Quarter 4: ALL ABOUT STATISTICS
Statistics – the science of collecting, classifying, presenting, and 3. Statistics is also
interpreting data. playing a critical role in
sociology. It helps in
IMPORTANT TERMS IN STATISTICS studying mortality,
Population – the complete collection of objects, items, persons, or things fertility, population
under study. growth, and so on.
Sample – is a part of measurements selected from the population of
interest.
Statistical Question – a question that can be answered by collecting
various data. A question is not a statistical question if it has an exact
answer.
Examples of Statistical Questions:
1. What do 7th Graders prefer to eat at dinner?
2. What time did the students in this class get up this morning?
3. What is the typical number of pets owned by the students in Grade 7
Section 7?
Examples of Non-Statistical Questions:
1. What did Ryan eat for breakfast?
2. Did you pass your Math Answer sheets on time?
3. How many sisters does Riley have?
Importance of
Statistics
1. Statistics helps to
do planning in
business, economics,
government level, and
even a person.
2. All Economic
branches use statistics
for comparison,
presentation,
interpretation, and so
on. National wealth
production, demand,
and supply
adjustment, the effect
of economic policies.
Quarter 4: ALL ABOUT STATISTICS
4. Trade without a. Qualitative data – does not use any mathematical operation.
statistics is tough and
can be overwhelming b. Quantitative data – refers to numerical features that involve counting
for traders. It helps the and measurements.
trades to make wise
decisions in uncertain Discrete data refers to data that are either finite or countable value.
situations. Examples: age, number of students in a certain class, etc.
Continuous data refers to data that has an infinite number of possible
5. Statistics are the values.
basics of every Examples: height, weight, score in a test, etc.
research activity. In
other words, research
can’t be possible
without statistics. Statistical Instruments
6. Statistics is the Survey – the indirect method of gathering data because this makes use of
foundation of artificial written questions to be answered by the respondents.
intelligence and
Interview – direct method of gathering data because this requires a face-
machine learning.
to-face inquiry with the respondent.
Questionnaire – a research instrument consisting of a series of questions
(or other types of prompts) for the purpose of gathering information from
respondents.
Checklist – a form that is used for quickly and easily recording data or
identifying actions or requirements.
7. Statistics is playing
its part in the health Rating scale – used to record rank-based statements of respondents in a
industry. It helps the survey.
doctor to take and
manage the data of Sampling Techniques
their patients.
Data – a collection of facts such as values and measurements.
Data can be classified as qualitative or quantitative.
Quarter 4: ALL ABOUT STATISTICS
Simple The members in a Systemati It is a process where
Random population have an c we can pick every nth
Sampling equal chance to be Sampling element in the
selected. Sometimes it population until the
is called the fishbowl desired number of
method. respondents is
attained.
Example: Random
selection of 20
students from class of
50 student. Each
student has equal SAMPLE SURVEY
chance of getting
selected.
Stratified A sampling technique
Sampling where the researcher
divides the population
into sub-groups with
the same
characteristics.
Cluster It is a process where
Sampling we randomly select
groups or clusters of
elements from a RATING SCALE
population and then
get samples from
some or all the
elements within the
selected cluster.
Quarter 4: ALL ABOUT STATISTICS
Quarter 4: ALL ABOUT STATISTICS
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT does not signify an
Meaning Example absence of the
Nominal -numbers or other Gender characteristic.
symbols are used to "Does 0° Fahrenheit
classify an object, Eye color represent an
person, or absence of heat?
characteristic. Religious affiliation
-The labels or names Ratio -At this level, both Temperature
can only be classified differences and ratios
and counted. are meaningful. Mass
-No natural ranking or - Occurs when scale
ordering of the data does have a ‘true Length
exists. zero’ start point. 0 oz
of water is a ‘true Time
Ordinal -objects in one heat (low, medium, zero’ as it is empty,
category or scale high) absence of water.
stand in some kind of - Ratios involve
relation to them. movie ratings (1-star, division (or
-a qualitative variable 2-star, etc.) multiplication) rather
or attribute is either than addition or
ranked or rated on a subtraction.
relative scale.
-Provides an order but
can’t get a precise
mathematical
difference between
levels.
Interval -Intervals of equal Temperature on the
length signify equal Fahrenheit scale
differences in the
characteristic. IQ tests
-Differences make We don’t have
sense, but ratios do meaning for a 0 IQ.
not.
- Occurs when a Calendar years
numerical scale does
not have a ‘true
zero’ start point.
TAKE NOTE: Zero
Quarter 4: ALL ABOUT STATISTICS
Activities: Activity #3: Identify which type of sampling is used.
a. A psychologist surveys all students from each of 30 randomly selected
Activity #1: For each of the following, determine whether the question is a classes.
statistical question. Write S for statistical questions and N for not. Write b. Cloves selects every 100th cellphone from the assembly line and
your answers in your answer sheet. conducts a thorough test of quality.
1. Who is my favorite movie star? c. A floor director writes the name of each applicant on a separate card,
2. What are the favorite colors of 7th graders in my school? shuffles the cards, and then draws 5 names.
3. How many years have the school’s dance squad competed? d. a marketing manager tests a new sales strategy by randomly selecting
4. What is the favorite subject of 7th graders at my school? 100 consumers with less than P150,000 gross income and 100 consumers
5. How many brothers and sisters does my best friend have? with gross income of at least P150,000.
6. What is each classmate’s shoe size? e. A reporter based his conclusion on 3,000 responses from 5,000
7. How many Grade 7 students took remediation classes in each learning questionnaires distributed to men.
area? f. The PTA polls 100 freshmen and 100 seniors about their views
8. How many different cities have my classmates traveled? concerning the use of manipulatives in teaching a particular topic.
9. How many pets does your teacher have? g. A medical researcher interviews all diabetic patients in each of 10
10. How many points did the high school basketball team score in its last randomly selected hospitals.
game?
Activity #4: Determine which of the four levels of measurement (nominal,
Activity #2: Identify each of the following as example of (a) qualitative, (b) ordinal, interval, ratio) is the most appropriate for classifying each set of
quantitative discrete, or (c) quantitative continuous variable. data.
1. the number of questions answered correctly on an admission test 1. annual income of teachers
2. whether or not a machine is defective 2. final grades in mathematics
3. the number of stop signs along Quezon Avenue 3. colors of T-shirts for the season
4. the hair color of teens auditioning for Star Struck 4. social security number
5. the kind of tree used as Christmas tree 5. ratings of very superior, superior, above average, average, below
6. the number of telephone calls received per five-minute period average, or poor for the projects submitted
7. temperature 6. lead contents of candies
8. volume 7. gender of students in math class
9. number of children per family 8. body temperature of angry taxpayers
10. brand of shampoo preferred 9. cars described as compact or full-size
11. gender 10. weights of plastics discarded by households
12. mass
13. examination scores
