending:
– Suspend execution of current program
– Save context
– Set PC to start address of interrupt handler
routine
– Process interrupt
– Restore context and continue interrupted program

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Transfer of Control via Interrupts

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Instruction Cycle - State Diagram

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Memory Hierarchy

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Role of Cache Memory

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 Operating System
• collection of software/ Program that acts as an
intermediary between an user of a computer and the
computer hardware.
• Three main functions:
• Resource management
• Establish a user interface
• Execute and provide services for application software
• is a program that helps to run all the other programs
• OS is a resource allocator
• OS is a control program
– Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and
improper use of the computer BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
What if no Operating System?

▪ We need a mechanism to
✓Load the program into main memory
✓Run the program in processor
✓Store the result in persistent storage and
✓Unload the program to release memory [for the
next program to use]

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 Main objectives
• Convenience
• An OS makes a computer more convenient to use.
• Provides Ease of operation
• Efficiency
– Provides efficient resource management
• Ability to evolve and offer new services
• An OS should be constructed in such a way as to permit
the effective development, testing, and introduction of
new system functions without interfering with service.
• Maximize System performance
• Protection and access control
• Footprint of OS should be small BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Operating System role in
Managing Computer Hardware

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Important Note

• bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot

– Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally
known as firmware
– Initializes all aspects of system
– Loads operating system kernel and starts
execution
– System processes or System Daemons
• syslogd
– init

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 Operating System Operations
• Dual-mode operation
• User mode
• Kernel mode ( also known as System Mode / Supervisor mode/
privileged mode )
• User mode(0):
• user program executes in user mode
• certain areas of memory are protected from user access
• certain privileged instructions may not be executed
• Kernel Mode (1)
• privileged instructions may be executed
• protected areas of memory may be accessed

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Transition from user to
kernel mode

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Contd…

• Mode bit provided by hardware

– Provides ability to distinguish when system is running
user code or kernel code
– Some instructions designated as privileged, only
executable in kernel mode
– System call changes mode to kernel, return from call
resets it to user
• Software error or request creates exception or trap
– Division by zero, request for operating system service
• Other process problems include infinite loop, processes
modifying each other or the operating system

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Services provided by the OS

• Process Management
• Memory Management
• Storage Management
• Protection and security

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Process
✓ A program in execution
✓ Needs resources : CPU, memory, files, I/O devices
✓ A program becomes process when executable file
loaded into memory
✓ Process execution must progress in sequential fashion
✓ word processor, a Web browser and an e-mail package
are different processes.
✓ Types: System processes and user processes

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Process in Memory
• The text section: comprises the compiled
program code.
• The data section: stores global and static
variables, allocated and initialized prior to
executing main.
• The heap: is used for dynamic memory
allocation.
• The stack: is used for local variables. Space
on the stack is reserved for local variables
when they are declared and the space is
freed up when the variables go out of scope.
stack is also used for function return values.
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Threads
• A thread is a single sequence stream within in a process

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Virtual Memory

• Virtual memory is a technique that allows the

execution of processes that are not completely in
memory.
• Motivation:
• Programs often have code to handle unusual error conditions which is almost
never executed.
• Arrays, lists, and tables are often allocated more memory than they actually
need.
• Certain options and features of a program may be used rarely
• Principle of locality
• trashing is a condition where system spends more time in swapping than
executing instructions

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Files

• Is a sequence of bytes
• I/O device such as disks, keyboards, displays, and even
networks, is modeled as a file
• Reading and writing requires set of system calls

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