This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D4587 − 11 (Reapproved 2019)´1

Standard Practice for

Fluorescent UV-Condensation Exposures of Paint and
Related Coatings1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4587; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

ε1 NOTE—Section 4.2 was updated editorially in December 2019.

1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This practice covers the selection of test conditions for 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
accelerated exposure testing of coatings and related products in D358 Specification for Wood to Be Used as Panels in
fluorescent UV and condensation devices conducted according Weathering Tests of Coatings (Withdrawn 2014)3
to Practices G151 and G154. This practice also covers the D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
preparation of test specimens, and the evaluation of test results. D609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels
Table 1 describes commonly used test conditions. for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and
Related Coating Products
NOTE 1—Previous versions of this practice referenced fluorescent UV
devices described by Practice G53, which described very specific equip- D610 Practice for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted
ment designs. Practice G53 has been withdrawn and replaced by Practice Steel Surfaces
G151, which describes performance criteria for all exposure devices that D659 Method for Evaluating Degree of Chalking of Exterior
use laboratory light sources, and by Practice G154, which gives require- Paints (Withdrawn 1990)3
ments for exposing nonmetallic materials in fluorescent UV devices.
NOTE 2—ISO 11507:1997 also describes fluorescent UV-condensation
D660 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking of
exposures of paints and coatings. Exterior Paints
D662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Exterior Paints
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
D714 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of
only.
Paints
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the D772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scal-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the ing) of Exterior Paints
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- of Paint, Coatings and Related Products on Test Panels
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. D1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- D1186 Test Methods for Nondestructive Measurement of
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- a Ferrous Base (Withdrawn 2006)3
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical D1400 Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. Film Thickness of Nonconductive Coatings Applied to a

1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D01.27 on Accelerated Testing. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2019. Published December 2019. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D4587 – 11. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D4587-11R19E01. www.astm.org.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 D4587 − 11 (2019)´1
TABLE 1 Test Cycles Commonly Used for Fluorescent UV–Condensation Exposure Testing of Paints and Related CoatingsA
340 nm
Cycle Number Cycle Description Black Panel TemperatureD Typical UsesE
IrradianceB,C
1 8 h UV 0.83 W/(m2·nm) 70 ± 2.5ºC (158 ± 5ºF) Automotive coatingsF
4 h condensation dark period 50 ± 2. ºC (122 ± 5ºF)
Repeated continuously
2 4 h UV 0.89 W/(m2·nm) 60 ± 2.5 (140 ± 5ºF) Industrial maintenance coatingsG
4 h condensation dark period 50 ± 2.5 (122 ± 5ºF)
Repeated continuously
3 4 h UV 0.89 W/(m2·nm) 60 ± 2.5 (140 ± 5ºF) Exterior wood coatings
20 h condensation dark period 50 ± 2.5 (122 ± 5ºF)
Repeated continuously
4 8 h UV 0.89 W/(m2·nm) 60 ± 2.5 (140 ± 5ºF) General metal coatings
4 h condensation dark period 50 ± 2.5 (122 ± 5ºF)
Repeated continuously
A
The cycles described are not listed in any order indicating importance, and are not necessarily recommended for the applications listed. Additional exposure cycles are
described in Practice G154.
B
The irradiance set point given is typical for devices operated without irradiance control. Other irradiance levels may be used, but must be described in the report.
C
Previous editions of Practice D4587 contained non-mandatory irradiance set points in Table 1 that were commonly used in the industry. The previous set points were
0.72 and 0.77 W/(m2 · nm) at 340 nm for UVA 340 lamps. The measurement data used to establish these set points was inaccurate, due to an error in calibration on the
part of one manufacturer. It has been found that, for most users, the actual irradiance when running at the previous set points was 11 to 15 % higher than the indicated
set point. The set points shown in this edition of D4587 do not change the actual irradiances that have been historically used by these users. However, for users of
equipment made by another manufacturer, the irradiance control system did not have the measurement inaccuracies described above, so running at the new set points
will represent a change in the actual irradiance of the test. If in doubt, users should consult the manufacturer of their device for clarification.
D
Temperature is at equilibrium for either an uninsulated or insulated black panel, although the response of the insulated black panel might be slower than that for the
uninsulated black panel. Refer to Practice G151 for more information about the construction and differences between uninsulated and insulated black panels.
E
Typical uses do not imply that results from exposures of these materials according to the cycle described will correlate to those from actual use conditions.
F
SAE J2020 describes the test used in many automotive specifications and requires use of a FS40 fluorescent UVB lamp.
G
Historical convention has established this as a very commonly used test cycle. This cycle may not adequately simulate the effects of outdoor exposure.

Nonferrous Metal Base (Withdrawn 2006)3 G169 Guide for Application of Basic Statistical Methods to
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color Weathering Tests
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials 2.2 ISO Standard:4
D1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and ISO 11507:1997 Paints and Varnishes—Exposure of Coat-
Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting ings to Artificial Weathering—Exposure to Fluorescent
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and UV and Water
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color 2.3 SAE Standard:5
Coordinates SAE J2020 Accelerated Exposure of Automotive Exterior
D2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Differ- Materials Using a Fluorescent UV Condensation Appara-
ence With a Gray Scale tus
D3359 Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape Test
D3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint and 3. Terminology
Related Materials (Withdrawn 1998)3 3.1 The definitions given in Terminology G113 are appli-
D4214 Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking cable to this practice.
of Exterior Paint Films
D5870 Practice for Calculating Property Retention Index of 4. Significance and Use
Plastics 4.1 The ability of a paint or coating to resist deterioration of
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to its physical and optical properties caused by exposure to light,
Determine the Precision of a Test Method heat, and water can be very significant for many applications.
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea- This practice is intended to induce property changes associated
surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry with end-use conditions, including the effects of sunlight,
G53 Practice for Operating Light-and Water-Exposure Ap- moisture, and heat. The exposure used in this practice is not
paratus (Fluorescent UV-Condensation Type) for Expo- intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized
sure of Nonmetallic Materials (Withdrawn 2000)3 weather phenomena such as atmospheric pollution, biological
G113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weath- attack, and saltwater exposure.
ering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials
4.2 Warning—Variation in results may be expected when
G141 Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testing
different operating conditions are used. Therefore, no reference
of Nonmetallic Materials
to the use of this practice shall be made unless accompanied by
G147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetal-
lic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests
4
G151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Accel- Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
erated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light Sources
Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
G154 Practice for Operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) 5
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,
Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials PA 15096, http://www.sae.org.

2
 D4587 − 11 (2019)´1
a report prepared according to Section 10 that describes the critical when one apparatus is stacked above another, because
specific operating conditions used. Refer to Practice G151 for the heat generated from the lower unit can interfere with the
detailed information on the caveats applicable to use of results operation of the units above.
obtained according to this practice. 5.3.2 Place the apparatus at least 300 mm (12 in.) from
walls or other apparatus. Do not place the apparatus near a heat
NOTE 3—Additional information on sources of variability and on
strategies for addressing variability in the design, execution and data source such as an oven.
analysis of laboratory accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141. 5.3.3 Ventilate the room in which the apparatus is located to
4.2.1 The spectral power distribution of light from fluores- remove heat and moisture.
cent UV lamps is significantly different from that produced in 6. Hazards
light and water exposure devices using other light sources. The
type and rate of degradation and the performance rankings 6.1 Warning—In addition to other precautions, never look
produced in exposures to fluorescent UV lamps can be much directly at the fluorescent UV lamp because UV radiation can
different from those produced by exposures to other types of damage the eye. Turn the device off before removing panels for
laboratory light sources. inspection.
4.2.2 Interlaboratory comparisons are valid only when all 7. Test Specimens
laboratories use the same design of fluorescent UV device,
lamp, and exposure conditions. 7.1 Apply the coating to flat (plane) panels with the
substrate, method of preparation, method of application, coat-
4.3 Reproducibility of test results between laboratories has ing system, film thickness, and method of drying consistent
been shown to be good when the stability of materials is with the anticipated end use, or as mutually agreed upon
evaluated in terms of performance ranking compared to other between the producer and user.
materials or to a control.6,7 Therefore, exposure of a similar
material of known performance (a control) at the same time as 7.2 Panel specifications and methods of preparation include
the test materials is strongly recommended. It is recommended but are not limited to Practices D609, D1730, or Specification
that at least three replicates of each material be exposed to D358. Select panel sizes suitable for use with the exposure
allow for statistical evaluation of results. apparatus.
7.2.1 For specimens coated on insulating materials, such as
4.4 Test results will depend upon the care that is taken to foams, quickly check the specimens during the condensation
operate the equipment according to Practice G154. Significant period to verify that visible condensation is occurring on the
factors include regulation of line voltage, temperature of the specimens. Perform this visual check once per week at least
room in which the device operates, temperature control, and one hour after the start of condensation.
condition and age of the lamps.
NOTE 6—If condensation is not occurring, the most likely cause
4.5 All references to exposures in accordance with this involves inadequate room-air cooling; (1) the laboratory temperature is
practice must include a complete description of the test cycle too high; (2) condensation temperature is set too low, or too close to room
used. temperature; (3) thick specimens of insulating material may be preventing
the room-air cooling necessary for condensation. For example, a 25 mm
5. Apparatus thick wood specimen may exhibit poor condensation with a condensation
set point of 40°C and a lab temperature of 30°C; or (4) improper specimen
5.1 Use of fluorescent UV apparatus that conform to the mounting is allowing vapor to escape from the chamber.
requirements defined in Practices G151 and G154 is required to 7.3 Coat test panels in accordance with Practices D823, then
conform to this practice. measure the film thickness in accordance with an appropriate
NOTE 4—A fluorescent UV apparatus that complied with Practice G53 procedure selected from Test Methods D1005, D1186, or
also complies with Practice G154. D1400. Nondestructive methods are preferred because panels
5.2 Unless otherwise specified, the spectral power distribu- so measured need not be repaired.
tion of the fluorescent UV lamp shall conform to the require- 7.4 Prior to exposing coated panels in the apparatus, condi-
ments in Practice G154 for a UVA 340 lamp. tion them at 23 6 2°C (73 6 3°F) and 50 6 5 % relative
NOTE 5—Fluorescent UV exposures described in SAE J2020 for humidity for one of the following periods in accordance with
automotive applications call for use of fluorescent UVB lamps. the type of coating:
5.3 Test Chamber Location: Baked coatings 24 h
Radiation-cured coatings 24 h
5.3.1 Locate the apparatus in an area maintained between 18 All other coatings 7 days
and 27°C (65 and 80°F). Measure ambient temperature at a
7.4.1 Other procedures for preparation of test specimens
maximum distance of 150 mm (6 in.) from the plane door of
may be used if agreed upon by all interested parties.
the apparatus. Control of ambient temperature is particularly
7.5 Mount specimens in holders so that only the minimum
specimen area required for support by the holder is covered.
6
Fischer, R., “Results of Round Robin Studies of Light- and Water-Exposure Do not use this covered area of the specimen as part of the test
Standard Practices,” Accelerated and Outdoor Durability Testing of Organic area.
Materials, ASTM STP 1202, ASTM, 1993.
7
Ketola, W., and Fischer, R., “Characterization and Use of Reference Materials 7.6 Unless otherwise specified, expose at least three repli-
in Accelerated Durability Tests,” VAMAS Technical Report No. 30, NIST, June 1997. cate specimens of each test and control material.

3
 D4587 − 11 (2019)´1
7.7 Follow the procedures described in Practice G147 for refine these tolerances and address the uniformity issue.
identification and conditioning and handling of specimens of 8.2 If no other cycle is specified, use Cycle 2.
test, control, and reference materials prior to, during, and after
8.3 Mount test specimens in the device following the
exposure.
placement and specimen repositioning procedures described in
7.8 Do not mask the face of a specimen for the purpose of Practice G154.
showing on one panel the effects of various exposure times. 8.3.1 Fill any empty spaces in the exposure area with blank
Misleading results may be obtained by this method, since the nonrusting panels. Seal any holes in specimens larger than 2
masked portion of the specimen is still exposed to temperature mm (0.08 in.) and any openings larger than 1 mm (0.04 in.)
and humidity cycles that in many cases will affect results. around irregularly shaped specimens to prevent loss of water
7.9 Retain a supply of unexposed file specimens of all vapor. Attach porous specimens to a solid backing such as
materials evaluated. aluminum that can act as a vapor barrier.
7.9.1 When destructive tests are run, it is recommended that 8.3.2 Reposition specimens in devices with a planar expo-
a sufficient number of file specimens be retained so that the sure area using the following procedure unless it can be shown
property of interest can be determined on unexposed file that the irradiance uniformity meets the requirements of
specimens each time exposed materials are evaluated. Practice G151 for no repositioning. In devices that do not have
a planar exposure area, reposition specimens using a procedure
NOTE 7—Since the stability of the file specimen may also be time
dependent, users are cautioned that over prolonged exposure periods, or
agreed upon by all interested parties.
where small differences in the order of acceptable limits are anticipated, 8.3.2.1 Repositioning Procedure—Unless otherwise
comparison of exposed specimens with the file specimen may not be valid. specified, move the two extreme right-hand holders to the far
Nondestructive instrumental measurements are recommended whenever left of the exposure area, and slide the remaining holders to the
possible. right. Fig. 1 shows the repositioning of specimen holders.
7.10 Specimens should not ordinarily be removed from the 8.3.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, reposition specimens
exposure apparatus for more than 24 h, then returned for vertically within each specimen holder so that each spends the
additional tests, since this may not produce the same results on same amount of exposure time in each vertical position within
all materials as tests run without this type of interruption. When the specimen holder. Fig. 2 shows the vertical rotation se-
specimens are removed from the exposure apparatus for 24 h or quence for cases where there are two, three, or four specimens
more, then returned for additional exposure, report the elapsed in a holder.
time as noted under Section 10.
NOTE 9—In devices without irradiance control, incident energy at the
extremes of the exposure area is often only 70 % of that at the center. This
8. Procedure
condition requires that the procedures described in 8.3 be followed to
8.1 Table 1 lists several exposure cycles that are used for ensure uniformity of radiant exposure.
fluorescent UV exposures of nonmetallic materials. Obtain 8.3.3 Repositioning Frequency—Unless otherwise
agreement between all concerned parties for the specific specified, the repositioning frequency shall be 10 % of the
exposure cycle used. Additional intervals and periods of exposure increment between evaluations.
condensation may be substituted upon agreement among the
8.4 Water Purity:
concerned parties.
8.4.1 It is recommended that deionized water be used for
NOTE 8—Each setpoint and its tolerances found in Table 1 represent an water used to produce condensation.
operational control point for equilibrium conditions at a single location in
the cabinet, which may not necessarily represent the uniformity of those 8.5 Identification of any control specimen used shall accom-
conditions throughout the cabinet. ASTM Committee G03 is working to pany the report.

FIG. 1 Diagram Showing Repositioning of Specimen Holders

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 D4587 − 11 (2019)´1

NOTE 1—“X” denotes orientation of each specimen.

FIG. 2 Specimen Repositioning Within Holders

9. Periods of Exposure and Evaluation of Results J.A. Simms.8 See Practice G151 for more information and additional
cautions about the use of acceleration factors.
9.1 In most cases, periodic evaluation of test and control
materials is necessary to determine the variation in magnitude 9.3 After each exposure increment, determine the changes
and direction of property change as a function of exposure time in exposed specimens. Test Method D523, D610, D659, D660,
or radiant exposure. D662, D714, D772, D2244, D2616, D3359, D4214, E1347 or
Practice D1729 may be used. Consider product use require-
9.2 The time or radiant exposure necessary to produce a ments when selecting appropriate methods.
defined change in a material property can be used to evaluate 9.3.1 Other methods for evaluating test specimens may be
or rank the stability of materials. This method is preferred over used if agreed upon between all interested parties.
evaluating materials after an arbitrary exposure time or radiant
exposure. NOTE 11—For some materials, changes may continue after the speci-
men has been removed from the exposure apparatus. Measurements
9.2.1 Exposure to an arbitrary time or radiant exposure may (visual or instrumental) should be made within a standardized time period
be used for the purpose of a specific test if agreed upon by the or as agreed upon between interested parties. The standardized time period
parties concerned or if required for conformance to a particular needs to consider conditioning prior to testing.
specification. When a single exposure period is used, select a 9.4 It is recommended that the following procedure be
time or radiant exposure that will produce the largest perfor- followed when results from exposures conducted according to
mance differences between the test materials or between the this practice are used in specifications.
test material and the control material. 9.4.1 If a standard or specification for general use requires
9.2.2 The minimum exposure time used shall be that nec- a defined property level after a specific time or radiant
essary to produce a substantial change in the property of exposure in an exposure test conducted according to this
interest for the least stable material being evaluated. An practice, base the specified property level on results from
exposure time that produces a significant change in one type of round-robin experiments run to determine the test reproduc-
material cannot be assumed to be applicable to other types of ibility from the exposure and property measurement proce-
materials. dures. Conduct these round robins according to Practice E691
9.2.3 The relation between time to failure in an exposure or D3980 and include a statistically representative sample of all
conducted according to this practice and service life in an laboratories or organizations that would normally conduct the
outdoor environment requires determination of a valid accel- exposure and property measurement.
eration factor. Do not use arbitrary acceleration factors relating 9.4.2 If a standard or specification for use between two or
time in an exposure conducted according to this practice and three parties requires a defined property level after a specific
time in an outdoor environment because they can give errone- time or radiant exposure in an exposure test conducted accord-
ous information. The acceleration factor is material dependent ing to this practice, base the specified property level on at least
and is only valid if it is based on data from a sufficient number two independent experiments run in each laboratory to deter-
of separate exterior and laboratory accelerated exposures so mine the reproducibility for the exposure and property mea-
that results used to relate times to failure in each exposure can surement process. The reproducibility of the exposure/property
be analyzed using statistical methods.
NOTE 10—An example of a statistical analysis using multiple laboratory
and exterior exposures to calculate an acceleration factor is described by 8
Simms, J.A., Journal of Coatings Technology, Vol 50, 1987, pp. 45-53.

5
 D4587 − 11 (2019)´1
measurement process is then used to determine the maximum broad band, such as 300-400 nm, in W/m2 with the spectral
or minimum level of property after the exposure that is region specified. Report radiant energy measured in a broad
mutually agreeable to all parties. band as J/m2 with the spectral region specified.
9.4.3 When reproducibility in results from an exposure test 10.1.6.1 Do not report irradiance or radiant exposure unless
conducted according to this practice has not been established direct measurement of irradiance was made during the expo-
through round-robin testing, specify performance requirements sure.
for materials in terms of comparison (ranked) to a control 10.1.7 Elapsed exposure time.
material. All specimens shall be exposed simultaneously in the 10.1.7.1 When required, report any test interruptions greater
same device. All concerned parties must agree on the specific than 24 h in accordance with 7.10.
control material used. 10.1.8 Light and dark-water-condensation cycle employed.
9.4.3.1 Conduct analysis of variance to determine whether 10.1.9 Operating black panel temperature.
the differences between test materials and any control materials 10.1.10 Operating relative humidity during light exposure
used are statistically significant. Expose replicates of the test (if measured).
specimen and the control specimen so that statistically signifi- 10.1.11 Specimen repositioning procedure (if different from
cant performance differences can be determined. that described in 8.4).
10.1.12 Results of property tests. Where retention of char-
NOTE 12—Fischer illustrates use of rank comparison between test and
control materials in specifications.9 acteristic property is reported, calculate results according to
NOTE 13—Guide G169 includes examples showing use of analysis of Practice D5870.
variance to compare materials.
NOTE 14—In some cases, exposures are conducted by a contracting
10. Report agency but property tests are conducted by the contracting party. In these
cases, the agency that conducts the exposures cannot report results from
10.1 Report the following information: property tests.
10.1.1 Type and model of exposure device.
10.1.2 Type of light source. 11. Precision and Bias
10.1.3 Average distance from specimens to light source. 11.1 Precision—The repeatability and reproducibility of
10.1.4 Age of lamps at the beginning of the exposure, and results obtained in exposures conducted according to this
whether any of the lamps were replaced during the period of practice will vary with the materials being tested, the material
exposure. property being measured, and the specific test conditions and
10.1.5 Type of black panel (uninsulated or insulated) used. cycles that are used.
10.1.6 If required, report irradiance measured at a single
wavelength in W/(m2·nm) and radiant energy for a single 11.2 Bias—Bias can not be determined because no accept-
wavelength in J/(m2·nm). Report irradiance measured in a able standard weathering reference materials are available.

12. Keywords
9
Fischer, R., Ketola, W., “Impact of Research on Development of ASTM
Durability Testing Standards,” Durability Testing of Non-Metallic Materials, ASTM 12.1 degradation; exposure; fluorescent UV; light exposure;
STP 1294, ASTM,1995. ultraviolet; weathering

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