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202
2
PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS
Introduction
An object having three dimensions, i.e., length, breadth and height is called as solid.
In orthographic projection, minimums of two views are necessary to represent a solid.
Front view is used to represent length and height and the top view is used to represent
length and breadth.
Sometimes the above two views are not sufficient to represent the details. So a third
view called as side view either from left or from right is necessary.
Objectives
At the end of this session, you will be able to
Classify the different types of solids
Draw the projections of solids in various positions in the given quadrant
Classification of Solids
Solids are classified into two groups. They are
Polyhedra
Solids of Revolution
Polyhedra
A solid, which is bounded by plane surfaces or faces, is called apolyhedron.
Polyhedra are classified into three sub groups; these are
1. Regular Polyhedra
2. Prisms
3. Pyramids
1. Regular Polyhedra
Polyhedra are regular if all their plane surfaces are regular polygons of the same
shape and size. The regular plane surfaces are called "Faces" and the lines connecting
adjacent faces are called "edges".
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Tetrahedran Octahedran Hexahedran
2. Prisms:
A prism has two equal and similar end faces called the top face and the bottom face or
(base) joined by the other faces, which may be rectangles or parallelograms.
Triangular prism Square Prism
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Rectangular Prism Pentagonal Prism Hexagonal Prism
3. Pyramids:
A pyramid has a plane figure as at its base and an equal number of isosceles triangular
faces that meet at a common point called the "vertex" or "apex". The line joining the apex
and a corner of its base is called the slant edge. Pyramids are named according to the
shapes of their bases.
Triangular Pyramid Square Pyramid
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Rectangular Pyramid Pentagonal Pyramid Hexagonal Pyramid
Solids of Revolution:
If a plane surface is revolved about one of its edges, the solid generated is called a Solid
ofRevolution.
Cone
A cone can be generated by the revolution of a right-angled triangle about one of its
perpendicular sides, which remains fixed. A cone has a circular base and an apex. Theline
joining apex and the centre of the base is called the “Axis” of the cone.
Sphere
A sphere can be generated by the revolution of a semi-circle about its diameter that
remains fixed.
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Cylinder
A right circular cylinder is a solid generated by the revolution of a rectangular surface
about one of its sides, which remains fixed. It has two circular faces. The line joining the
centres of the top and the bottom faces is called “Axis”.
FRUSTUMS AND TRUNCATED SOLIDS
When a solid is cut by a plane parallel to its base, thus removing the top portion, the
remaining lower portion is called frustum. When a solid is cut by a plane inclined to its
base, thus removing the top cut portion, the remaining lower portion of the solid is called
truncated.
Terms used in solids
Face - The surface formed by closed figure.
Lateral face - A face other than end face or base
Axis - A imaginary line joining the centres of ends or base and apex
Base -The resting face of solid
Corners -The intersection of edges
Apex/vertex - The point at which the lateral edge meet Edge - The line of
intersection of faces Regular solid - Solid which has equal faces
Oblique solid - Solid which has its axis inclined to the base
Generators - An imaginary edge on the lateral surfaces of cylinder/cone
Slant edge - The edge joining apex and corner
Frustum - Solid is cut parallel to the base and removing the top portion
Truncated - Solid is cut inclined to the base and removing the top cut portion
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Projections of Solids
Perpendicular to the HP
1. A cube of 50mm side is resting with one of its square faces on the HP.
1. Draw the line XY.
2. Draw the top view as a square (Side 50 mm) and name its corners.
3. Draw projectors at each corner of the top view through line XY.
4. Draw the front view as a square (Side 50 mm) and name its corners.
5. Dimension the completed drawing.
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2. A square prism of base 30mm and height 60mm is resting with its base on the HP and
one of its vertical faces perpendicular to the VP.
1. Draw the line XY
2. Draw the top view as square and name its corners.
3. Draw projectors from each corner of the top view through XY.
4. Draw the front view as shown and name its corners.
5. Dimension the completed drawing.
Perpendicular to the VP
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Parallel to the HP and the VP
1. A square prism of base 30mm and axis 60mm long lies on the HP, such that its axis is
parallel to both the HP and the VP.
1. Draw the line XY.
2. Draw the projections (top and front views) of the solid in simple position ( an edge ofits
base is perpendicular to the VP).
3. Rotate the front view through 90°.
4. Draw projectors from the rotated front view and the initial top view and name the
pointsof intersection.
5. Join the points correspondingly to get the final top view.
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2. A hexagonal prism of base 30mm and axis 60mm long lies on one of its rectangular
faces on the HP, such that its axis is parallel to both the HP and the VP. (Side View
Method)
1. Draw the lines XY and X1Y1 perpendicular to each other, intersecting at P as shown.
2. Draw the side view of the hexagonal prism and name its corners.
3. Draw projectors from the corners of the side view perpendicular to X1Y1.
4. Draw the front view and name its corners.
5. From P draw a line at 45° to XY and X1Y1. (This line is called the Miter line).
6. From the side view draw projectors to meet the Miter line.
7. From the Miter line draw projectors parallel to XY.
8. From the front view draw projectors parallel to X1Y1 and name the intersection points.
9. Draw the final top view.
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Parallel to the HP and Inclined to the VP
1. A hexagonal prism of base 30mm and height 60mm lies on one of its rectangular faces
lies on the HP, such that its axis is inclined at 45° to the VP.
1. Draw the line XY.
2. Draw the projections of the prism in simple position.
3. Rotate the axis of the top view through 45° with respect to XY.
4. Draw projectors from the rotated top view and the initial front view and name the points
of intersection..
5. Join all the points correspondingly to get the final front view.
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Parallel to the VP and Inclined to the HP
1. A pentagonal prism of base 20mm and axis 40mm long rests on one of the edges of its
base on the HP. The edge makes an angle of 30° to the HP and the axis of prism is
parallel to the VP.
1. Draw the line XY.
2. Draw the projection of the prism in simple position.
3. Rotate the base of the front view through 300 with respect to XY so that only the edge
(3',4') rests on the HP.
4. Draw projectors from the rotated front view and the initial top view and name the points
of intersections.
5. Join the points correspondingly to get the final top view.
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2. A pentagonal pyramid of base 25mm and axis 55mm long lies on one of its longer
edgeson the HP and its axis is parallel to the VP.
1. Draw the line XY.
2. Draw the projection of solid in simple position.
3. Rotate the Front view such that one of the slant edge o'd' will lie on XY Line.
4. Draw projectors from the rotated front view and the initial top view and name it.
5. Join the points correspondingly to get the final top view.
Inclined to the VP and the HP
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1. A square prism of base 20mm and axis 40mm long has its axis inclined at 60° tothe
HP and an edge of its base is inclined at 45° to the VP.
1. Draw the line XY.
2. Draw the projection of the prism placed in the simple position.
3. Rotate the front view axis through 60°.
4. Draw projectors from the rotated front view and the initial top view and name the points
of intersection.
5. Join the points correspondingly to get the top View.
6. Rotate base 2'3' of the rotated top view through 45°.
7. Draw projectors from the rotated top view and the rotated front view and name the point
of intersection.
8. Join all the points correspondingly to get the final front view.
2. A cone of base 30mm diameter and axis 60mm long has its axis inclined at 45° tothe
HP and 30° to the VP.
1. Draw the line XY.
2. Draw the projections of the cone placed in the simple position.
3. Rotate the axis of the front view through 45°.
4. Draw projectors from the rotated front view and the initial top view and name the points
of intersection.
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5. Join the points correspondingly to get the top view.
6. Rotate the axis of the rotated top view through 30°.
7. Draw projectors from the rotated top view and the rotated front view and name the
points of intersection.
8. Join all the points correspondingly to get the final front view.
9. points of intersection.
10. Join all the points correspondingly to get the final front view.
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Positions of solids with respect to reference plane
S.No Positions of solids Step -1 Step -2 Step -3
1 Axis of the solid perpendicular to Draw plan first Draw elevation --
HP and parallel to VP next
2 Axis of the solid perpendicular to Draw elevation Draw plan next ---
VP and parallel to HP first
3 Axis parallel to both VP and HP Side view Elevation Plan
4 Axis of the solid inclined to VP Draw elevation axis Tilt the plan Get final
and parallel to HP perpendicular to VP elevation
5 Axis of the solid inclined to HP Draw plan axis Tilt the Get final
and parallel to VP perpendicular to HP elevation elevation
6 Axis of the solid inclined to both Draw plan , edge Tilt the Tilt the plan
HP and VP perpendicular to VP Elevation get get elevation
plan
Axis of the solid perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP
Case (i) : Base edge parallel to HP Case (ii) : Base edge perpendicular to HP
Case (iii): Base edge inclined to HP Case (iv) : Base edges equally inclined to HP
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Axis of the solid perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP
Case (i) : Base edge parallel to VP Case (ii) : Base edge perpendicular to VP
Case (iii): Base edge inclined to VP Case (iv): Base edges equally inclined to VP
Axis perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP:
1.(a) A hexagonal pyramid of base side 25mm and height 50 mm is resting on its
base on HP. Draw the projections when one base edge is parallel to VP.
(b) A tetrahedron of side 35 mm rests on the ground on one of its faces with an
edge of that face making 450 with the VP. Draw its projections.
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2.(a) A triangular prism of base side 25 mm and height 40 mm is resting on its base
on HP. Draw the projections of solid when one of the rectangular face is parallel to
VP
(b)A cube of side 30 mm rests on one of its faces with the vertical faces equally
inclined to VP. Draw the projection of the solid.
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3.(a) A hexagonal prism of side 25 mm and height 55 mm is resting on its base
onthe HP with one rectangular face is parallel to VP. Draw its projections.
(b) draw the projection of right circular cylinder of base diameter 35 mm and axis
55mm when it rests on its base.
(c) draw the projections of a right circular cone of the base 35 mm diameter
and height 55 mm when resting with its base on the HP
Axis perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP:
4. (a) A rectangular prism 30x20 mm base side and height 50 mm is resting on its
base on VP . Draw its projections when one of the rectangular faces is inclined at
500to HP
(b) A pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and axis 55 mm rests on the HP with a
corner of the base, such that one of the base edge containing the corner makes 45 0
with the HP. draw the projections when the axis perpendicular to the VP and the
base is touching the VP
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5.(a) A cone of base diameter 35 mm and height 55 mm rests on HP on a point of its
base circle. Draw its plan and elevation when the base is kept parallel to the VP and
its apex is away from the VP
(b) A cube of side 30 mm is resting on the HP on one its edges with the faces
containing the resting edge are equally inclined to HP and vertical faces parallel to
VP. Draw its projections.
6.(a) A tetrahedron of side 35 mm is placed with a face parallel to VP with a side of
the face parallel to HP. Draw its projections.
(b) draw the projections of a square prism of base 25 mm side and axis 50 mm
height, when it is lying on the ground on one of its longer edges, such that the
lateral faces are equally inclined to HP and the axis is perpendicular to VP.
Also draw the right side view.
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Axis parallel to HP and VP:
7. (a). A pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and height 55 mm is resting on the
ground on one of its base edges with the axis parallel to both HP and VP. Draw the
projections.
(b) A cone of base diameter 35 mm and axis length 55 mm is resting on the HP on a
point on the circumference of the base. Draw its projections when the base is
perpendicular to both HP and VP
(c) a hexagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm axis length 55 mm is resting on the HP
on one of its base corners such that its axis is parallel to both HP and VP. Draw its
projections.
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Axis parallel to VP and inclined to HP:
Axis inclined to one of the principal planes and parallel to the other. When the axis of a
solid is inclined to any plane, the projections are obtained in two stages. In the first stage,
the axis of the solid is assumed to be perpendicular to the plane to which it is actually
inclined and the projections are drawn. In second stage, the position of one of the
projections is altered to satisfy the given condition and the other view is projected from it.
This method of obtaining the projections is known as the change of position method.
In the change of reference line method, or auxiliary plan method an auxiliary plane is
introduced as stipulated and the required final front view is projected on it. This means that
a new reference line is to be drawn to represent the auxiliary plane and the required
projection drawn
Axis parallel to VP and inclined to HP - Problems:
8 .A hexagonal prism of base side 25 mm and axis height 55 mm resting on HP with
one of its base edges, such that the axis is inclined at 300to the HP and parallel to
VP. Draw the projections of the prism.
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9. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and axis height 55 mm is resting on HP
with one of its base corners, such that the axis is inclined at 450 to HP and parallel to
VP. Draw the projections of the pyramid.
10. A hexagonal prism of base side 25 mm and axis height 55 mm resting on HP
with one of its base corners, such that the axis is inclined at 550to the HP and
parallel to VP. Draw the projections of the solid.
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11.(a) Draw the projections of tetrahedron of side 35 mm kept such that a face is
inclined at 350 to HP and perpendicular to VP with one of its edge on HP.
(b) Draw the projections of a pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and axisheight
60 mm with a triangular face perpendicular to HP and VP
12.(a) Draw the projections of a pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and axis
height 60 mm with a slant edge perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP.
(b) A hexagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and axis height 60 mm is freely
suspended from one of its base corners, such that the axis is parallel to VP. Draw
the projections of the solid.
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13.(a) A cylinder of diameter 35 mm and axis height 55 mm is resting on the
ground on its base. It is then tilted such that a solid diagonal is vertical.Draw its
projections.
(b) A cylinder of diameter 35 mm and axis height 55 mm is resting on the ground on
its base. It is then tilted such that its axis makes an angle of 40 0 with HP. Draw its
projections.
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14(a) A cone of diameter 50 mm axis height 70 mm is lying on HP on one of its base
point with its axis inclined at 400 to HP and parallel to VP. Draw the projections.
(b) A cone of diameter 35 mm axis height 55 mm is lying on ground with one of
itsgenerators parallel to VP and on the HP. Draw its projections.
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15 (a). Draw the projections of a cube of side 30 mm when its rests on one of
itscorners with a diagonal of the solid vertical.
(b) A cone of diameter 40 mm and axis height 60 mm is freely suspended from
oneof its base points, such that the axis is parallel to VP. Draw the projections
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16(a) A pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and axis 55 mm long lies with one
ofits slant edges on HP such that its axis is parallel to VP. Draw its projections.
(b) A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm rests on the
HP on one of the base corners with the base edges containing it being equally
inclined to HP. The axis is inclined at 450 to the HP and parallel to the VP. Draw the
projections.
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17(a) A hexagonal pyramid side of base 25 mm and axis 50 mm long, rests with one
of its base on the HP and its axis is inclined at 30 0to the HP and parallel to VP. Draw
its projections
(b) A right pentagonal pyramid of base side 35 mm and attitude 60 mm rest on
one of its base edge in HP, the base being lifted up until the highest corner in it is 20
mm above HP. Draw its projections when the edge on which it rests is made
perpendicular to VP.
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Axis parallel to HP and inclined to VP - Problems:
18(a) Draw the projections of a cylinder of diameter 35 mm and axis 55 mm long is
resting on HP on one of its generators with its axis inclined at 50 0 to VP. Draw its
projections
(b) A square prism of base side 25mm and axis length 50 mm lies on HP on one its
longer edges with its faces equally inclined to the HP. Draw its projections when its
axis is inclined at 500 to the VP
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19 (a) A pentagonal prism of base side 25 mm and axis length 55 mm resting on HP
on one of its rectangular faces with its axis inclined to 450 to VP. Draw its
projections.
(b) A tetrahedron of edges 35 mm rests on one of its edges on the VP. The resting
edge is perpendicular to HP and one of the triangular faces containing the resting is
inclined at 350 to the VP. Draw its projections.
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20(a) A pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and axis length 55 mm resting on
VP on one of its rectangular faces with its axis inclined to 450 to HP. Draw its
projections.
(b) A square pyramid of base side 40 mm and axis length 60 mm resting on VP on
one of its triangular faces with its plane containing axis parallel to HP and 30 mm
above it. Draw its projections.
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21(a) A pentagonal prism of base side 25 mm and axis length 55 mm resting on a
lateral edge on HP. The rectangular faces containing that edge is inclined to 300 to
HP. When the axis inclined 400 to the VP. Draw its projections.
(b) A cone of base 40mm diameter and axis 50 mm long touches the VP on a point of
its base circle. Its axis is inclined at 300 to the VP and parallel to HP. Draw its
projections.
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22(a) draw the projection of pentagonal prism 30 mm side of base and 70 mm long
lying on one of its longer edges on HP with one of rectangular faces perpendicularto
HP such that the axis makes 600 with VP.
(b) A cone of base diameter 50 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on VP on one of
its generators with its axis parallel to HP. Draw its projections.
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23(a) A hexagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on
VP on one its triangular face with its axis parallel to HP. Draw its projections.
(b) Draw the projections of a square pyramid of 32 mm side of base and axis 55 mm.
It is resting on HP on one of its base corners with a base side containing the corners
making 300 with HP. The axis is inclined at 300 to VP and is parallel to HP. The vertex
is away from the VP
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24. Draw the projection of cube of side 35 mm when it is resting on one of itscorners
on VP and an edge containing that corner is inclined at 400 to VP
SUMMARY
1. Prism -- Axis parallel to VP and perpendicular HP
1 - Axis inclined at 300 to HP and parallel to VP.
2 - Base inclined at 500 to HP.
3 - Longer edge containing the resting corner makes an angle of 40 0 to HP.
4 – Solid diagonal vertical.
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1 - Axis inclined at 300 to HP and parallel to VP.
2 - Base inclined at 500 to HP.
3 - Rectangular face containing the resting edge makes an angle of 400.
1 - Axis inclined at 450 to HP and parallel to VP.2 - Base inclined at 500 to HP.
3 – Generator inclined at 400 to HP.4 - Solid diagonal vertical.
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1- Axis inclined at 400 to HP and
parallel to VP.
2- Base inclined at 500 to HP.
3- Generator inclined at 400 to HP.
4- Point diametrically opposite to
the resting point is being lifted
toheight of 30 mm from HP.
5- Apex is being lifted to height of
40 mm from HP.
6- Resting or lying on HP with one
of its generators.
7- Generator perpendicular to HP
and parallel to VP.
8- Freely suspended from a base
point.
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1- Axis inclined at 400 to HP and
parallel to VP.
2- Base inclined at 500 to HP.
3- Base corners and the slant edge
containing the resting corner
makes on angle of 400 to the HP.
4- The resting corner is being lifted
to height of 30 mm from HP.
5- Apex is being lifted to height of
40 mm from HP.
6- Slant edge perpendicular to HP
and parallel to VP.
7- Lying on the ground with one of
its slant edge.
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1- Axis inclined at 400 to HP and
parallel to VP.
2- Base inclined at 500 to HP.
3- Triangular face containing the
resting edge makes an angle at 40 0
to VP.
4- Base edge and the corner opposite
to the resting edge is being lifted
toa height of 30 mm from VP.
5- Apex is being lifted to height of 40
mm from HP.
6- A triangular face perpendicular to
VP and HP.
7- Lying on the wall with one of its
triangular face.
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1- Axis inclined at 400 to HP and
parallel to VP.
2- Base inclined at 500 to HP.
3- Triangular face containing the
resting edge makes an angle at 40 0
to HP.
4- Base edge and the corner opposite
to the resting edge are being lifted
to a height of 30 mm from HP.
5- Apex is being lifted to height of 40
mm from HP.
6- A triangular face perpendicular to
HP and VP.
7- Lying on the wall with one of its
triangular face.
8- Freely suspended from a base
point.
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