Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Study of Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump’s Capacity

to Reduce Motive Steam Consumption of
Gas Removal System in Indonesia’s
Geothermal Power Plant 117 MW
Revki Romadhon Nazaruddin Sinaga
Magister of Energy Department, Mechanical Engineering Department,
Diponegoro University, Semarang Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang
Semarang, Central Java, 50275, Indonesia Semarang, Central Java, 50275, Indonesia

Abstract:- Gas Removal System (GRS) is vital in There are several types of Geothermal Power Plants
geothermal power plants since steam flows into the (GPP): flash systems, dry-steam, binary cycle power plants
turbine and the condenser still has a certain amount of and combined cycle[1]. GPP has a working principle like
Non-Condensable Gas (NCG). The effect of the NCG will coal fire Power Plant, but the difference is that the source of
increase the pressure in the condenser so that it will the steam fluid in the coal fire PP comes from coal fuel that
affect the power generation performance of the is burned in the boiler, while in GPP, the source of the steam
Geothermal Power Plant (GPP). The types of equipment fluid comes from heat from inside the earth. However, the
used in GRS are steam jet ejectors dan Liquid Ring geothermal fluid contains other gases commonly called Non-
Vacuum Pumps (LRVP). The existing configuration of condensable Gas (NCG) like CO2, H2S, NH3, N2, CH4, etc.
GRS in this GPP uses a hybrid system for Train A and Those NCG content can influence the performance of the
Train B, which consists of 2 stages for steam ejector and power plant.
1 stage for LRVP. This study aims to see the
opportunities for motive steam reduction in the GRS by 1% NCG content by weight can reduce power
modifying the GRS configuration system using only 1 generation by 0.59% compared to steam without NCG[2].
stage steam ejector and 1 stage LRVP on Train A and Therefore, extracting NCG is essential to maintain the
Train B. The research method used is to calculate the performance of geothermal power plants. In general, there
capacity of the LRVP based on data from the are two main pieces of equipment for the Gas Removal
manufacturer and actual data processing in the field. System (GRS) to extract NCG; a steam jet ejector and a
The results of this study indicate that the LRVP capacity liquid ring vacuum pump[3].
is still above the NCG flow rate. Therefore, it can still
pull a certain amount of NCG from the condenser. Several studies on the optimization of gas removal
Economically, the motive steam that can be saved from systems have been carried out. Yamin W et al. conducted a
this modification is 11,724 kg/hr or equivalent to 3,26 study to increase the generator's efficiency by regulating the
MW generation. steam inlet on the steam jet ejector. Controlling the steam
inlet on a steam jet ejector that adjusts to the generator load
Keywords:- Geothermal, Gas Removal System (GRS), Non- can reduce the use of steam equivalent to 0,7 MW [4]. A
Condensable Gas (NCG), Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump study conducted by Jayakalena F and Hermanto showed that
(LRVP), motive steam. the use of dual LRVP with a capacity 2x65% is more
suitable compared to 130% steam jet ejector for NCG
I. INTRODUCTION content of more than 0.5% weight in 55 MW geothermal
power plant in Indonesia[5].
Geothermal energy is one of the renewable energy
sources from nature and can reduce Indonesia's dependence Another study is conducted to determine how effective
on fossil energy sources. Based on the Handbook of Energy the steam jet ejector is in producing vacuum and see the
and Economics Statistics Indonesia in 2020, the total performance of the steam ejector at the Thermal Power
installed capacity of Geothermal Power Plants (GPP) in Station in Vijawawada. The results of observations on the
Indonesia is 2,13 GW compared with geothermal energy design of the steam jet ejector are that the smaller the
potential in Indonesia with a totalof 25,4 GW. Indonesia's entrainment ratio, the more air that can inhale, and shows
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Roadmap targets that the more vacuum indicates the better condenser
a total installed capacity of PLTP of 7780 MW by 2030. performance [6].
This target can be achieved by constructing new plants or
developing existing generating capacity by increasing GRS is a design based on how much NCG is contained
energy efficiency. in the geothermal power plant. As in the previous research,
both steam jet ejector and LRVP have their respective
advantages. There is an opportunity to save the consumption
of motive steam in the GRS by modifying the GRS
configuration systemusing only 1 stage of steam ejector and

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Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
1 stage of LRVP on Train A and Train B. By maximizing in the NCG, inter-condenser and after-condenser are used to
LRVP based on operating condition data, steam supply can reduce the burden on the next stage of GRS because some of
be saved because there is one steam ejector that is shut down the steam has been condensed into water. These types of
for each train. equipment can also reduce the content of steam discharged
into the environment because the condensed steam will re-
II. STUDY LITERATURE enter the main condenser.
A. Geothermal Power Plant C. Steam Jet Ejector
A single flash system is the most common type of A steam ejector is equipment used to convert the high-
geothermal power plant installed globally[7]. The working pressure energy of motive steam to kinetic energy to pull out
principle of this type of GPP is to convert 2-phase fluid from gas fluid[11].A steam jet ejector's design will theoretically
the well, namely a mixture of steam and liquid, which is utilize high-pressure fluid to compress from low pressure to
then separated in a separator. The steam produced will be higher pressure[12]. There are no rotating components or
continued to the turbine while the hot water or brine power required in this equipment, so a steam jet ejector is a
produced will be injected into the injection well [8]. The simple tool both in terms of operation and maintenance. This
turbine will produce mechanical energy, which is coupled equipment needs lower capital costs than the LRVP [13].
with a generator to generate electrical energy. Maintaining The disadvantage of the steam jet ejector is that this tool
vacuum pressure in the main condenser is necessary to requires a certain amount of steam to operate, which usually
maintain the power plant's performance. One way is to comes from steam before going to the turbine, so that it can
withdraw NCG using GRS. A diagram of the single flash reduce the thermal efficiency of a geothermal power plant.
system is shown in Figure 1. Steam ejector design consists of several parts, which
describes in Figure 2. The essential components include a
B. Gas Removal System steam nozzle, suction chamber, supersonic diffuser, throat,
Gas Removal System is vital in geothermal power plants, and subsonic diffuser[14].Steam enters through the nozzles
especially for systems that use turbines and condensers. in section A where the steam velocity becomes very high
Steam flow into turbine and condenser generally still has a until it reaches a speed of one mach due to the shape of the
certain amount of Non-Condensable Gas (NCG). The effect nozzle and the vapor pressure becomes very low. A gas that
of the NCG will increase the pressure in the condenser, cannot be condensed from the condenser will be sucked into
affecting the power generation performance of GPP[9].The the suction chamber due to the vapor pressure, which
gas removal system will withdraw the NCG in the becomes a vacuum. Furthermore, the mixture of steam and
condenser, which consists of a steam jet ejector and a liquid gas will enter the supersonic diffuser, where the pressure
ring vacuum pump. The NCG from the condenser is a increases and the velocity decreases and enters the throat
mixture of gas and steam. It can assume that the gas is in section. Then the mixture of steam and gas will exit through
saturation with steam when the NCG is pulled out of the the subsonic diffuser, where the speed will decrease again
condenser. The mixture of gas and steam in NCG is and the pressure will increase, but not like the pressure at the
dominated by gases such as CO2 up to a composition of steam inlet.
more than 95% of NCG[10]. To condense the vapor mixture

Fig. 1: Single flash geothermal schematic diagram

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Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Fig. 2: Basic ejector components and diagram of energy conversion in nozzle and diffuser (Ingersoll-Rand Co.)

D. Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump vacuum pump has a value below atmospheric pressure or
The Heat Exchange Institute defines a liquid ring can be called a vacuum condition [16]. Rotation of the
vacuum pump as a rotary positive displacement pump that impeller on the pump will make the fluid ejected out due to
uses a liquid as the principle in compressing gases. The centrifugal force and form a liquid ring. Due to the
compressed gas is carried out by a liquid that forms a eccentricity of the impeller to the casing, a crescent-shaped
ring[15]. The NCG that enters through the inlet will then be space is formed. As the impeller rotates, an area on the
compressed and forwarded to the pump outlet. This NCG suction port sucks the NCG through the suction port. On the
has been mixed with liquid, and to separate the gas and opposite side of the suction port, the NCG is compressed in
liquid, the vacuum pump outlet will go directly to the a smaller area and pulled out the NCG through the discharge
separator. After being separated in the separator, the gas will port [17]. The operating principle of the liquid ring pump is
continue to the cooling tower while the water will be illustrated in Figure 4.
recirculated to the LRVP. The suction pressure on the

Fig. 1: Operating principle of Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump [17]

The application of LRVP is limited by the vapor vapor pressure and the higher energy consumption will be
pressure of the seal water because it will affect the ability of needed. With the high vapor pressure, the vacuum pressure
LRVP to perform compression. Seal water on this LRVP is at the suction of the LRVP is also limited because it must be
one of the critical parameters that must be maintained from above the vapor pressure. The lower temperature of seal
pressure and temperature. Seal water temperature is very water will also prevent cavitation; it will extend the pump's
influential on the magnitude of the suction pressure on the life[18]. Figure 5 describes the effect of seal water
LRVP and the capacity of the gas to be drawn. This is temperature on the suction pressure of the vacuum pump.
because the higher the seal water temperature, the higher the

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Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Fig. 5: Graph of the effect of Seal Water temperature on suction pressure and capacity factor (Liquid ring vacuum pumps,
compressor and systems handbook)

The suction flow in the LRVP is determined by the III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
volume available to the pump and the impeller rotation
theoretically. The volume inside the pump not only contains This research will be conducted at one of the
a liquid mixture of gas and steam that is sucked in, but the geothermal power plants in Indonesia, which has an installed
other part contains a liquid ring so that the capacity of the capacity of 117 MW in one of its units. The type of the GPP
gas and steam mixture that can be sucked in is reduced and installed is a single flash system with the dominant two-
can be referred to as a correction factor according to phase fluid. The dominant gas of NCG produced in
Dalton's law. The equation used to determine the volume production wells is CO2 and H2S. This type of quantitative
capacity of gas is referred to as equation 1 as the explanation research uses actual data processing methods in the field,
from Helmut Banwarth. which refers to equations and formulas derived from several
journals and books. This research focuses more on studying
𝑝 −𝑝
𝑆𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑆𝑘 𝑝 𝐴 − 𝑝𝑠 (1) configuration changes in the existing design of the Gas
𝐴 𝑘
Removal System. The data that need to be collected are
𝑆𝑒𝑓𝑓 : effective suction capacity NCG Flow rate, motive steam flow rate, existing LRVP
Suction pressure, Inter-condenser outlet pressure, and seal
𝑝𝐴 : suction pressure of the pump water temperature. After collecting the operational data and
specifications of the GRS equipment, the next step is to
𝑝𝑠 : saturated vapor pressure of the operating liquid at calculate the capacity factor of LRVP with variations in seal
the operating temperature water temperature. The capacity of gas sucked by LRVP can
be calculated with the capacity factor that has been
𝑝𝑘 : saturated vapor pressure of the operating liquid determined, referring to LRVP performance curve. The next
under conditions given in the catalogue (at 15oC) step is to validate the total NCG flow rate from operational
data with the total NCG flow rate of LRVP after
modification of Gas Removal System. Figure 6 explains the
flow diagram of the research.

A. Equipment Specification
The system of GRS in this power plant uses a hybrid
system. The hybrid system uses steam jet ejectors and liquid
ring vacuum pump. In this GPP, the steam jet ejector
consists of two stages. The specification of that equipment is
shown in table 1 and table 2.

Table 1: Specification of steam jet ejector

No Stage Capacity Value (kg/hr) Remark
Motive Steam 5561 Train A/B
1 First
NCG 14900 Train A/B
Motive Steam 5862 Train A/B
2 Second
NCG 14900 Train A/B
Motive Steam 8610 Train C
3 First
NCG 14900 Train C
Motive Steam 10253 Train C
4 Second
NCG 14900 Train C

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
Table 2: Specification of LRVP
Manufacturer Nash Gardner Denver
Model N904L22-2HY3-Z
3
Capacity 8195 m /hr
Suction Pressure -0,828 bar g to -0,024 bar g
Discharge Pressure 0,01 bar g
Type of Pump Centrifugal Pump
Operating Rotation 484 rpm
Number of stages one
Size (suction x discharge) 10” x 8”

B. Existing Configuration of GRS modified design and the existing one is the presence of a
The existing GRS design of this GPP used a hybrid type block valve between the outlet inter-condenser and inlet
of vacuum system on Train A&B and condensing steam second-stage ejector to stop NCG flow from the first-stage
ejector type vacuum system on Train C. Hybrid combines ejector into the second-stage ejector. It also needs a block
two stages of steam ejectors, and the third stage is a vacuum valve between the outlet after-condenser to the LRVP to
pump. Train A and Train B are used for regular operation, stop NCG flow from the second stage ejector to the LRVP.
but if there is maintenance or another activity, Train C will An additional block valve upstream of the second stage
be used as a backup. Figure 7 describes the schematic steam ejector is to stop the motive steam flow. In addition,
diagram for the existing design of GRS. this modification also requires the installation of a pipe from
the inter-condenser outlet directly into the LRVP. If the
C. ModificationConfiguration of GRS NCG is too high, the second stage of the steam ejector can
The modification of this hybrid is that the system only be operated again, and the system is back to the existing
uses the first-stage steam ejector and liquid ring vacuum hybrid system. Figure 8 describes the schematic diagram of
pump as the second stage of GRS on Train A and Train B. the design modification.
Therefore, the motive steam needed for the second stage
ejector can be removed. The difference between the

Start 1

Literature Study
Analyze the capacity of LRVP
between existing and
modification condition
Data collection:
 NCG flow rate
 Motive steam flow rate
 LRVP suction pressure
 IC outlet pressure
 Seal water temperature Analyze motive steam
reduced by the modification

Calculate capacity factor of

LRVP with variations of seal
water temperature
Summary and
recommendation

Determine the capacity of

gas sucked by LRVP from
pump performance curve
Finish

Fig. 6: Flow diagram of Research

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ISSN No:-2456-2165

Aux. Steam Header

COOLING TOWER

TRAIN A TRAIN B TRAIN C

FIRST STAGE EJECTOR FIRST STAGE EJECTOR

FIRST STAGE EJECTOR
INTER INTER
INTER
CONDENSER CONDENSER
CONDENSER

SECOND STAGE EJECTOR SECOND STAGE EJECTOR SECOND STAGE EJECTOR

AFTER AFTER AFTER
CONDENSER CONDENSER CONDENSER

Main Condenser

LRVP LRVP
SEPARATOR SEPARATOR

Steam
Aux. Cooling
Mixture steam and gas
Water Pump
Cooling water

Fig. 7: Existing Configuration of Gas Removal System

Fig. 8: Modification design of Gas Removal System

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION main condenser into the steam ejector. NCG total is a
mixture of steam and gas collected from the main condenser.
A. Non-Condensable Gas Condition Figure 9 shows the NCG flow rate operation data for 2017 –
The Non-Condensable Gas (NCG) total data is collected 2021. NCG flow rate has ranged from 2,09 – 2,38 kg/s.
from average operation data each month from 2017 to 2021.
The data was from the flow transmitter in the downstream

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2,4

2,3
2017

Flow Rate (kg/s)

2018
2,2 2019
2020
2021
2,1

2,0

1,9

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month

Fig. 9: NCG total flow rate

B. Seal Water of LRVP can be absorbed. The higher temperature of the seal water,
Seal water temperature is one of the factors affecting the the more likely the seal water will require a larger volume of
maximum gas that can be absorbed. The pump capacity space in the pump. Data on seal water temperature was
factor has been calculated using the pump capacity obtained from January to December 2021 by averaging each
calculation method referred to Helmut Banwarth journal. month, as shown in Figure 10. The vapor pressure was
The method of capacity factor is calculated from the suction obtained from the assumption water in saturation pressure 1
pressure and vapor pressure of seal water. From the barg. Figure 11 describes the effect of seal water
calculation results, it is known that the higher the seal water temperature on the capacity factor of LRVP suction.
temperature, the lower the capacity factor of the NCG that

Average Temperature 2021

30
28,4
Seal water temp. (Degree Celcius)

27,9 27,56
27,4 27,22
26,36 26,76 26,5
25,62 25,5 25,85
25 24,42

20

15

10

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month

Fig. 10: Seal water temperature average data in 2021

0,965 Capacity Factor

0,960

0,955
Capacity Factor

0,950

0,945

0,940

0,935
24 25 26 27 28 29
Seal Water Temp. (Deg. C)

Fig. 11: Effect of seal water temperature on capacity factor

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C. LRVP Performance Curve Therefore, the performance curve will be different from the
The gas capacity that the LRVP can inhale can be seen original curve from the manufacturer since the capacity
from the pump performance curve. The pump performance factor of gas sucked is also changed. Figure 12 shows the
curve refers to the factory's shop and inspection test performance curve. From the pump performance curve, the
document in 2008. From the manufacturer curve, the factor that affects the capacity of gas being sucked is the
condition of operating seal water is about 15 oC. The actual suction pressure of the LRVP. In addition, the seal water
data of seal water temperature is obtained from the average temperature also affects the LRVP capacity according to the
operating temperature during 2021, as described in Table 3. theory in journals and previous research.

10000

9000

8000
Volume (m3/hr)

7000

6000

5000

4000
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
Suction Pressure (bar.a)

Fig. 12: LRVP performance curve from manufacturer

In this study, the suction pressure LRVP with the the modified condition, it is 7298,04 m3/hr. It shows that the
existing design is obtained directly from the operation data; lower the suction pressure, the lower the gas suction
the data used is from the last year, taken every week in capacity of the pump. In addition, by using the average
every month. At the same time, the suction pressure data for temperature data in Figure 14, you can see the gas suction
design modifications were obtained from the inter-condenser capacity using the maximum temperature in 2021. The gas
outlet on stage 1, which was also taken from the data in capacity that can be inhaled with the existing design is
2021. Based on Figure 13, the capacity of gas that can be 7577,22 m3/hr, and the modified design is 7196,31 m3/hr.
sucked in in the existing condition is 7580,11 m3/hr, while in

8500

8000

7500 7580,11
Initial Temp.
7298,04
Volume (m3/hr)

Avg Temp.
7000 Existing Desain
Modification Desain
6500

6000

5500

5000

4500

4000
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
Suction Pressure (bar.a)

Fig. 13: LRVP performance curve on average temperatures

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8500

8000

7500
7577,22
Initial Temp.

Volume (m3/hr)
7000 7196,31 Max. Temp.
Existing Desain
Modification Desain
6500

6000

5500

5000

4500

4000
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
Suction Pressure (bar.a)

Fig. 14: LRVP performance curve with max temperature

The NCG mixture's density can be determined using from existing and modified conditions can be known. The
the ideal gas equation formula. The average molarity value value in Table 3 is indicated for a capacity of 1 LRVP,
obtained from company data is 33 mol wt. From the gas whereas the regular system of the GPP uses two trains in the
ideal equation, the density of the NCG mixture is 1,11 system, namely Train A and Train B, therefore the LRVP
kg/m3. By knowing the density of the NCG mixture, the capacity can be multiplied by two.
amount of gas flow rate that can be sucked by LRVP both

Table 3: Summary of NCG Flow Rate Sucked by LRVP

Existing Modification
Average Temp Maximum Temp Average Temp Maximum Temp
2,33 kg/s 2,33 kg/s 2,25 kg/s 2,21 kg/s

D. Motive Steam Saving which is to reactivate the second-stage ejector on train A or

Based on the modified GRS configuration, there will be train B. However, the study in this research still has many
a certain amount of steam that can be saved. This condition gaps that need to be filled. Therefore, there is still an
is due to the motive steam needed by the second stage opportunity to conduct further studies, for example, by
ejector in both Train A, and Train B does not need to be looking at which configuration is more optimal between
consumed. The total value of motive steam that can be saved train A, train B, and train C. This study also can be
on the second stage ejector on Train A and Train B based on completed with the software of process simulations.
the design specifications is 11724 kg/hr, equivalent to 3,26
MW. However, this modified design requires capital costs to REFERENCES
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