CALCULATE VOLUME
4.3.1
Each tablet contains the same number of moles of CaCO3 and MgCO3. One tablet
reacted with excess hydrochloric acid to produce 0.24 dm3 of carbon dioxide at r.t.p.
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
MgCO3 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O
o m
(i) Calculate how many moles of CaCO3 there are in one tablet.
number of moles CO2 = ..............
c
s.
number of moles of CaCO3 and MgCO3 = ..............
e
number of moles of CaCO3 = ..............
[3]
rc
(ii) Calculate the volume of hydrochloric acid, 1.0 mol / dm3, needed to react with one
ou
tablet.
number of moles of CaCO3 and MgCO3 in one tablet = ..............
s
Use your answer to (c)(i).
re
number of moles of HCl needed to react with one tablet = ..............
am
volume of hydrochloric acid, 1.0 mol / dm3, needed to
react with one tablet = ..............
[2]
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4.3.2
Chemists use the concept of the mole to calculate the amounts of chemicals involved in a
reaction.
(a) Define mole.
[1]
(b) 3.0 g of magnesium was added to 12.0 g of ethanoic acid.
m
Mg + 2CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Mg + H2
co
The mass of one mole of Mg is 24 g.
The mass of one mole of CH3COOH is 60 g.
s.
(i) Which one, magnesium or ethanoic acid, is in excess? You must show your
e
reasoning.
rc
s ou [3]
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(ii) How many moles of hydrogen were formed?
[1]
am
(iii) Calculate the volume of hydrogen formed, measured at r.t.p.
x
[2]
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(c) In an experiment, 25.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide, 0.4 mol / dm3, was neutralised
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by 20.0 cm3 of aqueous oxalic acid, H2C2O4.
2NaOH + H2C2O4 → Na2C2O4 +2H2O
m
Calculate the concentration of the oxalic acid in mol / dm3.
.s
(i) Calculate the number of moles of NaOH in 25.0 cm3 of 0.4 mol / dm3 solution.
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[1]
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(ii) Use your answer to (i) and the mole ratio in the equation to find out the number of
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moles of H2C2O4 in 20 cm3 of solution.
[1]
(iii) Calculate the concentration, mol / dm3, of the aqueous oxalic acid.
[2]
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4.3.3
(a) A small piece of marble, calcium carbonate, was added to 5 cm3 of hydrochloric acid a
25 °C. The time taken for the reaction to stop was measured.
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(i) One piece of marble, 0.3 g, was added to 5 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, concentration
1.00 mol / dm3. Which reagent is in excess? Give a reason for your choice.
m
mass of one mole of CaCO3 = 100 g
co
number of moles of CaCO3 =
s.
number of moles of HCl =
e
reagent in excess is
rc
reason [4]
produced measured at r.t.p.
s ou
(ii) Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the maximum volume of carbon dioxide
[1]
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4.3.4
Sulfuric acid was first made in the Middle East by heating the mineral, green vitriol,
FeSO4.7H2O. The gases formed were cooled.
FeSO4.7H2O(s) → FeSO4(s) + 7H2O(g)
green crystals yellow powder
2FeSO4(s) → Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)
On cooling
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 sulfuric acid
SO2 + H2O → H2SO3 sulfurous acid
m
co
9.12 g of anhydrous iron(II) sulfate was heated. Calculate the mass of iron(III) oxide
formed and the volume of sulfur trioxide, at r.t.p., formed.
s.
2FeSO4(s) → Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)
e
mass of one mole of FeSO4 = 152 g
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number of moles of FeSO4 used =
number
formed
of moles of Fe2O3s = ou
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mass of one mole of Fe2O3 = g
mass of iron(III) oxide formed = g
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number of moles of SO3 formed =
x
volume of sulfur trioxide formed = dm3
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4.3.5
Ethanol is manufactured from glucose, C6H12O6, by fermentation according to the following equation.
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
In an experiment, 30.0
(i) Calculate the number of moles of glucose in 30.0 g.
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g of glucose was fermented.
co
s.
......................... mol [2]
e
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(ii) Calculate the maximum mass of ethanol that could be obtained from 30.0 g of glucose.
s ou
re
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......................... g [2]
(iii) Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide at room temperature and pressure that can be
x
obtained from 30.0 g of glucose.
te
ar
m
.s
......................... dm3 [1]
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4.3.6
The percentage of oxygen in air can be determined by the following experiment.
large pile of small pile
copper of copper
gas syringe gas syringe
heat
containing
m
50 cm3 of air
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The gas syringe contains 50 cm3 of air. The large pile of copper is heated and the air is
passed from one gas syringe to the other over the hot copper. The large pile of copper
s.
turns black. The gas is allowed to cool and its volume measured.
The small pile of copper is heated and the remaining gas passed over the hot copper.
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The copper does not turn black. The final volume of gas left in the apparatus is less
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than 50 cm3.
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What is the approximate volume of the gas left in the apparatus?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
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4.3.7
The alkanes are generally unreactive. Their reactions include combustion, substitution and
cracking.
(a) The complete combustion of an alkane gives carbon dioxide and water.
(i) 10 cm3 of butane is mixed with 100 cm3 of oxygen, which is an excess. The mixture
is ignited. What is the volume of unreacted oxygen left and what is the volume of
carbon dioxide formed?
C4H10(g) + 6 21 O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)
m
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Volume of oxygen left = cm3
Volume of carbon dioxide formed = cm3 [2]
s.
(ii) Why is the incomplete combustion of any alkane dangerous, particularly in an
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enclosed space?
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