ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | owe a great many thanks to a great many people who have helped and support me along the course of this report making. | would like to thanks Assistant professor J. VENKATA RAMANA GARU for guiding me through the project report. His guidelines helped me tremendously to achieve this project report. | express our deep sense of gratitude to Prof. K. SATYANARAYANA REDDY GARU Head of the Department for providing the necessary facilities for my project work. | would like to extend my thanks to D PHANI BUSHAN REDDY MSC and R.RAMESH GARU in APMDC Tekkai, Srikakulam | Andhra Pradesh.Table of Contents INTRODUCTION Classification: Chemical Composition: Description: OBJECTIVES... REGIONAL GEOLOGY: .. 11 LOCAL GEOLOGY .... GEOLOGY OF THE TEKKALI AREA... DIMENSION STONE - SRIKAKULAM BLUE GRANITE. Economic Deposits...... Methodology. 27 ‘Method of sampling: 30 MEGASCOPIC PETROGRAPHY: 32 oscopic Petrography: 33 L.MINEROLOGY: 33 Physical Parameters : METHODS OF QUARRYING: Manual mining method... Semi-mechanised method:. Polishing. Production of Granite... ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS. ron a2 Remedies: . 45 PHOTO GALLERY a7 REFERENCES: 49INTRODUCTION Granite is a coarse-grained (phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase. It forms from magma with a high content of silica and alkali metal oxides that slowly cools and solidifies underground. It is common in the continental crust of Earth, where it is found in igneous intrusions. These range in size from dikes only a few centimeters across to batholiths exposed over hundreds of square kilometers. Granite is typical of a larger family of granitic rocks, or granitoids, that are composed mostly of coarse-grained quartz and feldspars in varying proportions. These rocks are classified by the relative percentages of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase (the QAPF classification), with true granite representing granitic rocks rich in quartz and alkali feldspar. Most granitic rocks also contain mica or amphibole minerals, though a few (known as leucogranites) contain almost no dark minerals. Granite is nearly always massive (lacking any internal structures), hard, and tough. These properties have made granite a widespread construction stone throughout human history. Granite is the most common intrusive rock in Earth's continental crust. It is familiar as a mottled pink, white, grey, and black ornamental stone. It is coarse- to medium-grained. Its three main minerals are feldspar, quartz, and mica, which occur as silvery muscovite or dark biotite or both. Of these minerals, feldspar predominates, and quartz usually accounts for more than 10 percent. The alkali feldspars are often pink, resulting in the pink granite often used as a decorative stone. Granite crystallizes from silica-rich magmas that are miles deep in Earth's crust. Many mineral deposits form near crystallizing granite bodies from the hydrothermal solutions that such bodies release.: The name appeared for the first time in works of the English botanists, physician and philosopher Caesalpinus in the 16th century. Group - plutonic. Colour: Pink-grey. Structure: Massive, confining. Texture: phaneritic (medium to coarse grained), holocrystalline, pan- hypidiomorphically grained, porphyric in places. Alterations: The rock is unaltered, feldspars are rarely sericitized Major minerals of Granite: Orthoclase, quartz, biotite, muscovite and plagioclase, which is twinned according to the albite law and oscillatory zoned. Chemical composition of the core corresponds to oligoclase and andesine (An30-38), whereas more acidic oligoclase and andesine occur in the margin. Accessory minerals of Granite: Zircon and apatite, mainly as inclusions in biotite, titanite, orthite, magnetite, pyrite.In the upper part of QAPF classification of plutonic rocks (Streckeisen, 1976), the granite field is defined by the modal composition of quartz (Q 20 - 60 %) and the P/(P + A) ratio between 10 and 65. The granite field comprises two sub-fields: syenogranite and monzogranite. Only rocks projecting within the syenogranite are considered granites in the Anglo-Saxon literature. In the European literature, rocks projecting within both syenogranite and monzogranite are named granites. The monzogranite sub-field contained adamellite and quartz monzonite in older classifications. The Sub-commission for Rock Classification recommends most recently rejecting the term adamellite and to name as the quartz monzonite only the rocks projecting within the quartz monzonite field sensu stricto. uarzoite —S - crate ‘quartz-rich \\ granitioids —\\ tonalite of, stastspargante © uate morte i ‘quare-monzogabio le quar feldspar syenite ae inca raj [asec | mene ain / sant | granite \ quartz anorthosite ‘kal feldspar syente rmonzodiete rmonzogabbro quan sAY 1 way A ee J—}-t) \ od monzosyenite aka feldspar syenite \ ‘oid bearing dete, toet-bearing gabbo, to-bearng anorthosite {oid monzoaabbo / foid-beaing monzodirte foi-bearing monzogabbro \ toile fod ore, oid gabbro s\—/20 V FEChemical Composition: A worldwide average of the chemical composition of granite, by weight percent, based on 2485 analyses: © SiO2 72.04% (silica) © Al203 14.42% (alumina) . K20 4.12% . Na20 3.69% . cao 1.82% . FeO 1.68% . Fe203 1.22% * MgO 0.71% . TiO2 0.30% . P205 0.12% . MnO 0.05% It always consists of the minerals quartz and feldspar, with or without a wide variety of other minerals (accessory minerals). The quartz and feldspar generally give granite alight color, ranging from pinkish to white. That light background color is punctuated by the darker accessory minerals. Thus classic granite has a "salt-andpepper" look. The most common accessory minerals are the black mica biotite and the black amphibole hornblende. Almost all these rocks are igneous (it solidified from a magma) and plutonic (it did so in a large, deeply buried body or pluton). The random arrangement of grains in granite- its lack of fabric-is evidence of its plutonic origin. Rock with the same composition as granite can form through long and intense metamorphism of sedimentary rocks. But that kind of rock has a strong fabric and is usually called granite gneiss.Density+ Melting Point: The average density of it is between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm3, its compressive strength usually lies above 200 MPa, and its viscosity near STP is 3-6 » 1019 Pa-s. Melting temperature is 1215-1260 OC. It has poor primary permeability but strong secondary permeability. Occurrence of the Granite Rock: It is found in large plutons on the continents, in areas where the Earth's crust has been deeply eroded. This makes sense, because granite must solidify very slowly at deeply buried locations to make such large mineral grains. Plutons smaller than 100 square kilometers in area are called stocks, and larger ones are called batholiths. Lavas erupt all over the Earth, but lava with the same composition as granite (rhyolite) only erupts on the continents. That means that granite must form by the melting of continental rocks. That happens for two reasons: adding heat and adding volatiles (water or carbon dioxide or both). Continents are relatively hot because they contain most of the planet's uranium and potassium, which heat up their surroundings through radioactive decay. Anywhere that the crust is thickened tends to get hot inside (for instance in the Tibetan Plateau). And the processes of plate tectonics, mainly subduction, can cause basaltic magmas to rise underneath the continents. In addition to heat, these magmas release CO2 and water, which helps rocks of all kinds melt at lower temperatures. It is thought that large amounts of basaltic magma can be plastered to the bottom of a continent in a process called underplating. With the slow release of heat and fluids from that basalt, a large amount of continental crust could turn to granite at the same time Where is it found? So far, it is known that it is found on Earth only as abundant in all continents as part of the continental crust. This rock is found in small, stock-like masses of less than 100 km2, or in batholiths that are part of orogenic mountain ranges. Together with the other continent and sedimentary rocks, generally form the base underground slope. It is also found in lacolites, trenches and thresholds. As in the granite composition, other rock variations are alpids and pegmatites. Adhesives with finer particle size than occur at the boundaries of granitic attacks. More granular pegmatites than granite generally share granite deposits.Granite Uses * The ancient Egyptians built the pyramids from granites and limestones * Other uses in ancient Egypt are columns, door lintels, sills, moldings and wall and floor covering. * Rajaraja Chola The Chola Dynasty in South India, in the 11th century AD in the city of Tanjore in _ India, made the world's first temple completely granite. The Brihadeeswarar Temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, was built in 1010. * In the Roman Empire, granite became an integral part of the building material and monumental architectural language. * Itis most used asa size stone. It is based on abrasions, has been a useful rock due to its structure that accepts hard and glossy and polish to carry obvious weights. * It is used in interior spaces for polished granite slabs, tiles, benches, tile floors, stair treads and many other practical and decorative features. Modren Uses * Used for tombstones and monuments. * Used for flooring purposes. * Engineers have traditionally used polished granite surface plates to create the reference plane because they are relatively impermeable and not flexible.used as monuments uses as gemstone Used as slabs used as road materialDescription: The word "granite" comes from the Latin granum, a grain, in reference to the coarse-grained structure of such a completely crystalline rock. Granitic rocks mainly consist of feldspar, quartz, mica, and amphibole minerals, which form an interlocking, somewhat equigranular matrix of feldspar and quartz with scattered darker biotite mica and amphibole (often hornblende) peppering the lighter color minerals. Occasionally some individual crystals (phenocrysts) are larger than the groundmass, in which case the texture is known as porphyritic. A granitic rock with a porphyritic texture is known as a granite porphyry. Granitoid is a general, descriptive field term for lighter-colored, coarse-grained igneous rocks. Petrographic examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids. Granites can be predominantly white, pink, or gray in color, depending on their mineralogy. The alkali feldspar in granites is typically orthoclase or microcline and is often perthitic. The plagioclase is typically sodium-rich oligoclase. Phenocrysts are usually alkali feldspar. Granitic rocks are classified according to the QAPF diagram for coarse grained plutonic rocks and are named according to the percentage of quartz, alkali feldspar (orthoclase, sanidine, or microcline) and plagioclase feldspar on the A-Q-P half of the diagram. True granite (according to modern petrologic convention) contains between 20% and 60% quartz by volume, with 35% to 90% of the total feldspar consisting of alkali feldspar. Granitic rocks poorer in quartz are classified as syenites or monzonites, while granitic rocks dominated by plagioclase are classified as granodiorites or tonalites. Granitic rocks with over 90% alkali feldspar are classified as alkali feldspar granites. Granitic rock with more than 60% quartz, which is uncommon, is classified simply as quartz-rich granitoid or, if composed almost entirely of quartz, as quartzolite True granites are further classified by the percentage of their total feldspar that is alkali feldspar. Granites whose feldspar is 65% to 90% alkali feldspar are syenogranites, while the feldspar in monzogranite is 35% to 65% alkali feldspar.A granite containing both muscovite and biotite micas is called a binary or two-mica granite. Two-mica granites are typically high in potassium and low in plagioclase, and are usually S-type granites or A-type granites, as described below.Another aspect of granite classification is the ratios of metals that potentially form feldspars. Most granites have a composition such that almost all their aluminum and alkali metals (sodium and potassium) are combined as feldspar. This is the case when K20 + Na20 + CaO > Al203 > K20 + Na20. Such granites are described as normal or metaluminous. Granites in which there is not enough aluminum to combine with all the alkali oxides as feldspar (AI203 < K20 + Na20) are described as peralkaline, and they contain unusual sodium amphiboles such as riebeckite. Granites in which there is an excess of aluminum beyond what can be taken up in feldspars (AI203 > CaO + K20 + Na20) are described as peraluminous, and they contain aluminum-rich minerals such as muscovite. Black Granite Blue Granite Brown Granite tea a Be ‘Grey Granite Red Granite Different types of GraniteOBJECTIVES ‘% THE PETROGRAPHIC STUDY ON SRIKAKULAM BLUE DIMENSIONAL STONE GRANITE AND TO OBSERVE WHY IT IS IN BLUE IN COLOR ‘% MINING METHODS THAT THEY ADOPTED TO DONE QUARRYING “% ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ON THE GRANITE QUARRYSREGIONAL GEOLOGY: The Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt in the State, encompassing parts of Prakasam, Guntur, Krishna, East and West Godavari, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and Khammam district is more than 600 km in length with a width of 100 km. The belt runs NE-SW parallel to the regional strike of the rocks and broadly comprises granulite facies rocks of Charnockite and Khondalite Groups. The terrain represents a classic example of a Precambrian Mobile Belt in the Peninsular Indian Shield and in the recent times it is known as the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB). The charnockite, khondalite and their migmatised version constitute the major lithologies of the Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt. The southern part of the belt is mainly represented by charnockite suite with minor interbands of khondalite where as the northern part is predominantly occupied by the Khondalite Group of rocks. The migmatised varieties of charnockite and khondalite are well- developed in parts of Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam districts. Generalised geological sequence of th Castern Ghats Mobile Belt is as follows alkaline rocks, layered anorthosite younger intrusives and associated mafic and chromiferous ultramafics, leptynite (charnokite with megacrystic k-feldsp charnockite oro ar acid and intermediate charnokite two pyroxene granulite calc-silicate granulite garnet + silimanite + quartz + biotite khondalite group, +k-feldspar + graphite gneisses (khondalite) quartzite + garnet + sillimanite Middle proterozoic to late archean basement not know!EASTREN GHATS KHONDALITE Khondialite is a foliated metamorphic rock. In India, it is also called Bezwada Gneiss andKailasa Gneiss. It was named after the Khond tribe of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh because well-formed examples of the rock were found in the inhabited hills of these regions of eastern India. Khondalite is found in the Eastern Ghats between Vijayawada Khondalite Is quartz-manganese-rich garnet-rhodonite schist. It may also contain sillimanite and graphite. Feldspar may occur in some cases. Khondalites are considered to be metasedimentary rocks formed during Archaean era. The EasternGhat belt was faulted and buried. It was uplifted later, bringing these metamorphic rocks to the surface. Khondalites weather easily but still have been used in buildings and temples, for example, the Konark Sun Temple and Jagannath Temple. KHONDALITE Charnockite: All charnockites were once thought to be igneous, but it is now recognized that many are metamorphic, because, despite the high temperatures and pressures, the original protolith never actually melted. However, some orthopyroxene-bearing granites with distinct igneous features exist. The term charnockite in this sense is consequently not the name of a rock, but of an assemblage of rock types. The assemblage is connected by origin, the differentiation of the same parent magma. The banded structure which these rocks commonly present in the field is only in a small measure due to plastic deformation, but is to a large extent original, and has been produced 29 DMG, GoAP by flow in a viscous crystallizing intrusive magma, together with differentiation or segregation of the mass into bands of different chemical and mineralogical composition. There have also been, of course, earth movements acting on the solid rock at a later time and injection of dikes both parallel to and across the primary foliationCHARNOCKITE Migmatite Migmatite is a rock that is a mixture of metamorphic rock and igneous rock. It is created whena metamorphic rock such as gneiss partially melts, and then that melt recrystallizes into an igneous rock, creating a mixture of the unmelted metamorphic part with the recrystallized igneous. They can also be known as diatexite. Migmatites form under extreme temperature conditions during prograde metamorphism, where partial melting occurs in pre-existing rocks.Migmatites are not crystallized from a totally molten material, and are not generally the result of solid-state reactions. Commonly, migmatites occur within extremely deformed rocks that represent the base of eroded mountain chains, typically within Precambrian cratonic blocks. Migmatites often appear as tightly, incoherently folded (ptygmatic folds) dikelets,veins and segregations of light-coloured granitic composition called leucosome, within darkcolored amphibole and biotite rich material called the melanosome. If present, the mesosome, intermediate in color between a leucosome and melanosome, is mostly a more or less unmodified remnant of the original parent rock (protolith). The light-coloured material has the appearance of having been mobilized or molten. Aleucosome is the lightest-colored part of migmatite. The melanosome is the darker part, andoccurs between two leucosomes or, if remnants of the more or less unmodified parent rock (mesosome) are still present, it is arranged in rims around these remnants. When present, the mesosome is intermediate in color between leucosome and melanosome. Migmatite textures are the product of thermal softening of the metamorphic rocks. Schlieren textures are a particularly common example of granite formation in migmatites, and are often seen in restite xenoliths and around the margins of S-type granites. Intrusives: Intrusive include pegmatite and quartz veins. Definition: Pegmatites are often defined as very coarse-grained igneous rocks, usually of granitic composition, that tend to be enriched in normally rare elements such as lithium, beryllium, tantalum, and others. Indeed, most pegmatites have granitic composition but pegmatites of basic, intermediate or alkaline rocks are also well known. Therefore, it is recommended that a modifier such as “granitic” is used to state clearly what is the composition of the pegmatite under consideration. Pegmatites which contain rare metals and valuable resources in an economically interesting amount of almost exclusively granitic pegmatites.Structures: Eastern Ghats an area of about five thousand Eight hundred Thirty Seven square kilometres in Srikakulam, consisting of khondalites, charnockites and granites, was geologically mapped. The trend of the formations varies from NE-SW through £-W to NW-SE. This trend neither conforms with NE-SW trend of the Eastern Ghats nor with the NW-SE trend of the hinterland of the Eastern Ghats between the Godavari and Mahanadi rivers. The change in the trend pattern is inferred to bbe due to the area being located in an intensely folded and faulted region in the eastern margin of the Eastern Ghats. Rivers Nagavali and Vamsadhara follow some of the mega lineaments (NNWSSE). Metamorphism Metamorphism is the change of minerals or geologic texture (distinct arrangement of minerals) in pre-existing rocks (protoliths), without the protolith melting into liquid magma (a solid-state change). The change occurs primarily due to heat, pressure, and the introduction of chemically active fluids. The chemical components and crystal structures of the minerals making up the rock may change even though the rock remains a solid. Changes at or just beneath Earth's surface due to weathering or diagenesis are not classified as metamorphism typically occurs between diagenesis (max. 200°C), and melting (~850°C) Metamorphic Rocks The upper boundary of metamorphic conditions is related to the onset of melting processes in the rock. The maximum temperature for metamorphism is typically 700 - 900 °C, depending on the pressure and on the composition of the rock. Migmatites are rocks formed at this upper limit, which contains pods and veins of material that has started to melt but has not fully segregated from the refractory residue. Since the 1980sit has been recognized that rocks are rarely dry enough and 32 DMG, GoAP of a refractory enough composition to record without melting "ultra-high" metamorphic temperatures of 900 - 1100 °C. Metamorphic Rocks The eastern super group of rocks constitute the highly metamorphosed sector of the Precambrian belt of the India sealed. Rocks belongs to Khondalite and Charnokite Groups have been metamorphosed under granulite faces of metamorphism. Foliation: General trend of the foliation in the area of study NW-SE to NNW- SSE with moderate to steep dips on either side. Due to interference pattern of the folds, trend of the station changes to N-5 and NE-SW in Bhadri and Govardanapuram sectors. Frequent changes in the attitude of foliation (WNW-ESE to NW-SE to N-S to NE-SW) in Narasannapeta and Polaki sectors are in conformity with the mesoscopic and mega folds observed in the area. JOINTS Joints. The rock types in the area show development of major and minor j the regional structure 's sans in confirmity withLOCAL GEOLOGY Location : It is located 160 km north of Visakhapatnam. The National Highway- 5 (Chennai - Calcutta) passes through Narasannapeta - Tekkali- Palasa. The places like Janangi- Jalumuru, Jalumurru - Saravakota - Patapatnam Tekkali - Temburu, Tekkah - Meliyaputti are well connected by a good network of all weather asphalt roads. The nearest railway station is Navpada, 9 km east of Tekkali on Visakhapatnam-Howrah broad gauge line. The Navpada-Gunupur (Orissa) narrow gauge rail line also runs through the area. The nearest port and airport are at Visakhapatnam, Phyisography: Physiographically the area consists of hill ranges rising upto 743 min Peddakadari RF area 10 km NNW of Tekkali and plains studded with individual clusters of hillocks. Coastal plains occupy eastern part of the area. The drainage pattern is (sub}-trellis in the hilly terrain and (sub)-parallel in the plains. The area is interspersed with a number of ponds and tanks. The Vamsadhara River flows in southeastern direction to the south of the area. Climate: The area enjoys tropical climate with maximum temperatures of 42- 44° during summer and minimum of 15-18" in the winter season Fauna and Flora: Most of the hills and hillocks are covered by shrubs and small trees. Cashew plantations are grown. The local tribes carry out Podu cultivation on the hillslopes. Paddy as food-crop and groundnut, chilies, sugarcane, jute, black gram and onions as commercial crops are grown in the area. Bear, cheetah, langoor, fox, wolf, monkey and rabbit are the wild animals present in the area. GEOLOGY OF THE TEKKALI AREA The area covered in and around Tekkali, Narasannapeta, Polaki, Saravakota, Temburu represents a part of the Eastern Migmatite zone of the Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt and is predominantly comprises migmatites formed after Charnockite and Khondalite Group of rocks. Unmigmatised Khondalite and Chamockite Group rocks (quartzite, khondalite, calc-granulite acid to intermediate charnockite, basic charnockite / two pyroxene granulite) occur as isolated/ chain of hillocks like floating masses. They also occur as rafts, lenses, bands patches, shreds and schleiren streaks within the migmatite and represent restités / enclaves. The structural and petrological studies indicated that the rock units in thearea underwent polyphase deformation and metamorphism General trend of foliation is NW-SE to NNW-SSE with steep to moderate dips on either side. The generalised geological sequence observed in the area is as follows Recent Tertary Early to proterozonic Archaean {Soil cover/Alluvium/ Beach Sand { Lateriate/ Red Beds -unconformity- Gabbro Quartzo feldspathic vein [pegmatite Intrusives 4 Garnetiferous quartzo — feldspathic gneiss Porphyritic garnetiferous granite Porphyritic charnockite Instructive contact ve om (Migmatite after charnockite Migmatite after khondalite Migmatite Grou { (Acid to Intermediate charnockite Charnockite Two — pyroxene granite " Khondalite Khondatitel —— Guartate Basement not known...« @ pinension stone GRanire Hl MANGANESE ORE OD BEACHSAND esses SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT RESORCE MAP roceers i t ! t y— ae =—— |-—— |~ et ay — ere i eae eae Ey ies, eae ie emai Mee ee, ike: sa peah aS —DIMENSION STONE — SRIKAKULAM BLUE GRANITE The migmatised charnockite of the Migmatic Group of the Eastern Ghats Supergroup is quarried as dimension stone in parts of Srikakulam district, under the trade name of "Srikakulam Blue" The migmatised charnockite forms a part of the Eastern Migmatite Zone of the Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt and is well developed in the northern parts of the Srikakulam district, i.e. in the northeast of the Vamsadhara River. The migmatite, having pleasing colour (shade of blue), homogeneous nature attractive Structure and texture is being traded as "Srikakulam Blue" The Srikakulam Blue Granite belt extends from Narasannapeta in the southwest in Andhra Pradesh and runs in the northeastern direction into the State of Orissa. During the regional surveys carried out in 1994-95 five potential blocks, namely Tekkali Kotabommali Saravakota, Narasannapeta and Peddalamba were identified. As a follow-up, these blocks were taken up for preliminary evaluation during 1997-98. The Srikakulam Blue Granite occurs over an area of 450 sq km, but active mining is restricted to 100 sq km falling in two sectors, viz. Thotada Kondalakkivalasa and Polaki in Narasannapeta-Polaki sector in the south and Tekkali, Ravivalasa, Jarjangi, Pattupuram, Kurudu, Danta. Kottapalli, Addukonda, Lakshmipuram, Aludu and Bontu in Tekkali-Jarjangi-Saravakota-Patapatnam sector in the north . The northern sector is further sub-divided into Tekkali-Temburu block (Siddipeta- Ramakrishnapuram section and Polavaram-Lingalavalasa-Temburu section). Tekkali- Meliyaputti block (Anajanapuram-Sanyasinilapuram-Narasingapalli section), southwest Tekkali block (Ramayyapeta-Peddasana-Danta-Kottapalli section and Jarjangi - Jalumuru Section) and west Tekkali block (Saravakota-Patapatnam section) in the north . Because of its exotic colour in shades of eye catching blue banded pattern, Srikakulam Blue, is being traded under various commercial names such as 'srikakulam Blue - Dark/Medium/Light. Mayur Blue, Coromandal Blue, Kingfisher Blue, Orient Blue, Andhra Blue, Vizag Blue, Robin Blue, Bahama Blue, Lavender Blue, Purple Blue, Blue Silk, Pacific Blue, Yak granite, etc. The intermixing of dark blue/blue and red/pink coloured minerals imparts peacock feather-like colour to the rock and is called Peacock/Mayur Blue. The rock with predominance of blue coloured minerals and minor proportions of red/pink coloured garnet is marketed under the trade names of Kingfisher Blue, Orien Blue, Robin Blue etc. The Srikakulam Blue Granite with predominance of purplish blue coloured minerals is named Lavender Blue.Dimensional Stones Basic data Of late, there is a growing tendency to refer as 'Dimensional stones any rock that can be cut into desired sizes and polished to the required degree. Aesthetic looks , durability and amenability to cut and polish are the essential parameters to classify any rock as a “Dimensional stone’. Prior to the advent of cutting and polishing tools, stones used for building construction are simply called building stones or building materials. Dimensional stone is also referred to as ornamental stone in today's commercial parlance. Like industrial minerals/ores and gem stones, it may be a better usage if the rocks amenable for cutting and polishing are referred to as ‘Dimensional Rocks’. In commercial parlance granite is a basket name used for any cut and polished stone irrespective of its lithology. It is a term ‘loosely’ used for all dimensional stones. Geo-technical properties that are mainly given credence to decide the quality of the dimensional stone are:(1) texture, (ii) specific gravity, (ii) water absorption, and (iv) compressive strength. Resource Potential There are no estimates attempted to assess the resource potential of Dimensional stones. Sizable resource is visualised from the geological descriptions available. Predominant amongst the dimensional stones known from the State are listed below: Granite including muliti color and | Peninusular gneissies terrain-granite, dolerite black granites and gabbro’s Eastern ghats — intermediate charnokites , leptinites and khondalites. Limeestones/slabs Narji and koilakuntla limestone in cuddapah basin ; shahabad limestone in bhima basin Others include marbles and slatesSome commercial names of granites are: Ebony black, Galaxy, paradiso, Himalayan blue , Imperial Red, Kashmir white, etc Exploitation and utilization Dimensional stones may be classified under two types depending on their mode of occurrence. They are (i) those occurring/rising above the ground level which are, more often, small hills/mounds/ sheet rock etc., and (ii) those occurring below the ground level with or without soil cover. Quarrying operations/techniques are more or less identical to open cast mining and equipment is chosen depending on the size of the deposit and scale of operation Development has to necessary precede production. The geological formations encountered in Srikakulam district belong to precambrain Eastern, Ghat Super group, Upper Gondwan, Tertiary and Recent form, Recent ‘Alluvium, beach sands, river sands ‘Quatemary Laterite, laterite soil Upper gowndwana_ ‘Sandstone with interbedded clays and conglomerates. Intrusive-pegmatite and quartz veins Eastern ghats migmatite group Chamokite derived migmatites khondalite derived Super group migmatites (Precambrian) chamockite group __| Hypersthene gneisses pyroxene granulites Khondalite group Khondalites cale granulites gneiss quartzites The active quarrying centres for multi-colour and black granites in the State are as follows: For pink granite i) Udarapikonda in Anantapur district, ii) Kothaguttu in Karimnagar district, iii) Rangapuram, Kapeti and Bellekallu in Kurnool district and iv) Malkapur in Nizamabad districtFor Black granite i) Kuppam and Palamner in Chittoor district, ii) Choutapalli and Edulapuram in Khammam district, iii) Chimakurthi and Kukatapalli in Prakasam district and iv) _ Kazipet in Warangal district. For grey granite i) Around Hyderabad in Ranga Reddy district and ii) Kazipet in Warangal district. Srikakulam district for blue granite, Khammam district for marble and Prakasam district for slates are well-known. Slab polishing industry is concentrated in Anantapur, Kurnool, Guntur Ranga reddy districts About 80% of the quarry leases are said to be located in Anantapur, Chittoor. Karimnagar, Kurnool and Warangal districts Chittoor district contributes about 40% of the production in the State Production in 1987 was 67,000 tonnes (23,000cu.m) valued at Rs. 32 million. Production value was Rs. 40 and 32 million, respe ctively, in 1985 and 1986. In the recent past, the intermediate Charnockites from Srikakulam district have gained prominence as blue' granites. Likewise the gabbroic rocks in Prakasam district have become popular as 'Galaxy' granites. By and large, quarrying is not systematic in most quarries. Line drilling equipment, diamond wire-saw cutting and flame-cutting methods. Kerosene is used as a coolant. Mining methodology has to be decided based on the lithological and structural characteristics of the rocks to be quarried as dimensional stones.Ce aC cE) Suyarhamukhi, the atrow head — eRe Esc a) encircled area where-d mining spot Economic Deposits Granite Deposits BLUE GRANITE: Andhra Pradesh is fairly rich in natural resources of Various types of dimensional stones namely the GRANITE and its various other trade equivalents including black, coloured granites besides marble and others. In trade, granite includes many similar rocks namely diorite, gabbro, dolerite and gneiss etc., Dolerite is termed as" black granite" and gneissic rocks and other similar rocks arc known ascoloured granites. In this modern world the usage of granite has increased in one place or the other like wall paneling, flooring, kitchen tops, table tops, sitout besides tomb stones and kurb stones. Andhra Pradesh can be considered to be a pioneer in granite mining, cutting and polishing in the country. 34 DMG, GoAP Srikakulam district is endowed with coloured granite resources belonging to migmatite group of rocks trade, these ganites are known as "SRIKAKULAM BLUE ". Also, garnetiferous granulite which is white coloured studded with pink garnet is also exploited under trade name of "SRIKAKULAM WHITTE". White granite: In Saravakota mandal occurrences of leptynite, commercially known as "white granite" are located at Kurmanadhapuram, Kommusariapalli, Govardhanapuram, Purushottakam, Waba and Konavanipeta villages. Porpiyroblastic granite gneiss: In addition to the Srikakulam blue and white granite deposits, Srikakulam district is endowed with some other important granite variety, i.e Porphyroblastic granite gneisses. Quartz, feldspar and pyroxene are the predominant minerals in this rock type. The feldspar occurs as laths in symmetrical pattern. The rock can be tried for used flooring kitchen tops and table tops. Unfortunately, no entrepreneur ventured to work these deposits. As per enquiry it is learnt that these are of low value in trading. These rock types are located in parts of Vangara, Regidi Amudalavalasa, Rajam, G.Sigadam, Etcherla and Amudalavalasa mandalsMethodology Quarrying of colour granite in the existing quarry by open cast semi mechanized method. Proposed method of mining: The colour granite in this area is proposed to be mined by open cast, semi mechanized method by developing the benches of 6m height in 2 phases of 3m each. Wire saw cutting will be deployed based on the favourable conditions. The granite deposit in this area is exposed as a hill raising upto 40m above ground level with boulders beneath it. The separation of blocks will be carried out by drilling wedge cutting excavation will be done by machinery. The following method of working is proposed; Stage 1: Over burden/ talus/ side burden removal: Consisting of development which includes removal of weathered, undersized and defective boulders using proclaim / excavator and using tipper, this waste is dumped at dumping yard a ramp already constructed during exploratory mining will be further developed to reach the working pits. Development of benches and working faces: A trench is made so that free faces are developed parallel to the direction of lineation for effective use of wire saw. Two horizontal holes are drilled at right angles and one vertical his drilled from surface with slotter machine such that the intersection point of these two horizontal holes are meet. The diamond wire saw is passed through two bottom horizontal holes and is cut first later the diamond wire saw is passed through vertical hole and one of the horizontal holes and the vertical faces is cut subsequently followed by one more cut through vertical hole and the remaning horizontal hole. In the case the diamond wire saw cutting facilities are not available. The primary cut is taken by close spaced drilling (line drilling) of holes to dislodge large blocks from mother rock.Rock splitting / wedging: Thus, the mass will be separated from mother rock by drilling the slotter holes on both sides of the mass and a top hole interesting these holes and wire saw rope is passed through and cutting is done horizontally and vertically and by this there will be mass opening on all sides from the mother mass. Stage 2: After removal of weathered and under sized boulders. The large boulders will be subjected to splitting into required sizes of blocks by using Jack Hammers by drilling series of deep holes a right-angle at regular intervals, later by inserting feather and wedges in these holes and hammering with sledge hammer will release the blocks. The boulders will be splited to the required sizes with drilling and if required by using chemical dressing. If the boulders, which fit into the requires market grade size will be transformed into cuboids. Secondary splitting: After separation from the mother rock, it is properly checked by washing with water to identify defects and cracks. Based on this observation, the size is decided and the blocks are marked and separated by drilling and wedging. The separated pieces will be examined for defects and lines, then the block or blocks are marked in clear area and holes are drilled along the line of marking, with the help of features and wedges the waste portions are separated forming a rectangular blocks . Any bulges will be removed by drilling and wedging marking it perfect blocks. A perfect block is that all the sides shall make with each other 900. Dressing: After primary separation the rock mass will be carefully examined to avoid hairline cracks, mineral segregation and veins etc. The dressing of the rough blocks will be made by chipping the edges and geometrically equating the edges of the blocks atthe dressing yard. The rough blocks obtained after primary cut it will be dressed for obtaining good geometric shape of coloured granite. Dressing of dimensional rough blocks for export: Dressing is the final phase of mining operation were in the secondary rough blocks are squared into regular perfect rectangular sizes, thereby avoiding uneven bluge or cavities and defects. Jackhammers are the equipment generally used for dressing the block. Drilling parameters: Drill hole diameter 32mm up to 9m long Depth and inclination of drill hole: generally drilled vertically in am alignment, however in primary cutting in the absence of sheet joints to develop bottom level horizontal holes also be drilled. Explosive type: The applicant proposes to use AGFRACT chemical compound whenever required. Different equipments used in quarrying for cutting ,blasting polishing Driller Diamond ropeMethod of sampling: The chip sample consists of a number of small rock fragments collected over a limited area — perhaps 10-50 square meters. Over this area,20-30 small chips are broken off the outcrop with a geology hammer and composited into one sample weighing around 3kg. The sample is collected in a cotton sample sack which can be sealed by typing at the top. A fabric bag is used because a plastic bag would likely be pierced by any sharp edges almost the rock chips. The sample bag is labelled with an identifying number written onto the outside of the bag with a permanent marker pen. That number corresponds to the number in a pre-printed sample book on which details of the sample (GPS coordinates, type of sample, rock description etc.) can be recorded. ‘A number tear -off tag from the sample book is placed with the rock chips inside the sack. It is also good practise to mark on the ground the centre of the sampling site bymeans of plastic flagging tape and/ or a metal tag nailed to a tree. These ground markers should also bear the sample number. i uh SAMPLE COLLECTIONMEGASCOPIC PETROGRAPHY: > COLOUR : blue in colour > Minerals: quartz , feldspar, garnet, biotite, pyroxene, biotite > Texture: Holocrystalline, medium-grained,porphritic texture The essential mineral constituents of the rocks are K-feldspar, quartz, plagioclase , ortho and clino-pyroxene, garnet, biotite and Zircon. Rutile, iron oxides, zircon, apatite, chlorite and pyrite are the accessory minerals. Pronounced development of garnet and biotite is seen due to break-down of hypersthene into garnet, biotite and quartz. It perhaps resulted due to break-down of granulite grade minerals. The opalascent blue quartz, bluish grey feldspar and red/pink garnet control the colour of the rock to a great extent. It being a migmatite displays wavy pattern and ptygmatic folding which impart catchy designs to the rock. Structure folds are obeserved in the fieldMicroscopic Petrography: 1.MINEROLOGY: Essential minerals : Potash feldspar (orthoclase, orthoclase perthite), quartz, plagioclase (albite, oligociase,andesene), orthopyroxene (hypersthene), clinopyroxene (diopside) and garnet. Accessory Minerals : biotite, apatite, chlorite, zircon, opaques (magnetite, pyrite). Granite is classified according to the QAPF diagram for coarse grained plutonic rocks and is named according to the percentage of quartz, alkali feldspar (orthoclase, sanidine, or microcline) and plagioclase feldspar on the A-Q-P half of the diagram. True granite (according to modern petrologic convention) contains both plagioclase and alkali feldspars. When a granitoid is devoid or nearly devoid of plagioclase, the rock is referred to as alkali feldspar granite. When a granitoid contains less than 10% orthoclase, it is called tonalite; pyroxene and amphibole are common in tonalite. A granite containing both muscovite and biotite micas is called a binary or two mica granite. Two-mica granites are typically high in potassium and low in plagioclase, and are usually S-type granites or A-type granites. De tu ayQuartz: Quartz is the most abundant mineral in Tekkali Blue Granite, comprising up to 50-60% of the rock's volume. It appears as colorless to slightly milky, hexagonal- shaped crystals with straight extinction, indicating relatively pure and inclusion-free grains. Feldspar: Feldspar is the second most abundant mineral in Tekkali Blue Granite, comprising around 30-40% of the rock's volume. The feldspar in this granite is a combination of potassium feldspar and plagioclase. Potassium feldspar appears as pink to white crystals with twinning lamellae and straight extinction, while the plagioclase appears as mostly white crystals with albite twinning and inclined extinction. Biotite: Biotite is the most common mafic mineral in Tekkali Blue Granite, comprising up to 5-10% of the rock's volume. It appears as small, black flakes with perfect basal cleavage and pleochroism. Accessory minerals: Tekkali Blue Granite may contain small amounts of other accessory minerals, including zircon, apatite, and magnetite. Overall, Tekkali Blue Granite is a predominantly felsic rock, with a mineral assemblage that is characteristic of granitic rocks. The combination of quartz, feldspar, and biotite gives the rock its distinctive blue-grey color with small black and white speckles. The mineralogy of the granite also contributes to its durability, making it an ideal material for construction and decorative applications.Physical Parameters : Ranges of physic-mechanical properties of migmatised charnockite are given below. The Geochemical analyses are given Specific gravity 2 2.62-2.87 Porosity (%) 2 0221-0.456 Absorption (%) 2 0.081 -0.137 Compressive Strength(kg/cm?) : 881-2252 Tensile strength (kg/cm?) : §1-131 Vp .{km/sec) : 5.242-5.697 Young’s Modules : 3.602-7.323 Granite under XN2. Textures a) crystallinity: Holocrystalline b) granularity : Coarse grained, equigranular c) mutual relations of crystals(fabric) : _Allotriomorphic granular texture PETROGENESIS a) Mode of formation : At great depth in the crust b) Conditions of formation : High pressure and temperature (plutonic) ©) Name of the rock : GraniteMETHODS OF QUARRYING: The Srikakulam Blue Granite is a surface deposit and is quarried by open cast mining. The Srikakulam Blue Granite falls under moderately valued granite product. The deposits generally occur mostly in the form of boulders, sheets, bosses and domal hills. Bosider size joint and sheeting spacing, topography, structural features etc are taken white resorting to quarrying. The quarrying methods adopted are both manual and semi mechanised types. Manual mining method It is the most common method practiced by employing cheap and abundant labour available in the district. During which drilling and channeling are done with the aid of chisels and hammers. For disloading a block one or two faces are created with chisel and hammer and on the rem: ing sides line drilling is carried out. Then wedges are inserted into these holes and hammered so that the block splits along a line. After the block its faces are developed by chiseling method manually. ‘Semi-mechanised method: The machinery used are compressor jack hammer drills, which with rope for pulling the boulder small cranes for lifting, pulling and placing the block into the trucks. Dressing is done by using z hammers. Because of the boulder nature of the deposits, neither large scale mechanisation is possible. Semi-mechanisation along with manual methods is best suited for this type of deposits. Poclaines are used in a big way for clearing the niche and dislodging and bringing the blocks to t yard. Blasting is adopted to dislodge the block from the main mass of the rock.Common defects in srikakulam blue dimension stone: The common defects noticed in the Srikakulam Blue grat 1e, white line,micro fracture inhomogenity of colour and structure are olly patch, mole, blac Oily patch: Undigested greasy grey to greenish grey coloured charnockite patches within the well migmatised charnockite represent the oily patches in Srikakulam Blue granite. They occur as lenses, patches, bands shreads and streaks. Invariably the margins are rich in amphibole, biotite, chlorite and iron oxides. Mole: Mole is a segregated concentration of iron oxides during transformation of pyroxenes to amphibole/biotite/chlorite. Incidence of moles solely depends on the iron content of the mafic minerals of the charnockite undergoing migmatiBlack line: Veins of dark grey coloured, fine-grained mafic (amphibole, chlorite,biotite, epidote) rich material occupying micro fractures represent black line. It also represents residual fluid during migmatisation. Occasionally the pseudotachylitic material occupying the micro joints in ultramy lonite zone also constitutes black line. White line: Quartzo-feldspathic materials occupying the micro fractures constitute white line. Such quartzo-feldspathic material is invariably poor in mafics and light grey to white in lour. Micro cture: Micro fractures are generally represent conjugate components of tension joints developed along the axial planes of regional scale/mega folds. At times micro fractures do also develop in the quarried DSG block due to contrast diurnal changes in temperature. Such fractures are known as sun cracks. Development of micro fractures is also observed in the quarried blocks due to release of pressure. Inhomogeneity of colour, texture, and structure: They result mainly due to change in physico- chemical (composition, pressure, temperature) conditions of the palaeo and neosomes in migmat fensity of the blue colour of the quartz. The intensity of blue colour changes from place to place, even within the individual quarry and results in different varieties such as light/medium/dark blue varieties. ion process. The blue colour of the rock is mainly controlled by the proportion andThe migmatised charnockite with less of mineral alterations takes mirror polish and shows high reflectivity. The rocks with pronounced development of biotite and chlorite show in inhomogenity of colour and pitted nature on polished surface.Production of Granite It is mined worldwide but most exotic colors are derived from granite deposits in Brazil, India, China, Finland, South Africa and North America. The this rock mining is a capital and labor intensive process. The granite pieces are removed from the deposits by cutting or spraying operations. Special slicers are used to cut granite-extracted pieces into portable plates, which are then packed and transported by rail or shipping services. China, Brazil and India are the leading granite manufacturers in the world.‘VIRONMENTAL ASPECTS The environmental problems arising from these quarries are land degradation, air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution and deforestation and socio-economic problems. The Dimensional Stone Granite brings substantial revenue and contributes to the development of a country and therefore its quarrying cannot be stopped altogether though it cause environmental damage and ecological imbalance. As both the quarrying activity and the environmental preservation are important a balance between the two is to be maintained by taking appropriate measures. The quarries of Srikakulam Blue Granite variety are located generally above the ground level the main impact is disfiguration of landscape resulting in the land degradation. The other main problem in granite mines is the generation of huge quantities of waste rock. The waste material is constituted of soil, rubble, boulders, weathered rock over the mineable material, rock pieces generated during dressing of blocks and rejected defective blocks. Such waste rock material is dumped either near the working site or along the hill slopes. In course of time to attain slope stability through natural processes like wind action, rain water gravitational force etc such waste finds its way into the adjoining fields and streams and makes fertile lands to redundant. Generally, quarry development involves clearance of vegetation and removal of top soil leading to deforestation and related problems. Deployment of heavy machinery like poclaines, cranes, dumpers ete and a of jack hammer drills and blasting cause noise pollution which impair hearing of workers and people around. Vibrations caused by blasting affect the structures in th nearby areas.The rock dust generated during the quarry operation cause air pollution which affects the quality of water air and vegetation around. Due to inhaling rock dust workers and people in the neighborhood contract diseases like silicosis, tuberculosis, lung disorders etc besides bringing in reduction in soil fertility and damage the standing crops. The slurry generated in the processing units is thrown better-skelter surrounding cultivated lands. Such disposals make the land ineless for cultivation The abandoned quarries from pools of stagnant rain water and form breeding centers for mosquitoes, which spread the diseases like malaria, dengue etc. Sometimes the abandoned quarries without any proper fencing become death traps for animals and human beings. Quarrying operations require services of engineers, technicians and trained manpower. To meet the requirement, qualified persons are brought from outille Sudden influx of many outsiders, with better carning capacity puts pressure on the locally available basic amenities and resources which in turn becomes socia economic problems the area. The usage of blasting material also causes development of innumerable micro fractures in the adjoining rock sheets and also in the constructions nearby. Sometimes blastings burl projectiles of rock pieces for quite some distance and cause injuries to the people nearby.Remedies: Since the dimension stones are valuable foreign exchange earners and contribute large amount to the exchequer the industry can not be stopped although it damages the environment. The following remedial measures are suggested for maintaining ecological balance and hazard free environment at the same time ensuring sustainable development. 1 Protection of forest cover-development of alternative green belt in the neighborhood area. 2 Proper disposal of overburden and waste-back filling of the abandoned quarries with waste material. 3 Controlling of dust pollution- by creating a green belt around the place and regularly sprinkling of water. 4 Controlling of noise pollution - by using appropriate equipment. 5 To arrest the silting of streams-artificial ponds are to be constructed. 6 Utilisation of waste material - encourage establishment of art and craft industry.Granite Uses * The ancient Egyptians built the pyramids from granites and limestones. * Other uses in ancient Egypt are columns, door lintels, sills, moldings and wall and floor covering. * Rajaraja Chola The Chola Dynasty in South India, in the 11th century AD in the city of Tanjore in India, made the world's first temple completely granite. The Brihadeeswarar Temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, was built in 1010. * Inthe Roman Empire, granite became an integral part of the building material and monumental architectural language. * Itis most used as a size stone. It is based on abrasions, has been a useful rock due to its structure that accepts hard and glossy and polish to carry obvious weights. * It is used in interior spaces for polished granite slabs, tiles, benches, tile floors, stair treads and many other practical and decorative features. Modren Uses * Used for tombstones and monuments. * Used for flooring purposes. * Engineers have traditionally used polished granite surface plates to create the reference plane because they are relatively impermeable and not flexible.PHOTO GALLERYConclusion > The rock attained bluish colour due to presence of opalascent blue quartz with sub-ordinate amounts of bluish grey feldspar. It displays stromatic, opthalmic, nebulitic, ptygmatic wayy patterns. These migmatitic structures impart attractive design to the rock. The stone is priced based on the design and intensity of blue colour. The opalasent blue quartz ,blusih grey feldspar and garnet control the colour of the rocks to a great extent under the microscope the srikakulam blue granite is fine to medium grained rock with crudely defined mafic ( orthopyroxene ,diaopside,iron oxides) and felsic (orthoclase, plagioclase, quartz) rich bands and are porphyro blastic and granoblastic textures. It is essentially composed of pottasium feldspar (orthoclase), quartz, plagioclase (albite,oligoclase andisine), orthopyroxene, and garnet. The accessory minerals present are biotite )apatite, chlorite, zircon, opaques. > The general trend of the formation is NNW SSE to NNE SSW with moderate to sleep dips on either side. There are three prominent joint sets with trends of N- Sto NNE-SSW, NE-SW to ENE - WSW and NW-SE to WNW-ESE with joint spacing ranging from 1 to 5m.REFERENCES: ‘WEBSITES: mines.ap.gov.in www.gsi.gov.in www.wikipedia.in www.encyclopedia.com BOOKS: Text book of Minerology ‘The study of Rocks in Thin Section{W.W.Moorhouse)