RON ALFRED I.

MORENO
MASTERS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Victimology Assignment Module 9

A. Structural Choice Theory and social process factors

In an essay, define what Structural Choice Theory and Social Process Factors are; its nature and
provide the answer as to why social factors are considered as the foundation for several
criminological theories.

Structural Choice Theory explains both criminal offender motivation and opportunities for
victimization. This model theory was build-up together with the concept and theories of Cohen,
Kluegel & Land’s Work wherein it acknowledge the impact of socio-economic inequality in shaping
the criminal event. Structural model also attempts to explain criminal event on “macro” (larger)
scale, by integrating a number of different theoretical perspectives.

It contains Victims precipitation theory which explains that the victim has a confrontation to the
offender and the victim is unprotected in the commission of the crime. Lifestyle Theory is the
"routine daily activities, both vocational activities (work,school, keeping house, etc.) and leisure
activities", way of a victim’s manner of living. The Deviant Place Theory indicates the place where
the offender attracts its victim. The Routine Activities Theory is the criminal offender recognize the
mode of your daily work and activity, leading the victim to be the criminal’s target and victims
unprotection for the commission of the crime.

Social Factors are considered and has a symbiotic relationship to crimes. Routine activity patterns
that increase proximity to motivated offenders, increase exposure to risky and dangerous situations,
enhance the expected utility or attractiveness of potential crime targets, and reduce the level of
guardianship are assumed to increase aggregate rates and individuals' risks of predatory crime.

B. Control- balance theory

Control balance theory is a perspective that outlines how people's ability to exert and escape
control influences their participation in deviance. Individuals are viewed as having “control ratios,”
which are defined by the degree of control experienced or subjected to relative to the amount of
control exercised. This ratio shapes whether individuals will choose to undertake deviant activities.
The theory suggests that imbalanced control ratios, which can take two forms, emerge when the
amount of control exercised and the amount of control experienced are unequal. Individuals with
imbalances will engage in deviance when presented with opportunities with low certainty of
apprehension and punishment. Deviance is used as a method to gain more control, or escape the
control of others, and in the process address control imbalances.

C. Environmental Theory

Read Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory and explain its 10 key aspects based on your
own understanding.
RON ALFRED I. MORENO
MASTERS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE

The environment theory of Florence Nightingale focus on the patient rather than the process
wherein the environment factors affect the different patients uniquely and should be treated
depending on the patient’s need. The environment theory ten major concepts are Ventilation and
warming, Light and noise, Cleanliness of the area, Health of houses, Bed and bedding, Personal
cleanliness, Variety, Offering hope and advice, Food and Observation