SYLLABUS

NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS

(ETEC-428)
UNIT I
Introduction to Next Generation Networks, Communicating in the new Era, New Era of
Networking. Technologies Inluencing Change, IP Everywhero, Optical Fiber Anywhere,
Wireless Access, Building Blocks for NGN, IP Networks, VoIP, Multi Service Flexible
Networks Architecture. VPNS, Optical Networks, Wire Line and Wireless Networks,
NGN Services, Network Infrastructure Convergence, Serviccs Convergonce, From
Technology Push to Service Pull. (No. of Hrs. 11|
UNIT II
IP Networks, IP Past, Present and Future, IP Influence and Confluence, IP Version
4, I.P. Version 6. IP Network Convergence, LAN Technologies, IP Routing, LAN
Switching, WAN's, WAN Technologies and Topologies, Wireless IP LANS, Mobility
Networks, Global IP Networks, Global Capacity, Globally Resilient IP, Internet-A
Network of Networks. Beyond IP, Technology Brief- IP Networks, Business Drivers,
Success Factors, Applications and Service Value. [No. of Hrs. 11|
UNIT III
Multi Service Networks Origin of Multi Service AT'M, Next Generation Multi Service
Networks, Next Generation Multi Service ATM Switching, Multi Protocol Label
Switching, Networks. Framne Based MPLS. Cell Based MPLS, MPLS Services and Their
Benefits, Multi Service Provisioning Platforms (MSPP) and Multi Service Switching
Platform (MSSP). [No. of Hrs. 11]
UNIT IV
NGN Applications Internet Connectivity, E-Commerce, Call Center, Third Party
Application Service Provision, UMTS, WAP, WiMAX, Integrated Billing, Security and
Directory Enabled Networks. [No. of Hrs. 11|
 B.TECH
EIGHTH SEMESTER
NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS (ETEC-428]
UNIT-I
Q.1. What doyou mean by Next Generation Networkw?
Ans. NGN is Next Generation networks. It is a concept for defining and establishing
he networks. It allows a formal distribution of functionalities into separate layers
and planes by using open interfaces, making it possible for the servico provides and
operators to create a platform which can be gradually developed.
Q.2. Explain new era of networking.
Ans. New era of networksing is based on packet transfer, and is capable of using
several broadband transmission technologies. It provides unlimited user access to
difierent service providers. It supports general mobility providing the users with
consistency and availability of services.
Q.3. What are the building blocksfor NGN.
infrastructure.
Ans. (i) High capacity packet transfer within the transmission
mechanisms
(ii) Support for a wide range of services and applications by using the blocks.
based on the modular and flexible structure of elementary service building
translated to the
(iü) Various identification schemes and addressing which can be
target IP address for the purposes of routing in the IP network.
(iv) Converged services between fixed and mobile networks.
(v) Conformance to the regulation requirements.
Generation Networks.
Q.4. What are the issues currently faced by Next
Ans. Following are the issues faced by NGN:
(i) Existing networks migration towards NGN.
(i) Development in the field of access technologies.
(iü)Connection of other networks to IP networks.
(iv) Interworking in the area of addressing.
(v) Interworking of signalling systems.
(vi)Roaming a mobility.
model along with their
Q.5. Explain in detail different layers of a NGN
functions.
an access network
Ans. (i) The access layer provides the infrastructure, for example
network can be both
between the end user and the transport network. The access
wireless and fixed and it can be based on various transport media.
(ü) The transport layer ensures the transport between the individual nodes of the
also enables
networ. It connects physical elements deployed in the individual layers. It
the transport of different types of trafic, media.
elements. This
(iiü)The control layer includes the control of services and network multimedia
of the
layer is responsible for set-upfestablishing, control and cancelling requirements.
Session. lt ensures the control of sources as well depending on the service
used to create
(iv) The service layer offers the basicservice functions, which can beprogress of the
nore complex and sophisticated services and applications, It controls the
service based on its logic.
 4-2020 Eighth Semester, Next Generation Networks 2020-5
LP. University-B.Tech]-Akash Books
Q.6. Compare the features of
PSTNIN,
Ans. PSTNIN stands for Public Switched Internet and NGN.
Below the table shows the different features ofTelephone Network/Intelligent Networ (v) Broadcast services
(VPN) services
PSTNIN, Internet and NGN: (vii)Virtual Private Network
management.
PSTNN Internet (viii)Over the network device
Multimedia Services NGN infrastructure convergence.
No Q.10. Explain networks datacenter management
QoS Support
Yes
Yes convergen ce is an approach to storage svstems and
Yes (Voice) No Yes Ans. Network infrastructure
compatibility issues between servers,
Network Intelligence Yes hat seeks to minimize reducing costs for cabling, cooling and power. Networks.
Intelligent Terminal Equipment
No
Yes petwork devices while also Next Generation
No different Protocols used by
Yes Yes Q.11. What are the
Integrated Supervision and Control used by NGN are :
Yes
No Yes Ans. Different protocols
Reliability High Low (i) Call control
protocols: SIP/SDP
distributed VoP architecture:
Service Creation High protocols components of the
Complex Ad-hoc (i1) Media gateway control
Simplicity of Service Use Systematic MGCP, Megate.
Mediumn High transport: SIGT RAN,SIP-T, SIP-1.
Modularity Low
High (ii) Protocols for signaling
Medium RTP, RTCP.
Time of Service Introduction High (iv) Transport protocols :
Openness of Architecture Long Short Short (v) Protocols for QoS
support: RSVP, RTCP.
Small High UNIT - II
Q.7. What is VOIP? High
Ans. VOIP is voice over IP. It is the
transmission of voice and multimedia content Q.1. What is an IP network? Internet Protocol (IP)
over Internet Protocol (IP) networks. VOIP communication network that uses
is enabled by a group of Ans. An IP network is a of the most
methodologies used to deliver voice communications technologies and between one or more computers. As one
over to send and receive messages is implemented in Internet networks,
VOIP encapsulates audio into data packets, transmitsthethem
internet. commonly used global networks, an IP network
networks. An IP network requires that all
aeross an IP local area networks (LAN) and enterprise the TCP/IP suite. The Internet is the largest
other end of the connection. network
and unencapsulates them back into audio at the
Q.8. Differentiate betwween wireless and hosts or network nodes be configured with
wired networks. and best known IP network.
Ans.
Q.2. Explain the working of IP. address, which distinguishes it
|S.No. Wired Networks Wireless Networks Ans. Each host is assigned a unique logical IP
from other nodes and helps initiate data communication with other hosts. IP network
i) It uses cables. by addressing
It uses radio frequencies communication occurs when a host sends a data packet to another host
address.
(ii Faster Speed suffer due to outside interference its IP address. Similarly, the recipient identifies the sender by its IP
(iiü) More secure Less secure Moreover, an IP network requires that all connected devices - such as servers,
a
(iv) Devices include ethernet switches, routers and other devices - be configured with the TCPIP suite and have
Devices include wireless adapters and valid IP address to perform any network communication.
cables, hubs and switches. access points. Q.3. What do you understand by IPv4?
(v) Wired LANs offer speed Wireless networks offer speed around Ans. Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth revision of the IP and a
upto 100 Mbps. 40-50 Mbps. widely used protocol in data communication over different kinds of networks. IPv4 is
(vi) Lesser mobility Greater mobility a connectionless protocol used in packet-switched layer networks, such as Ethernet. It
Q.9. What are the various NGN services ?
provides the logieal connection between network devices by providing identifcation for
each device. There are many ways to configure IPv4 with all kinds of devices -ineluding
Ans. Various NGN services include : manual and automatic configurations -depending on the network type. IPv4 is based on
(i) Rea]-time conventional voice services, the best-effort model. This model guarantees neither delivery nor avoidance of duplicate
(iü) Point-to-point interactive multimedia services. delivery;, these aspects are handled by the upper layer transport.
Q.4. Explain how IPv4 works in OSI model?
(iii) Push to talk over NGN-PoN.
Ans. IPv4 is used in the packet-switched link layer in the OSI model.
(iv) Data communication services.
IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses for Ethernet communication in five classes, named A, B,
(v) Content delivery services: .audio, video streams creation,
distribution of C, D and E. Classes A, B and C have a different bit length for addressing the network
professional and medical images. host. Class D addresses are reserved for multicasting, while class E addresses are
reserved for fulure use.
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 Generation Networks
20-2020 Eighth Semester, Next
2020-21
greater flexibility and Jowes LP. University-[B.Tech}-Akash Books
technologies, such as IP-based networks, which offermultiservice networks.
Q.1. (c) Explain briefly next generation (5) Q.1. (e) Discuss about VOIPs. (5)
networks refer to the latest advancemex 9) Ans. VOIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol, which refers to the technology
Ans. Next generation multi-service a wide range of serie
technologies used in telecommunications networks to provide that enables voice communication over the internet or other IP-based networks. With
including voice, data, video, and other multimedia applications. These networke VOIP. voice calls are converted into digital data packets and transtnítted over the
designed to be flexible, scalable, and capable of handling diverse traffic types, as wall internet or other IP-based networks, rather than over traditional telephone lines
provide quality of service (QoS) guarantees for different types of applications. Some of the key benefits of VOIP include:
to networks include:
Some of the key features of next-generation multi-service Cost savings: VOIP is typically less expensive than tradtional phone services, as
) Packet-switched architecture: These networks use packet-switching it uses the existing internet infrastructure to transmit calls, eliminating the need for
technology to transmit data, instead of traditional circuit-switching technology used dedicated telephone lines.
older networks. Packet-swvitching allows for more effcient use of network resources and Flexibility: VOIP can be used with a variety of devices, inciuding computers,
enables different types of traffic to be carried on the same network. smartphones, and IP phones, allowing for greater lexibility in how and where users
(ii) IP-based protocols: Next-generation multi-service networks are based on can make and receive calls.
Internet Protocol (IP) and use a variety of IP-based protocols, such as Multiprotocol Feature-rich: VOIP systems typically offer a wide range of features, including call
Label Switching (MPLS) and Ethernet, to provide different services. forwarding, voicemail, conference calling, and more.
(iiü)Quality of Service (QoS): Next-generation networks are designed to provide Scalability: VOIP systems can easily be scaled up or down to accommodate
QoS guarantees for ifferent types of trafic, such as low latency and low packet loss for changing business needs, making it ideal for growing businesses.
voice and video traffic. Integration: VOIP systems can be integrated with other communication
(iv) Convergence: Next-generation networks allow for the convergence of different
technologies, such as instant messaging, email, and video conferencing, to provide a
more unified communication experience.
services onto a single network, which reduces complexity and cost.
(v) Virtualization: Next-generation networks use virtualization technologies to UNIT-I
Q.2. (a) What is NGN? Explain the architecture of NGN.
enable the sharing of network resources and the creation of multiple virtual networks (6)
on a single physical network infrastructure. Ans. NGN stands for Next Generation Network, which is a termn used to descrnbe a
type of telecommunications network that uses packet-switching technology to
(vi) Software-defined networking (SDN): SDN is a technology that enables transmit
voice, video, and data traffic. NGN is designed to be a more iexble and
the centralized control and management of network resources, which allows for greater scalable
lexibility and scalability in next-generation multi-service networks. alternative to traditional circuit-switched networks, and to support a wider range of
Q.1. (d) What are IP networks?
multimedia services.
(5) The architecture of NGN typically consists of three layers: the transport layer, the
Ans. : IP networks refer to a type of computer network that uses the Internet control layer, and the service layer.
Protocol (IP) to enable communication between devices. The Internet Protocol is a Transport Layer: This layer is responsible for transmitting data packets
protocol used for addressing and routing data packets between devices on a network. devices on the network. It consists of a between
In an IP network, devices are assigned IP addresses, which uniquely identity the packet-switched IP network that is designed to
handle a variety of traffic types, including
on the network. These addresses consist of a series of numbers that are used to oue voice, video, and data. The transport layer
may include a variety of network technologies, such as Ethernet, MPLS,
data packets to the correct device. Devices on the network can communicate with eacu DWDM. and IP over
other by sending and receiving data packets that are addressed to their IP addresses. Control Layer: This layer is responsible for managing
IP networks can be used to connect devices within a local area network (LAN), a wu ensuring that data packets are delivered to their intended network resources and
area network (WAN), or the internet. The internet is a global network of interconnerted a variety of protocols and destinations. It inelades
technologies that
IP networks that enables communication between
devices across the world. enforcement. These may include protocols suchenable routing, signaling, and policy
as SIP (Session Initiation Protocol),
One of the key advantages of IP networks is their scalability. IP networks SDP (Session Description Protocol), and BGP
(Border Gateway Protocol).
be designed to accommodate a wide range of devices and can easily be Service Layer: This layer is responsible for providing a wide
expandeu range of
include additional devices as needed. In addition, IP networks
of applications, including voice, video, and data, making them support a wide
well-suited ra in
for use
services, such as voice`and video calling, instant messaging, and streamingmultimedia
includes a variety of applications and services media. It
that are designed to run on top
businesses, homes, and other settings. transport and control layers. Some examples of service of the
layer technologies include VoIP
There are several versions of the Internet Protocol, with IPV4 and JPV6 beingthe (Voice over IP), IPTV (Internet Protocol Television), and WebRTC (Web
most commonly used. IPV4 is the older version of the protocol and uses 32-bit addresses Communications). Real-Time
larger In addition to these
while IPV6 is the newer version and uses layers, NGN may also include other
128-bit addresses, providing a much gateways, media servers, and
functionality and performance.application servers, that are designedcomponents,
address space. such as
to enhance network
 2020-23
LP. University-(B Techj-Akash Books
typically consists of three layer3:
22-2020 Eighth Semester, Next Generation Networks The basic architecture of a multiservice netwrk connecting end-user devices to the
Access Layer: This layer is respon sible for
such aa wired or rireless coanections,
network. It may include a variety of terhnologies, standards, such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi,
proteols and
and may support a variety of access
or DSL. conslidating traffc from
Aggregation Layer: Thia layer js respnsibie for
routing it to the appropriate retwork resources. It may
multiple access devices and gateways, and may yse a
Ace include a variety of devices, such as Switches, routers, or
Packet. othe variety of protocols, such as MPLS or IP. high-speed and reiiable
Retwork tyorks
Core Layer: This layer is rezpanAible for providing serrers, or other
connectivity between different network resiurcea, such as daa centers,
or other specializZed
network services. It may include high-speed fiber-optic connections management
networking technologies, and may use advanced routing and traffic
techniques to optimize network performance and reliablity alo include
In addition to these layers, a multiserrice network architecture may
detection and
Q.2. (b) What are VPN's? Explain the services provided by VPN'%. (6.5) specialized cornponents, such as firewalls, load balancers, or intrasion performance
Ans. A VPN,or Virtual Private Network, is a technology that allows users to ereate prevention systems, that are designed to enhance netwrk security and
the Overall, the multiservie network architecture is designed to prvide a fAezibls
a secure and encrypted connection between their device and a private network over and scalable network infrastructure that can uyport a wice range of services and
internet. This can providea range of benefits, including enhanced security, privacy, and applications. By using a layered approach and a variety of network technologies and
atcesaibility. protocols, this architecture enables efficient use of network resources and optimnal
When a user connects to a VPN, their device establishes an encrypted tunnel performance and reliability for different types of traffic.
through which all network traffic is routed. This nakes it more diffcult for outside Virtual Service Network
encrypted and the VirtualService Network
parties to intercept or spy on the user's internet traffic, as the data is
User's IP address is nasked. Additionally, VPNs can allow users to acceHs contenttoand
TVices that may be restricted in their geographic location, as they can appear be ATM Virtual Transpurt Network AEM
atcesning the internet from a different location. Pckel (mg MPL9)Car
Some of the key services provided by VPNs include:
Security: By encrypting all network traffie, VPNs can help protect users from
eavesdropping, hacking, and other security threats, AD Opal
Privacy: By masking the user's JP address and enerypting their tralfic, VPNs can Inteirciure

heip proect their online privacy and prevent third-party tracking.

Anonymity: VPNs can allow user to appear to be accessing the internot from
different location or IP address, which can help protect their Anonymity and prevent Vuiee
cernsornhíp or surveillanee.
Accesw: VPNscan allow UNers tu nccoNN COontent and services that may be rostricted
in their gengraphic location or blocked by network filters, wuch as sreaming services Q.3. (b) Whut is network infrantrueture convergenee? Explain? (6)
sOcial medin platforns, and online guming networks. Ans, Network infrantructure convergence refers to the proeNa of integrating and
Convenienco: VPNs can provide a conveniont and fexible way to acceNs priva consolidating multiple nutworks or network services onto a ningle convergud network
networks or othr resourees, without requiring phynical nccoss to the network or speci infrastructure. This upproach is dosigned to siumplify network munagement, reduce
hardwsre or software coxta, and improve performance and reliablity by levernging shared rosourees and
Overall,VPNs ure a powerful twol for onhancing security, privucy, andconsider
uecesiblhe common technoloyios.
in the online environment. Howevor, it ls imnportant for uNors to carofully Traditionally, network infrustructure has heon dividod into separate domains or
nerds and choose a reputuble and reliable VPN providor in order to ensuro te layors, wnch with ita own wpecinlized technologies and protocol For example, a typical
poraible 0xperionco. (061 enterprise network might include separate networks for voice, data, and vicdeo, each
Q.a. (a) xplain the multí sorvee notwork architecture? with its own set of witehen, routers, and other devices.
Anss A multikervice network Brchitecture isa type of notwork dosign hat uo However, with the rise of eonverged notworking technologies such as Ethernot, IP.
und MPLS, it has become inereasingly ponaible to
for the sinultaneous tranamission of multiple types of servieon, such an volce, bo
vi Aoxible a singlo, unified infrastructure. Thiw can combine thesU Neparato networks into
data, vera single network infrostrueture. This arehitecture in donigned to provide a rangu of benefhta, including:
Mealable, nnd eapable of supporting u wido rango of Borvices und applications
24-2020 Eighth Semester, Next Generntion Networks 2020-25
LP Untzersity-(B Tochj-Akash Books
Reduced complexity: By consolidating multiple networka into a single q4. (b) Explain ahrnut WAN topologies and technologies? (6.5)
infrastructure, network managers ean sinplify network management and reduce the Ans. Wide Area Network (WAN) topologies and tehnologies refer to the various
number of devices, protocois, and standards that need to be supported. wIAyA in which geographically disper sed networka are eonnected and communicate
Improved efciency: By leveraging shared resources and common technologies, with ench other over long distances WANs are ssed to connect devices, applications,
converged netwrorks can optimize netwerk perfornanee and reduce costs by eliminating And users across different regions or countries, and raly on specialized technologies to
dupl:cation aad improving resource utilization. ensure reliable and secure data transmission
Eahanced flexibility: Converged networks can support a wide range of services There are several WAN topoiogies and technclogies that are commonly used,
and uppicatiens, including voice, video, data, and multimedia, and can be easily including
reconágured or scaled to meet changing business needs. (a) Point-to-Point: A point-to-point WAN topoioCÊ consixts of a direct connection
Better reiiability and security: By using common technologies and standards,
converged networks can improve network reliability and security by reducing the between two sites, often using leased lines or dedicated cireuita This type of topology is
potential for configuration errors or compatibility issues.
typically used for high-speed, reliable connections betwaen fwo locations
OverallL network infrastructure convergence is a powerful strategy for improving
(b) Hub and Spoke: A hub and spoke WAN topology uses a central site or hub to
connect multiple remote sites or spokes This topoiogy is commoniy uxed in erterprise
network performance, reducing costs, and increasing flexibility and agility in today's networks to provide centralized management tnd control gver multiple locations.
repidly changing business environment.
(c) Mesh: A mesh WAN topology connecta muitipie sites in a fuily
UNIT- II
network, with multiple paths between each site. Thus topoicgy providesinterconnected
h1gh ievels of
Q.4. (a) Explain IP routing. Explain with the help of IP protocols? (6) redundancy and fault tolerance, but can be complex to manave
Ans. : IP routing is the process of forwarding IP packets from one network to (d) Virtual Private Network (VPN): A VPN is a
secure WAN
another by selecting the best path across a network based on routing protocols, network uses e.Cryption and tunneling to provide a private, securs connection tehnology that
topologs, and network metrics. Routing protocols are used to exchange information more sites over a public network such as the Internet btween two or
about the avaüability of network paths and the characteristics of those paths, and WAN schnologies are used to facilitate
select the best path for a given packet. dispersed etworks, and may include: communication betw geographicaily
There are several IP routing protocols that are commonly used, including: (i) Le ased Lines: Leased lines are dedicated,
Routing Information Protocol (RIP): A distance-vector routing protocol that high-sr ed, reliable connection between two sites point-to-point eireas that provide a
uses bep count as its metric for selecting the best path. RIP is simple to conigure and (i) Frame Relay: Frame Relay is a
is suutable for small networks.
a virtual circuit to transmit data packet-switched WAN eehnology that uses
Open Shortest Path First (0SPF): A link-state routing protocol that uses the between sites. This technoiogy is eost-etfective and
Shortest Path Frst algorithm to select the best path based on the lowest cost to reach
scalable, but may have lower bandwidth and reiiab1lity than ddieated eircuits.
(iii) Asynchronous Transfer Mode
a destination. OSPF is scalable and suitable for larger networks.
technology that provides high-speed, reliable (AT): ATi is a cell-awitched WAN
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP): A path-vector routing protocol that is used for bandwidths. This techrology is often used fordata tran mission over a wide range of
multimeda streaning high-ba.dta appicatiors such as
routing between different autonomous systems (ASes)on the Internet. BGP selects the video conferencing and
best path based on a combination of AS path length, path attributes, and other factors. (iv) MPLS
(Multi-Protocol Label Switching: MPLS ia a
forward data betw een sites over a routing
In IP routing, each packet is addressed to a destination IP address, and routers that uses labels to efficiently technologv
use the routing protocol to determine the best path to forward the packet towards its provide high levels of performance and reliability, aad can be used toWAN. \IPLS can
destination. The router examines the destination IP address and performs a lookup in of applications and services. support a vanety
its routing table to determine the best path for the packet. The routing table Overall, WAN topolugies and
contains
information about the network topology and the available paths, along with
associated network metrics. the geographically dspersed networks andtechnoiogies plav a cnical role in
eusuring reliabie, connecting
large distances.
Organizations must carefully eiect and secure daLatheransmission aeroas
: Once the best path has been determined, the router technologies to meet their speciñc business needa and conigure appropmate WAN
new IP header and forwards it to the next hop along the encapsulates the packet in
path. This process continue Q.5. (a) What is converged IP optimize network performance.
until the packet reaches its destination. Ans. A converged IP network isnetwork?
a (6.5)
network that
transnit data, veice, and videouaes
IP routing is a complex process that involves a variety of its primary protocol to Internet Protocol (IP) as
technologies. By selecting the best path for each packet basedprotocols, algorithnis, a infrastructure. In a raIhe over a
converged lP network, mulipie types of raric are single network
topology, IP routing helps to ensure that data is ransmittedon network metries the sane network, rather
across large, complex networks. efficiently and rela A converged IP
netwurk
than having separate
networks for each typetransmitted
oftrafic.
gver
provides several beaeits, ineludng
Simpliüed Network MManagement:
ad1ninistrators only need to nanage a singleWith a converged IP
network, network
netwrk nfrastructure rather than
26-2020 Eighth Semester, Next Generation Networks 2020-27
LP. University-B.Tech)-Akash Books
simplifics network
multiple separate networks for voice, data, and video traffic. This
management and reduces the complexity and cost of managing separate networks. Powerline Networking: Powerline networking is a LAN technology that uses
technology is less
Cost Savings: A converged IP network can help organizations reduce costs by a home's electrical wiring to transmit data betveen devices. This
consolidating their network infrastructure and eliminating the need for separate common than Ethernet and Wi-Fi, but can be useful in situations where running
networks for voice, data, and video traffic. This can also result in lower hardware and Ethernet cables is not feasible.
maintenance costs. Overall, LAN topologies and technologies play a critical role in connecting devices
Improved Efficiency: By using a single network infrastructure, a converged IP within a local arca, enabling communication and resource sharing between devices.
network can provide better utilization of network resources and bandwidth, resulting Organizations must carefully select and configure the appropriate LAN technologies
in improved network eficiency and performance. and topologies to meet their specific needs and optimize network performance.
Enbanced Flexibility: Aconverged IP network can support awide range of devices
and applications, providing greater flexibility for businesses to adapt to changing needs
and technological advancements.
To implement a converged IP network, organizations must carefully plan and Ring
design their network infrastructure, including selecting appropriate network hardware Hub Star

and software, configuring Quality of Service (QoS) policies to prioritize traffic, and
ensuring adequate network security measures are in place.
(6)
Q5. (b) Explain about LAN topolgies and technologies?
within a
Ans. A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that connects devices
a
small geographic area, such as an office building, a school, or a home. LANs provide
way for devices to communicate and share resources, such as printers and files, within
a local area. Bus
There are several LAN topologies and technologies that are commonly used,
including:
(a) Bus Topology: A bus topology is a LAN configuration in which all devices are
connected to a single communication line, called a bus. Data transmitted by any device
UNIT - III
is sent to all other devices on the network, and each device is responsible for detecting Q.6. (a) Explain frame based MPLS. (6.5)
and receiving its own data. Ans. Frame-based MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) is a network technology
or
(b) Star Topology: In a star topology, all devices are connected to a central hub
then used for packet switching that uses labels to efficiently route data packets through
switch. Data transmitted by any device is sent to the central hub or switch, which a network. In frame-based MPLS, each packet is assigned a label when it enters the
sends the data to the destination device. This topology is commonly used in enterprise network, which is used to determine the best path for the packet to take through the
networks because it provides centralized management and control. network.
in which ail devices are
(c) Ring Topology: A ring topology is a LAN configuraticnthe The process of forwarding packets in frame-based MPLS involves the following
connected in a ring, with data transmitted from one device to next until it reaches steps:
its destination. This topology provides high levels of fault tolerance, as data can still be (i) Label Assignment: When a packet enters the MPLS network, a label is
transmitted even if one device fails. assigned to the packet. The label is typically a 32-bit value that identifes the packet
(d) Mesh Topology: A mesh topology is a LAN configuration in which all devices and its destination.
are interconnected with multiple paths between each device. This topology provides (ii) Label Distribution: The label is distributed to all routers in the network that
high levels of redundancy and fault tolerance, but can be complex to manage. need to handle the packet. This allows each router to know the path the packet should
LAN technologies are used to transmit data between devices in a LAN, and may take through the network.
include:
Ethernet: Ethernet is the most common LAN technology, which uses a wi (Gii) Label Switching: When a packet reaches a router in the network, the label
is used to determine the next hop for the packet. The label is then swapped with a nev
connection to transmit data between devices. Ethernet networks can operate at dittero label that corresponds to the next hop router.
speeds, from 10Mbps to 100Gbps. (iv) Packet Forwarding: The packet is then forwarded to the next hop router
Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi is a wireless LAN technology that uscs radio waves to transmit based on the new label.
between dovices. Wi-Fi networks operate at diferent frequencies and speeds, witn Frame-based MPLS is particularly useful for high-speed, low-latency networks,
most com1non standard being 802.11. as it can quickly and efficiently route packets through the network. It is also useful for
Token Ring: Token Ring is a LAN technology in which devices are connectony traffc engineering, as it allows network administrators to specify the paths that
ring and use a token to transmit data between devices. This technology is less con types of traffic should take through the network. certain
used than Ethernet and W1-Fi.